Piezoelectric metal oxide nanostructures for energy harvesting Reza Saberi Moghaddam.

Piezoelectric metal oxide nanostructures for energy harvesting

Reza Saberi Moghaddam

Outline Energy harvesting Piezoelectric effect Type of material in self powering system Best candidates of nanostructures

Mechanical properties Best choice for self-powering nanosystem

Electrical properties Results Conclusions

2 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Energy harvesting Definition:

Capturing and storing energy from available sources in environment which are currently wasting.

Applications:

In small and wireless autonomous devices (wearable electronics)

Types:

1- Photo/electrical energy harvesting

2- Thermal/electrical energy harvesting

3- Mechanical/electrical energy harvesting


Energy harvestingPhoto/electrical energy harvesting Photovoltaic energy harvesting

Thermal/electrical energy harvesting Pyroelectric energy harvesting

4

http://dev.nsta.org/evwebs/3368/images/solar_cells_panels_array_monocrystaline.jpg

J. Xie, P. P. Mane, C. W. Green, K. M. Mossi, K. K. Leang, Proc of SMASIS08 , October 28-30, 2008, Maryland, USA

"Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

Energy harvesting

5

M. Miyazaki,H.Tanaka,G.Ono,T.Nagano,N.Ohkubo,T.Kawahara,K.Yano, Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design, Seoul, Korea,(2003),193

Biomechanical based energy harvesting

Electrostatic (capacitive) based energy harvesting

Mechanical/electrical energy harvesting


Energy harvesting

6

X. Wang,J. Song, J. Liu, Z.L. Wang, SCIENCE,316 (2007 ) 102

R. Amirtharajah , A.P. Chandrakasan, " IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, n. 5, pp. 687-695, 1998

Electromagnetic based energy harvesting

Piezoelectric based energy harvesting

Mechanical/electrical energy harvesting


Piezoelectric effect Direct piezoelectric effect: Conversion of mechanical stress to electrical potential

Reverse piezoelectric effect: Conversion of electrical voltage to mechanical motion

7

http://www.keramverband.de/keramik/englisch/fachinfo/eigenschaften/eigenschaften_piezo.htm


Pm = dmij Xij

xij = dmij Em

Piezoelectric materials

Insulator: Barium Sodium Niobate Lithium Niobate Lead Zirconate Titanate Quarts

Semiconductor: Cadmium Sulfide Gallium Arsenide Aluminum nitride (AIN) Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Zinc Sulfide


Piezoelectric Materials Cadmium Sulfide (d33 = 10.3 pm/V)

Gallium Arsenide (d14 = 2.6 pm/V)

Tellurium Dioxide (d14 = 8.13 pm/V)

Aluminum nitride (AIN) (d33 = 5.2 pm/V)

Zinc Sulfide (d33 = 3.23 pm/V)

Zinc Oxide ( d33 = 11.67 pm/V )


Type of Materials ZnO as a piezoelectric energy harvesting material:

Lack of inversion center in wurtzite structure → strong piezoelectricity

Large electromechanical coupling

Semiconducting behaviour

More resistance to radiation

Biosafe with low toxicity (medical applications)

Large diversity of nanostructures

10

R. L. Johnson, Master Thesis, Iowa State University 2005


Zinc Oxide Nanostructures Nanorods Nanobelts Hierarchical nanostructures

Nanocombs Nanosprings Nanorings

11

Z. L. Wang, Materialstoday(2004)26


ZnO nanostructure for energy harvestingNanobelts /nanowires One dimensional structure Large elastic deformation without plastic deformation or fracture Free of dislocations because of their small diameter Bent under extremely small applied force.

Nanowire Nanobelt

12

Z. L. Wang, Materialstoday(2004)26


Mechanical properties of ZnO NW Using AFM technique Recording of topography and lateral

force image by AFM contact mode

Determination of elestic modulus

of individual NW:

13

GPaE 29

4

3

315

16

a

KLE

X. Wang, J. Song, Z. L. Wang, J. Mater. Chem., 2007, 17, 711–720


Mechanical properties of ZnO NB Using TEM technique Sample holder for TEM to apply voltage across NB Induced mechanical resonance for applied frequency near natural

frequency of NB

14

xi

i

xT

LE

)4(3 2

2

yi

i

yW

LE

)4(3 2

2

GPaE 52Z.L. Wang/ Materials Science and Engineering R 64 (2009) 33–71


Mechanical Modulus of ZnO NB/NW/Crystal Elastic modulus of individual NW :

Elastic modulus of individual NB :

Elastic modulus of ZnO crystal :

15

GPaE 29

GPaE 52

GPaE 140


Preference of Nanowires versus Nanobelts

Lower range of Young modulus

Higher sensitivity to mechanical stress

More directionality

Easy to grow via chemical synthesis on any shaped substrate made of any material


Electrical processes in Nanowires (NW) Coupling of piezoelectric and semiconducting properties of ZnO

nanowires:

1-Piezoelectric properties:

Charge Creation under mechanical stress

2-Semiconducting properties:

Low enough conductivity and carrier density for preserving the piezoelectric potential distribution in the NWs

High enough to transport the current under the driving of the piezoelectric potential energy


Electrical processes in Nanowires (NW) Creation of strain field with NW Stretching of outer surface of NW

( positive strain) Compression of inner surface

(negative strain) Formation of electric field along the

NW in z direction ( ) ZnO NW acts as shottky diode

(forward and reverse biased)

18

dE zz /

Z. L. Wang, J. Song, SCIENCE, 312 (2006) 242


Electrical processes in Nanowires (NW)

19J. Liu, P. Fei, J. H. Song, X. D. Wang, C. S. Lao, R. Tummala, Z. L . Wang, Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 328


Active NG (ZnO NWs as a Schottky diode)

Defective NG (ZnO NWs as aohmic resistance)

Results

AFM using Si tip coated with Pt

Using normal force in contact mode

20

Z. L. Wang, J. Song, SCIENCE, 312 (2006) 242


Results Demonstration of ultra-sonic wave

transformation to electricity

21

X. Wang,J. Song, J. Liu, Z.L. Wang, SCIENCE,316 (2007 ) 102


Conclusions

Importance of harvesting energy from available sources in environment.

Using of self-powering systems without changing battery Enhancement of harvesting efficiency in nanosystems Using ZnO as a suitable material for self-powering nanosystems Coupled semiconducting-piezoelectric properties of ZnO

nanostructure Nanowires /nanobelts are best candidate because of one-

dimensional & low Young Modulus and free of dislocation More alignment and lower Young modulus of NWs made it best

choice


I would like to acknowledge Prof. B. Noheda for helping me to prepare this presentation.


Thank you for your attention

Questions ?


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