Date post: | 08-Aug-2015 |
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4 Possibilities:
① Dispensing of Speech
② Speaking a third language
③ Learning the other group’s language
④ Creating a trade language
Brief History: Creoles and pidgins were deemed unworthy of academic concern No grammar and structure Aberrations by speakers with no prestige
Hugo Schuchardt (1842-1927) first scholar of international standing to take the study of creoles and pidgins seriously
Reasons for studying:① Sociohistorical settings are important for the
formation of these languages
② Wonderful data sources for theory testing of models of sociolinguistic variation and change
③ Shows social stratifications
④ Just plain fun to study~
Pidgins Contact/simple languages between speakers of different languages who want to communicate but do not share a common language; which happens during:
discovery trade conquest migration slavery
Mixture of their source languages Have NO native speakers NOT stable languages Except for:
Sabir Tok Pisin
Pidgins
Creoles In classical theory, is a pidgin that has acquired native speakers
Full-fledged language Made up of two languages:
① Superstrates
② Substrates
① SUPERSTRATES languages the supply most of the material,
especially vocabulary, in a creole
② SUBSTRATES other languages that are blended in
Haitian Creole
French = superstrate
Several African languages = substrates
Creoles
Examples: Haiti
Rive Jan rive Mari Pati
As soon as John arrived, Mary left
*rive = arriver (predicate doubling)
*pati = partir
Language attitudes are complicated: language of home and heart language of intimacy and solidarity has low social status considered as ignorant and slang= very existence is denied by its speakers
Creoles
Patois Catch-all adjective to describe nonstandard languages or dialects
usually called as “broken English”
Marginal languages Term proposed by John E. Reinecke Arises in areas of pronounced culture contacts, in situations where it is impossible or impracticable for the people concerned to learn each other’s languages well
Structure is greatly broken down and simplified
Marginal languages Known as:
LingoesHodge-podgeKauderwelschNo language
× bad grammar× dialect
Marginal in reference to: parent languages cultural environment
Connotations of the term ‘Marginal’ lack of full participation in a society standing on the border between 2 societies and
cultures
A distinct field under Sprachsoziologie
Marginal languages
Marginal Classes: Professor Ernst Schultze of Leipzig Slaves and Servants’ Languages (1933) Masters-and-dependent relationship
① Trade jargons
② Settler’s creole dialects
③ Plantation creole dialects
Trade Jargons According to Reinecke, trade jargons are supplementary languages
Least developed form of marginal languages that have attained considerable fixity
Characterized as very fluid and full of circumlocutions
Arises from short-lived, casual interaction of traders modicum of mutual respect and freedom of actionForeign traders sometimes adopt the indigenous
language as the basis of a jargon Examples: Chinook Jargon (Nootka + Chinook)Eskimo trade jargon of Alaska (Inuit pidgin)
Trade Jargons
Disappearance of jargons:① Consolidation of trade relations and the foreign
conquest② Jargon is similar to the native language and is easy
to acquire
Longevity of jargons: Cantonese-English Issuance of restrictions on Foreign trade before
1842
Trade Jargons
Settlers’ Creoles Creole languages are primary languages Result of dominating another group popularly applied to any European tongue spoken
overseas in a debased for m used two distinct classes of language
Similar to the trade jargons in its origin A group of foreigners settle as colonists or traders
in a foreign land with larger native populationImposed their language through commercial,
cultural and military-political advantages
Characterized in a simplified and corrupted form reduction of flexionsIntroduction of idioms and words
Settlers’ Creoles
With the decline of the parent language, creole dialects remain in use as the domestic language of the mixed blood
examples: Portuguese speaking communities of Southern
Asia and formerly of West Africa
Settlers’ Creoles
Plantation CreolesA result of the introduction of African Slave labor
Make shift means of communication between masters and field servants
True Sklavensprachen (language of the slaves)
Tend “to constant leveling-out and improvement in the direction of the masters’ tongue”Improvement of speechEnrichment of vocabulariesBuilding up of new conjugations
Plantation Creoles
Whites use of a creole dialect were influenced by creole-speaking nurses and playmates during childhood
Whites’ language attitude towards creoles were ambivalent, because:
① Despised it as a low-caste dialect
② Have sentimental attachment towards it
Plantation Creoles
Language attitude of the colored: similar to European patois-speaker patois is sentimentally dear not using it in one’s group is considered snobbish to speak crude patois to an educated person is impolite and displays one’s ignorance
educated negroes are insulted if addressed in patois
Plantation Creoles
Language attitude of both races: slower to give up the traditional linguistic distinction
between classesInferiors should still speak creole to them
Causes for slow attitudinal change: Immobilization of the hopelessly poor, geographically
and culturally isolated colored masses
Maintenance and development of an attitude of pride in the creole as a regional dialect
Plantation Creoles