PIA 2501PIA 2501

Development Policy and Management

The Nature of the DebateThe Nature of the Debate

THE NATURE OF THE DEBATE

Major ThemesMajor Themes

I. The Situation Today

II. The Impact of Colonialism

III. Twentieth Century Authoritarianism

IV. The End of Colonialism

V. Keynesianism and the “Western” Development Model

The Situation TodayThe Situation Today

Development as a Concept: The Development as a Concept: The ProblemProblem

The industrialized countries, which accounted for 40 percent of the world's population after World War II, now account for only 20 percent, though they earn 85 percent of the world's income.

At Issue:At Issue:

In the coming decades, the industrialized world is expected to make up only 12 to 15 percent of the planetary population, as 90 to 95 percent of all births take place in the poorest countries.

“I [see] around the world-poverty, the collapse of cities, porous borders, cultural and racial strife, growing economic disparities, weakening nation-states--We are not in control...” (Robert Kaplan)

Robert D. KaplanRobert D. Kaplan

Development as a Concept: The Development as a Concept: The ImageImage

Robert Kaplan’s view:

Economic and social development is “generally cruel, painful, violent, and uneven…”

Development as a Concept: The Development as a Concept: The ControversyControversy

“some nations, including the United States, may be retreating into a fortress like nationalism…”

- Robert Kaplan, “Ends of the Earth” argument

The Ends of the Earth ArgumentThe Ends of the Earth Argument

Certain countries are separating and being separated from the world economy.

◦Most of Africa except Egypt and South Africa

◦Parts of Indian sub-continent- Burma, Sri Lanka- Central Asia

◦Parts of the non-Oil Middle East◦Parts of South East Asia-Cambodia and Laos-

◦Parts of Central/South America and the Balkans follows

ReferenceReference

Robert Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century (New York: Random House: 1996).

Author of the WeekAuthor of the Week Robert D. Kaplan Robert D. Kaplan

Robert D. Kaplan (born in 1952)) is an American journalist. He is currently an editor for the Atlantic Monthly. His writings have also been featured in the Washington Post, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal, among other newspapers and publications.

He is known for his controversial essays about the nature of U.S. power have spurred debate in academia, the media, and the highest levels of government.

A frequent theme in his work is the re-emergence of cultural and historical tensions temporarily suspended during the Cold War. He has traveled to and reported on more than 80 countries.

Picard’s PerspectivePicard’s Perspective

History is Important

Culture Defines Choices

Start with empirical reality and normative choices follow

Regional Analysis is Important

Influence: Transition AuthorsInfluence: Transition Authors

Okot p'Bitek Paul Theroux

Ugandan Poet

Quote of the DayQuote of the Day

Okot p’Bitek—Uganda novelist

“Foreign ‘Experts’ and Peace Corps swarm the Country Like white Ants.” (Transition Magazine,

1966)

Picard first read in Masaka Uganda, when it was first published

Note: Suggested ReadingNote: Suggested Reading

Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004), pp. 392-430. (Africa)

Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream  (New York: Vintage Books, 2006), Chapter Eight, pp. 320-382. (General and Southeast Asia)

 

How Did We Get to this Point?How Did We Get to this Point?

Historical Structures

◦Overseas colonial structures, land-based colonialism, post-colonial society

Problems of Defining Development and Modernization Theory

Colonial Underdevelopment Argument

The Impact of ColonialismThe Impact of Colonialism

Periods: 1. Age of Exploration2. Early Colonialism- Mercantilism3. De Jure or Formal Colonialism4. Old vs. New Colonialism5. Land Based Colonial Empires6. De Facto (Neo) Colonialism7. Authoritarianism and the End of Empire8. Decolonization after WWII9. Nationalism, Independence and Theories of Development

Overseas Colonial Structures, Values, Overseas Colonial Structures, Values, (1500-1960) and Post-Colonial Society(1500-1960) and Post-Colonial Society

1. Age of Expansion: 1500-1700. Extraction and Exploration. Dominated by Spain, Portugal and later Holland

2. Overseas colonialism (Mercantilism Phase-1700-1856- French and British)

The creation of external trade patterns and government expenditures directed toward the development of an export economy

3. “De Jure” colonialism: After 1856

Legal and internationally recognized formal control of government structures when trade, economic and governmental sectors of a society are formally or legally controlled by another country

Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration

Colonial Structures, Values, and Post-Colonial Structures, Values, and Post-Colonial Society (1500-1950)Colonial Society (1500-1950)

4. “Old Colonialism” vs. “New Colonialism” (after 1920)

a. Early colonial development focused on infrastructure to support export and import trade

b. Human resource development was neglected

c. ideology of Free trade that masked a reality which developed markets for mother country goods and provided raw materials for industrial production

d. New Colonialism- Modernization and Westernization (1920-1950)

The Colonial Governor (The The Colonial Governor (The Prefect Model)Prefect Model)

Early Colonial Control: The Early Colonial Control: The Colonial Prefect- World WideColonial Prefect- World Wide

Named the district officer, magistrate, landrost, district commissioner, the commandant, the collector (Asia, Africa, Middle East, East Europe)

By contrast, administration was Functional in Spanish Latin America, Philippines, and in some Neo-Colonial systems—no prefect

Government expenditure was limited to the military and police prior to 1920s

Land Based ColonialismLand Based Colonialism

5. European Empires

Do the terms colonialism and underdevelopment work for Eastern Europe, the CIS, Central Asia and the Caucasus?

Administrative structures were similar to those of overseas colonialism

After 1989, These are often labeled “Transitional States”

Archduke Franz FerdinandArchduke Franz Ferdinand

Land Based ColonialismLand Based Colonialism

Janine Wedel, in Collision and Collusion, raises two questions:

◦Are transitional states “developmental?”◦Are they transitional?

What does she mean?

De Facto vs. Neo-ColonialismDe Facto vs. Neo-Colonialism

6. De Facto Colonialism

No formal legal ties but in practice power relationships between colonial powers and puppet regimes

◦Thailand, Ethiopia, Persia, Nepal, the Arabian Peninsula, and Afghanistan, much of Latin America after the 1850s

◦Parallel between formal colonial systems and informal influence

◦Neo-colonialism after 1960

Break TimeBreak Time

TEN MINUTE BREAK

7. Authoritarianism and 7. Authoritarianism and the End of Empiresthe End of Empires

Nationalism and Development- Nationalism and Development- “Five Minute History“Five Minute History

1. Neo-Nationalism- Royalist Conservatism in Europe and Asia

2. Corporatism Fascism

3. Socialism/Communism

4. Keynesianism

5. New Orthodoxy

Japan: Nationalism and the Japan: Nationalism and the End of EmpireEnd of Empire

Looked to Model of Japan prior to World War II (Toland Book)

Nationalism developed in the 1930s and 1940s throughout much of the colonial world including much of central and Eastern Europe. It had four variations.

Japan and the History of Development Japan and the History of Development (Toland, The Rising Sun): Two Questions(Toland, The Rising Sun): Two Questions

What was the Pre-War Japanese Government view of Colonialism in Asia?

Why is Japan Important in the development of nationalism in Africa and Asia?

◦For Further Reading: Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: Harper Collins, 2000).

Central European Corporatism:Central European Corporatism:Socialism and Fascism WWIISocialism and Fascism WWII

1. Dominant Nationalism

2. Absence of Renaissance: Central Europe

3. Multi-ethnicity and land based expansion

4. Revolutionary Transformation and Collapse in the 20th Century

5. Primacy of the Party under “National Socialism”

6. Prefectoral Model of local state: Party Authority

7. Promoted a Mobilizing and social engineering model of state transformation

Neo-Nationalism in Europe and Latin Neo-Nationalism in Europe and Latin America (1930s) America (1930s)

António de Oliveira Salazar (1932)- Portuguese Overseas Territories

Franco and the Spanish Civil War

Peronism (Juan Peron: Argentina 1944)

Impact of the functions of government

◦Territorial Governors appointed by the President (Prefects)

◦The importance of Military control in regions -Spanish Military Governors called Presidencies

““The Leaders”The Leaders”

Juan and Eva Peron and Francisco Franco

Neo-Nationalism in Latin America Neo-Nationalism in Latin America (1940s)(1940s)

Patronage (The Universal Problem)

◦Legalistic basis of governance in principle◦ ◦Clientalist, class or mass based appeal, charisma

◦Community level political culture: “localismo” inward looking villages and communities

Patronage in MongoliaPatronage in Mongolia

Further Reading on Latin AmericaFurther Reading on Latin America

Kenneth J. Andrien, The Kingdom of Quito: The State and Regional Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

 Peter S. Cleaves, Bureaucratic Politics and

Administration in Chile (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).

 Keith Griffin, Underdevelopment in Spanish America:

An Interpretation (London: Geoge Allen, 1969) Jack Hopkins, (ed.) Latin America: Perspectives on a

Region (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987).  Howard J. Wiarda, Politics and social change in Latin

America : still a distinct tradition? (Boulder : Westview Press, 1992).

Socialism and Fascism: WWIISocialism and Fascism: WWII

Some have used the term “Totalitarianism”

Provided models for Corporatist “Development”

Legacy of Imperial and Socialist Land Based Empires (Germany, Russia, Austria and Turkey)

Corporatist and Commandist Variations

The Development EraThe Development Era

8. Decolonization after World War Two

End of Sea Based ColonialismEnd of Sea Based Colonialism

Egypt- 1922

Dutch East Indies- 1944 (Indonesia)

Philippines (1946)

India- 1947

Israel-1948

Sudan-1965

Ghana-1957 (The Deluge-1960)

Sudan Sudan

President Omar al-Bashir

“Sleepless in Sudan”

From Middle Class Nationalism to From Middle Class Nationalism to Mass MovementsMass Movements

World War II led to the collapse of over seas empires

Begins Japanese imperialism and Asian nationalism

The Atlantic Treaty and self-determinismTwo patterns:

◦ Gandhi and non-violence and

◦ Sukarno, Ho Chi Minh and violent resistance or revolution

““Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”Sphere”

IndependenceIndependence

◦Between 1945 and 1965 more than one hundred new states came into existence

◦Kwame Nkrumah “Seek ye first the Political Kingdom”

◦Implication was that economic development would follow

The “Development Era” 1948-The “Development Era” 1948-19891989

In the 1940s and 1950s there was a rhetoric of Nationalism through out the World

Political Change (Nationalism in the Middle East, and Latin America) and Independence (Caribbean, Africa, and Asia (1960s-1970s)

Transformation in Eastern Europe and the CIS (1980s)

Mixed vs. Command Mixed vs. Command EconomiesEconomies

9. Nationalism, Independence and Theories of Development

Socialism as a “Model?”

Part of European Social Democracy

Communist Theory and Communist Theory and DevelopmentDevelopment

1. State Control

2. Social Engineering

3. Command Economy

4. Industrialization vs. Rural Transformation

5. State Managed Development

The Great HelmsmanThe Great Helmsman

The Western Development ModelThe Western Development Model

Keynesianism

Historical CharacterHistorical Character

John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946

British Economist who worked several years in the British India Office 

John Rapley: “Keynes had no problem with the market economy. He liked the machine but judged it to be in need of improvement if it was to operate well.”

John Maynard KeynesJohn Maynard Keynes

◦His goal was to influence the market and not replace it

◦Influenced the U.S. New Deal and the thinking of the Labour Party in England

◦He had an important influence on the social democratic parties in Western Europe

◦His ideas suggested that European mixed economies could be replicated in LDCs

Keynesianism as Economic Keynesianism as Economic PrinciplePrinciple

Government had a role in the management of the economy

KEY: Faith in the State

KeynesianismKeynesianism

◦Physical development (roads and dams) and Economic Growth

◦Physical and Mental Change or Social Development

◦Human Resource Development vs. Social and Economic Change

◦Proposed a Mixed Economy—public and private

ssECOND AUTHOR OF THE DAYECOND AUTHOR OF THE DAY

Kathleen Staudt

◦Peace Corps Volunteer in the Philippines (1966-1968) Researcher in Kenya- 1970s

◦Raised Question- Is there a grass-roots perspective? Role of Gender?

◦Why or Why not?

AUTHORS’ ThemesAUTHORS’ Themes

John Rapley- Keynesian

Jennifer Brinkerhoff- Public-Private Partnerships- The use of Grants

Pressman and Wildavsky- Implementation: Why plans do not become reality (Oakland, California)

NEXT WEEKNEXT WEEK

The Nature of the Debate:

Theories

Discussion- Next WeekDiscussion- Next Week

Paul Theroux

Robert Chambers

George Orwell

The Nature of the DebateThe Nature of the Debate

Issues and Questions