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PIA 3090
COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Week Six: Socialization, Motivation and Values
The Main Event
Golden Oldies
Literary Map
The Grand Synthesis
PERSONS OF THE WEEK
David Osborne and Ted Gabler
John Armstrong
Question: Can Bureaucracy be reformed?
David Osborne
Administrative Culture: Overview
Socialization and Bureaucratic Behavior
The Concept of political and
Administrative Culture
A mixture of elite and mass culture
THESIS
Political Culture can predict political behavior
Culture limits the action of citizens and administrators, channels demands and excludes certain possible policy options
The Concept of Political Culture
a. People are tied to a unique web of historical experiences
b. Assumption: From the general culture one can extract out the salient aspects of that culture that relate to political behavior and administrative traditions
Danish Political Culture: Re. Housing Sub-Cultures
Groups 1, 2 and 4 constitute the traditional political culture, also found in the labour movement, Groups 3 and 6 constitute a user-oriented political culture based on functional participation in single issues; whereas group 7 contains the very active political elite.
The Concept Continued
c. Organizational Culture is a sub-set of broader cultural assumptions
d. In looking for evidence of a political or an administrative culture we are looking for a set of representative values for the people of that society
Organizational Culture: The Ideal Type
Two Assumptions
1. Many cultures: regional, administrative, ethnic, professional, etc. including hierarchy of values
2. These are effected by historical origin, race, gender, education, region, etc.
The Key
Three dimensions of Culture
Three components of Culture
a. Information and Measurable
Understanding
b. Beliefs and Values
c. Emotions
Components of Culture
The Cognitive Dimension- What people know.
a. The set of historical and cultural information to which any native of the society is automatically tuned in
b. All societies have their peculiarities which are part of their political culture
The Evaluative Dimension- Not the is but the what ought to be
a. What is good and bad
b. U.S.- Military service good, welfare cheaters bad
Evaluation
Emotive
The Emotive Dimension- The emotional attachment that people have to their political system
a. Symbolism and myth, anthems and flags
b. Provides the strength of values
c. Nationalism- “My country right or wrong”
Socialization1. Process by which political attitudes are formed and maintained
2. Acquisition of values, beliefs, and knowledge about the political system on both the individual and community level
3. Cultural transmission across generations- the introduction of new generations to the beliefs and values of the old
Socialization
The Way Things Are Learned May be cognitive, evaluative or emotional
Vague Patriotic image- eg. U.S. paternal- President as "super-friend" and father image (shattered by Watergate and post-Watergate- See Bob Woodward’s Books About Bush (and Tina Fey’s Sarah Palin)
Societal and community definitions
Personal identification with government
Values and Learning SNL “Bob Woodward
Arrested for Treason” (Fake)
Socialization- Continued
1. Can be a conscious or an unconscious effort- as to how attitudes towards policy are formed
2. Issue of Cultural Engineering- Ideological and explicit
3. Revolutionary & Developmental Societies- Ideological and explicit
Cultural Engineering
Socialization- Continued
U.S. and Western Europe- mostly indirect (Instrumental and implicit)
Often hidden within a pragmatic, fairly loose value system
Europe and Class
The Crux of the Issue
Socialization: Mass vs. elite (vs.Organizational) socialization
Class and Governance Derk Jan Eppink:
Levels of Socializationa. Primary- Most important: occurs within the family
b. Secondary- Everything else before adulthood, school, peers, national and regional- it is here that cultural engineering occurs
c. Tertiary- Professional and Organizational- Begins with University. Issue how specialization of bureaucratic elites is related to socialization and education
Socialization and Public Service
Discussion:
John Armstrong- The European Administrative Elite
Europe 2006
Armstrong’s Thesis Asynchronous Comparison
Status, Role Theory and Counter-Roles
Socialization and the Diffusion of Development Doctrines
The Prefect as Territorial Administrator and role in Development Intervention
Back to Reality: Guinea’s Prefect as a Rent-Seeking Predator
Values and Motivation: Redeux1. Theory X vs. Theory Y
2. Maslov’s Hierarchy: Basic needs, social needs and ego needs
3. Application of Theories of Motivation outside the U.S. Case Study (China, Korea, South Africa and Brazil)
4. The Special problem of Fragile and Collapsed states.
5. The Importance of a Motivation Country in a Country Such as Guinea
Assumption
Political, Administrative Culture and Socialization have a major impact on organizational behavior.
Question to Return to: Can we Re-invent Government given Premises about Socialization. (Osborne and Gabler)