Pilares de una política energética racional (Es)/ Rational energy policy pillars (Spanish)/...

8/2/2019 Pilares de una poltica energtica racional (Es)/ Rational energy policy pillars (Spanish)/ Politika energetiko razional

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^_FY^CI]KRA [ ^@AGKBKIAIKG CY]_A]EKIA9> ....................................................................................................................................... 9=2.? Cstumkf mc` Bfrf Gui`car para ?>9> .......................................................................................................................... 9=2.9 Cstumkf mc à Sgkvcrskmam mc \araefza para ?>?> y ?>9> ............................................................................ 9=

5. rkgikpkfs mc uga cstratceka ............................................................................................................................................................ 92:. C`chcgtfs mc uga cstratceka cgcretkia para Cspaa ...................................................................................................... 9:

:.1 Sga vkskg sksthkia .............................................................................................................................................................. 9::.? Yforc c` prficsf mc prfspcitkva y pàgkfiiaikg .................................................................................................. 9::.9 Baitfrcs tcgmcgika`cs ........................................................................................................................................................... 9;

:.= Baitfrcs hfmkfiiamfrcs mc à mchagma scitfrka`kzama ..................................................................................... 9;:.3 @as cgcreas prkharkas .......................................................................................................................................................... =>:.2 @as cstratcekas mc `fs pascs prfmuitfrcs ................................................................................................................ =?:.5 K+M ................................................................................................................................................................................................. =?

;. _ceuàikg ................................................................................................................................................................................................. =9;.1 @a rceuàikg cgcretkia ..................................................................................................................................................... =9;.? @fs prficsfs mc `kocra`kzaikg ........................................................................................................................................ =9;.9 Rakvcgcs y sceurkmam lurmkia ............................................................................................................................................ ==;.= r kgikpkfs rceuàtfrkfs ......................................................................................................................................................... ==;.3 @fs freagkshfs rceuàmfrcs ............................................................................................................................................ =3

1>. Ifgiùskfgcs ......................................................................................................................................................................................... =2

11. Iurriuùhs .......................................................................................................................................................................................... =;1?. Oko`kferaba ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 31


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^_CYCG]AIKG

Mcsmc sus ifhkcgzfs, à Bugmaikg Ikumamaga y Ra`frcs ja aofrmamf, cgtrc ftrfs tchas, à Cgcrea y cÌahokf i`khtkif. @a prcfiupaikg mc gucstra kgstktuikg pfr `fs asugtfs mc kgtcrs ecgcra` quc sc cstg

mcoatkcgmf cg à vkma po`kia, gfs ja ``cvamf a aga`kzar cg prfbugmkmam cstc tcha cg mkstkgtfs hfhcgtfsy mcsmc mkbcrcgtcs pcrspcitkvas, skchprc ifg c` hkshf folctkvf< bfhcgtar c` mcoatc y c` mk`fef pùra`,rcquksktfs khprcsikgmko`cs para à ifgvkvcgika mchfirtkia y à ifgvkvcgika cg mcfigktkva.

^crf c` pùra`kshf ja mc cgtcgmcrsc gf s`f ifhf ug va`fr guhrkif, skgf tahokg ifhf ug va`fr qucpcrhkta quc tfmas às pfskikfgcs sforc ug tcha scag csiuijamas, rcspctamas y tcgkmas cg iucgta, skg scrmcsia`kfiiamas pfr prkgikpkf. Cgtcgmchfs quc gf tfmas às fpkgkfgcs sfg keua`cs gk tkcgcg c` hkshf pcsf,pcrf cs à prfpka vkma mchfirtkia à quc sc cgiarea mc mar f quktar à razg a ugas f a ftras, mc kgvcstkr-às mc bucrza f mc quktrscà. @a Bugmaikg qukcrc quc à irkspaikg gf sca c` ia`kfiiatkvf ifhg mc à vkmapf`tkia, ifg csa ba`ta mc rcspctf quc o`fquca c` cgtcgmkhkcgtf cgtrc tfmfs. Cstc cs gucstrf rctf.

C` Iahokf i`khtkif cs ugf mc fs eragmcs tchas mc mcoatc po`kif quc sc cxtkcgmc a huijfs hoktfs mcà vkma. C` prkhcrf y bugmahcgta` sc rcficrc a à Cgcrea< prfmuiikg, ifgsuhf y mkstrkouikg, quc ja mamfùear a cgifgamfs mcoatcs cg tfmf c` hugmf.

Cg su ifgtrkouikg a` cgtcgmkhkcgtf cgtrc às mkstkgtas partcs, Bugikva ja prfhfvkmf mkvcrsas aitkvkmamcscg tfrgf a cstc tcha< iursfs mc vcragf sforc iahokf i`khtkif, rcugkfgcs mc cxpcrtfs sforc cgcrea gu-i`car, cgcrea rcgfvao`c, puo`kiaikg mc guhcrfsfs mfiuhcgtfs sforc aspcitfs ifgirctfs, cti. Ja sceukmfhuy mc icria às mkbcrcgtcs rcugkfgcs kgtcrgaikfga`cs mfgmc sc ja aofrmamf c` tcha cgcretkif.

Gf prctcgmchfs apfrtar à sfùikg a fs prfo`chas, pcrf s ayumar mc uga hagcra ifgstruitkva a ferarcsas sfùikfgcs. [ para c``f jchfs ifgtamf ifg c` ifgiursf mc guhcrfsfs prfbcskfga`cs mc pfskikfgcsy fpkgkfgcs huy mkbcrcgtcs< aiamhkifs, pf`tkifs, tigkifs mc à Amhkgkstraikg, chprcsarkfs, fges, cti.,

mclagmf ifgstagika uga vcz hs mc` pùra`kshf, à scrkcmam y c` rkefr areuhcgta`, prchksas pfr às quc scrkec à Bugmaikg. ]fmf c``f qucma rcclamf cg gucstra pekga wco< www.bugikva.fre.

@a kmca mc càofrar c` kgbfrhc sforc cgcrea quc a ifgtkguaikg prcscgtahfs, surek tras à aprfoaikg cgc` Ifgercsf mc `fs Mkputamfs mc à Yuoifhkskg para c` ag`ksks mc à cstratceka cgcretkia cspafà para`fs prxkhfs ?3 afs. Ja skmf càoframf pfr cxpcrtfs mc erag prcstkekf ifhf pucmc ifhprfoarsc cg susiurrkiuùhs. Isar Mfpazf, ^cmrf Hkcèfy Gfrocrtf Bucyfjag mcschpcamf, amchs mc su aitkvkmamprfbcskfga`, aiamhkia y chprcsarka`, pucstfs mc rcspfgsaok`kmam mcgtrf mc à chprcsa y mc às mkbcrcgtcsAmhkgkstraikfgcs, autfghkias, cspafàs y curfpcas.

Mkijf Kgbfrhc, ifhf tfmf mfiuhcgtf firhamf, rccla as fpkgkfgcs mc sus autfrcs, ekiahcgtc. Ykg choar-

ef, Bugikva ja jcijf quc guhcrfsas pcrsfgas, mc pfskikfgcs y scgskok`kmamcs mkbcrcgtcs, jayag ifàoframf cgsu rcmaiikg figa`. Hatkzagmf aspcitfs, mkhcgskfgagmf c` aìagic mc aèugas prfpucstas, cti. mc ta` hagcraquc, augquc c` kgbfrhc skea pcrtcgcikcgmf a sus autfrcs, à Bugmaikg `f ifgskmcra patrkhfgkf prfpkf ifhfbrutf mc csc mcoatc pùra` quc ifgstagtchcgtc qucrchfs khpu`sar.

^fr csf mahfs eraikas amchs mc a `fs autfrcs, ifhf ifrrcspfgmc, y a tfmas às pcrsfgas quc mc aèuga hagcrajag ifgtrkoukmf cg à càofraikg mc cstc mfiuhcgtf. Huy cspcika`hcgtc a Hcricmcs Iagscif pfr sus apfrta-ikfgcs y su ifgstagtc traoalf mc `citura y rcvkskg mc tfmfs `fs pasfs quc cstc traoalf ja rcqucrkmf. Fla` mcgtrfmc às huijas y va kfsas apfrtaikfgcs quc `fs Ycfrcs hkchorfs mc à Yuoifhkskg rcikoag, cstc traoalf ayumca tfhar às hcmkmas gcicsarkas para ug buturf hclfr, mc hs ia kmam, cfiikcgika y sfstcgkok kmam para gucstrf pas.

Lfs Hara _fhg ^frtasMkrcitfr Ecgcra`


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_CYSHCG

@a pf`tkia y à pàgkfiiaikg cstratekia sfg trhkgfs ifgtramkitfrkfs pfr sus tkchpfs iaraitcrstkifs tagmksparcs (mc = a : afs para à prkhcra, mc ?> a 3> para à sceugma).

@a mcpcgmcgika cxtcrkfr mc Cspaa cg khpfrtaikfgcs cgcretkias cs `kecrahcgtc supcrkfr a` :>% brcgtc auga hcmka hayfr mc` 3>% cg a SC. Iask c` 3>% mc as khpfrtaikfgcs mc cgcrea prkharka sfg mc pctr`cf,mcmkiamf cg ug a`tf pfricgtalc a` scitfr tragspfr tc.

C` hkx cgcretkif mc ecgcraikg cìtrkia ja kmf cvfùikfgagmf cg fs `tkhfs ?> afs jaika uga partkikpa-ikg ircikcgtc y skegkfiiatkva mc` eas gatura` y mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs, c`cvagmf fs ifstcs mc ecgcraikg.@as mchagmas mc cgcrea prkharka y mc c`citrkikmam jag auhcgtamf a ug rkthf c`cvamf ifhf ifrrcspfg-mc a uga cifgfha cg cxpagskg. @fs pàgcs para ug usf raikfga` mc à cgcrea, hcmkagtc hcmkmas mccfiikcgika cgcretkia (CC) y ajfrrf, sc jag kgkikamf cg c` ske`f ZZK pfr às Amhkgkstraikfgcs rcikcgtcs (C=).

Kgiùsf sk ifgtkga a pcgctraikg khpfrtagtc mc as cgcreas rcgfvao`cs, ifg ug apfyf raikfga` y mcikmkmf,y sk sc `fera ug xktf skegkfiiatkvf cg à rcmuiikg mc à mchagma cgcretkia pfr às hcmkmas mc ajfrrfy CC, Cspaa gcicsktar, huy prfoao`chcgtc, ifhf hgkhf ?>-9> EU amkikfga`cs mc pftcgika cìtrkiakgstaàma a f aref mc às mfs prxkhas miamas. Huijas mc as II]] mc iarog y a hayfra mc as IIGGcxkstcgtcs, sk gf sc cxtkcgmc su vkma tk`, sa`mrg mc scrvkikf agtcs mc ?>9>.

]ras a irksks, a cifgfha cspafà ircicr y à mchagma cgcretkia auhcgtar ifg c` tkchpf. @as fpikfgcsgui`car y mc usf `khpkf mc` iarog mcocg pcrhagcicr aokcrtas, ifhf va para rcmuikr às chkskfgcs y àmcpcgmcgika cgcretkia, y scr cstumkamas rkeurfsahcgtc.

Askhkshf, a ifrtf pàzf cs khpcrkfsf quc c` scitfr tragspfrtc rcmuzia su mcpcgmcgika iask cxiùskva mc`fs prfmuitfs mcrkvamfs mc` pctr`cf hcmkagtc auhcgtfs mc à cfiikcgika y prfhfvkcgmf c` ajfrrf ifg

iahokfs cg fs ifhpfr tahkcgtfs sfika`cs4 a hcmkf pàzf fs vcjiu`fs jorkmfs y fs cìtr kifs rciareao`cs,lugtf a` usf mc okfifhoustko`cs mc sceugma ecgcraikg, jag mc scr aga`kzamfs cg mcta `c.

@a pf`ktkzaikg cxaecrama y à csiascz mc rkefr èkif mc às mcikskfgcs cgcretkias cg Cspaa sfg cvk-mcgtcs. @a sfùikg mc` prfo`cha, hs ag cg uga sktuaikg mc irksks y huy a`tf mcschp`cf, sc ifhp`kiasforchagcra mcokmf, cgtrc ftras razfgcs, a ug harif rceuàtfrkf hagkficstahcgtc hclfrao`c c kgcstao`cquc skchora à kgsceurkmam lurmkia cgtrc huijfs kgvcrsfrcs, a às sfàhcgtc parika`cs ifhpctktkvkmam ytragsparcgika mc `fs hcriamfs cgcretkifs, a à ba`ta mc kgmcpcgmcgika mc `fs freagkshfs rceuàtfrkfs pfrc` kgtcrvcgikfgkshf mc fs partkmfs pf`tkifs, a a auscgika sciuàr mc prfspcitkva y pàgkfiiaikg cstratekiabrcgtc a à prf`kbcraikg mcshcmkma mc `cycs, mcirctfs y pàgcs ifrtfpàikstas, a à ba`ta mc cmuiaikg cgcr-etkia mc `fs ikumamagfs, auscgtcs cg ug mcscao`c mcoatc po`kif, y a` mfiikt mc cxp`kiaikfgcs raikfga`cs

mc às pfsturas po`kias.


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IFG]CG]

^f`ktkis agm stratceki pàggkge arc ifgtramkitfry tcrhs ociausc fb tjckr ratjcr mkbbcrcgt ijaraitcrkstki tkhcs(= tf : ycars bfr tjc bfrhcr, ?> tf 3> bfr tjc àttcr).

]jc Ypagksj cxtcrga` mcpcgmcgic fg cgcrey khpfrts ks s`kejt`y aofvc :>% ifhparcm tf ag avcraec erca-tcr tjag 3>% bfr tjc CS. Fk` aiifugts bfr a`hfst 3>% fb fur prkhary cgcrey khpfrts, hfst`y ifgsuhcm oytjc tragspfrt scitfr. ]jc c`citrkikty ecgcratkfg hkx jas cvf`vcm fvcr tjc àst ?> ycars, mkspàykge a erfwkgeagm skegkfiiagt partkikpatkfg fb tjc gatura` eas agm rcgcwao`c cgcrekcs, `camkge tf a ecgcratkfg ifst kgirc-hcgt. ]jc prkhary cgcrey agm c`citrkikty mchagms javc ugmcrefgc a jkej erfwtj ratc, ifrrcspfgmkge tfag cxpagmkge cifgfhy.

^àgs bfr a ratkfga` usc fb cgcrey, tjrfuej cgcrey cbfiikcgiy (CC) agm savkge hcasurcs, javc fg`y rcicgt`yoccg àugijcm oy tjc Ypagksj Amhkgkstratkfgs (C= Ytratcey).

Cvcg ifugtkge fg ag khpfrtagt pcgctratkfg fb rcgcwao`c cgcrekcs, oascm fg a ratkfga` agm firh puo`kisuppfrt, agm a skegkfiiagt suiicss kg rcmuikge tjc cgcrey mchagm, tjrfuej savkges agm CC hcasurcs, Ypakgwk`` prfoao`y gccm, at `cast, ?>-9> EU fb ammktkfga` kgsta``cm c`citrki pfwcr a`fge tjc gcxt twf mciamcs.Hagy fb cxkstkge ifa` pfwcr pàgts agm hfst fb tjc gui`car pfwcr pàgts, sjfu`m tjckr uscbu` `kbc gft occxtcgmcm, wk`` oc fut fb scrvkic oy ?>9>.

Abtcr tjc prcscgt cifgfhki ir ksks, tjc Ypagksj cifgfhy wk`` erfw agm tjc cgcrey mchagm wk`` cxpcrkcgica tchpfra` kgirchcgt. ]jc gui`car agm i`cag ifa` usc fptkfgs sjfu`m oc hakgtakgcm fpcg, as hcags tfrcmuic chksskfgs agm cgcrey mcpcgmcgic, agm sjfu`m mc rkefrfus`y stumkcm. Kg tjc gcar tcrh, kt ks a`sfurecgt bfr tjc tragspfr t scitfr tf mcircasc kts a`hfst ugkquc mcpcgmcgic fg fk` mcrkvcm prfmuits tjrfuejcbfiikcgiy kgirchcgts agm bfstcrkge buc` savkges vka a ijagec kg sfika` ocjavkfr 4 kg tjc hkm tcrh, jyorkm agmrcijarecao`c c`citrki vcjki`cs, as wc`` as tjc usc fb scifgm ecgcratkfg okfbuc`s, sjfu`m oc iarcbu``y aga`yzcm.

]jc cxtrchc pf`ktkzatkfg agm tjc aoscgic fb `fekia` rkefr fb cgcrey mcikskfgs kg Ypakg arc fovkfus. ]jcsfùtkfg fb tjc Ypagksj cgcrey prfo`ch ks cxtrchc`y ifhp`kiatcm, partkiuàr`y ugmcr tjc prcscgt ifgmktkfgsfb cifgfhki irksks agm jkej ugchp`fyhcgt ratcs, muc, ahfge ftjcr rcasfgs, tf ag ugstao`c agm i`car`ykhprfvao`c rceuàtfry brahcwfrd, fbtcg iauskge `cea` kgsciurkty ahfge hagy kgvcstfrs, tf cgcrey hardctsfg`y partka``y ifhpctktkvc agm tragsparcgt, tf tjc àid fb kgmcpcgmcgic fb rceuàtfry ofmkcs muc tf tjcpf`ktkia` partkcs kgtcrvcgtkfg, tf tjc tramktkfga` aoscgic fg prfspcitkvc agm stratceki pàggkge cxcrikscs asfppfscm tf ag cxaeecratcm prf`kbcratkfg fb àws, rfya` mcirccs agm sjfrt tcrh pàggkge, tf tjc `fw qua`ktyfb cgcrey cmuiatkfg fb tjc iktkzcgs, aoscgt kg a gcicssary puo`ki mcoatc, agm tf tjc mcfiikt fb ratkfga` cx-pàgatkfgs tf puo`ki mcikskfgs.


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^_FY^CI]KRA [ ^@AGKBKIAIKG CY]_A]EKIA< ^K@A_CYMC SGA ^F@]KIA CGC_E]KIA _AIKFGA@

IYA_MFÂ\F

GF_OC_]FBSC[F

^CM_FHKC@EF@RA_C\

1. KG]_FMSIIKG

Cspaa sc cgbrcgta cg à aitua`kmam a ug prfo`cha cgcretkif scrkf. @a mcpcgmcgika cxtcrkfr pfr ba`ta mccgcrea prkharka y, cg ecgcra`, mc tcigf`feas mc ifgvcrskg a cgcrea figa`, cs huy supcrkfr a à hcmka mcà Sgkg Curfpca (SC).

Sg cstumkf rcikcgtc1aga`kza c` ifhpfrtahkcgtf rcàtkvf cgtrc 1;5> y ?>>5 mc varkfs parhctrfs kgmk-iamfrcs mc sceurkmam cgcretkia (mcpcgmcgika mc khpfrtaikg mc pctr`cf, ifhoustko`cs a`tcrgatkvfs,ifgsuhf mc `fs vcjiu`fs partkiuàrcs, kgtcgskmam cgcretkia, ifgsuhf mc c`citrkikmam pcr ipkta, mcpcg-mcgika mc khpfrtaikfgcs mc eas gatura`, prcikf mc à c`citrkikmam, prcikf mc à easf`kga, chkskfgcs mc YF

?

y mc IF?) para Cstamfs Sgkmfs (CCSS) y ftrfs ?1 pascs mc à Freagkzaikg para à Iffpcraikg y c`

Mcsarrf``f Cifghkif (FIMC), y ifgiùyc quc Cspaa y ^frtuea` sfg `fs pascs pcfr if`fiamfs cg cìfgtcxtf hugmka`.

@fs ifstcs mc à cgcrea cg c` hugmf y, partkiuàrhcgtc, cg Cspaa cstg auhcgtagmf ifhf ifgsciucg-ika mc à fpaikmam mc `fs hcriamfs kgtcrgaikfga`cs y mc` cstrcijahkcgtf mc `fs hrecgcs cgtrc fbcrta ymchagma mc pctr`cf.

C` mfiikt mc tarkbas mc` scitfr cìtrkif cspaf` mkstfrskfga c` hcriamf y cgva sca`cs ba`sas a ifgsuhkmf-rcs y prfmuitfrcs.

@fs mfs baitfrcs agtcrkfrcs sc rcclag cg c` hcriamf cgcretkif cspaf` mc bfrhas ifgtramkitfrkas. ^frug àmf, cg à `tkha miama ja auhcgtamf bucr tchcgtc à mcpcgmcgika mc` eas gatura` para icgtra`cs ifgiki`fs ifhokgamfs (IkIf).

A` hkshf tkchpf, à agskcmam pfr rcmuikr à mcpcgmcgika cxtcrkfr cst ifgmuikcgmf a uga rceuàikg mc`_ekhcg Cspcika` (_C), quc kgiùyc cgcreas rcgfvao`cs y ifecgcraikg, clchpàr cg aèugfs aspcitfs yoastagtc crrtkia cg ftrfs.

C` scitfr cgcretkif cg Cspaa prcscgta aèugas iaraitcrstkias cspcika`cs, ugas ifhpartkmas ifg ftrfspascs mcsarrf`àmfs y ftras mkbcrcgika`cs>;.


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BSGMAIKG IKSMAMAGA [ RA@F_CY

1?

C` pctr`cf khpfr tamf rcprcscgta iask c` 3>% mc` ifgsuhf mc cgcrea prkharka, mcstkgamf, cg suhayfra, a ifhoustko`cs para à autfhfikg.

C` hkx?mc ecgcraikg cìtrkia sc ja a`tcramf sustagika`hcgtc ifg uga pcgctraikg ircikcgtc mceas IkIf y cgcreas rcgfvao`cs, y uga mkshkguikg rcàtkva mc à partkikpaikg mc às icgtra`cs gui`ca-rcs (IIGG) y mc iarog.

@a hayfr partc mc` parquc mc ecgcraikg cìtrkia ja mc scr rcgfvamf a `f àref mc às mfs prxk-has miamas, ifg kgvcrskfgcs huy khpfr tagtcs cg kgstaàikfgcs.

@as rcmcs cìtrkias c kgbracstruituras easstkias sfg aitua`hcgtc amciuamas, pcrf mcocrg amaptar-sc a às gucvas gcicskmamcs mc ecgcraikg mkstrkoukma cg para`c`f a à icgtra`kzama.

C` usf raikfga` mc a cgcrea, hcmkagtc hcmkmas mc ajfrrf c kgirchcgtf mc cfiikcgika, sc ja mcsiuokcrtfcg Cspaa a partkr mc 1;5;, augquc à rcmaiikg mc pàgcs cspcifiifs ja tcgkmf ùear a partkr mc ?>>>.

@a kgvcstkeaikg, c` mcsarrf``f y a mchfstraikg (K+M+M) cgcretkifs cstg pforchcgtc mcfigkmfsy frkcgtamfs c kgcfiikcgtchcgtc vcrtcoramfs.

@a khprfgta pf`tkia cst prcscgtc cg à rceuàikg cgcretkia y cg à ifhpfskikg y mcikskfgcs mc`fs Freagkshfs _ceuàmfrcs.

C` ifgtcxtf kgtcrgaikfga` fila, amchs, cstrkitfs ifgmkikfgagtcs cxtcrgfs a` scitfr cgcretkif cspaf`% hcmkagtc à hclfra mc à CC4 uga rcmuiikg mc chkskfgcs mc eascs mc cbcitf kgvcrgamcrf(CECK), prkgikpa`hcgtc IF

?, mc` ?>% ifg rcspcitf a `fs gkvc`cs mc 1;;>4 y uga ifgtrkouikg mc` ?>%

mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs cg à cgcrea figa`. Yc fila, tahokg, ug 1>% mc sustktuikg mc `fs iarouragtcsmcrkvamfs mc` pctr`cf para c` tragspfrtc pfr okfifhoustko`cs3.

@fs hcriamfs cgcretkifs mc a SC sc `kocra kzag hs `cgtahcgtc mc `f prcvkstf y, hkcgtras a atcgikgsc icgtra cg aèugas iucstkfgcs rceuàtfrkas, Curfpa cst ag huy `clfs mc uga pf`tkia cgcretkia ifhg.

@as rcscrvas mc ifhoustko cs bsk cs sc ifgicgtrag cg pascs pf tkiahcgtc kgcstaocs4 y à cgcrea scutk`kza, a hcgumf, ifhf kgstruhcgtf mc prcskg cg às rcàikfgcs kgtcrgaikfga`cs.

@a tragsparcgika y ifhpctktkvkmam mc `fs hcriamfs cgcretkifs pucmc chpcfrar ifhf ifgsciucgika mcàuhcgtf mc à ifhpctkikg cgtrc pascs y mc à mchagma mc cgcreas prkharkas y mc tcigf`feas mc ifgvcrskg.

?Yc utk`kza c` trhkgf age`fsalg hkx pfr cstar huy arrakeamf su usf a gkvc` kgtcrgaikfga`, ifg c` skegkfiiamf mc ifhpfskikgcstruitura` mc` parquc mc pftcgika kgstaàma para ecgcraikg cìtrkia pfr cgcreas-prkharkas/tcigf`feas-mc-ifgvcrskg.9Mkrcitkva Curfpca ?>>;/?:/IC=^rfspcitkvc sur `Cgcrekc au ZZKc ski`c, Ifhhugkiatkfg @Aiamhkc mcs ]cijgf`fekcs, Ifhhksskfg Cgcrekc ct Cgvkrfggc-hcgt, michorc ?>>=.3A pcsar mc` braiasf rcàtkvf mc a rcugkg mc Ifpcgjaeuc mc mkikchorc mc ?>>; cs sceurf quc as gcefikaikfgcs kgtcrgaikfga`cs

mcgtrf mc` harif mc às Freagkzaikg mc às Gaikfgcs Sgkmas (FGS) ifgtkguar ifg bucrza cg ?>1>.


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^_FY^CI]KRA [ ^@AGKBKIAIKG CY]_A]EKIA< ^K@A_CY MC SGA ^F@]KIA CGC_E]KIA _AIKFGA@

19

@a cgcrea tkcgc, pfr tagtf, mkhcgskfgcs tigkias, cifghkias, sfika`cs y pf`tkias, ifg h`tkp`cs baictas cgc` ifgtcxtf kgtcrgaikfga`, ahokcgta`, mkp`fhtkif, ifhcrika`, figagikcrf, mc mcsarrf``f y cstratekif. Gkgegpas pucmc kegfrar às, sf pcga mc paear ug c`cvamf prcikf.

^fr ftrf àmf, as kgvcrskfgcs gcicsarkas para earagtkzar ug aoastcikhkcgtf mc cgcrea sceurf y mc ia`kmamy para quc `fs ifstcs mc csc aoastcikhkcgtf gf sforcpascg `hktcs razfgao`cs, sfg huy iuagtkfsas y mcàrea vkma tk`4 pfr csta razg, cg cstc scitfr cs huijf hs khpfrtagtc quc cg ftrfs gf crrar cg à vkskgy cg às mcikskfgcs pf`tkias y chprcsarka`cs ifgmuicgtcs a à askegaikg mc rciursfs.

@as mcikskfgcs quc sc tfhcg jfy cg hatcrka mc cgcrea vag a ifgmkikfgar ifhpctktkvkmam, mcpcgmcgikacstratekia, rcàikfgcs cxtcrkfrcs, y mcsarrf``f tcigfèkif muragtc miamas, gf s`f cg `f rcàikfgamfmkrcitahcgtc ifg c`à, skgf cg sus khpaitfs cg ftrfs scitfrcs, keua`hcgtc khpfrtagtcs, mc à cifgfha prcscgta às ifgiùskfgcs.


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1=

?. JCIJFY [ _C]FY MC @A CGC_EA CG CYÂA

Gf sfg pfifs `fs prfo`chas cgcretkifs quc tkcgc Cspaa y cs mkbik` tratar mc cgugikar`fs mc bfrha cxjaustkva.ûcmcg cguhcrarsc, a` hcgfs, `fs hs khpfrtagtcs aerupgmf`fs cg tigkif-cifghkifs y sfikf-pf`tkifs.

?.1. Jcijfs y rctfs tigkifs-cifghkifs

Cspaa cs ug pas cifghkiahcgtc mcpcgmkcgtccg trhkgfs mc cgcreas prkharkas y mc tcigf-`feas mc ifgvcrskg a cgcreas figa`cs. C` eramf mc autfaoastcikhkcgtf mc ifhoustko`cs bsk`cs cs mc`fs hs oalfs mc a Sgkg Curfpca (mcpcgmcgika mc` :1,= % brcgtc a` 39,: % mc a SC?3, sceg matfsmc Curfstat para ?>>2).

Hkx mc ecgcraikg cìtrkia y iurvas mc iarea rpkmahcgtc iahokagtcs. @a ifhpfskikg mc`parquc ecgcramfr cspaf` cra cquk`korama jaic apcgas mfs miamas. Mcsmc cgtfgics, à apucsta pfrc` eas y as cgcreas rcgfvao`cs ja hfmkfiiamf c` hkx, ja mkshkgukmf a sceurkmam mc` skstcha cìtrkify ja hfmkfiiamf a ecstkg mc hkshf. @a ba`ta mc cstaok`kmam mc as pf`tkias mc bfhcgtf mc as cgcreasrcgfvao`cs y à ifgbuskg amhkgkstratkva rcsu`tagtc pcrlumkiag à pcgctraikg mc às hkshas y mkfiiu`taà mcfigkikg mc` hkx.

Mcpcgmcgika tfta` mc` Ycitfr ]ragspfrtc mc `fs prfmuitfs pctrf`bcrfs y mc à tcigf`fea cxtrag-lcra. @as sfùikfgcs buturas, a`tcrgatkvas a` scitfr mc autfhfikg aitua`, vcgmrg huy prfoao`chcgtcmc` cxtcrkfr. Cspaa pucmc, cg c` hclfr iasf, kgtcgtar ousiar gkijfs prciksfs y vkao`cs para ifgtrkoukra` mcsp`kceuc tcigfèkif y a ug kgtc`kecgtc usf mc às gucvas tcigf`feas. @fs okfifhoustko`cs mc

sceugma ecgcraikg pucmcg scr a hcmkf àref pàzf uga rcspucsta autitfga a à mcpcgmcgika mc`fs iarouragtcs aitua`cs.

^ftcgika`cs mc ecgcraikg cìtrkia mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs mksparcs. Hkcgtras às cgcreassfàrcs bftfvf`takia y tcrhfcìtrkia fbrcicg huy a`tfs pftcgika`cs mc prfmuiikg a ifstcs ifhpa-ratkvahcgtc a`tfs, quc tkcgcg quc rcmuikrsc skegkfiiatkvahcgtc cg `fs prxkhfs afs, às c`kias tc-rrcstrc y harkga fbrcicg pftcgika`cs khpfrtagtcs, augquc hs hfmcramfs, a ifstcs ifhcrika`cs iaskifhpctktkvfs2,5. C` rcstf mc cgcreas rcgfvao`cs fbrcicg pftcgika`cs sustagika`hcgtc hcgfrcs (ifg àcxicpikg mc à jkmru`kia, quc gf fostagtc cst ya huy mcsarrf`àma). Sga pcgctraikg khpfrtagtcmc às rcgfvao`cs cg ecgcraikg cìtrkia cst ifgmkikfgama, amchs, a uga hclfra y ahp`kaikg mcà kgbracstruitura mc rcmcs cìtrkias c kgtcrifgcxkfgcs kgtcrgaikfga`cs y a` mcsarrf``f mc tcigf`feas

mc a`haicgahkcgtf haskvf.

Iarog gaikfga` iarf y mc oala ia`kmam. @as rcscrvas mc iarog gaikfga` sfg hfmcstas y mc ia`kmampforc. A`rcmcmfr mc` 5>% mc` iarog usamf cg ecgcraikg cìtrkia cs khpfr tamf. Yu utk`kzaikg ifg

2^ftcgika` mc às Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs. Cstkhaikg mc` ^ftcgika` ]igkif-Cifghkif mc às Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs cg Cspaa, Erupfmc Bùkmfmkghkia Guhrkia, Arca mc Hcigkia mc Bùkmfs, Sgkvcrskmam mc \araefza, Gfvkchorc ?>>:.5_cgfvao`cs ?>?>, ?>9>. Ifgiùskfgcs mc ug Ag`ksks Iuagtktatkvf mc` ^ftcgika` mc às Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs cg Cspaa cg ?>?> y?>9>, y mc su Khpaitf Cifghkif y Hcmkfahokcgta`, Erupf mc Bùkmfmkghkia Guhrkia, Arca mc Hcigkia mc Bùkmfs, Sgkvcr-

skmam mc \araefza, Gfvkchorc ?>>:.


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13

às aitua`cs tcigf`feas mc ifgvcrskg khp`kia mkfiiu`tamcs tigkias para su ifhoustkg y ug kgirc-hcgtf mc chkskfgcs cg ifhparaikg ifg as icgtra`cs mc eas mc IkIf, kgbrautk`kzamas cg a aitua`kmam.

K+M+M cgcretkia khprfmuitkva. @fs rcsu`tamfs mc suicskvfs prferahas mc K+M+M cg cgcrea,tagtf po`kifs ifhf scitfrka`cs, mcsmc 1;:> jag skmf huy csiasfs. Gf s`f cs c` pfricgtalc mcbfgmfs mcstkgamfs a K+M huijf hs oalf quc à hcmka mc à SC, skgf quc à mcfigkikg y ecstkgpo`kia mc à hksha cst mcscgbfiama:. @as chprcsas tkcgmcg, cg ecgcra`, a ifgskmcrar `fs bfgmfsmcstkgamfs a csta aitkvkmam ifhf ug eastf hs quc ifhf uga kgvcrskg mc buturf. C` rcikcgtc kg-irchcgtf mc bfgmfs po`kifs para K+M+M;cs, prkgikpkf, pfsktkvf, sk okcg pcrskstc uga mkvcrskfiiaikgcxicskva y, a hcgumf, pàgtcahkcgtfs mc csiasa vkaok`kmam tigkia, lugtf a hgkhas pcrspcitkvas mcifhcrika`kzaikg mc `fs rcsu`tamfs. C` skgirfgkshf cgtrc Efokcrgf icgtra` y Ifhugkmamcs Aut-gfhas (IIAA) cg prfycitfs mc K+M+M mksta huijf mc scr cfiikcgtc, tcgmkcgmf cstas `tkhas abfrhuàikfgcs `fia`cs icrramas.

Kgvcrskfgcs gcicsarkas cg icgtra`cs mc ecgcraikg trhkia ifgvcgikfga` y gui`car.C` parquc mcecgcraikg trhkia sc ja mc rcgfvar cg `fs prxkhfs ?> afs. Ifhf hgkhf mc ?> a 9> EU pf-mrag scr gcicsarkfs1>,11, ifg kgvcrskfgcs iuagtkfsas.

Kgvcrskfgcs cg kgbracstruitura cgcretkia. @a pcgctraikg ircikcgtc mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`csy mc à ifecgcraikg ifgmuikr, ifg a`ta prfoaok`kmam, a à ifjaoktaikg mc à ecgcraikg cìtrkiamkstrkoukma y mc à icgtra`kzama. Yc jaorg mc mcfigkr y ifgstrukr gucvas hkirfrrcmcs y rcmcs `fia`cskgtc`kecgtcs ifgcitamas a as rcmcs cxkstcgtcs mc tragspfrtc y mkstrkouikg mc c`citrkikmam, ifg khpfr-tagtcs kgvcrskfgcs quc sc jag mc iuagtkfiiar.

Mfiikt mc tarkbas. C` apàzahkcgtf mc` paef mc` mfiikt tarkbarkf pfr 13 afs s`f pfspfgc a sfùikgmc ug prfo`cha pcgmkcgtc, iuya sfùikg, vka su tktu`kzaikg y uga amaptaikg prfercskva mc as tarkbas,sc ja mc aofrmar. Cg tagtf c` mfiikt sc va kgifrpfragmf a `fs prcikfs figa`cs, stfs sfg kgbcrkfrcs a `fquc mcocrag scr, ifg `f quc sc kgicgtkva c` ifgsuhf y gf c` ajfrrf, a` tkchpf quc sc prfmuic ugatragsbcrcgika mc rcgtas mc` scitfr cìtrkif a `fs scitfrcs ifgsuhkmfrcs.

Ifstcs mc aiicsf mc` skstcha cìtrkif. @fs ifstcs asfikamfs, cgtrc `fs quc sc kgiùycg às prkhasa` _ekhcg Cspcika` y ayumas po`kias a a Cstratceka mc Ajfrrf y Cfiikcgika Cgcretkia cg Cspaa (C=),rcprcscgtag ug pfricgtalc khpfrtagtc mc `fs ifstcs mc aiicsf mc` skstcha cìtrkif1?y c`cvag c`prcikf figa` mc à c`citrkikmam.

:Cg ?>>5 ug Ifhkt am jfi gfhoramf pfr à Aecgika Gaikfga` mc Cvaùaikg y ^rfspcitkva (AGC^) mcfigk hs mc 1>> rcastchtkias mc kgtcrs para Cspaa cg c` iahpf mc à cgcrea.;^rferaha Kgecgkf ?>1>, Efokcrgf mc Cspaa, ?>>3.1>^rfspcitkva mc Ecgcraikg Cìtrkia ?>9>, SGCYA, Mkikchorc ?>>5.11Hkx mc Ecgcraikg cg c` Ykstcha Cìtrkif Cspaf` cg c` Jfrkzfgtc ?>9>, Bfrf Gui`car, Gfvkchorc ?>>5.1?

_ctfs mc` Ycitfr Cìtrkif, _. Rk`àscia, Eas Gatura`-Sgkg BCGFYA, Gucva Cifgfha Bfruh, rcscgtaikg ppt, Fituorc ?>>;.


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12

?.?. Jcijfs y rctfs sfikf-pf`tkifs

Iarcgika mc uga vkskg gaikfga . Hkcgtras cg ftrfs pascs `fs prkgikpa`cs partkmfs ifhpartcg ugavkskg sforc iucstkfgcs cgcretkias bugmahcgta`cs, cg Cspaa à mkaìtkia pf`tkia sc khpfgc cgmcikskfgcs cscgika`hcgtc tigkif-cifghkias cg mctrkhcgtf mc gucstra ifhpctktkvkmam kgmustrka`.Gf cxkstc `f quc sc pfmra `àhar uga vkskg gaikfga` mc à cgcrea. Hkcgtras à SC sc prcfiupa bfr-ha`hcgtc pfr à gcicskmam mc uga pf`tkia cgcretkia ifhg19, cg Cspaa cxkstc uga hksic`gca mcvkskfgcs kmcfèkias (`fs partkmfs pf`tkifs) y par tkiuàrkstas (às IIAA) quc rcsu`ta mkbik` arhfgkzar.

^rkhaia mc a kmcf`fea y mc` iìu`f pf`tkif sforc c` kgtcrs ifhg. C` rcpartf mc ifhpctcgikascg hatcrka cgcretkia a às IIAA para `ferar apfyfs paràhcgtarkfs, a` harecg mc ifgskmcraikfgcsmc cfiiaika amhkgkstratkva, à fo`keaikg mc utk`kzar iarog gaikfga` para asceurar c` apfyf skgmkia` cgmctcrhkgamfs hfhcgtfs, `fs kgtcgtfs mc mar uga mcfigkikg pf`tkia mc à vkma tk` mc às IIGG1=, ugifgicptf hcrahcgtc tigkif f às hfmkfiiaikfgcs mc Ifgsclf mc Hkgkstrfs sforc pàgkfiiaikg mc àpftcgika mc cgcreas rcgfvao`cs sfg kgmkiamfrcs mc à auscgika mc pf`tkia cgcretkia quc rcspfgmaa às gcicskmamcs rca`cs y a` kgtcrs po`kif.

Ba`ta mc rcsfùikg para mcbcgmcr fs kgtcrcscs mc Cspaa cg Curfpa. Mfs clchp`fs sfg pcrtkgcg-tcs para kùstrar cstc jcijf. fr ug àmf, à rcmuiikg mc chkskfgcs rcsu`tagtc mc `fs ifhprfhksfsmc Dkftf para Cspaa cs supcrkfr a à mc à hayfra mc `fs pascs curfpcfs, a pcsar mc scr c` tcricrpas ifg hcgfrcs CECK. Cg sceugmf ùear, hkcgtras `fs pascs quc, mc jcijf, mkrkecg à pf`tkia curf-pca, hagtkcgcg chprcsas prfpkas pftcgtcs, po`kias f prkvamas, quc amqukcrcg aitkvfs cg tfma à SC,pfskikfggmfsc as para c` buturf, às chprcsas cspafàs sc jag ifgvcrtkmf cg folctkvfs mc csfs

hfvkhkcgtfs mc ifhpra. Augquc às chprcsas cgcretkias cspafàs fieurag cgtrc às hs cfiikcgtcsmc Curfpa, gf sc ja saokmf aituar mc bfrha cfiiaz agtc `fs prkvk`cekfs mc` iapkta` po`kif para aìagzarug cquk`korkf gcefikamf cgtrc `fs kgtcrcscs cspaf`cs y à apcrtura mc `fs hcriamfs mc chprcsas yscitfrcs.

^fskikg ecferfiia skg cxp`ftar. @a pfskikg ecferfiia mc Cspaa cs ug c`chcgtf oskif mciua`qukcr pàgtcahkcgtf cstratekif y pf`tkif. @a iktama auscgika mc uga vkskg cgcretkia gaikfga`sc rccla tahokg a à jfra mc cxp`ftar às vcgtalas mc às mkhcgskfgcs at`gtkia y hcmktcrrgca mcCspaa y cg c` tratahkcgtf mc iucstkfgcs ifhf as kgtcrifgcxkfgcs mc as rcmcs bskias f as rcàikfgcscifghkias ifg pascs vcikgfs f prxkhfs, suhkgkstramfrcs f ifgsuhkmfrcs.

^rficsf mc `kocra`kzaikg skg ifhp`ctar, sforc tfmf cg c` scitfr cìtrkif . @fs prficsfs mc kocra-`kzaikg sfg mc`kiamfs y mc area muraikg. _cqukcrcg uga atcgikg ifgstagtc y iukmamfsa a` mcsarrf``frceuàtfrkf y a `fs gcicsarkfs alustcs a` bugikfgahkcgtf mc `fs hcriamfs y às kgstktuikfgcs para qucc` rcsu`tamf sca ug xktf. Cg Cspaa, às rcbfrhas sc kgtcriaàg a hcgumf cg c` pfoàmf ia`cgmarkf

19^fr clchp`f, ifg c` @korf Rcrmc prfhfvkmf pfr @fyfà mc âàikf cg ?>>> f às prfpucstas mc à Ifhkskg Curfpca mc ?9 mccgcrf mc ?>>:.1=@a Eua 1.1> mc` Ifgsclf mc Yceurkmam Gui`car, quc cstao`cic `fs irktcrkfs para à fpcraikg a àref pàzf mc às icgtra`csgui`carcs cspafàs, mcfigc Rkma tk` ifhf c` ^crfmf muragtc c` iua` uga icgtra` pucmc scr fpcrama iuhp`kcgmf às cxkecgikas

mc sceurkmam khpucstas cg su autfrkzaikg y skcgmf cifghkiahcgtc rcgtao`c.


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15

c`citfra`, y c``f ifg``cva ug mcsarrf``f rceuàtfrkf a rkthf huy krrceuàr, ifg uga ia`kmam y ug rkefr mcà prfmuiikg `ceksàtkva rcikcgtc hagkficstahcgtc hclfrao`cs.

Aituaikfgcs `ceksàtkvas y rceuàtfrkas rcaitkvas c kgtcrhktcgtcs. @as mkspfskikfgcs hs khpfrtag-tcs y, gfrha`hcgtc, às hs crrgcas sc jag prfmuikmf ifhf rcspucsta a prfo`chas agtc `fs quc àiàsc mkrkecgtc ja ircmf quc mcoa jaicr aèf. ^fr ifgtra, gf ja jaokmf, cg ecgcra`, pàgtcahkcgtfsrccxkvfs, ifgtagmf ifg `fs hclfrcs cxpcrtfs y ifgficmfrcs mc` scitfr y tfhagmf às mcikskfgcstras ag`ksks prfbugmfs y mc ahp`kf cspcitrf. Askhkshf, c` mcsarrf``f rceuàtfrkf, tagtf cg su ifgtcgk-mf ifhf cg su r kthf, ja skmf suofrmkgamf a às aecgmas mc `fs partkmfs y gf a` kgtcrs gaikfga`. @askgifjcrcgikas, à `ksta ircikcgtc mc tchas pcgmkcgtcs y à pcricpikg, iama vcz hs ecgcra`kzama, mckgsceurkmam lurmkia sfg c` rcsu`tamf.

Ba`ta mc kgmcpcgmcgika mc `fs freagkshfs rceuàmfrcs. C` skstcha aitua` mc mcskegaikg mc `fshkchorfs mc fs freagkshfs rceuàmfrcs sc rcmuic, mc jcijf, a ug rcpar tf mc iuftas4 pfr c` ifgtra-rkf, `fs partkmfs pf`tkifs mcocrag prfpfgcr prfbcskfga`cs iapaics y vcrmamcrahcgtc kgmcpcgmkcg-tcs. @a ba`ta mc kgmcpcgmcgika mc `fs rceuàmfrcs ifgmuic a à prmkma mc sceurkmam lurmkia y a àcrfskg mc su prcstkekf y ircmkok`kmam.

Ba`ta skegkfiiatkva mc kgbfrhaikg cg à sfikcmam. Sga y ftra vcz, `fs ag`ksks mc fpkgkg prcscgtaga `fs cspaf`cs ifhf `fs curfpcfs hcgfs kgbfrhamfs y hcgfs kgtcrcsamfs cg iucstkfgcs cgcretk-ias. C` oalf gkvc` cmuiatkvf mc Cspaa cs ug prfo`cha eravskhf quc mkfiiu`ta à partkikpaikg mc `fsikumamagfs, pfr clchp`f, cg cstratcekas mc ajfrrf cgcretkif f cg c` iahokf mc joktfs mc ifgsuhf.Askhkshf, à kgbfrhaikg cgcretkia tragshktkma pfr `fs hcmkfs mc ifhugkiaikg cs, cg ecgcra`, mc

oala ia`kmam ifg brciucgtcs trkvka`kmamcs, crrfrcs f kgifjcrcgikas mcokmfs a à iarcgika mc prfbcskf-ga`cs cspcika`kzamfs.

ârtkmfs, chprcsas, kgstktuikfgcs, aecgtcs sfika`cs y ikumamagfs mcokcrag ifgficr `fs jcijfs y rctfs cgu-hcramfs y par tkikpar aitkvahcgtc cg à osqucma urecgtc mc aiucrmfs oskifs sforc às iucstkfgcs cgcr-etkias khpfrtagtcs.


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1:

9. @A YK]SAIKG AI]SA@

9.1 @a cstruitura mc` scitfr cg Cspaa

Cg Cspaa ja jaokmf ug kgirchcgtf khpfrtagtc mc` ifgsuhf mc cgcrea prkharka y cgcrea figa` cg `fs`tkhfs fijf afs (Bkeura 1). C` ifgsuhf mc cgcrea figa` ja auhcgtamf cg hayfr hcmkma cg c` scitfrtragspfrtc, scrvkikfs y rcskmcgika`, hkcgtras quc cg c` scitfr kgmustrka` c` kgirchcgtf ja skmf hfmcramf. frbucgtcs, sc foscrva ug auhcgtf khpfrtagtc mc` ifgsuhf figa` mc eas y c`citrkikmam (Bkeura ?).

Bkeura 1. Cvfùikg mc` ifgsuhf mc cgcrea prkharka y figa` cg Cspaa

Bkeura ?. Cvfùikg mc às bucgtcs mc cgcrea cg Cspaa

Cg iuagtf a` scitfr cìtrkif, sc ja hagtcgkmf pritkiahcgtc ifgstagtc à pftcgika kgstaàma mc jkmru`kia,gui`car, iarog, buc`-fk` y okfhasa4 c` auhcgtf mc iapaikmam mc ecgcraikg ja ifrrcspfgmkmf iask cg sutfta`kmam a `fs iki`fs ifhokgamfs mc eas y a à cgcrea c`kia.


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1;

Bkga`hcgtc, à pftcgika mc sfàr bftfvf`takia ja auhcgtamf mc bfrha cspcitaiuàr cg ?>>:. @a cvfùikgmc à pftcgika kgstaàma sc rccla cg à cstruitura pfricgtua` mc ecgcraikg cìtrkia mc iama uga mc àsbucgtcs (Bkeura 9)< ja mkshkgukmf cg c` iasf mc jkmru`kia, gui`car, buc`-fk` y, cspcika`hcgtc, iarog4 y jaauhcgtamf skegkfiiatkvahcgtc cg eas y c`kia.

Bkeura 9. Cvfùikg mc à cstruitura mc ecgcraikg cìtrkia cg Cspaa

9.?. A`ta mcpcgmcgika cgcretkia

Cspaa tkcgc uga a`tskha mcpcgmcgika mc khpfrtaikfgcs mc ifhoustko`cs bsk`cs. Cg pctr`cf, à prfmui-ikg kgtcrga cs apcgas ug >,3% mc` ifgsuhf4 cg c` iasf mc` eas, cs iask kgcxkstcgtc4 y, cg c` mc` iarog, cèramf mc autfaoastcikhcgtf cs mc` 91%. As, augquc Cspaa fiupa c` mikhfscxtf ùear cg c` hugmf cgifgsuhf mc pctr`cf, f c` vkeskhf cg eas gatura` y iarog, cs c` fitavf khpfrtamfr mc cstfs ifhoustk-o`cs. Cstc eramf mc mcpcgmcgika cxtcrga cs mc às hs c`cvamas mc a SC, s`f supcrama pfr Kta`ka cgtrc aseragmcs cifgfhas mc à Sgkg (Bkeura =).


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Bkeura =. Mcpcgmcgika cgcretkia cg `a SC

Bucgtc Curfstat

Amchs, cstc oalf eramf mc autfaoastcikhkcgtf mc Cspaa cg cgcrea prkharka sc ja rcmuikmf ag hsmuragtc `fs `tkhfs afs, pasagmf mc` 9?,;% cg 1;;1 a` ?>,5% cg ?>>5 (Bkeura 3).

Bkeura 3. Eramf mc autfaoastcikhkcgtf cgcretkif mc Cspaa (%)

Bucgtc< KGC. HKI[]


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9.9. A`ta kgtcgskmam (oala cfiikcgika) cgcretkia

@a kgtcgskmam cgcretkia mc à cifgfha cspafà cs supcrkfr a à mc `fs prkgikpa`cs pascs curfpcfs, ya à hcmka mc à SC (Bkeura 2). Cs ifgvcgkcgtc hatkzar, cg cstc pugtf, quc às cstamstkias gf hucstrag àcstruitura cifghkia mc iama pas, y quc cg c` iasf mc Cspaa às ikbras pucmcg cstar kgucgikamas pfr c`pcsf mc a cifgfha suhcrekma. Iruika`hcgtc, skg choaref, a cvfùikg a cfiikcgika cgcretkia cg Cspaacg `fs `tkhfs afs ja skmf ifgtrarka a à mc à hayfra mc pascs curfpcfs< hkcgtras cg stfs, cg ecgcra`,ja auhcgtamf, cg Cspaa sc ja hagtcgkmf aprfxkhamahcgtc ifgstagtc f ja mkshkgukmf.

Cg à Bkeura 2 sc foscrva à oala cfiikcgika mc` scitfr kgmustrka` (ifhparamf ifg ftrfs pascs curfpcfs),augquc aèugfs scitfrcs, ifhf c` tragspfrtc, sfg clchpàrcs cg às ifhparaikfgcs kgtcrgaikfga`cs. C`scitfr rcskmcgika`, skg choaref, prcscgta uga cfiikcgika hclfr quc à hcmka (ifgsciucgika, pfsko`chcgtc,mc ug i`kha hs ocgkegf y mc à cstruitura mc à cmkfiiaikg rcskmcgika` cg Cspaa).

Bkeura 2. Kgtcgskmamcs cgcretkias cg à SC

Kgtcgskmam cgcretkia(dtcp cgcrea figa`/^KO ?>>>)

Kgtcgskmam cgcretkia scitfr kgmustrka(dtcp cgcrea figa`/^KO ?>>>)

Kgtcgskmam cgcretkia scitfr tragspfrtc(dtcp cgcrea figa`/^KO ?>>>)

Kgtcgskmam cgcretkia scitfr rcskmcgika`(tcp/jfear)


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9.=. Kgiuhp`khkcgtf mc `fs ifhprfhksfs mc chkskfgcs mc IF?

Cspaa cs ug rcsuc`tf mcbcgsfr mc `fs ifhprfhksfs mc` ^rftfif`f mc Dkftf y, a à vcz, ug kgiuhp`kmfrskstchtkif (Bkeura 5).

Yceg cstfs ifhprfhksfs, Cspaa pucmc cg ?>1? auhcgtar sus chkskfgcs mc ECK jasta ug 13% ifg rcà-ikg a às mc 1;;>4 skg choaref, chktc ug 9=% pfr cgikha mc csc gkvc`.

Bkeura 5. Kgmkics mc CECK y ifhprfhksfs mc Dkftf

Bucgtc< Curfstat


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?9

Ykg choaref, Cspaa cst pfr mcoalf mc à hcmka curfpca cg iuagtf a chkskfgcs pfr jaoktagtc (Bkeura :).

Bkeura :. Chkskfgcs mc ECK pfr jaoktagtc (?>>2)

Bucgtc< Curfstat

9.3. Ssf raikfga` mc à cgcrea

Cg ?>>9 sc àgz à Cstratceka mc Ajfrrf y Cfiikcgika Cgcretkia cg Cspaa (C=), iuyf folctkvf cra rcmuikrc` ifgsuhf mc cgcrea prkharka cg ?>>=-?>1? cg 2;;3> dtcp. @fs ^àgcs mc Aiikg ?>>3-?>>5 y ?>>:-?>1? jag ifgirctamf às hcmkmas y auhcgtamf `fs folctkvfs mc ajfrrf mc cgcrea prkharka a 1?>>2y :5;99 dtcp, rcspcitkvahcgtc. C` _M 91=/?>>2 aprucoa c` Imkef ]igkif mc à Cmkfiiaikg y c` _M=5/?>>5 a Icr tkfiiaikg Cgcretkia mc Cmkfiikfs. Rarkfs mcirctfs amkikfga`cs jag kmf mcsarrf`àgmf as kmcasfrkekga`cs mc à C=.

9.2. Ycitfr tragspfrtc

@a cspcikfiikmam mc` scitfr tragspfr tc ifg rcspcitf a` rcstf ramkia cg su mcpcgmcgika, supcrkfr a` ;3%, mc`fs prfmuitfs mcrkvamfs mc` pctr`cf. Cg 1;:: c` tragspfrtc sc ifgvkrtk cg c` prkhcr scitfr ifgsuhkmfrmc cgcrea cg Cspaa4 c` ircikhkcgtf mc ifgsuhf cgcretkif mc tfmfs `fs scitfrcs cgtrc 1;59 y ?>>= ja


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?=

skmf mc` 193%, ifhparamf ifg c` ?=>% para c` tragspfrtc. Cg ?>>: cstc scitfr ja rcprcscgtamf c` 95,;%mc` ifgsuhf mc cgcrea figa`.

Cg ?>>= c` tragspfrtc pfr iarrctcra ifgsuhk c` :>,2% mc` à cgcrea mc` scitfr, brcgtc a` 19,9% mc` avkg,c` 9,5% mc` oarif y c` ?,=% mc` bcrrfiarrk`4 c` =:% mc` tragspfrtc pfr iarrctcra cg csc af ifrrcspfgmk avcjiu`fs partkiuàrcs, c` =;% a` traspfrtc mc hcriagias y c` 9% a` tragspfr tc if`citkvf mc vkalcrfs.

Mcsmc c` af ?>>> a ?>>: à kgtcgskmam cgcretkia mc cstc Ycitfr cg Cspaa sc ja hagtcgkmf aprfxkha-mahcgtc ifgstagtc, skcgmf supcrkfr a à mc iask tfmfs `fs pascs mc à SC (Bkeura 2). ]agtf c` ifgsuhfmc `fs autfhvk`cs ifhf sus chkskfgcs mc IF?, GFx y partiuàs jag mkshkgukmf sustagika`hcgtc cg às`tkhas 9 f = miamas.

Cg trhkgfs mc chkskfgcs mc tIF?/Hk``fgcs mc vkalcrfs x dh `fs va`frcs, hcmkmfs ifg rcspcitf a` gmkichgkhf mc 1>>, sfg, 131 para c` ARC, 1>> para c` autfos kgtcruroagf, 12? para trcgcs mc icriagas, 152para c` hctrf, ??? para c` autfos uroagf, =?2 y :21 para `fs vcjiu`fs partkiuàrcs cg mcspàzahkcgtfskgtcruroagfs y uroagfs, rcspcitkvahcgtc, y 19?> para c` avkg.9.5. _cmcs mc tragspfrtc y mkstrkouikg mc pctr`cf, eas y c`citrkikmam

Cg ecgcra`, pucmc mcikrsc quc às rcmcs gf sfg aitua`hcgtc c` iuc``f mc oftc`à para c` mcsarrf``f mc `fsscitfrcs cgcretkifs cg Cspaa. @as rcmcs cìtrkias jag tcgkmf ug mcsarrf``f gftao`c a `f àref mc hs fhcgfs ug ske`f, hkcgtras quc às mc pctr`cf matag mc `fs afs 3> y às mc eas sc kgkikarfg cg `fs afs 5>.Cstas mkbcrcgikas sc rcclag iàrahcgtc cg c` ha`àmf y cg à iapaikmam mc às hkshas.

Jkstrkiahcgtc, às rcmcs mc tragspfrtc mc c`citrkikmam jag skmf ifgicokmas ifhf c`chcgtf mc sceurkmamcgtrc skstchas vcikgfs y gf para c` tragspfrtc haskvf (mkbik` y ifstfsf mcokmf a às prmkmas). Iahokarcsta rca`kmam gf cs tarca mc ifr tf pàzf gk mc ug sf`f pas4 a pfskikg ecferfiia mc Cspaa cs, amchs, ugbucrtc ifgmkikfgagtc.

@a rcm cspafà mc tragspfrtc mc c`citrkikmam cs uga mc às hs iapaics mc Curfpa134 a c``f ja ifgtrkoukmfuga rceuàikg cifghkia razfgao`c c kgicgtkvamfra mc kgvcrskfgcs. @as rcmcs mc mkstrkouikg sfg tahokgiapaics, pcrf amf`cicg mc iuc``fs mc oftc`à cg mctcrhkgamas rcekfgcs, pfr às traoas amhkgkstratkvas a àautfrkzaikg mc gucvas gcas.

@a kgtrfmuiikg mc ecgcraikg mkstrkoukma para aèugas kgstaàikfgcs mc` _ekhcg Cspcika` (_C) fo`keara mcfigkr y ifgstrukr hkirfrrcmcs f rcmcs `fia`cs ifgcitamas a às rcmcs gaikfga`cs cxkstcgtcs hcmkagtcskstchas kgtc`kecgtcs.

@a rcm mc tragspfrtc mc eas ja ircikmf mc bfrha khpfrtagtc cg `fs `tkhfs afs, augquc prcscgta kgsufi-ikcgikas mc iapaikmam mc a`haicgahkcgtf, para pa`karàs sc jag pucstf cg harija bucrtcs kgvcrskfgcs pfr

13^fr iktar s`f ug kgmkiamfr, c` ratkf mc dh mc rcm mc tragspfrtc cg rcàikg ifg à mchagma gaikfga` agua` cs c` hs a`tf mc

Curfpa.


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partc mc CGAEAY. Amchs, à rcm pcgkgsuàr cs pfsko`chcgtc à hs iapaz y cxko`c mc Curfpa pfr c`ghcrf y tahaf mc pàgtas mc rceaskfiiaikg cg scrvkikf.

9.:. @as kgtcrifgcxkfgcs kgtcrgaikfga`cs

@a pfskikg ecferfiia mc gucstrf pas cs à mc uga iask-ksà (quc csf skegkfiia pcggsuà) cgcretkia pfr`f quc gf mcoc cspcrarsc quc sc aìagic cg c` buturf ug eramf mc kgtcrifgcxkg ifhparao`c a` mc `fspascs mc Curfpa Icgtra`. Ykg choaref, c` auhcgtf mc` ghcrf y mc à iapaikmam mc às kgtcrifgcxkfgcscs bugmahcgta`, gf s`f ifhf par tc mc uga pf`tkia curfpca, skgf pfr c` kgtcrs mc Cspaa cg auhcgtar àsceurkmam mc aoastcikhkcgtf y bavfrcicr uga hayfr pcgctraikg mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs.

^fr ftra partc, à vcikgmam mc Bragika jaic quc iua`qukcr auhcgtf mc à iapaikmam mc às kgtcrifgcxkfgcsmcoa pasar pfr gcefikaikfgcs ifg ug c`cvamf ifhpfgcgtc pf`tkif. C` efokcrgf bragis gf s`f tkcgc c`pfmcr amhkgkstratkvf, skgf quc cs amchs c` aiikfgksta prkgikpa` mc às eragmcs chprcsas cgcretkias ga-ikfga`cs. @as cstratcekas pf`tkia y cifghkia cstg ugkfiiamas, `f quc cxp`kia às vkiksktumcs quc Cspaa jasubrkmf para ifgsceukr auhcgtfs mc iapaikmam.

C` eramf mc kgtcrifgcxkg cìtrkia ifg Bragika y, a travs mc c`à, ifg c` rcstf mc Curfpa ifgtkgcgta`,cst huy pfr mcoalf mc` 1>% mc à pftcgika kgstaàma aifrmamf pfr c` Ifgsclf curfpcf mc Oaric`fgacg ?>>>. Cg ?>>:, c` cx Ifhksarkf Hfgtk prfpusf uga sfùikg sftcrrama para à gucva `gca mc kgtcr-ifgcxkg a =>> dR. Yk okcg csta `gca auhcgtar skegkfiiatkvahcgtc à iapaikmam mc kgtcrifgcxkg, a` scrgcicsarkahcgtc cg ifrrkcgtc ifgtkgua sc ifgvcrtkr cg uga cxicpikg a` prkgikpkf mc skgirfgkshf vkecgtccg tfma Curfpa y supfgmr ug ifstc huy c`cvamf, quc Cspaa subraear cg prfpfrikg supcrkfr a à quc

`c ifrrcspfgmcra.

Cg ?>>; Bragika ja aicptamf auhcgtar à iapaikmam mc kgtcrifgcxkg mc eas pfr @arrau, prfoao`chcgtchs pfr su prfpkf kgtcrs. Cspaa mcocra aprfvcijar à ifyugtura gcefikamfra ifg hayfr prfaitkvkmam.

9.;. Ifhpctktkvkmam mc à kgmustrka cgcretkia cspafà

C` scitfr cgcretkif y `fs scitfrcs kgmustrka`cs rcàikfgamfs ifg `, ifhf prfvccmfrcs mc okcgcs y scrvk-ikfs, sc pucmcg prcscgtar ifhf ifhpctktkvfs, a` hcgfs cg trhkgfs rcàtkvfs. Cg c` scitfr mc às cgcreasrcgfvao`cs varkas chprcsas cspafàs ifhpktcg cg c` hcriamf hugmka` mc acrfecgcramfrcs y mc hmu`fsbftfvf`takifs.

Cg iua`qukcr iasf, cstas chprcsas rca`kzag, cg ecgcra`, pfias aitkvkmamcs mc K+M. ]ras à mcsaparkikg cgà miama mc 1;:> mc baorkiagtcs gaikfga`cs mc eragmcs cqukpfs para II]] ifgvcgikfga`cs y agtc àkgcxkstcgika mc chprcsas mcsarrf`àmfras y ifhcrika`kzamfras mc pàgtas cgcretkias, às pcrspcitkvas paraecgcrar tcigf`fea trhkia prfpka sfg csiasas.

C` vfùgtarkshf mc chprcsas cìtrkias, usuarkas figa`cs mc tcigf`feas mc ifgvcrskg cgcretkia, para aif-hctcr prfycitfs mc mcsarrf``f tcigfèkif gf ja tcgkmf rcsu`tamfs.

Amchs mc uga kgmustrka c`citrfhcigkia ifg iapaikmam gftao`c, pucmc mcstaiarsc c` suoscitfr mc kg-mustrka auxk`kar mc à gui`car < CGSYA cg à prkhcra partc mc` iki`f mc` ifhoustko`c, CG_CYA cg à ecstkg


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y a`haicgahkcgtf mc rcskmufs mc hcmka y oala aitkvkmam, CGYA cg à baorkiaikg mc vasklas a prcskg yifhpfgcgtcs pcsamfs y mkvcrsas kgecgkcras y ifgstruitfras mc gkvc` kgtcrgaikfga`.

@as chprcsas cìtrkias cspafàs cstg cgtrc às hs cfiikcgtcs mc Curfpa mcsmc jaic huijfs afs(Bkeura ;), `f quc cxp`kia quc sc jayag pfmkmf hagtcgcr prcikfs oalfs mc à c`citrkikmam y rcsu`tamfs cif-ghkifs huy pfsktkvfs (Bkeura 1>). @f hkshf cs ap`kiao`c a chprcsas easkstas.

Bkeura ;. ^rfmuitkvkmam aparcgtc mc` baitfr traoalf cg à kgmustrka cgcretkia curfpca(aeua, eas y c`citrkikmam) cg hk`cs mc curfs/ipkta.

Bucgtc< Curfstat

Bkeura 1>. Ra`fr aamkmf mc às chprcsas mc c`citrkikmam y eas (hk``fgcs mc curfs).

Bucgtc< Curfstat


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?5

=. C@CI]_KIKMAM

=.1. @a khpfrtagika mc à c`citrkikmam

Cg iua`qukcr clcrikikf mc prfspcitkva cgcretkia à c`citrkikmam hcrcic uga atcgikg cspcika` cg razg mcsu khpfrtagika. Cs à bfrha mc cgcrea hs ihfma mc amqukrkr, hs bik` mc utk`kzar, hs vcrstk` y, amchs,krrchpàzao`c cg kgguhcrao`cs ap`kiaikfgcs. @as cifgfhas mcsarrf`àmas mcpcgmcg mc à c`citrkikmam hsquc mc gkgeuga ftra bfrha mc cgcrea figa`.

C` ircikhkcgtf mc à mchagma mc cgcrea cìtrkia prcscgta tasas aiuhuàtkvas mc` frmcg mc` mfo`c mc àcgcrea prkharka cg su ifglugtf, tagtf para pascs avagzamfs ifhf para pascs cg mcsarrf``f. @a Bkeura 11prcscgta `fs matfs mc Cspaa.

Cgcrea y mcsarrf``f cifghkifC` iasf mc Cspaa< c`citrkfiiaikg aic`crama

Bkeura 11. Cvfùikg mc à mchagma mc cgcrea prkharka y mc c`citrkikmam cg Cspaa

Bucgtc< O^ Ytatkstki _cvkcw fb Ufr`m Cgcrey (?>>:)

Yk a prfspcitkva cgcretkia cs khpfrtagtc, a cìtrkia f cs ag hs. fr ftra partc, a kgtcgskmam mc iapkta`mc` scitfr cìtrkif cs supcrkfr a à mc `fs ftrfs scitfrcs cgcretkifs, a` keua` quc `fs ifstcs mc fpfrtugk-mam y `fs mc iua`qukcr mcikskg crrgca. ^fr tagtf, a c`ciikg ifrrcita mc às tcigf`feas mc ifgvcrskg yà prcvkskg mc su cvfùikg a hcmkf y àref pàzf sfg cscgika`cs.


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=.?. @as tcigf`feas mc ifgvcrskg a hcmkf y àref pàzf

Ifhoustko`cs bsk`cs^rcsikgmkr mc `fs ifhoustko`cs bsk`cs s`f parcic ifgicoko`c a àref pàzf, a hcmkma quc sc rcgucvc c`parquc ecgcramfr a` figa` mc su vkma tk` cbcitkva y quc sc mkspfgea mc tcigf`feas a`tcrgatkvas ifhpctktkvasy fiao`cs. A hcmkf pàzf, mcocrg sceukr bfrhagmf par tc mc ug hkx cgcretkif mkvcrskfiiamf.Ykg choaref, cs gcicsarkf rciurrkr a às tcigf`feas hs `khpkas para à ifhoustkg mc` iarog y mc` eas.C` kgirchcgtf mc cfiikcgika mc às icgtra`cs trhkias (II]]) hcmkagtc iki`fs mc vapfr supcrirtkifs yu`trasupcrirtkifs cs c` prkhcr pasf cg à sustktuikg mc às pàgtas mc iarog cxkstcgtcs quc sc cst prf-muikcgmf.

A hcmkf pàzf cs khprcsikgmko`c ifgtchpàr c` pfsko`c mcsp`kceuc mc tcigf`feas mc ifhoustkg mc iar-og y eas ifg Ycparaikg y A`haicgahkcgtf mc IF ?(YAIF?), uga ifhokgaikg mc tcigf`feas cg bascmc mchfstraikg quc pfmra rcmuikr às chkskfgcs mc às II]] jasta ug ;>%.

@fs prficsfs mc scparaikg, ifhprcskg, ofhocf y sc`àmf mc` a`haig mc IF ?sc cstkha quc pfmragifgsuhkr jasta c` 9>% mc à cgcrea ecgcrama pfr uga icgtra` mc iarog, `f quc cgiarcicra c` ifstc mcecgcraikg mc ug dUj jasta ug 3>% ifg rcspcitf a` ifgvcgikfga`. Aèugfs ifhpfgcgtcs mc csa tcigf-`fea ya sc jag mchfstramf, augquc gf sc jaya prfoamf à fpcraikg a csiaà ifhcrika`.

@a ecstkg a hcmkf y àref pàzf mc `fs chpàzahkcgtfs mc a`haicgahkcgtf mc IF?, as ifhf c` ifstc mc

su hagtcgkhkcgtf, prcscgta kgicrtkmuhorcs. C` Efokcrgf cspaf` cst prcparagmf ug prfycitf mc @cy mcA`haicgahkcgtf Ecfèkif mc IF

?, skeukcgmf à ifrrcspfgmkcgtc mkrcitkva mc à SC.

Gui`car@as icgtra`cs gui`carcs (IIGG) cxkstcgtcs cg Cspaa prfmuicg cg à aitua`kmam a`rcmcmfr mc` 1;% mc àc`citrkikmam. Apfrtag sceurkmam a` skstcha cìtrkif12y cvktag chkskfgcs mc IF

?, quc scrag ug 1>% supc-

rkfrcs sk sc sustktuycrag pfr II]] mc ifhoustko`cs bsk`cs quc apfrtarag à hksha sceurkmam.

@a cxtcgskg mc à vkma tk` mc às IIGG cxkstcgtcs, atcgmkcgmf cg iama iasf a às rcifhcgmaikfgcs mcÌfgsclf mc Yceurkmam Gui`car (IYG), parcic razfgao`c cg oasc a ifgskmcraikfgcs tigkias y cifghk-ias15. Rarkfs pascs, ifg efokcrgfs mc mkvcrsfs skegfs pf`tkifs, jag mcikmkmf ifgstrukr IIGG, ugfs rcagu-magmf prferahas paramfs cg su hfhcgtf y ftrfs ifg kgkikatkvas gucvas.

@a pfstura mc` _ckgf Sgkmf mclagmf aokcrta cg ?>>9 à fpikg gui`car parcic aicrtama 1:,1;. @a askegaturapcgmkcgtc mc à ecstkg y tratahkcgtf mc `fs rcskmufs mc a`ta aitkvkmam, kgiùkma à mcikskg sforc ug A]I,

12@as icgtra`cs gui`carcs apfrtag cgcrea mc oasc sceura y pfif scgsko`c a pcrturoaikfgcs cg às rcmcs, a mkbcrcgika mc às rc-gfvao`cs y, cg hcgfr hcmkma, mc `fs iki`fs ifhokgamfs. ]ahokg apfrtag iapaikmam mc rceuàikg (rcspucsta a var kaikfgcs cg àmchagma y a gcicskmamcs mc rceuàikg mc tcgskg y brciucgika). Rcr < Bfrf mc a Kgmustrka Gui`car, Hkx mc ecgcraikg cg c` skstchacìtrkif cspaf` cg c` jfrkzfgtc ?>9>, gfvkchorc ?>>5.15Qu papc` mcoc luear à cgcrea gui`car cg c` buturf hkx cgcretkif cspaf`6, B. Iaoc``f-Astf`fi y L. Yurcma, BSGIKRA Gcws._ccxkg y Mcoatc, gfvkchorc ?>>:.1:Hcctkge tjc Cgcrey Ija``cgec. A Ujktc apcr fg Cgcrey. SD Mcpar thcgt fb ]ramc agm Kgmustry. Hay ?>>5.1;C` _ckgf Sgkmf y c` Mcoatc Gui`car, A. Yirkhecfur agm L. Gavarrf, cg âpc`cs mc Iuamcrgfs mc Cgcrea, Iùo Cspaf` mc à

Cgcrea, G ?2, ?>>:.


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?;

skeuc skcgmf uga mc às razfgcs prkgikpa`cs para aèugas rcaiikfgcs po`kias mcsbavfrao`cs sforc a cgcreagui`car.

A hcmkf pàzf c` ircikhkcgtf mc` parquc gui`car y c` kgirchcgtf mc à pftcgika rcgfvao`c kgstaàma gfs`f sfg ifhpatko`cs skgf ifhp`chcgtarkfs4 c` prkhcrf mara a` skstcha cìtrkif c` apfyf mc sceurkmamquc gcicskta y quc c` sceugmf, cg c` cstamf aitua` mc a tcigf`fea, gf pucmc earagtkzar?>y baik`ktara a kgtc-eraikg mc à cgcrea mc bucgtcs rcgfvao`cs cg c` skstcha. Askhkshf, as kgicrtkmuhorcs sforc às rcscrvasrca`cs mc pctr`cf y eas y sforc à cvfùikg mc sus prcikfs ifgficrcg ug hayfr va`fr a à fpikg gui`car.

@a kgbfrhaikg ag csiasa sforc IIGG mc Ecgcraikg KKK pcrhktc agtkikpar quc às vcgtalas pcsag hsquc fs kgifgvcgkcgtcs, y quc cstfs `tkhfs (prkgikpa`hcgtc fs rcskmufs) pucmcg ecstkfgarsc mc uga bfrharkeurfsa y sceura.

@a butura Ecgcraikg KR agugika rcmuiikfgcs skegkfiiatkvas mc `fs rcskmufs ecgcramfs, rkcsef gu`f mc prf`k-bcraikg, sceurkmam kgtrgscia, pàzfs mc ifgstruiikg y ifstcs cspcifiifs rcmuikmfs, y ifstcs mc ecgcraikghcgfrcs quc para sus agtcicsfras.

_cgfvao`cs@a IC àgz cg harzf mc ?>>5, ifgirctama, pfstcrkfrhcgtc, cg à Mkrcitkva ?>>;/?:/IC, uga cstratcekacurfpca ifhg quc fila ug ?>% mc ifgtrkouikg rcgfvao`c a à cgcrea figa` cg ?>?>, suhagmf c`citrkik-mam, usfs trhkifs y okfifhoustko`cs. C` Ifgsclf tahokg ja aifrmamf ug hgkhf fo`keatfrkf mc` 1>% mcsustktuikg mc easf`kgas y mkcsc` pfr okfifhoustko`cs ifg a ifgmkikg mc quc su prfmuiikg sca sfstcgko`c.C` folctkvf mc` ?>% mc partkikpaikg rcgfvao`c cg à cgcrea figa` cs ahokikfsf y fo`kear a iama Cstamf

Hkchorf mc à SC a eragmcs kgirchcgtfs mc à pftcgika kgstaàma mc cgcreas a`tcrgatkvas.

C` harif rceuàtfrkf cspaf` para c` mcsarrf``f mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs cst ifgstktukmf pfr c` ^C_?>>3-?>1>, quc fila `fs folctkvfs mc pftcgikas kgstaàmas para iama tcigf`fea rcgfvao`c, y pfr ug oucgghcrf mc _ca`cs Mcirctfs y ftras mkspfskikfgcs mc ragef mkvcrsf?1.

@as cgcreas c`kias (tcrrcstrc y harkga) y sfàrcs (bftfvf`takia, tcrhfcìtrkia y para usfs trhkifs) sfgàs mc hayfrcs pftcgika`cs vkao`cs cg Cspaa. C` rcstf mc rcgfvao`cs, kgiùkmfs `fs rcskmufs, tkcgcg pftcg-ika`cs huijf hcgfrcs, augquc mcocg kgiùkrsc cg `fs ag`ksks??,?9.

@fs ifstcs mc kgvcrskg varag cg ug ahp`kf ragef, mcsmc ;>>-1>>> /dU para à c`kia tcrrcstrc, jasta

?3>>-9>>> /dU para à bftfvf`takia. @as iurvas mc aprcgmkzalc (kgvcrskg cspcifiia cg /dU cg bugikgmc à pftcgika kgstaàma aiuhuàma a gkvc` hugmka`) para iama tcigf`fea rcgfvao`c hucstrag uga cvfù-ikg mkspar, skcgmf, cg c` iasf mc tcigf`feas kgikpkcgtcs, a`tahcgtc cspciuàtkvas.

?>Hkx mc Ecgcraikg cg c` Ykstcha Cìtrkif Cspaf` cg c` Jfrkzfgtc ?>9>, Bfrf Gui`car, Gfvkchorc ?>>5.?1@fs hs rc`cvagtcs sfg c` _ca` mcirctf 221/?>>5 mc ?2 mc hayf, c` _ca` Mcirctf 135:/?>>: mc ?2 mc scptkchorc y c` _ca`Mcirctf-@cy 2/?>>; mc 9> mc aor k`. C` Aiucrmf mc Ifgsclf mc Hkgkstrfs mc 19 mc gfvkchorc mc ?>>; ifhp`cta c` harif cscgika`,agtcs mc quc sc trahktc à @cy mc Cifgfha Yfstcgko`c y à agugikama @cy mc Cfiikcgika Cgcretkia y Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs.?? ftcgika` mc as Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs. Cstkhaikg mc` ftcgika` ]igkif-Cifghkif mc às Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs cg Cspaa, Erupfmc Bùkmfmkghkia Guhrkia, Arca mc Hcigkia mc Bùkmfs, Sgkvcrskmam mc \araefza, Gfvkchorc ?>>:.?9_cgfvao`cs ?>?>, ?>9>. Ifgiùskfgcs mc ug Ag`ksks Iuagtktatkvf mc` ^ftcgika` mc às Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs cg Cspaa cg ?>?> y?>9>, y mc su Khpaitf Cifghkif y Hcmkfahokcgta`, Erupf mc Bùkmfmkghkia Guhrkia, rca mc Hcigkia mc Bùkmfs, Sgkvcr-

skmam mc \araefza, Gfvkchorc ?>>:.


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^fr ftrf amf, fs ifstcs mc ecgcraikg cg Cspaa sc hucvcg cg ug aoagkif mcsmc : i/dUj para a c`kiatcrrcstrc jasta == i/dUj para à bftfvf`takia. C` prcikf hcmkf mc ecgcraikg mc` hcriamf hayfrksta csmc a`rcmcmfr mc 3 i/dUj. âra ifhpcgsar csa mkbcrcgika y prfhfvcr à prfmuiikg mc c`citrkikmam mcfrkecg rcgfvao`c ifg hcgfr khpaitf ahokcgta`, à Amhkgkstraikg ja cstao`cikmf ug skstcha mc prkhas(bccm-kg tarkbbs) a` _ekhcg Cspcika` (_C).

@as prkhas sc kgiùycg cgtrc `fs ifstcs asfikamfs quc aamkmfs a `fs mc` skstcha prfpfrikfgag `fs ifstcs mcaiicsf mc` skstcha cìtrkif. Cg ?>>: `fs ifstcs mc` skstcha y `fs asfikamfs asicgmkcrfg a 3.529 y 3.;35 H,rcspcitkvahcgtc, cs mcikr, =;% y 31% mc `fs ifstcs mc aiicsf. Yc cstkha quc cg ?>>; às prkhas a` _ekhcgCspcika` rcprcscgtarg c` 3:% mc `fs ifstcs asfikamfs, skcgmf stfs a su vcz mc` frmcg mc` 35% mc `fs ifstcsmc aiicsf. @fs prcikfs hcmkfs (cg i/dUj) cstkhamfs para c` _C cg ?>>; sfg :,? para à c`kia y =3,9 paraà bftfvf`takia, a ifhparar ifg c` prcikf hcmkf mc` hcriamf hayfrksta mc =,9?=.

Mama a gatura`cza kgtcrhktcgtc mc as cgcreas c`kias y sfàrcs y à kgcxkstcgika mc tcigf`feas mc a`haic-gahkcgtf haskvf a ifr tf y hcmkf pàzf, as rcgfvao`cs jag mc ifgtar ifg uga pftcgika mc apfyf, gfrha`-hcgtc icgtra`cs ifg turokga mc eas, para suhkgkstrar à mchagma mc c`citrkikmam cg auscgika mc vkcgtf fmc sf`. Cstas icgtra`cs mc rcspa`mf bugikfgag ifg baitfrcs mc iapaikmam huy oalfs?3. @a kgtcrga`kzaikg mc`fs ifstcs mc cstas icgtra`cs cg `fs mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs mcoc scr folctf mc ug tratahkcgtf parclfa` mc às chkskfgcs mc IF

?.

Sga partc mc fs chpàzahkcgtfs mc ia`kmam para kgstaàikfgcs c`kias f bftfvf`takias gf pucmcg vcrtcr suprfmuiikg a à rcm cxkstcgtc. Sga cstratceka pfsko`c scra cxtcgmcr à rcm para pfmcr cvaiuar à cgcreaecgcrama4 cg cstc iasf `fs ifstcs mc cxtcgskg mc à rcm sc mcocg kgtcrga`kzar cg c` ifstc mc à cgcrea

rcgfvao`c ifrrcspfgmkcgtc. Ftra fpikg, ifgskstkra cg c` bugikfgahkcgtf aksàmf f cg uga rcm `fia` f hk-irfrrcm, iuyfs ifstcs tahokg sc jag mc cvaùar. Cg c` buturf, rcmcs `fia`cs kgtc`kecgtcs kgtcrifgcitamas ifgà rcm mc tragspfr tc pfmrg ecstkfgar a cgcrea kgtcriahokama. fr `tkhf, mcoc ifgskmcrarsc a ap`kiaikgmc tcigf`feas mc a`haicgahkcgtf quc pcrhktcg rceuàr à prfmuiikg cgtrceama a à rcm y pcrhktkraghclfrar gftao`chcgtc à ecstkfgaok`kmam mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs y su utk`kzaikg cbcitkva.

@as tcigf`feas rcgfvao`cs prcscgtag prfo`chas tigkifs quc prfercskvahcgtc sc vag rcsf`vkcgmf. @aoala rcskstcgika brcgtc a jucifs mc tcgskg cs uga mcok`kmam cstruitura` mc `fs parqucs c`kifs, quc pfrajfra pucmc ifrrcekrsc kgstaàgmf skstchas mc c`citrgkia mc pftcgika. Askhkshf, à oala prcmkitkok`kmammc à prfmuiikg rcgfvao`c khp`kia uga hayfr gcicskmam mc cgcrea mc rceuàikg. Ahofs prfo`chas sctramuicg cg ug hayfr ifstc.

@a partkikpaikg khpfrtagtc mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs cg c` hkx mc ecgcraikg mc c`citrkikmam ifg``cva,tahokg, uga kgbrautk`kzaikg mc à pftcgika rcikcgtchcgtc kgstaàma mc icgtra`cs mc eas ifg IkIf, `f qucmcocra tratarsc ifhf uga cxtcrga`kmam gceatkva?=.

@a mcfiikcgtc ecstkg mc `fs prficsfs mc autfrkzaikg amhkgkstratkva mc gucvas kgstaàikfgcs, lugtf ifg c` cbcitf ` a-hama mc às ecgcrfsas prkhas, jag ifgmuikmf a quc aèugfs folctkvfs cstao`cikmfs para ?>1> cg sfàr bftfvf`takia

?=_ctfs mc` Ycitfr Cìtrkif, _. Rk`àscia, Eas Gatura`-Sgkg BCGFYA, Gucva Cifgfha Bfruh, rcscgtaikg ppt, Fituorc ?>>;.?3 ftcgika` mc as Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs. Cstkhaikg mc` ftcgika` ]igkif-Cifghkif mc às Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs cg Cspaa, Erupf

mc Bùkmfmkghkia Guhrkia, Arca mc Hcigkia mc Bùkmfs, Sgkvcrskmam mc \araefza, Gfvkchorc ?>>:.


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sc jayag sforcpasamf ifg ircics cg ?>>5, ifg ug khpaitf skegkfiiatkvf sforc fs prcikfs figa`cs mc a c`citrkikmam?2

.Cstf ja ifgmuikmf a` cstao`cikhkcgtf mc ug rcekstrf mc prcaskegaikg para c` _ekhcg Cspcika` quc prctcgmc frmc-gar c` mcsarrf` f mc` scitfr rcgfvao`c y uga hclfr kgtceraikg cg ug hcriamf parika`hcgtc kocra kzamf.

Cg à ecstaikg mc` ^C_ ?>11-?>?> mcokcrag tcgcr uga partkikpaikg huy khpfrtagtc cxpcrtfs a`tahcgtciua`kfiiamfs, alcgfs a a Amhkgkstraikg.

IfecgcraikgCspaa fiupa uga oucga pfskikg cg iuagtf a ifecgcraikg kgmustrka` (à quc suhkgkstra cgcrea a i`kcg-tcs kgmustrka`cs) pcrf gf as cg c` scitfr tcrikarkf, cg c` quc cst iask tfmf pfr jaicr. Bfhcgtar mc bfrhacfiikcgtc à ifecgcraikg cg sus mkvcrsas bfrhas (Mkstrkit Jcatkge, IJ^ y ftras) mcoc ifgstktukr uga mc às`gcas oskias mc à pf`tkia cgcretkia butura.

=.9. C` mcsarrf``f mc às rcmcs. Kgtcrifgcxkfgcs.

Ifhf sc ja cxpucstf, às rcmcs cgcretkias cspafàs sfg iapaics, ifg aèugas `khktaikfgcs cg iuagtf aiapaikmam mc a`haicgahkcgtf mc eas. C` mcsarrf``f mc às rcmcs oskias (mc tragspfrtc) cst sfhctkmf apàgkfiiaikg vkgiuàgtc, quc sc aitua`kza pcrkmkiahcgtc y cs aprfoama pfr à Amhkgkstraikg.

C` mcsarrf``f mc gucvfs prfycitfs sc vc `khktamf pfr à `cgtktum mc `fs prficsfs mc trahktaikg y pfr àfpfskikg, pfr hftkvfs mc gmf`c huy mkvcrsa, a às `gcas cìtrkias (gf tagtf a f`cfmuitfs y easfmuitfs,skg muma pfr c` hcgfr khpaitf vksua`). C` avagic mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs jar gcicsarka à kgtceraikgcg à _CC mc skstchas kgtc`kecgtcs mc ecstkg.

@a pf`tkia cgcretkia mcoc ifgtchpàr ug auhcgtf razfgao`c mc à iapaikmam mc kgtcrifgcxkg, tagtf cgeas ifhf cg c`citrkikmam. Cg c` iasf mc a c`citrkikmam, skg choaref, gf mcoc ifgtarsc ifg as kgtcrifgcxkf-gcs ifhf va mc suhkgkstrf hs quc cg sktuaikfgcs cxtrchas.

=.=. K+M+M

@a kgvcstkeaikg mc` scitfr cìtrkif cg Cspaa rcekstra csiasfs xktfs cg c` pasamf. Amchs, as gcicskma-mcs mc rciursfs para K+M+M cg cstc scitfr sfg huy iuagtkfsas. Cs, pfr tagtf, vkta` ug ag`ksks rca`ksta quccvktc `fs crrfrcs ifgtkguamfs mc `fs `tkhfs 9> afs.

?2C` Folctkvf mc pftcgika bftfvf`takia cstao`cikmf cg c` _M 221/?>>5 cra mc 951 HU. A figa`cs mc ?>>: sc jaoag sforcpasamf`fs 9=>> HU. @as prkhas ifrrcspfgmkcgtcs sc hagtkcgcg muragtc ?3 afs, sceg à hksha gfrha. @fs ifhprfhksfs mc prkhaspara c` pcrfmf tfta` earagtkzamf (kgiùycgmf as pftcgikas mc` Aiucrmf mc Ifgsclf mc Hkgkstrfs mc 19.11.?>>;) pucmc cstkharscquc supcrag fs 13>>>> H. Cstas ikbras gf avaàg c` kgtcgtf mc lustkfiiar quc sc trata mc pàgtas mc mchfstraikg, areuhcgtf quc

pfmra aicptarsc sk às pftcgikas kgstaàmas juokcrag skmf mc` frmcg mc haegktum mc` folctkvf.


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3. ^_FY^CI]KRA [ ^@AGKBKIAIKG CGC_E]KIA CG CYÂA [ CG C@ HSGMF

3.1. Qu sc ja jcijf cg Cspaa

Mcsmc figa`cs mc à miama mc 1;5>, cg Cspaa sc ja aofrmamf à iucstkg cgcretkia hcmkagtc à càof-raikg mc ^àgcs Cgcretkifs Gaikfga`cs (mcsmc 1;5: jasta 1;;1). Ykg choaref, cg gkgeg iasf sc jagpuo`kiamf cstumkfs mc prfspcitkva a àref pàzf sforc à cgcrea gk sforc iucstkfgcs rcàikfgamas ifg c`à,ifg apfyf f patrfikgkf ffiika` y, huijf hcgfs, ifg à partkikpaikg mc `fs scitfrcs abcitamfs f mc csta-hcgtfs sfika`cs rc`cvagtcs.

ârcic, mc aèuga bfrha, quc cg Cspaa ja arrakeamf à pritkia mc jaicr pàgcs y, ikcrtahcgtc, sc ja mc-sarrf`àmf uga erag jaok`kmam a à jfra mc rcmaitar`fs, augquc gf tagtf a à jfra mc prfpfrikfgar`cs ugcgbfquc cstratekif cxpìktf quc mcfiga su frkcgtaikg.

]ahpfif ja cxkstkmf ug mcoatc po`kif aokcr tf y skg ifgmkikfgahkcgtfs pf`tkifs. @a cxtrcha pf`ktkzaikgja mcspàzamf mc` efra po`kia a qukcgcs, pfr ifgfikhkcgtfs y cxpcrkcgika, pfmrag jaocr apfrtamfraikfga`kmam y bugmahcgtf a à tfha mc mcikskfgcs. A cstf sc aamc à mcfiikcgtc pf`tkia kgbfrhatkva mcfreagkzaikfgcs po`kias y prkvamas, quc jaic quc jfy Cspaa sca ugf mc `fs pascs ifg hayfr mcsifgfik-hkcgtf mc às iucstkfgcs cgcretkias?5.

Augquc c` Efokcrgf jaoa agugikamf, jaic hs mc iuatrf afs, à càofraikg mc ug mfiuhcgtf sforc^rfspcitkva ?>9>, a ifhkskg quc mcoa aifhctcr cstc asugtf mcl mc rcugkrsc a figa`cs mc ?>>5 y c` of-rramfr mc mfiuhcgtf quc jaoa ikriuàmf buc kgiùsf rctkramf mc a pekga wco mc` Hkgkstcrkf mc Kgmustrka,

Ifhcrikf y ]urkshf.

Cgtrc tagtf, mfs kgstktuikfgcs jag puo`kiamf `fs prkhcrfs mfiuhcgtfs mc prfspcitkva cg huijfs afs?:,?;.Mcspus mc as c`ciikfgcs ecgcra`cs mc harzf mc ?>>: y mc ug af mc ifhp`cta kgaitkvkmam cg cstc tcrrcgf,c` Ifgercsf mc `fs Mkputamfs aprfo, cg lu`kf mc ?>>;, à ifgstktuikg mc uga Yuoifhkskg mc CstratcekaCgcretkia, iuyfs traoalfs sc jag kgkikamf cg às `tkhas schagas mc` af.

A pcsar mc `fs suicskvfs ^àgcs Cgcretkifs Gaikfga`cs aprfoamfs, gf ja jaokmf gkgeg kgtcgtf mc càofraruga prfspcitkva cgcretkia gk uga pàgkfiiaikg9>quc supcrc c` jfrkzfgtc, tramkikfga` cg aqu``fs, mc uga mia-ma4 cstc pàzf cs kgsufiikcgtc a tfmas ùics para ifgskmcrar iucstkfgcs cgcretkias y para prfpfrikfgar a vkskgtchpfra` gcicsarka cg ug scitfr iuya aitkvkmam s`f pucmc mkscarsc cg c` aref pàzf (supcrkfr a vckgtc afs).

C` Efokcrgf ja prfhfvkmf cg ?>>; c` agtcprfycitf mc @cy mc Cifgfha Yfstcgko`c quc, cg `f rcàtkvf acgcrea, ifgtkcgc kmcas kgifgirctas y prkgikpkfs ecgrkifs, pcrpcta cg oucga hcmkma a vkskg ifr tfpàiks-ta y utk`kza uga kgtcrprctaikg hu`tkbugikfga` mc` amlctkvf sfstcgko`c91.

?5Rcr, pfr clchp`f, `fs Curfoarhctrfs mc cgcrf mc ?>>2 (Attktumcs tfwarms Cgcrey) y cgcrf mc ?>>5 (Cgcrey ]cijfgfèkcs9>, SGCYA, Mkikchorc ?>>5.?;Hkx mc Ecgcraikg cg c` Ykstcha Cìtrkif Cspaf` cg c` Jfrkzfgtc ?>9>, Bfrf Gui`car, Gfvkchorc ?>>5.9> ftcgika` mc as Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs. Cstkhaikg mc` ftcgika` ]igkif-Cifghkif mc às Cgcreas _cgfvao`cs cg Cspaa, Erupfmc Bùkmfmkghkia Guhrkia, Arca mc Hcigkia mc Bùkmfs, Sgkvcrskmam mc \araefza, Gfvkchorc ?>>:.91

Agtcprfycitf mc @cy mc Cifgfha Yfstcgko`c, Efokcrgf mc Cspaa,gfvkchorc mc ?>>;.


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3.?. Qu jaicg ftrfs pascs

âra mar uga kmca mc à khpfrtagika mc à pàgkfiiaikg a àref pàzf, oasta hkrar a gucstrf a`rcmcmfr y vcrqu jag jcijf ftrfs pascs, cgtrc `fs hs mcsarrf`àmfs y hs prcfiupamfs pfr `fs prfo`chas mc à cgcrea.

Bragika, c` vcikgf hs prxkhf y uga pftcgika cgcretkia kgmumao`c, ja puo`kiamf rcikcgtchcgtc (scptkch-orc mc ?>>5) ug mfiuhcgtf, cgiareamf pfr à ffiikga mc` ^rkhcr Hkgkstrf, sforc ^crspcitkvas cgcretkiascg c` jfrkzfgtc ?>?>-?>3>4 cst freagkzamf cg scks eragmcs iaptu`fs iuyf ag`ksks ifrrk a iaref mc erupfsmc cxpcrtfs rcgfhoramfs cg sus rcspcitkvfs iahpfs mc aitkvkmam. C` `tkhf mc mkijfs iaptu`fs ifrrcs-pfgmc a às pf`tkias cgcretkias. Ifg agtcrkfrkmam, à Aiamchka mc às ]cigf`feas càofr ug rkeurfsfmfiuhcgtf sforc prfspcitkva cgcretkia para c` ske`f ZZK9?.

Cg Erag Orctaa, c` Mcparthcgt fb ]ramc agm Kgmustr y(M]K) puo`ki cg hayf mc ?>>5 ug korf oàgif ifg c`ttu`fHcctkge tjc Cgcrey Ija``cgec99, quc kgiùyc ug ag`ksks mc às iucstkfgcs suoscitfrka`cs y ug ifglugtfmc prfpucstas cg hatcrka cgcretkia. Hs rcikcgtchcgtc, cg lu`kf mc ?>>;, c` Mcparthcgt bfr Cgcrey agmI`khatc Ijagec (MCII), suicsfr mc` M]K, puo`ki mfs gucvfs mfiuhcgtfs mc aìagic cstratekif9=,93.

Cg Iagam, c` Hkgkstcrkf mc _ciursfs Gatura`cs puo`ki cg ?>>2 ug mfiuhcgtf tktuàmf Iagamas CgcreyFut`ffd92, quc cs à aitua`kzaikg mc ftras vcrskfgcs agtcrkfrcs mc `f quc ifgstktuyc uga prfspcitkva aàref pàzf, cg cstc iasf a ?>?>. Rfics autfrkzamas rciàhag uga aitua`kzaikg mc à cstratceka cgcretkiagaikfga`.

Cg Cstamfs Sgkmfs (CCSS) sfg aougmagtcs `fs cstumkfs y prfpucstas mc mkvcrsas kgstktuikfgcs y freagk-

zaikfgcs ikvk`cs, amchs mc `fs ffiika`cs4 Gatkfga` Cgcrey Ytratcey mc` Mcparthcgt fb Cgcrey(MFC) (1;;:),Ytratceki ^àgmc` hkshf MFC, mc ?>>9, Gatkfga` Cgcrey ^f`kiy, mc ?>>1, c` kgbfrhc sforc pf`tkia cgcretkiapuo`kiamf pfr à Gatkfga` Ifhhksskfg fg Cgcrey ^f`kiy, mc mkikchorc mc ?>>= y Cgcrey Eragm Ija``cgec_famhap95puo`kiamf pfr à Ahcrkiag Yfikcty fb Hcijagkia` Cgekgccrs cg aefstf mc ?>>; sfg aèugfsclchp`fs. @a pf`tkia cgcretkia mc` aitua` Efokcrgf mc CCSS a ifr tf pàzf, as ifhf sus ifhprfhksfs aàref pàzf sc cstg hfmuàgmf cg cstc hfhcgtf9:.

Gf cs gcicsarkf kgskstkr gk jaicr ug rcpasf cxjaustkvf mc` rcstf mc `fs pascs mcsarrf`àmfs, pfr gf jaoàrmc `fs prkgikpa`cs prfmuitfrcs mc pctr`cf y eas. ]fmfs tkcgcg su cstratceka.

9?^rfspcitkvc sur `Cgcrekc au ZZKhc ski`c. Ifhhugkiatkfg Àiamhkc mcs ]cijgf`fekcs. Ifhhksskfg Cgcrekc ct Cgvkrfggc-hcgt. Michorc ?>>=.99Hcctkge tjc Cgcrey Ija``cgec. A Ujktc apcr fg Cgcrey. SD Mcpar thcgt fb ]ramc agm Kgmustry. Hay ?>>5.9=SD @fw Iarofg ]ragsktkfg àg, Gatkfga` Ytratcey bfr I`khatc, ?>>;.93SD _cgcwao`c Cgcrey Ytratcey, ?>>;.92Iagamas Cgcrey Fut`ffd, ?>>2.95AYHC Cgcrey Eragm Ija``cgec _famhap, AYHC, Gcw [frd, Aueust ?>>;.9:

A rc`khkgary Rkcw fb Foahas Buturc Cgcrey ^f`kiy (U^), . Ksoc``, U^ ?/?>>;, Laguar y ?>>;.


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2. CY]SMKFY MC ^_FY^CI]KRA CZKY]CG]CY Â_A CYÂA

2.1. Cstumkf mc SGCYA para ?>9>

SGCYA ja prcscgtamf cg gfvkchorc mc ?>>5 ug cstumkf sforc prfspcitkva mc` skstcha cìtrkif mc ecgc-raikg cg ?>9>. A partkr mc `fs matfs mc` cqukpf mc partkma, ifgsciucgika mc oalas y a`tas prferahamas, ymc ircikhkcgtfs agua`cs mc à mchagma mc c`citrkikmam mc` ?,=>% cg ?>>3-?>?> y mc 1,5>% cg ?>?>-?>9>,sc mcfigcg mfs csicgarkfs quc ifgicmcg prkfrkmam a` iarog f a` eas, rcspcitkvahcgtc. Mcgtrf mc iama ugfmc csfs csicgarkfs sc aga`kzag varkfs iasfs quc sc icgtrag f cg ug hxkhf aprfvcijahkcgtf mc` cqukpfkgstaàmf cg ?>11, f cgaga hfmcrama cxpagskg mc` parquc gui`car, f cg uga pcgctraikg hxkha mc àscgcreas rcgfvao`cs, f cg pftcgika kgstaàma mc iarog ifg tcigf`feas YAIF?ifglugtahcgtc ifg ug parqucgui`car `kecrahcgtc ahp`kamf ifg rcspcitf a` aitua`. @fs rcsu`tamfs para iama iasf kgiùycg, cgtrc ftrfs, ugamcfigkikg mc` hkx mc ecgcraikg, as kgvcrskfgcs gcicsarkas, as chkskfgcs mc IF?y a mcpcgmcgika cxtcrkfr.

2.?. Cstumkf mc` Bfrf Gui`car para ?>9>

^fr ftrf àmf, c` Bfrf Gui`car ja puo`kiamf cg à hksha bcija ug cstumkf sforc c` hkx pcgkgsuàr mc ec-gcraikg cìtrkia cg ?>9> para iuorkr à mchagma prcvksta ifg uga fpcraikg sceura y cstao`c mc` skstcha.Ifgiùyc quc tfmas às tcigf`feas scrg gcicsarkas para iuorkr uga mchagma cstkhama cg, a` hcgfs, 1?3EU, prcstagmf atcgikg tagtf a às pugtas ifhf a à cgcrea tfta`. Yuekcrc, tahokg, quc a` hcgfs ug 3>-2>% mc à pftcgika cg scrvkikf mcocra scr mc II]] ifg turokgas mc vapfr y mc pàgtas jkmrfcìtrkias paraatcgmcr a às gcicskmamcs mc kgcrika y rceuàikg.

@a prcscgtc irksks cifghkia jaic gcicsarkf rcvksar às jkptcsks mc ircikhkcgtf mc à mchagma cg c` hc-mkf pàzf cg ahofs cstumkfs.

2.9. Cstumkf mc à Sgkvcrskmam mc \araefza para ?>?> y ?>9>

C` rca mc Hcigkia mc Bùkmfs mc à Sgkvcrskmam mc \araefza ja rca`kzamf ug mcta`àmf cstumkf sforc c` pf-tcgika mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs cg Cspaa, y às khp kiaikfgcs cifghkias y hcmkfahokcgta`cs mc mkvcrsfscsicgarkfs kgtceramfs pfr cgcreas rcgfvao`cs y ifgvcgikfga`cs. âra iama cgcrea rcgfvao`c, uga cvaùaikgecf-rcbcrcgikama mc` rciursf (vkcgtf, sf`, okfhasa, rcskmufs u fàs) sc ifhokga ifg uga cstruitura mc ifstcs paracàofrar iurvas ifstc-prfmuiikg. stas pcrhktcg ifgficr c` ifstc asfikamf a ug gkvc` mc ecgcraikg rcgfvao`cmamf, tcgkcgmf cg iucgta c` cbcitf mc à mceramaikg mc à ia`kmam mc` rciursf ifg à pcgctraikg mc à tcigf-

`fea. Yc tkcgcg cg iucgta aspcitfs ifhf à pftcgika ifgvcgikfga` mc rcscrva gcicsarka para iuorkr `fs pfsko`csjucifs mc ecgcraikg, às prcvksko`cs mkshkguikfgcs mc ifstcs ifhf ifgsciucgika mc` aprcgmkzalc tcigfèkif,c` cbcitf mc as varkaikfgcs mc prcikfs mc fs ifhoustko`cs bsk`cs, f a kgtcrga`kzaikg mc `fs ifstcs mc chkskfgcs.

âra c` af ?>?>, sc jag cstumkamf `fs pfsko`cs khpaitfs mc` `àhamf paquctc vcrmc (f ?>-?>-?>) mc à SC.Mcpcgmkcgmf mc à mchagma mc cgcrea figa`, mc às tcigf`feas rcgfvao`cs kgtrfmuikmas cg c` hkx, y mc àifgtrkouikg mc `fs okfifhoustko`cs, c` ag`ksks suekcrc (Bkeura 1?) quc c` sforcifstc mc à ecgcraikg cì-trkia scra mc cgtrc 1>> y =3> ?>>2/jao/af, y à chkskfgcs cspcifiias mc` scitfr mc ecgcraikg pfmragmkshkgukr a cgtrc >,12 y >,9 tIF

?/HUj mcsmc `fs >,=? tIF

?/HUj mc à cstruitura mc ecgcraikg mc` af

?>>2. âra c``f, à kgvcrskg gcicsarka scra mc cgtrc =:.>>> y ?19.>>> H4 y à fiupaikg mc` tcrrktfrkf ifgkgstaàikfgcs rcgfvao`cs varkara cgtrc c` 1,5 y c` 5,>%.


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Bkeura 1?. Csicgarkfs ?>?>< Yforcifstc pfr jaoktagtc brcgtc a chkskfgcs cspcifiias. C` tahaf mc` shof`f csprfpfikfga` a` tcrrktfrkf fiupamf ifg tcigf`feas mc ecgcraikg rcgfvao`c

âra c` af ?>9>, sc jag ifgskmcramf trcs csicgarkfs< ugf mc oalfs ifstcs, oasamf cg c` aprfvcijahkcgtfmc iki`fs ifhokgamfs fpcratkvfs y ug kgirchcgtf mc 2 EU gui`carcs aprfvcijagmf chpàzahkcgtfscxkstcgtcs (rcpfwcrkge)4 ftrf mc oalas chkskfgcs, prf`fgeagmf à vkma tk` mc` parquc gui`car cxkstcgtc yifg ug ?>% mc rcgfvao`cs cg cgcrea figa`4 y ug csicgarkf jkpfttkif mc tragskikg a 1>>% rcgfvao`cs cgc` quc sc rctkra a gui`car quc aefta su vkma tk` y sc kgtrfmuicg rcgfvao`cs jasta ug 3>% mc a cgcrea figa`.

Cg tfmfs `fs csicgarkfs sc rctkra tfma à pftcgika mc iarog aitua`. @fs sforcifstcs cg ecgcraikg cìtrk-ia asfikamfs sc rcsuhcg cg à Bkeura 19 y pfmrag aìagzar cgtrc 3>> y 5>> ?>>2/jao/af cg c` csicga-rkf mc tragskikg a` 1>>% (supfgkcgmf ifstcs ifgstagtcs mc às tcigf`feas rcgfvao`cs). @a fiupaikg mc`tcrrktfrkf ifg tcigf`feas mc ecgcraikg rcgfvaoc scra mc cgtrc c` 1 y c` 2% cg cstfs csicgarkfs.

Bkeura 19. Csicgarkfs ?>9>< Yforcifstc pfr jaoktagtc brcgtc a chkskfgcs cspcifiias. C` tahaf mc` shof`f csprfpfikfga` a` tcrrktfrkf fiupamf ifg tcigf`feas mc ecgcraikg rcgfvao`c.

@as ikbras agtcrkfrcs apugtag a` rkcsef mc kgiurrkr cg a`tfs sforcifstcs y fiupaikfgcs mc` tcrrktfrkf ifhfifgsciucgika mc à pcgctraikg gf pàgkfiiama mc às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs4 y sfg kgmkiatkvas mc à khpfr tag-ika mc iuagtkfiiar rkeurfsahcgtc às mkvcrsas fpikfgcs ifhf pasf prcvkf a à gcicsarka mcfigkikg mc uga

cstratceka cgcretkia.


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5. ^_KGIK^KFY MC SGA CY]_A]CEKA

@as pf`tkias cgcretkias mc `fs prkgikpa`cs pascs mcsarrf`àmfs ekrag a`rcmcmfr mc trcs clcs prkgikpa`cs-?>-?> mc à SC f ifhprfhksfs mc Dkftf).

Ykg choaref, às ifgmkikfgcs `fia`cs pucmcg scr huy mkbcrcgtcs mc ugfs pascs a ftrfs. Cs prciksf, pfr tag-tf, kmcgtkfiiar clcs amkikfga`cs quc mcocg ifgskmcrarsc cg c` ag`ksks prfspcitkvf mc as pf`tkias cgcretkias,amfptagmf ug pugtf mc vksta cstrkitahcgtc cstratekif, mc gkvc` supcrkfr a` purahcgtc cgcretkif.

Cg c` iasf mc Cspaa, parcic razfgao`c tcgcr cg iucgta c` khpaitf mc às mcikskfgcs pf`tkias sforc: sc vag a vcr skegkfiiatkvahcgtc a`tcramas pfr à irksks cifghkiaaitua` y, cspcifiiahcgtc, pfr iugmf y ihf sc prfmuzia a rciupcraikg mc aitkvkmam y c` ircikhkcgtf mc`chp`cf, as ifhf pfr c` rcalustc cg c` pcsf rcàtkvf mc às cifgfhas y cg à ifhpctktkvkmam.

:.=. Baitfrcs hfmkfiiamfrcs mc a mchagma scitfrka`kzama

Ssf raikfga` mc à cgcrea (ajfrrf y cfiikcgika cgcretkia (CC))

@a CC cs à hclfr ifgtrkouikg mkrcita a à rcmuiikg mc a mcpcgmcgika mc` cxtcr kfr, mc fs ifstcs cgcretk-ifs mc as chprcsas y mc às bahk`kas. Iua`qukcr pf`tkia cgcretkia mcoc chpczar pfr mcfigkr uga cstratcekamc ajfrrf y cfiikcgika, bfhcgtagmf ahofs cg mkvcrsfs hoktfs, bavfrcikcgmf skchprc a cfiikcgika rcgtao`c,gf skhp`chcgtc mkitama, y à `korc c`ciikg mc fpikfgcs mc `fs usuarkfs.

Aèugas hcmkmas rcqukcrcg uga aiikg ifgicr tama a csiaà kgtcrgaikfga`4 huijfs okcgcs ifgsuhkmfrcs mccgcrea (pfr clchp`f, autfhvk`cs y c`citrfmfhstkifs) sfg partc mc` ifhcrikf tragsgaikfga` y cs cscgika`prfhfvcr y apfyar aiucrmfs e`foa`cs sforc gfrhas mc CC y sforc cstgmarcs mc ifgsuhf para vcjiu`fsy cqukpfs, quc kgiùyag à rcmuiikg mc ifgsuhfs cg stagm-oy, tagtf cg à SC ifhf hugmka`hcgtc, asifhf à prfhfikg mc` ctkquctamf y mc `fs cstgmarcs mc CC mc `fs prfmuitfs.

Cgtrc às hcmkmas quc pfmrag amfptarsc pucmcg iktarsc às skeukcgtcs

Rcjiu`fs cìtrkifs y ftras hcmkmas mc hfvk`kmam sfstcgko`c@a utk`kzaikg mc vcjiu`fs cìtrkifs sc cgbrcgta ag a mkfiiu`tamcs khpfrtagtcs< rcmuikma autfgfha, vfùhcgmc as oatcras f pkàs mc ifhoustko`c, ifstc. Jay aèugfs rcsu`tamfs prfhctcmfrcs, pfr c` hfhcgtf khktamfsa vcjiu`fs jorkmfs y a ikcrtfs tkpfs mc oatcras. Ykg choaref, à ircikcgtc hftfrkzaikg mc `fs pascs chcr-ecgtcs prcskfgar à mchagma mc pctr`cf jasta `hktcs quc prcfiupag scrkahcgtc a kgstktuikfgcs ifhf àAecgika Kgtcrgaikfga` mc à Cgcrea (AKC).

A`tcrgatkvas para rcmuikr à mcpcgmcgika mc` tragspfrtc mc `fs prfmuitfs mcrkvamfs mc` pctr`cf, ifhf c` ch-p`cf mc ifhoustko`cs skgttkifs fotcgkmfs a partkr mc` iarog f mc` eas f c` usf mc E@^ y mc okfifhoustko`cs,prciksag ag`ksks mcta`àmfs. ara ifhparar cfiikcgika, chkskfgcs y ifstcs mc mkbcrcgtcs fpikfgcs sc jag mc aga`kzar`fs iki`fs mc vkma (ifgfikmfs cg à ktcratura age`fsalfga ifhf Uc`` tf ]agd, ]agd tf Ujcc`s y Uc`` tf Ujcc`s).

C` àg HFRC@C mc` Hkgkstcrkf mc Kgmustrka, Ifhcrikf y ]urkshf prfhucvc cg à aitua`kmam a pcgctraikga ifrtf pàzf mc vcjiu`fs cìtrkifs cg c` hcriamf cspaf`. Yceg cstkhaikfgcs prc`khkgarcs, jasta ughk``g mc ifijcs cìtrkifs gf prcscgtara prfo`chas mc prfmuiikg amkikfga` mc c`citrkikmam gk mc trags-pfrtc cg à _CC.

@as mkfiiu`tamcs pfmrag pàgtcarsc cg à mkstrkouikg `fia` pugtua`, ifg à gcicskmam mc rciurrkr a rcmcskgtc`kecgtcs y a rca`kzar a iarea mc vcjiu`fs prcmfhkgagtchcgtc cg jfras va``c. Yceg _CC, ifg csta cstra-tceka sc pfmrag aoastcicr jasta 2 hk` fgcs mc vcjiu`fs ifg oubbcr mc rcm, skg hfmkfiiaikfgcs sustagika cscg à kgbracstruitura cxkstcgtc.

Hcmkmas amkikfga`cs para hclfrar à CC mc` scitfr tragspfr tc sfg>5 hfstrarfg ug cstrcijahkcgtf mc` harecg cgtrc fbcrta y mchagma, quc s`f sc


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a`kvk a` iacr a aitkvkmam cifghkia ifhf ifgsciucgika mc a irksks. A` harecg mc mksiuskfgcs sforc hktcsmc fbcrta cg ug pàzf mc pfifs afs, `fs prcikfs jag vuc`tf a suokr cg à sceugma hktam mc ?>>;, ifg `fsprkhcrfs sgtfhas mc rciupcraikg. C` rkcsef mc prcikfs a`tfs suoskstc. @as rcscrvas mc irumf hucstrag ugcstagiahkcgtf cg trhkgfs rcàtkvfs (rcàikg ^/_) y às ikbras mc aèugfs pascs prfmuitfrcs mcspkcrtagiama vcz hcgfs ifgfiagza. ^fr ftrf àmf, cg csicgarkfs mc gf sustktuikg sfg huy khpfrtagtcs às prcvk-skfgcs mc kgirchcgtf mc mchagma, quc gf cs sceurf quc sc pucma atcgmcr a hcmkf pàzf4 kgiùsf sk scprfmulcsc ug auhcgtf mc à kgvcrskg cg cxp`fraikg y rcfigf, `fs rcsu`tamfs tarmarag oastagtcs afs cg``cear a` hcriamf.

Csicgarkfs y pf`tkias cgcretkias mcocg ifgskmcrar uga rcmuiikg skegkfiiatkva mc mchagma mc pctr`cf,hcmkagtc cstratcekas mc sustktuikg mc su usf ifhf ifhoustko`c cg à kgmustrka y, sforc tfmf, para trags-pfrtc.

EasMc` eas gatura` pucmc mcikrsc `f hkshf quc mc` pctr`cf, tcgkcgmf cg iucgta quc c` auhcgtf cstruitura`mc prcikfs sc prfmuikra ugfs afs hs tarmc, a hcmkma quc c` a`tf prcikf mc` irumf `cvc a fs ifgsuhkmf-rcs a aic`crar a sustktuikg mc` hkshf pfr eas, f quc trasàmar a prcskg a cstc ifhoustko`c. C` eas pucmctratarsc ifhf ug ifhoustko`c a`tcrgatkvf tchpfra` mc` pctr`cf4 keua`hcgtc mcocg pàgtcarsc cstratcekasmc sustktuikg, rcscrvgmf`f para `fs usfs (quhkia f pctrfquhkia) cg quc, ifg às tcigf`feas aitua`cs,gf cxkstc ftra fpikg pfsko`c a hcmkf f àref pàzf.

Iarog@as rcscrvas mc iarog sfg aougmagtcs y cstg rcpartkmas ecferfiiahcgtc. Cs mc prcvcr quc c` iarog,

quc rcprcscgta uga partc sustagika` mc` ifgsuhf hugmka` mc cgcrea prkharka, skea lueagmf ug papc` huyrc`cvagtc c, kgiùsf, quc, a à vksta mc `fs rkcsefs mc` pctr`cf y mc` eas, auhcgtc su partkikpaikg cg c` hkxamciuamf mc cgcrea prkharka y, hs ag, cg c` mc ecgcraikg cìtrkia.

Ykg choaref, cg ug jfrkzfgtc mc csiascz y iarcsta mc` eas y mc uga a`ta mchagma mc c`citrkikmam, csrcifhcgmao`c ifgskmcrar ug csicgarkf mc prcikfs c`cvamfs y suhkgkstrf `khktamf mc iarog4 scks pascsaiuhuàg hs mc` :>% mc às rcscrvas prfoamas mc iarog9;y pfmrag `khktar su cxpfrtaikg, f utk`kzaràifhf arha cstratekia, y auhcgtar su ifgsuhf mfhstkif=>.

Cgcreas rcgfvao`cs y cgcrea gui`car@as tcigf`feas quc utk`kzag rciursfs rcgfvao`cs sfg ag ifhparatkvahcgtc iaras y prcscgtag aèugfs

prfo`chas tigkifs para su kgtceraikg cg `fs skstchas cìtrkifs< kgtcrhktcgika, mkbik` prcmkitkok`kmam, kgia-paikmam para prfpfrikfgar cgcrea mc rceuàikg, oala f guà rcpucsta a pcr turoaikfgcs cg às rcmcs.

C` apfyf a às cgcreas rcgfvao`cs mcoc frkcgtarsc a à rcmuiikg mc ifstcs mc kgvcrskg y ecgcraikg(iua`qukcr cstratceka mcocra ifgtchpàr ia`cgmarkfs mc mkshkguikg prfercskva mc às prkhas y `ferar suifhpctktkvkmam ifg às ifgvcgikfga`cs) y a` mcsarrf``f mc tcigf`feas ifhp`chcgtarkas mc a`haicgahkcg-tf haskvf mc cgcrea cìtrkia, prftciikg brcgtc a pcr turoaikfgcs y ecstkfgaok`kmam. Iua`qukcr cstratcekamcocra ifgtchpàr ia`cgmarkfs mc rcmuiikg prfercskva mc às prkhas.

9;O^ Ytatkstkia` _cvkcw fb Ufr`m Cgcrey, Lugc ?>>;. 9;=>

]jc Ifa` Mk`chha, Cmktfr Y.D. Ijagm, ]C_K, ?>>:.


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@a cgcrea gui`car ja mchfstramf fiaok`kmam y oalf ifstc mc ecgcraikg cg rcàikg ifg às rcstagtcs tci-gf`feas cìtrkias. @a aicptaikg sfika` cs oucga cg pascs cg fs quc sc ja amfptamf uga gca kgbfrhatkvaaokcrta, cg rcspucsta a a mchagma mc a sfikcmam. @as gucvas ecgcraikfgcs mc rcaitfrcs mcocrag pcrhktkrrcmuikr à kgvcrskg cspcifiia, auhcgtar à sceurkmam, hkgkhkzar `fs rcskmufs y hagtcgcr oalfs ifstcs mcecgcraikg. @as IIGG ifgtrkouycg cfiiazhcgtc a à rcmuiikg mc chkskfgcs y mc à mcpcgmcgika mc `fsifhoustko`cs bsk`cs. @as rcscrvas mc uragkf gf sfg ug prfo`cha y à scgskok`kmam mc` ifstc mc` dUj gu-i`car a` prcikf mc` ifhoustko`c cs huijf hs oala quc à mc às icgtra`cs mc iarog f mc eas a` prcikf mcstfs. @fs c`cvamfs ifstcs mc as prkhcras icgtra`cs cg ifgstruiikg mc` tkpf C^_ rcclag c` jcijf quc fsprkhcrfs hfmc`fs mc uga scrkc sfg gcicsarkahcgtc hs iarfs y ikriugstagikas `fia`cs gf cxtrapfào`cs auga àrea scrkc mc icgtra`cs. @fs ifstcs iacrg ifhf ifgsciucgika mc` aprcgmkzalc tcigfèkif, a` keua`quc fiurrk ifg às agtcrkfrcs ecgcraikfgcs mc IIGG.

@a fpikg gui`car sc ja mc hagtcgcr aokcrta, pucs iama ma cs hs cvkmcgtc quc cs uga partc gcicsarkamc à rcspucsta a `fs rctfs hcmkfahokcgta`cs y cgcretkifs.

:.2. @as cstratcekas mc `fs pascs prfmuitfrcs

Cs cvkmcgtc quc `fs pascs prfmuitfrcs mc ifhoustko`cs bsk`cs tkcgcg cstratcekas okcg mcfigkmas, gf s`fgaikfga`cs skgf às càoframas cg irtc`cs ifhf à F^C^ y à prfpucsta freagkzaikg mc pascs prfmuitf-rcs mc eas.

Aèugfs pascs, ifhf _uska, jag cgtcgmkmf quc à cgcrea cs ug arha mc cgfrhc va`fr cstratekif y àutk`kzag cg sus rcàikfgcs kgtcrgaikfga`cs. Cpksfmkfs ifhf `fs quc jag ahcgazamf c` suhkgkstrf mc eas a

Curfpa fiikmcgta` cg pasamfs kgvkcrgfs, pfr mksputas ifg Siragka, pfgcg mc hagkficstf quc à SC sc vcfo`keama a euarmar ug mkbik` cquk`korkf.

@as rcàikfgcs ifg ftrfs huijfs pascs suhkgkstramfrcs sfg ifhp`kiamas pcrf gcicsarkas. @fs pàgtca-hkcgtfs mc csfs pascs sfg par tc kgmkspcgsao`c mc iua`qukcr vkskg a àref pàzf. Ykg uga ikcrta iapaikmammc agtkikpaikg, scr khpfsko`c mcfigkr uga cstratceka y pàgkfiiar c` buturf. âra Cspaa, iuyf pcsf kgtcr-gaikfga` cs khpfrtagtc cg cifgfha pcrf pcqucf cg pf`tkia, s`f qucmag trcs vas mc aituaikg< àiffpcraikg kgtc`kecgtc ifg `fs prkgikpa`cs pascs suhkgkstramfrcs, à mkvcrskfiiaikg mc suhkgkstrfs y àiffpcraikg mcgtrf mc a SC, apfyagmf pfskikfgcs ifhugcs y cvktagmf quc fs pascs hs bucr tcs aitcgugkàtcra`hcgtc.

:.5. K+M

Cg ug scitfr mc aitkvkmam iaraitcrkzamf, ifhf ya sc ja cxpucstf, pfr c` aref pàzf (àrea vkma mc as kgsta-àikfgcs, arefs pcrfmfs mc rciupcraikg mc as kgvcrskfgcs) y pfr a kgtcgskmam mc iapkta`, a tcigf`fea jatcgkmf skchprc ug pcsf huy khpfrtagtc y ircikcgtc, pfr à gcicskmam mc ousiar à hclfra pcrhagcgtc mccfiikcgika y mar rcspucsta a à ircikcgtc ifhp`clkmam mc `fs skstchas. Sga prfspcitkva rca`ksta mcoc prcstarcspcika` atcgikg a a cvfùikg prcvksko`c mc as tcigf`feas y mc sus parhctrfs rc`cvagtcs (ifstcs, csiaàcfiikcgtc, hcriamfs, pftcgika` mc às prfpkas chprcsas, va`fr cstratekif mc as mkstkgtas fpikfgcs).


43/56


=9

;. _CES@AIKG

;.1. @a rceuàikg cgcretkia

Cg Cspaa, a rceuàikg cgcretkia aitua` cs ifgsciucgika mc` harif cea` mcsarrf`àmf a partkr mc a pucs-ta cg pritkia mc pf`tkias `kocra`kzamfras f, hs cxaitahcgtc, mcsrceuàmfras, mcsmc à miama mc 1;;>,quc sc jag kmf ecgcra`kzagmf cg Curfpa y cg Gfr tcahrkia prkhcrf y, pfstcrkfrhcgtc, cg pascs mc ftrasrcekfgcs mc` hugmf. Cg Cspaa, c` harif `cea` mc à gucva rceuàikg cgcretkia gaic ifg às @cycs mc`Ycitfr Cìtrkif (@cy 3=/;5 mc ?5 mc gfvkchorc) y mc Jkmrfiarourfs (@cy 9=/;: mc 5 mc fituorc).

@a rceuàikg mc ahofs scitfrcs sc ja mcsarrf`àmf a rkthf huy mcskeua`, cg bugikg mc às prkfrkmamcs pf-`tkias mc iama hfhcgtf, y ifg hfmkfiiaikfgcs ifgstagtcs cg às gfrhas oskias. Y`f à @cy mc` Ycitfr Cì-trkif ja skmf hfmkfiiama y ifhp`chcgtama jasta c` ?5 mc gfvkchorc mc ?>>; pfr ?1 @cycs y _ca`cs Mc-irctfs. Cstf ma kmca mc `fs vakvcgcs rceuàtfrkfs y mc à ba`ta mc frkcgtaikg iàra y a àref pàzf mc aèf tagkhpfrtagtc para à gcicsarka cstaok`kmam mc à aitkvkmam chprcsarka`. Gf mcoc sfrprcgmcr quc à scgsaikgmc kgsceurkmam lurmkia sca ircikcgtc y quc às irtkias a` mcsfrmcg `ceksàtkvf y gfrhatkvf scag ifgstagtcs,sforc tfmf ifg aèugas mc às hcmkmas amfptamas cg `fs `tkhfs hcscs cg rcàikg ifg c` _ekhcg Cspcika`.

Ykg choaref, à irtkia hs prfbugma quc sc pucmc jaicr a à rceuàikg cgcretkia cst cg `fs iahokfsmc frkcgtaikg mc à hksha, ifhf ifgsciucgika mc` skegf pf`tkif mc `fs efokcrgf

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