GEOGRAPHIA NAPOCENSIS AN X, nr. 1/2016 geographianapocensis.acad-cluj.ro 29 Geographia Napocensis Anul X, nr. 1, 2016 PIERRE LAPIE AND THE ROMAN ROAD NETwORK IN MOESIA FLORIN-GHEORGHE FODOREAN 1 ABSTRACT: In the Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Anthony R. Birley, Richard Talbert published an article about a map which, as the author affirms, skipped the attention of the historians. In fact, it is a set of nine maps, at a scale of approximately 1:3,400,000, illustrating, according to a modern representation, the Roman world. The geographical space represented starts from the Antonine Wall and Britain in the left side and ends to Hierasycaminos on the border between Egypt and Nubia. The maps are part of a two volume project, commissioned by Agricol Fortia d’Urban (1756-1843). The book, entitled Recueil des Itinéraires Anciens comprenant l’Itinéraire d’Antonin, la Table de Peutinger et un choix des périples grecs, avec dix cartes dressées par M. le Colonel Lapie, was published in 1845 by the Imprimerie Royale, Paris. The maps were created by one of the most famous French cartographer of the XIXth century, Pierre M. Lapie (1799-1850). Our study discusses the information from this maps regading Moesia and the accuracy of the cartographer during the process of mapping the Roman roads from the south-danubian province. KEYwORDS: Roman cartography, Tabula Peutingeriana, geographical space, cartographic tradition, itineraria, modern cartography, Moesia. 1. PIERRE LAPIE (1777–1850). LIFE AND wORK Among the most documented historians or cartographers who created maps of the former Roman Empire during the 19 th century, Pierre Lapie is the most outstanding character. Captain Pierre M. Lapie was a famous topographer and also geographer of the king Louis XVIII. 2 During his life he worked as officer at the ‘Corps Impérial des Ingenieurs Géographes’. He succeeded to publish some interesting atlases, such as: 1. Atlas Classique et Universel de Géographie Ancienne et Moderne, dressé pour l’instruction de la Jeunesse, et notamment pour les Colléges Royaux, et les Ecoles Militaires, Paris, 1812 (first edition), 1816 (second edition); 2. Atlas Universel de géographie ancienne et modern, precede d’un abrège de géographie physique et historique, with several edition (1829, 1832, 1838 1851). 3 The first atlas contains, for its second edition, a number of 39 maps: 1. Sistémes planetaires; 2. Monde connu des anciens; 3. Empire d’Alexandre; 4. Empire Romain; 5. Les Gaules; 6. Italie ancienne; 7. Grèce ancienne; 8. Asie mineure; 9. Égypte et Syrie, anciennes; 10. Europe sous l’Empire de Charlemagne; 11. Mappemonde physique sur la projection de Mercator; 12. Mappemonde en deux hemispheres; 13. Europe en 1789; 14. Europe en 1813; 15. Europe en 1816; 16. France par provinces, et Italie septentrionale en 1789; 17. Royaume de France en 1816; 18. Italie, et Royaume d’Illyrie; 19. Espagne et Portugale; 20. Iles Britanniques; 21. 1 Associate professor, Dr. Habil., Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, faculty of History and Philosophy, Department of Ancient History and Archaeology. Email: [email protected].
Transcript
GEOGRAPHIA N
APOCENSIS AN X
, nr. 1
/2016
geog
raphia
napo
censis
.acad
-cluj.
ro
29
Geographia Napocensis Anul X, nr. 1, 2016
PIERRE LAPIE AND THE ROMAN ROAD NETwORKIN MOESIA
FLoriN-GheorGhe FodoreaN1
ABSTRACT: In the Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Anthony R. Birley, Richard Talbert published an article about a map which, as the author affirms, skipped the attention of the historians. In fact, it is a set of nine maps, at a scale of approximately 1:3,400,000, illustrating, according to a modern representation, the Roman world. The geographical space represented starts from the Antonine Wall and Britain in the left side and ends to Hierasycaminos on the border between Egypt and Nubia. The maps are part of a two volume project, commissioned by Agricol Fortia d’Urban (1756-1843). The book, entitled Recueil des Itinéraires Anciens comprenant l’Itinéraire d’Antonin, la Table de Peutinger et un choix des périples grecs, avec dix cartes dressées par M. le Colonel Lapie, was published in 1845 by the Imprimerie Royale, Paris. The maps were created by one of the most famous French cartographer of the XIXth century, Pierre M. Lapie (1799-1850). Our study discusses the information from this maps regading Moesia and the accuracy of the cartographer during the process of mapping the Roman roads from the south-danubian province.
KEYwORDS: Roman cartography, Tabula Peutingeriana, geographical space, cartographic tradition, itineraria, modern cartography, Moesia.
1. PIERRE LAPIE (1777–1850).LIFE AND wORK
Among the most documented historians or cartographers who created maps of the former Roman Empire during the 19th century, Pierre Lapie is the most outstanding character. Captain Pierre M. Lapie was a famous topographer and also geographer of the king Louis XVIII.2 During his life he worked as officer at the ‘Corps Impérial des Ingenieurs Géographes’.
He succeeded to publish some interesting atlases, such as:
1. Atlas Classique et Universel de Géographie Ancienne et Moderne, dressé pour l’instruction de la Jeunesse, et notamment pour les Colléges Royaux, et les Ecoles Militaires, Paris, 1812 (first edition), 1816 (second edition);
2. Atlas Universel de géographie ancienne et modern, precede d’un abrège de géographie physique et historique, with several edition (1829, 1832, 1838 1851).3
The first atlas contains, for its second edition, a number of 39 maps: 1. Sistémes planetaires; 2. Monde connu des anciens; 3. Empire d’Alexandre; 4. Empire Romain; 5. Les Gaules; 6. Italie ancienne; 7. Grèce ancienne; 8. Asie mineure; 9. Égypte et Syrie, anciennes; 10. Europe sous l’Empire de Charlemagne; 11. Mappemonde physique sur la projection de Mercator; 12. Mappemonde en deux hemispheres; 13. Europe en 1789; 14. Europe en 1813; 15. Europe en 1816; 16. France par provinces, et Italie septentrionale en 1789; 17. Royaume de France en 1816; 18. Italie, et Royaume d’Illyrie; 19. Espagne et Portugale; 20. Iles Britanniques; 21.
1 Associate professor, Dr. Habil., Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, faculty of History and Philosophy, Department of Ancient History and Archaeology. Email: [email protected].
GEOGRAPHIA N
APOCENSIS AN X
, nr. 1
/2016
geog
raphia
napo
censis
.acad
-cluj.
ro
30
Florin GheorGhe Fodorean
Allemagne ou centre de l’Europe; 22. Royaume des Pays-Bas; 23. Suisse ou Helvétie; 24. Suède et Dannemark; 25. Dannemark; 26. Russie d’Europe; 27. Turquie d’Europe; 28. Asie; 29. Turquie d’Asie, Perse, Caboul, et Arabie; 30. Inde en-deça et au-delà de Gange; 31. Empire Chinois; 32. Océanie et Australasie et Polynésie; 33. Afrique; 34. Égypte; 35. Barbarie contenant l’Empire de Maroc, et les Royaumes d’Alger, de Tunis, et de Tripoli; 36. Amérique Septentrionale; 37. États-Unis; 38. Golfe du Mexique et mer des Antilles; 39. Amérique Méridionale.
The maps from the second atlas were realized in collaboration with his son, Alexandre Émile Lapie. The son has also published Orbis Romanus in 1834.4
2. THE MAP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE DRAwN BY PIERRE LAPIE.GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Nine years ago, in 2007, Richard Talbert published a study about an interesting document.5 It is a map fist published in a book entitled Recueil des Itinéraires Anciens comprenant l’Itinéraire d’Antonin, la Table de Peutinger et un choix des périples grecs, avec dix cartes dressées par M. le Colonel Lapie. The book was published in 1845 by the Imprimerie Royale, Paris.6 This volume was commissioned by Agricol Fortia d’Urban (1756-1843).7 The map is composed by nine parts, all at the scale of 1:3,400,000. The map presents the Roman Empire from Britain to Egypt and the eastern parts.
The map contains data from three important ancient cartographic sources: the Peutinger map, the Antonine itinerary and Itinerarium Burdigalense sive Hierosolymitanum. Based on these data, Pierre Lapie has mapped the main roads of the Roman Empire. He has also provided a list in four columns containing the routes recorded in each of these three cartographic sources, mentioning the names of the settlements and the distances, expressed in Roman numerals and their Arabic numeral equivalent. Obviously, as it is written down in the preface of the book, «M. le colonel Lapie, qui a été chargé seul de la
synonymie moderne, a rempli cette tâche délicate avec une patience admirable et avec un rare talent de combinaison. Il ne faut cependant pas considérer son travail comme le dernier mot de la science. Si l’on réfléchit aux difficultés d’une pareille entreprise, à la contradiction des renseignements fournis par les auteurs anciens et modernes, on conviendra qu’il était bien difficile, sinon impossible, de ne pas commettre plusieurs erreurs, et de rencontrer toujours juste dans la combinaison des noms et des mesures. Loin donc de reprocher à M. Lapie les imperfections que la critique et le temps feront découvrir, on devra lui savoir gré d’avoir formé un vaste tableau de géographie comparée, où chacun pourra facilement consigner les découvertes qui s’effectueront, à l’avenir, dans le domaine des sciences géographiques. Telle a été la tâche de M. Lapie; la nôtre était de nous appliquer de préférence à l’étude du texte, afin de l’amener à la plus grande correction possible.”8
The map of Pierre Lapie is entitled ORBIS ROMANUS AD ILLUSTRANDA ITINERARIA ANTONINI BURDIGALENSE TABULAM PEUTINGERIANAM PERIPLOS ITINERARIA MARITIMA DELINEATUS A. P. LAPIE GEOGRAPHO IN COMITATU REGIO MILITARI CHILIARCHA IN ADMINISTRAT REC BELLIC COLL TOPOGRAPH PRAEFECTO LUTETIAE A M DCCC XXXIIII. The map measures 150 x 109 cm and it is composed by 9 sheets, each measuring 51.5 x 37.5 cm.9 It also contains a legend which depicts eight types of lines, correspond to the following categories of roads:10
1. Viae Romanae, de quibus silent scriptores veteres (category 8) – a pointed line;
2. Itin Burdigalense and Tabula Peutingeriana (category 7, including the roads recorded both in the Itinerarium Burdigalense and in the Peutinger map) – a pointed line;
3. Itinerarium Burdigalense (category 6, mentioning only the roads recorded in the Itinerarium Burdigalense) – a pointed line;
4. Itinerarium Burdigalense and Itinerarium Antonini (category 5, including the roads recorded both in the Antonine itinerary and in the Itinerarium Burdigalense) – a pointed line;
5. The roads from the Peutinger map, depicted on the map with two parallel lines, the one up ticker than the other one (category 4);
GEOGRAPHIA N
APOCENSIS AN X
, nr. 1
/2016
geog
raphia
napo
censis
.acad
-cluj.
ro
31
Pierre Lapie and the Roman Road Network in Moesia
6. The routes listed in the Antonine itinerary, depicted on the map with two parallel lines, the one up thinner than the other one (category 3);
7. Two equal parallel lines, depicting the roads mentioned in the Antonine itinerary and in the Peutinger map (category 2);
8. A thick line, depicting the roads mentioned in the Antonine itinerary, Itinerarium Burdigalense and the Peutinger map (category 1).
3. MOESIA IN LAPIE’S MAPMoesia is represented in two sheets, 5 and 6.
The province is located between the meridians of 20° and 27° (Eastern longitude) and the parallels of 41° and 46° (Northern latitude). Pierre Lapie represented the Balkan Mountains with the denomination known from antiquity, Haemus Mons. Beside the Danube River (named
Danubius Fl.), the French cartographer also recorded some elements from the river network, including Timacus F. (today the Timoc river), Gibrus F. (Ciabrus in antiquity, today Tsibritsa), Oescus F. (today Iskar river), Ulus F. (Utus river, today the Vit river, in Bulgaria), and Osamus F. (Asamus river in antiquity, today Òsam river, in Bulgaria).11
Many of the settlements mentioned in the map are listed in the Antonine itinerary.
4. THE ROMAN ROAD FROM VIMINACIUM TO NICOMEDIALISTED BY LAPIE
The settlements mentioned by Pierre Lapie along this road are listed at pages 65-67 in his book.12 The list contains the following settlements and distances:
Settlements as recorded by Pierre Lapie Distances mentioned in ancient sources
Distances measured by P. Lapie
‘Cuppis. Columbatz’ XXIV - 24 24
‘Novas (leg. Ad Novas). Dobra’ XXIV – 24 12
‘Talia (leg. Taliatis). Gögerdsinlik’ XII – 12 25
‘Egeta. Gladova ou Fetishlam’ XXI – 21 21
‘Aquis. Berza-Palanka’ XVI – 16 16
‘Dortico. Detz’ X – 10 10
‘Bononia. Bregova’ XVII – 17 17
‘Ratiaria. Leg XIIII (sic!) Gemina. Widdin’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Almo (sive ad Almum). Smordini’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Cebro (al. ad Cebrum sive Camistrum). Tzibrou-Palanka’
XVIII – 18 18
‘Augustis’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Variana. Oreava ou Rahova’ XII – 12 12
‘Valeriana. Kniajè’ XII – 12 12
‘Oesco Leg V Mac. (i.e. Macedonica). Glava’ XII – 12 12
‘Iter per ripam a Viminacio Nicomediam. Route de Rama à Ismid, en suivant les bords du feuvle.’ 1272 miles (according to the ancient sources, as Lapie stated). 1118 miles (distances corrected by Lapie).
GEOGRAPHIA N
APOCENSIS AN X
, nr. 1
/2016
geog
raphia
napo
censis
.acad
-cluj.
ro
32
Florin GheorGhe Fodorean
‘Uto. Staroselitza’ XIV – 14 14
‘Securisca. Tcherezelan’ XII – 12 12
‘Dimo. Mouseliou’ XII – 12 12
‘Novas (al. ad Novas). Leg. I Ital. Gourabeli’ XVII – 17 17
‘Scaidava. Sistova’ XVIII – 18 13
‘Trimammio (al. Trimamio). Roudera’ VII – 7 27
‘Sexantapristis (al. Sexaginta Pristis). Birgos’ VII – 7 7
‘Tigra. Roustchouk’ IX – 9 9
‘Appiaria. Taban’ XIII – 13 13
‘Transmariscam. Tourk-Semil’ XVI – 16 16
‘Candidiana. Saorsanlar’ XIII – 13 13
‘Teglicio. Vetrena ou Veternitre’ XII – 12 12
‘Dorostoro (al. Durostoro) leg. XI. Cl ( i. e. Claudia). Silistria’
XII – 12 12
‘Sucidava. Derbend’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Axiopoli. Kouzgoun’ XII – 12 12
‘Capidava. Rassova’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Carso. Hassanbeg’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Cio. Hirschova’ X – 10 10
‘Biroe (al. Boraeo)’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Trosmis Leg. I Jovia. Matchin’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Scythia. Scythie’
‘Arrubio. Poulnovitza’ IX – 9 9
‘Diniguttia (al. Dinogetia). Iassactchi’ IX – 9 9
‘Novioduno Leg. II Herculea. Toultcha’ XX – 20 20
‘Aegyso (al. Aegisso). Karaibeli’ XXIV - 24 24
‘Salsovia. Babadagh’ XVII – 17 17
‘Salmorude (al. Salmarude). Karamacheni’ IX – 9 9
‘Valle Domitiana. Potourour ou Potour’ XVII – 17 17
‘Ad Salices. Kara - Kerman’ XXVI – 26 26
‘Historio (al. Islropoli sive Istria). Karagarlih’ XXV – 25 15
‘Tomos. Karli’ XXXVI – 36 36
‘Callatis (al Calatis portu vel Caria). Kartalia’ XXX – 30 30
‘Timogittia (al. Tirizis). Taouk-Limani’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Dionysopoli (al. Cruni). Baltchik’ XXIV – 24 24
‘Odisso. (al. Odesso sive Adeno). Varna’ XXIV – 24 24
GEOGRAPHIA N
APOCENSIS AN X
, nr. 1
/2016
geog
raphia
napo
censis
.acad
-cluj.
ro
33
Pierre Lapie and the Roman Road Network in Moesia
5. MOESIA IN THE ANCIENTGEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
Pierre Lapie’s list of settlements and distances in Moesia starts with the settlement Cuppae, or Vico cuppae, located 9 miles after Punicum and 12 miles before Adnovas, where a Roman fort was built.13 The Peutinger map mentions the following distances and settlements: Viminatio – X – Lederata – XIII – Punicum – XI – Vico cuppae – XII – Adnovas – X – Adscrofulas – XV – Faliatis (vignette, ‘double tower’ type) – VIII – Gerulatis – VI – Unam – VI – Egeta – IX – Clevora – IX – Ad Aquas – XXIV – Dortico – XXV – Ad Malum – XVI – Ratiaris (vignette, ‘double tower’ type) – XII – Remetodia – IV – Almo – IX – Pomodiana – IX – Camistro – VI – Aug(us)tis – XX – Pedonianis – XI – Esco (vignette, ‘double tower’ type) – XIV – Vio – IX – Anasamo – XVII – Securispa – XIII – Dimo – XVI – Adnovas (vignette, ‘double tower’ type) – IX – Latro – XVI – Trimamio – XII – Pristis (Ruse) – IX – Tegris (Marten) – XIV – Appiaris (Ryakhovo) – XIII – Trasmarisca – (Tutrakan) – XII
– Nigrinianis (Malak Preslavets) – XIII – Tegvlicio (Sreburna) – XI – Durostero (Silistra, vignette, ‘double tower’ type).14 The total distance along this road is 423 miles. 35 distance figures, 35 settlements, and 4 ‘double tower’-type vignettes are provided.
Before this segment, in the western part, the Peutinger map mentions another road, between Sirmium and Viminacium: Sirmium (vignette, ‘double tower’ type) – XVIII – Bassianis (Donji Petrovci) – VIII – idiminio – VIIII – Tauruno (vignette, ‘double tower’ type) – III – Confluentib(us) – I – Singiduno (vignette, ‘double tower’ type, segment grid 6A1) - XIIII - Tricornio – XII – Monte Aureo – XIIII – Margum fl – X – Viminatio (Kostolac, segment grid 6A2, vignette, ‘double tower’ type). Lapie did not mention anything about the settlements and the distances along this road.
The table below provides a comparison between data from the Antonine itinerary and data from the Peutinger map, with reference to the road between Viminacium and Durostorum:
‘Marcianopoli. Chaptik’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Scatris. Kiopikeni’ XXVI – 26 26
‘Anchialis (al. Anchialo). Ahioli ou Ahioglu’ XXIV – 24 36
‘Debeico (al. Delveto). Inkizli’ XXIV – 24 24
‘Sadame. Fakih’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Tarpodizo. Devlet-Agatch’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Ostudizo. Hafsa ou Khafsa’ XXXII - 32 32
‘Burtudizo. Eskibaba’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Bergule. Tchatal Bourgaz’ XVIII – 18 18
‘Drizipara (leg. Druzipara). Karistan’ XIV – 14 14
Another road depicted in the Peutinger map follows the line of the Danube and then along the coast of the Black Sea. The settlements and the distances on the Peutinger map are: Durostero – XVIII – Sagadava – XII – Sucidava (Dunăreni?) – XVII – Axiopolis (Cernavodă) – XVIII – Calidava – XVIII – Carsio (Hârșova) – XXV – Bereo – XXI – Troesmis (Turcoaia, vignette, ‘double tower’ type) – VIIII – Arubio – XXVI – Novioduni (Isaccea) –
XLI – Salsovia (Mahmudia) – XXIIII – Adstoma – LX – Histropoli (Istria) – XL – Tomis (Constanța, vignette, ‘triple tower’ type). Along this road sector, 13 settlements are mentioned, 13 distance figures and a total distance of 329 miles. Two vignettes are displayed.
The Antonine itinerary lists the following settlements and distances (this route is part of the road from Viminacium to Nicomedia):
6
ItAnt TP Current settlement Viminatio 10 Kostolac (Serbia) Lederata 13 Ram (Ser) Punicum 11 Veliko Gradište (Ser)
217,7 Cuppe 24 Vico cuppae 12 Golubac (Ser) 218,1 Novas 24 Adnovas 10 Brnjica-Gradac,15 close to Česavi (Ser)
To sum up, between Durostorum and Tomis, the Antonine itinerary lists 19 place-names and a total distance of 276 miles. This equals 408.06 kilometers. The total distance stated on the Peutinger map between Durostero and Tomis is 459.81 kilometers.
The road along the coast of the Black Sea continues in the Peutinger map with the following settlements and distances: Tomis – XII – Stratonis – XXII – Callatis (Mangalia) – XXIIII – Trissa (Bŭlgarevo) – XII – Bizone (Kavarna) – XII – Dyosinopoli
(XXXII) – Odessos (Varna, vignette, ‘double tower’ type) – XI – Erite – XVI – Templo Iovis (Obzor, vignette, associated with temples, type B2) – XVI – Messembria – XII – Ancialis (Pomorije, vignette, ‘double tower’ type). The total distance along this road is 169 miles. Along this road, the Peutinger map registers 10 place-names, two ‘double-tower’ type vignettes, one associated with temples.
The Antonine itinerary lists the following settlements and distances:
The total distance listed in the Antonine itinerary is 176 miles. The following table compares the settlements and the distances from this section:
GEOGRAPHIA N
APOCENSIS AN X
, nr. 1
/2016
geog
raphia
napo
censis
.acad
-cluj.
ro
36
Florin GheorGhe Fodorean
6. CONCLUDING REMARKSBy comparing the data from Pierre Lapie’s
book with those gathered from the ancient geographical sources, one can observe that the major part of the settlements and distances are based on the Antonine itinerary, as the following table shows:
Only in three cases Lapie has did not write correctly the distances: 1. From Novas to Scaidava the Antonine itinerary listed 17 miles, and Lapie mentioned 16 miles; 2. From Sexantapristis to Tigra the Antonine itinerary listed 7 miles, and Lapie mentioned 12 miles; 3. From Beroe to Troesmis the Antonine itinerary listed
GEOGRAPHIA N
APOCENSIS AN X
, nr. 1
/2016
geog
raphia
napo
censis
.acad
-cluj.
ro
37
Pierre Lapie and the Roman Road Network in Moesia
18 miles, and Lapie mentioned only 14 miles. In the map though, he added some settlements recorded in the Peutinger map, such as Stratonis, Bizone, Erite, Templus Iovis, and Mesembria.
Therefore, in the case of Moesia, Pierre Lapie’s information relies heavily on the Antonine itinerary: the modern author has used the list from the ancient document to record the distances and the settlements. Only in the map he added some settlements recorded in the Peutinger map. Future analysis will offer new data about other former Roman provinces depicted in Lapie’s modern map of the Roman world.
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES[1] P. DONEVSKI (1991), Durostorum, Municipium
Aurelium und das Lager der Legio XI Claudia, in V.A. Maxfield, M.J. Dobson (eds), Roman frontier studies 1989, proceedings of the XVth international congress of Roman frontier studies, Exeter 1991, 277-280.
[2] F. FODORERAN (2010), Pierre Lapie, Louis Bonnefont, S. F. W. Hoffmann, and Roman Dacia. in Transylvanian Review, vol. XIX, suppl. no. 2, 2010 – Worlds in Change II. Transforming East-Central Europe, edited by F. Fodorean, A. Simon, Daniel Mihail Şandru, Attila Varga, 201-210.
[3] F. Fodorean (2013), Pierre Lapie și Dacia romană în cartografia secolului al XIX-lea, in ArheoVest no. I, In Memoriam Liviu Măruia. Interdisciplinaritate în Arheologie şi Istorie (Timişoara, 7 decembrie 2013), editors A. Stavilă, D. Micle, A. Cîntar, C. Floca, S. Forţiu, vol. I. Arheologie, 2013, 607-616 (http://arheovest.com/simpozion/arheovest1/37_607_616.pdf. 16).
[4] F. FODOREAN (2014), Pannonia, Dacia şi Moesia în izvoarele geografice antice, Cluj-Napoca, 2014.
[5] N. GUDEA (2001), Die Nordgrenze der römischen Provinz Obermoesien. Materialien zu ihrer Geschichte (86-275 n.Chr.), Mainz, 2001.
[6] R. F. HODDINOTT (1975), Bulgaria in antiquity, New York 1975.
[7] R. IVANOV (ed.) 2015, Thracian, Greek, Roman and Medieval Cities, Residences and fortreses in Bulgaria, Sofia, 2015.
[8] P. MILOšEVIć (1988), O traci puta Sirmium-Fossis I Sirmium-Bononia / Sur le trace de la route Sirmium-Fossis et Sirmium-Bononia, in Starinar 39, 1988, 117-23.
[9] P. PETROVIć, M. VASIć (1996), The Roman frontier in Upper Moesia: archaeological investigations in the Iron Gate area - main results, in P. Petrović (ed.), Roman Limes on the Middle and Lower Danube, Cahiers des Portes de Fer, 2, Belgrade, 1996, 15-26.
[10] P. POPOVIć (1984), Brza Palanka-Egeta. Izvestajo arheološkim istraživanjima u 1980. godini (antika) / Rapport sur les recherches archéologiques en 1980 (antiquité), in V. Kondić (ed.), Djerdapske Sveske / Cahiers des Portes de Fer 2, 153-66, Belgrade, 1984.
[11] RICHARD J. A. TALBERT (2007), A Forgotten Masterpiece of Cartography for Roman Historians: Pierre Lapie’s Orbis Romanus ad Illustranda Itineraria, in A Tribute to the Man from Northumberland. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Anthony R. Birley dargebracht von Freunden, Kollegen und Schülern, edited by Hans Michael Schellenberg, Vera Elisabeth Hirschmann, Andreas Krieckhaus, vol. 1 Heidelberg - Düsseldorf, 2007, 180-190.
[12] V. VELKOV (1977), Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity (studies and materials), Amsterdam, 1977.
[13] J. J. WILKES (1996), Map 21 Dacia-Moesia, athttp://mail.nysoclib.org/Barrington_Atlas/BATL021_.pdf (part of the Map-by-map directory to accompany Barington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, edited by Richard J. a. Talbert, also available athttp://press.princeton.edu/B_ATLAS/B_ATLAS.PDF).
2 Tooley 2003, s.v. Lapie, Capitaine Pierre, 88.3 Toooley 2003, s.v. Lapie, Capitaine Pierre, 88.4 Toooley 2003, s.v. Lapie, Alexandre Émile, 88.5 Talbert 2007, 180-190. Available, with all the maps, including the section depicting Moesia, at: http://awmc.unc.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/A%20forgotten%20masterpiece%20of%20cartography%20for%20Roman%20historians.pdf. 6 It can be consulted online, entirely, at http://books.google.com/s?id=yi4VAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1030814/f6.image.r=Pierre%20Lapie. 7 The full name of this character is Agricole Joseph François Xavier Pierre Esprit Simon Paul Antoine Fortia d’Urban. Remarcably, he published many other contributions. At http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001957916 some of his works are mentioned.8 Preface of the book at http://books.google.com/books?id=yi4VAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. 9 Talbert 2007, 182.
GEOGRAPHIA N
APOCENSIS AN X
, nr. 1
/2016
geog
raphia
napo
censis
.acad
-cluj.
ro
38
Florin GheorGhe Fodorean
10 Fodorean 2010, 201-210; Fodorean 2013, 607-616.11 Ivanov (ed.) 2015, VIII-IX: Map of the lower Danube frontier during the Principate and late Antiquity.12 Details at http://books.google.com/books?id=yi4VAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1030814/f6.image.r=Pierre%20Lapie. 13 Gudea 2001, 61-62.14 Fodorean 2014, 131.15 Gudea 2001, 62, no. 12.16 According to Barington Altas, Map 21, Dacia-Moesia, compiled by Wilkes 1996, 312, D5.17 Gudea 2001, 70, no. 12.18 Popović 1984, 153-166. 19 Petrović, Vasić 1996, 14 (the map, no. 55).20 Milošević 1988, 117-123.21 Velkov 1977. 22 Velkov 1977, 99.23 Velkov 1977, 105.24 Hoddinott 1975, 138-42; Donevski 1991.
