PIA 2528PIA 2528

Local Government, Local Government, Governance and Civil Governance and Civil

SocietySociety

Local Governance: A Cultural Local Governance: A Cultural PerspectivePerspective

A Palolem local A Palolem local government government meeting in East meeting in East IndiaIndia

Governance, an Overview of Governance, an Overview of IssuesIssues Basic Terms: The Environment of Development Basic Terms: The Environment of Development

(Review)(Review) GovernanceGovernance

Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrownManner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown Local GovernmentLocal Government

Primary unit of government that has both political leadership Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structuresand bureaucratic structures

Civil SocietyCivil Society Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and

the family and short of the state (does not include state the family and short of the state (does not include state organs or for profit sector)organs or for profit sector)

Institutional Legacy- Institutional Legacy- Discussion: Samuel P. Discussion: Samuel P.

Huntington(1927-2008) Huntington(1927-2008) Culture Matters?Culture Matters?

The Institutions Debate: The Institutions Debate: Huntington’s Regions -Huntington’s Regions -Culture vs. RationalityCulture vs. Rationality

Institutional LegacyInstitutional LegacyThe cultural organization The cultural organization contrasts the contemporary contrasts the contemporary world with the classical notion of world with the classical notion of sovereign states. To understand sovereign states. To understand current and future conflict, current and future conflict, cultural rifts cultural rifts must be must be understood, and culture — rather understood, and culture — rather than the State — must be than the State — must be accepted as the locus of war.accepted as the locus of war.

Gender Representation: Gender Representation: Government of New Government of New

ZealandZealand

The Nature of Local The Nature of Local GovernmentGovernment

Part of the Part of the Institutional StateInstitutional State

Based on Devolution of AuthorityBased on Devolution of Authority

Culture defines ParticipationCulture defines Participation

Links Governance to Civil SocietyLinks Governance to Civil Society

IndonesiaIndonesia

Forms of Local GovernmentForms of Local Government

Concept: Transfer of authority to a Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of governmentlower level of government

Role of intermediate Government Role of intermediate Government (s)(s)

Primary Unit of Government: Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with itbureaucracy with it

Commonwealth Commonwealth Provincial GovernanceProvincial Governance

Functions of Urban Local Functions of Urban Local Governance: A South African Governance: A South African

ViewView

Historical LegacyHistorical Legacy Imperial and Colonial Impact: The Imperial and Colonial Impact: The

Dilemma of the Local StateDilemma of the Local State

The Best Predictor of InstitutionsThe Best Predictor of Institutions

Try to Diagram the colonial structure Try to Diagram the colonial structure for your part of the world and be for your part of the world and be prepared to discuss next week.prepared to discuss next week.

Issue: Land Based vs. Sea Based Issue: Land Based vs. Sea Based EmpiresEmpires

Imperial Germany (Russia, Imperial Germany (Russia, Austria, Turkey)Austria, Turkey)

The Imperial ModelThe Imperial Model

French Colonial SystemFrench Colonial SystemFrench National Assembly (Nominal African Reps)

Ministry of Overseas Affairs

Sub-Chief

District Chief

Commandant

Governor (Guinea- Conakry)

Governor-General (West Africa-Dakar)

The French Empire and The French Empire and Culture: North America, Culture: North America, Caribbean, Africa and Caribbean, Africa and

AsiaAsia

British Colonial SystemBritish Colonial SystemParliament (No Rep.)

Secretary of State for Colonies (Dominions) or India

Chief

District Officer

District Commissioner

Regional / Divisional Commissioner

Governor / High Commissioner*

Sub-Chief

Headman Tribal Council

Tribal Secretary and Clerks

Tribal Treasury

Tribal Court

Tribal Police

* Governor-General / High Commissioner with Resident Commissioners in Bechuanaland, Basutoland and Swaziland under Dominions Office

The British ImageThe British Image

Reformed British Reformed British AdministrationAdministration

Prime Minister (UK) Colonial Office

Secretariat

Para-Chief DEODistrict Commissioner

Provincial Commissioner PEO

Sub-Chief

Headmen

Parliament

EXECO

LEGCO Governor / Governor Secretary

MED WORKS EDUC AGRIC

London

Dar es Salaam

SAA MOJA Village

KilimanjaroProvince

Moshi

Traditional Administration Traditional Administration &&

GovernanceGovernanceNational Systems

Paramount Chief (King)

Sub-ChiefsVillage Meeting Place

Judicial System

Advisors (Native Councils)

Headmen

Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule

The Dilemma of Traditional The Dilemma of Traditional Local GovernanceLocal Governance

Imperial Systems King

Chief King’s Representative

Inner Council

Sub-Chief

Outer Council

Meeting Place

Judicial System

King’s Representative

Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule

Traditional Administration Traditional Administration &&

GovernanceGovernance

Assimilation: replacement of traditional authorities by soldiers• Chief as government official• Façade of Direct Rule• Grassroots similarity

Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule

Indirect Rule and “Tribal Administration”• Legal / Rational Model• Modification of Tradition• Training of tribal administrator

•Inherited vs. Age Grade Systems•Nature of traditional Civil Society

Traditional Administration Traditional Administration &&

GovernanceGovernance

Mini-DiscussionMini-Discussion

How Does One Create How Does One Create Local Government Out of Local Government Out of

this?this?

Historical LegacyHistorical Legacy1.1. General Patterns: Linked to General Patterns: Linked to

Cultural Sub-NationalismCultural Sub-Nationalism2.2. Unique Cultural Patterns: Differ Unique Cultural Patterns: Differ

from Region to Region (eg. Middle from Region to Region (eg. Middle East: Religious Parallel Governance East: Religious Parallel Governance OrganizationsOrganizations

3.3. What are the Universals of Local What are the Universals of Local GovernanceGovernance

Coffee BreakCoffee Break Fifteen MinutesFifteen Minutes

The Nature of the The Nature of the MunicipalityMunicipality

The Primary Unit of GovernmentThe Primary Unit of Government

Anglo-American- Town separate from Anglo-American- Town separate from country (County)country (County)

Continental Europe- Integration of Town and Continental Europe- Integration of Town and CountyCounty

One of these two patterns exported One of these two patterns exported overseasoverseas

Danish Local GovernmentDanish Local Government 1. Amtman- Danish Prefect (Royal, Simbolic)1. Amtman- Danish Prefect (Royal, Simbolic)

2. Amt- Provinces- Higher Services 2. Amt- Provinces- Higher Services (Hospitals, Higher Schools and Colleges\(Hospitals, Higher Schools and Colleges\

3. Commune- Urban and Rural smaller 3. Commune- Urban and Rural smaller services- Primary Education, Marketsservices- Primary Education, Markets

4. Provincial and Local Government 4. Provincial and Local Government Associations (System Support)Associations (System Support)

Accountability in New Accountability in New ZealandZealand

What Local Government What Local Government Does- Basic ServicesDoes- Basic Services

Primary RoadsPrimary Roads WaterWater Waste RemovalWaste Removal Primary EducationPrimary Education Basic HealthBasic Health Basic Energy SuppliesBasic Energy Supplies MarketsMarkets ParkingParking

Lord Mayor’s TraditionLord Mayor’s Tradition

U.K. SystemU.K. System

Models of Local GovernmentModels of Local Government1.1. Strong MayorStrong Mayor

2.2. Strong Council- Executive Committee Strong Council- Executive Committee with Chair and Department Headswith Chair and Department Heads

3.3. City Manager (Town Clerk) System City Manager (Town Clerk) System with appointed departmentswith appointed departments

City Manager SystemCity Manager System

Services Depend Upon-Services Depend Upon-1.1. Fiscal/budget allocation- taxes, user Fiscal/budget allocation- taxes, user

fees and transfersfees and transfers2.2. Planning- strategic prioritiesPlanning- strategic priorities3.3. Managing- implementationManaging- implementation4.4. Personnel- Access to skilled Personnel- Access to skilled

professionals (Power to Hire and Fire)professionals (Power to Hire and Fire)5.5. Community TrustCommunity Trust6.6. Social CohesionSocial Cohesion

““Rainbow Nation”- 1Rainbow Nation”- 1

““Rainbow Nation-” 2Rainbow Nation-” 2

Review: Distinctions:Review: Distinctions: Local state vs. Local GovernmentLocal state vs. Local Government

Functional vs. Territorial ControlFunctional vs. Territorial Control

Devolution- Urban vs. Rural Devolution- Urban vs. Rural

Subsidiarity- Subsidiarity-

higher units should not do what can be done higher units should not do what can be done by lower unitsby lower units

Myth of the Panchayat?Myth of the Panchayat?

Has local Government Has local Government Failed?Failed?

Implementation and Implementation and Administrative ProblemsAdministrative Problems

Skills ShortagesSkills Shortages Absence of RevenueAbsence of Revenue The Need for Institutional TrainingThe Need for Institutional Training International Donors and the International Donors and the

Training AgendaTraining Agenda

Implementation: Rube Implementation: Rube GoldbergGoldberg

Has local Government Has local Government Failed?Failed?

Failure to make a Needs AssessmentFailure to make a Needs Assessment

Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Mode of ThoughtMode of Thought

Local Government- Urban vs. Rural Local Government- Urban vs. Rural NeedsNeeds

Functions as Local StateFunctions as Local State

Local Government and Local Government and Development?Development?

How Developmental Is Local How Developmental Is Local Government? Government?

We Need Assess Local We Need Assess Local Government Comparatively in Government Comparatively in light of Case Histories Readings. light of Case Histories Readings.

Decentralization IssuesDecentralization Issues1. Democracy and decentralization1. Democracy and decentralization

2. Critiques of indirect Democracy2. Critiques of indirect Democracy

3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs 3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs dangerous?)dangerous?)

4. Decentralization and ethnic and regional 4. Decentralization and ethnic and regional

conflict- the dangers of decentralizationconflict- the dangers of decentralization

Decentralization and Decentralization and Foreign AidForeign Aid

Decentralization IssuesDecentralization Issues5. The dichotomy: Communal/municipal 5. The dichotomy: Communal/municipal models vs. urban/rural governance: towns models vs. urban/rural governance: towns and counties. Problem of urban biasand counties. Problem of urban bias

6. Decentralization as a failure-Issues:6. Decentralization as a failure-Issues:

a. financial limitationsa. financial limitations

b. local government staff: "bush postings.“b. local government staff: "bush postings.“

c. community distrustc. community distrust

Specialized Developmental Specialized Developmental FunctionsFunctions

Planning and Land Use PatternsPlanning and Land Use Patterns

Issues- Ownership and distribution.Issues- Ownership and distribution.

Land- its use and access to water. Land- its use and access to water. At the core of grass roots At the core of grass roots development in the rural areasdevelopment in the rural areas

Regional Planning for agriculture, forestry, Regional Planning for agriculture, forestry, recreation , land use, waterfowl, ungulates recreation , land use, waterfowl, ungulates

and sport fish capability (Canada)and sport fish capability (Canada)

Books of the WeekBooks of the WeekThe Comedians byThe Comedians byGraham Greene Graham Greene

(top)(top)

Things Fall ApartThings Fall ApartChinua Achebe Chinua Achebe

(bottom)(bottom)

Geographical Patterns: The Geographical Patterns: The Institutional Legacy Institutional Legacy

(Readings)(Readings) Break into Regional Groups for Fifteen Break into Regional Groups for Fifteen

MinutesMinutes

Identify FOUR regional patterns of Identify FOUR regional patterns of Institutionalized Governance, Local Institutionalized Governance, Local Governance and Civil SocietyGovernance and Civil Society

Identify the (reading) source of patternIdentify the (reading) source of pattern

Summary DiscussionSummary Discussion

What if anything have we learned What if anything have we learned about Governance, Local about Governance, Local Government and Civil Society?Government and Civil Society?