47
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Agricultural Research Administration
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine
University of California Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station
Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry-
Pineapple Research Institute Hawaiian Sugar Planters" Association
. Experiment Station
ORIENTAL FRUIT FLY INVESTIGATIONS
QUARTERLY REPORT
January 1 - March 315 1951
oOo
G I
-629-
COMMODITY TREATKEtfTS,, Work Project I-o-5. - J. W. Balock, Project Leader
SUMMARY
Line Px'o.teco I~o~fr-1<, Tapor-Heat. Studies.
Work was restricted to tolerance studies on pineapple and tomato. Fine-
apple appeared to respond better to conditioning at 105° and 50$S R.H. than to
110° F. Ratoon fruits were core tolerant to treatment than plant crop«
Tomatoas from Hawaii, Kauai, and Oahu were vapor-heat treated for Kenneth
Hanson of the Industrial Research and Advicoiy Council. Mr. Hanson accom
panied the snipnont to San Francisco and Log Angelas and reported favorably
on the condition upon arrival*
Line Project I-o-5-2« Low Tenparaturo Studies^
Thirty-three (33) tests were conducted with field-infested papaya in therange 30° to 4-5° P, Total tsots to date are 266 with a fruiifly population
of 304.,912o Jfortalrby curves in the tempsrawre rouge 30 to 37° F* are
remarkably similar. Scpcsursa for a nortality rcrobit of 9 are 9J. days at
30° P., and 10,2 days at 37» P. At /+5° P. it is 37 days.
Line Project I~o-5~3t I-fet'nyl B.ronide Studies. (Inactive)
Line Project I-o-^.. . Puni.qant Scresidng.
Forty-three (A3) new materials wore scrooned (all l^logens) in 204tests with 57100 3rd-instar Ier7/ae. Of the naierialf3 tented the iodides
were the moot toxic, and the noxinal coiapound£s vrara more toxic than their
isonars.
Thirty (30) additional fumigation tests v^re coi.ploted ijith ethylenedibromide to conplete rwrtality curver; for D. ouciyrbitaet Data indicate that
dorsalis is more resistant to 3OB than is ouniyAitae., Tacts with ethylene
chlorobronide showed the sane thing, iSCB :1s comswhat less toxic go fruit
flies than EDB.
Tests viith msthyl iodide shovod it to te i^uch Iojjs sffectivo than EDB.
Survivors were recorded at 2 ?.bs./lOCO cu. £ta for 2 hours at 70° Ft,
whoreas 1/2 lb« of 3DB gave no ouryivors. Soms injury to toisatoes and eggplant resulted fron a dosag«3 of 1/2 1b. do this isatoriaH. is no Eoro effectivefor those conraodita.es than :lo 3DB*.
Two jaanuscripta uere prepared duj-iirj the quart©.-? ec follows:
"Toxicity o:? Various Coirspoundfj ao Punigantc to Eggs mid Larvae of the
Oriental Fruit Fly, Dacus aqrjja'y.^ Ilendsl" hy J. !•/,, Balosk and D» L. Lindgren.
"Efchylens Drlbrorildo as a Flnigaat to Destroy Infestations of the Oriental
Fruit Ply, Itogug dorsali3 Henclol, and the 'felon ?ly, Dacus cucurbitae (Coq.)
in Fresh Fruits end Vcgetebloc" by J, !•/. Balock. " ""
Line Project I-o~5~5^ Testa \r±^h Dipo» (Inactive)
-630-
Line Project I~o-5-6. , Gaimajfoy. Tests,,
Two tssts on dorsalis eggs vriLth radio-active cobalt 60 were conducted
with D.t% George Burr of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Ass'ru Young eggs,
1/2 to 2 1/2 hours old were Jellied with 4,000 R. When development for19-21 hour's was pormttod before irradiation, hatch was unaffected at10,000 R,
Line Project I-p^5^7.»... Iitfogtation__Indicos»
Forty-nine (4.9) collections of export grade papaya, avocado, cucumber,
egg plant, string boan, boll pepper, toirato and pineapple uere held to
deterifiine fruitfly infostation. Total collQotiono to date are 255 vith a
voluno of 18,G97 lbs, The lowest iiidex'is e^c plant viith no infestationin 329 poujids; Cayenne pinsapplo has an inde^ of «C006. Tno higliest index
is cucumber with 1*277A- larxrae per pound* ;
tfiscellaneous
Thirtean (3.3) hybrid varieties., compared xrith the Cayenne variety todetermine relative susceptibility to infostation by dorsalis, showed that
9 of the hybrids developed larvao whereas none was obtained in Cayenne.
The fruits wora exposed to heavy fly populations in largo cages.
-631-
Line Project I~o~5~l~ Investigations to Develop Mortality-Tina TemperatureCurves Under Vapor-Heat Storiiization, (Baloek and Nakata)
Work under this heading was restricted ontirely to studies for determining and improving tolerance to the proscribed vapor-heat treatment of8 3/4. hours at 110° F. undor saturation. Four tests were conducted \i±thpineapple and are discussed by Ernest Akan&ne in the cooperative report
froia the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station* Ratoon fruits were moretolerant to vapor-hoat than plant crop fruits, and there was less injury
when conditioning was conducted at 10*5° Fo and 50% RoH., than at 210° F.Conditioning at reduced humidity is absolutely essential for pineapple^
otherwise fruits will not tolerate vapor heatc
One vapor-heat test was conducted with tomatoes for the Industrial
Research Advisory Council at the request of Kenneth Hanson. Tlie toratoes •
were obtained from throe island sources, Kona, Hawaii, and fron the islands
of Kauai and Oahu. They were given a gradual 8-hour saturated approach to
110° F., followed by the prescribed 3 3/4 hours at 110° F. under saturation*The objectives uere to deteraine condition of arrival of vapor-heat treatedtomtoes in California and consumer acceptance*
Details ai'e presented by Akaaine and Hanson under a separate section
of this report.
-632-
Line Project I-o~5r2, Investigations to Develop rfortality--Time--Tenro3ratxa'e
Curves Under Low. TeEiparatureae(Baloek and Kozusa)
A« Tolerance Studies
Twelve (12) tests woro conducted with pineapple, papaya, and avocado todetermine the effect on fruit appearance and quality of 40° F. and 45° F,
temperatures maintained for 3 and 4
Avocado (McDonald va^) appeared normal externally and internally withno in^airment to flavor after 3 weeks at 45° F. After 3 T/eeks at 40° F.rot injury was recorded but could net definitely be traced to treatment but
may have been duo to premature picking. After 4 weeks at 40° F. and 45° Fofruits wore externally normal, internally normal except for some blackening
in vascular system; taste and arona ware r>ornal«
Pineapple stored 3 ueoks at 40° F. were normal except for slight
flabbiness and indications of translucency at the crown end. Taste was
normalo
When stored 3 weeks at 45° F» the fruits were slightly firmer, and
general external and internal condition goodc
After 4 weeks at 40° F, ripe fruits wero norral in color, arona and
taste, tut had lost cono of their fineness. Mature green fruits showed brown
ing externally and cor.G storc-and x*ot.
Papaya fruitc held at 40 and 45° F. for 4 weeks were badly injured,
Ripo fruits det'eloped cevore nnthracnose0 Green fz-uits failed to ripen before
breaking down with stan-ond rot and anthraeno3e0
Details nay be found under Mr, Akanina's jjection.
-far Studies
Thirty-three (33) low tenporaturo studies (Eiperinsnt© 234-266) werecormleted duri-ng the quarter at 30°, 31°t 32ft, 33°, 35°, 37°, 40°, and 45° F.
Four thousand four hundred (4-400) ripa7 fie3.d~infected papayas were used inthese Qxper5xientSc The Qstinstod fruitfly population in those fruits was
101,755 eggs and larvae*
The data are shown in Tables 1 to 8 with nortality linos in Figs. 1 to
7. As pointed out in the report- for the last quarter the nortality curves
in the range of 30° to 37° F. are renarkably sinilar \?ith ell the regression
lines crossing Probit 9 between 9 and 10 dayc V7here the expectancy of sur
vival trould bs approximately ons in about 31,.00C, I&Bride and Sfeson reported
a similar trend vrf.th cspit^^ in 1935-36. The table iramediately following
illustrates this poiirfc quite troll. In addition to exposures calculated to
produce a mortality of 99<9968£ (Probit 9}.? exposures are also presented forthose at Probit 7 in the unaxtropolaisd portion of tho curve. Minimum
exposures for non-survival aro also shown* £xmr.siTy innsdiatoly following is
for. papaya only«
Tenperotures
30
31
32
33
342=/
35
36^/
37
40
45
Totals:
Ho. of
Fruits
2,424
1,116
2,424
1,116
1,524
1,116
1,710
1,066
500
750
13,746
Fruitfly
Populations
Tested
64,682
12,710
64,682
12,910
46,691
14,331
46,525
12:910
11,281
18,190
304*912 .
Days E
ftoMt 7
*&&
5 |i
6 :
5,1 j
5*8 j
!
5,8 !
6,0 !
6*2
16
zoosure
frobit 9
n^9968
9.4
9c4
9.6
9o2
9,5
9,0
11.0
10.2
MMk
37
Winirnin Exposure
uhere no survivors"
■yisre recorded
9
8
10
3
9
8
11
11
<H
>28
3/ From data in last quarfcariy report*
0
-634-
TABLE lo Fruit Fly Mortality in Fruits and Vegetables Held at 30° F. (Current Data - Papaya)
Sept.
Noo Date
239 12/15/50243 12/20/50247 1/ 5/51
241 12/15/50248 1/ 5/51
Si-ana Totals
Totals
Days
Held
8
8
8
9
9
a
8 - 9
1
2
3
456
7
8
910
11
12
1 - 02
Hoc of
Fruits
100
100
200
:j.co
200
700
37
111
37
111
237161
217
861
3U162' 14
162
3,424
Estimated
Population
4,556
3,3852,748
™ r* ;*.■■" r.
4,5562,748
17,993
No. of
Survivors
2
3
0
'-"
0
0
0
S M S H fi 8 IT li S
doiV
0
1
-■-
(Cumulative Data -
1,1892,450
1,1892,450
9.6594,442
7,517
22,8247,458
2,675154
2,675
64., 682
484502
345
235
175
352
50
0
0
0
cue.
0
■
!
0.1.
0
1
O.p.
0
.....
0.0.
0
Percent
O.f.Jflfortality
0 09.0ft.
99.91lOOvOO
'. '»"> t" > •-»• ^- •■ s s
100.00
100.00
i
i 59.29
79o51
37.809O»41
98e 1999e 21
99c973
99.978
?99.987*
Probit
i
i
t
5.245.82
6,17
6.307.08
7c 418.46
8*52
8O66
* One survivor assumed—none obtained experimontallyo
-635-
TABLE 2. Fruit Fly Ifortality in Fruits and Vegetables Held at 31° F. (Current Data - Papaya)
Expt,,
ifce Date
25l(a) 1/30/5125Kb) 1/30/51
255 2/6/51259 2/14/51263 3/8/51
looals
251(c) 1/30/51 j
Days
Held
7
8
8
8
8
.•\
O
9
7-9
Ho. of
Fruits
50
100
100
100
100
400
100
520
Estimated
Population
1,1692,338
1,8861,310
2,279
7,^13
2,338
XX.,320
Mo* of
Survivors
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
EMERGENCES ¥'dor.
5
CUCc 0.1. 0epe 0.o«
0 2
Ocf,
—i
Percent
Mortality
99.23
.1.C0* 00
100.00
Probit
(Cumulative Data - Papaya)
Totals
1
2
3
456
7
8
9
10
n
12
1-12
10
62
10
6220
6290
492100
1040
104
:is.u6
9190
9190
18
199
1,204890292,338262
0
262
12,7.10
1460
0
150
59
0
0
0
0
0
68.42
100c 00
92.11
100.00
97»4999.25
>99.988*100.00
100.00....
100,00
5.48».-
6,41rntra
6S96
7c 43
8.6S
* One survivor assumed—none obtained experimentally.
-636-
TA3LE 3o Fruit Fly Mortality in Fruitc and Vegetables Hold at 32° F, (Current Data - Papaya)
I&pt.
No* Data
240 .12/15/5024-2 12/15/50
244 12/20/50249 1/5/51
Tr.•</.'.-J.G
250 1/5/51
C-raitf. totals
?otel0
Says
Hold
9Q
9
10
3 - 10
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
910
11
12
1 ~ 12
jfto. orlimits
.100
! 100
1 100| 200
200
700
37
111
37
111
2v7
161
217561 •
424362
14162
2,424
1 Estiraatsd . Hoo of1 Population Survivors
4,5.06
35385
2S748
3 M 33 it G E IT C Sdo**
o !0
0
J.
J.
| 2-748 f 0
0
i
\otiLi'wij.iiui'VS X'a'oa ***
1,1692,450
1.189
2,450
9.659
4,442
7,517
16.69110,843
5,423
1542,675
64,e*2
615835279
304170
22
8
32
1
0
0
0
cue*
1
0
0«lo iO.ij, !0«,ot \0a'±\
ii
i
0 o
i
i
0 0
Papaya)
•
i
\
Porccnt
i-brtality :
100.. CO
100,00 ,
ICOcCJO
99oV6
100.00
48,28
65.92
76.5387,5998.2499,50
99*8999.8199c 9908
JProbit
4*96
5o*il
5.72
6,167*10
7.58
86 06
7.398,72
TABLE
-637-
Fruit Fly Mortality in Fruits and Vegetables Held at 33° ?. (Current .Data - Papaya)
Expfc.Ho. Date
252(a) 1/30/51
265 3/8/51
252(b) 1/30/51
252 (^) 1/30/51256 2/6/51260 2/14/5I
Totals
Gvvur, lovely
Totals
DaysHeld
6
7
8
i q
9
9
6-9
1
2
3
456
8
910
11
12
1-12
No. ofFruits
50
100
100
100
100
100
300
550
17
5517
552?
105
147
185
31490
1490
1/.U.6
Estimated
Population
1,169
2,279
2,338
2;.33S
1,886
1,310
5,534
11,320
Noe of
Survivor
20
0
W, ^/! V. P (1 V.
dor0 j cuct
10
., . ■ •'
0.1=
0 r r r "0
0
01
0*Pc
(0urm.tlst5.vG Dat.« - Par?avr>)
22
17722
177
31
1,3552,327
2,5415,560
33626
336
IS, 910
24,
942
59
420
2
0
0
0
0
0
n n t? • ■
3 1
Oof,
S
I
Pfer^ent
Wbrfcality
93.29
100.00
Probit
46,8990c 9166,6737,10
98.52
99-. 91
4.92
6.335.436,137.H8
St12
2IoainMG)
Otooan3Hcj
-p
fiin
<^li
j!
o!
\i,
I_
s
->
-a—r—r
<H
••liO
Of
&;
Hi
j
-si™
OO
-3—hi—f
o
in
m;>
i>-\0
(Xi
5rA
(7-IVH
t>
sa
oo
o
-.vm
:.^
l^-iO
I
£gSR&cj(8888
j2
j.e
•-••»
«^
«o
•«
1jmo
en
n-ico<>QOOQ
I«O
^0toGn
<:>>QQQQ
|[-!
ririHri
sd
ctCt
■iO
O^C\OCJOOOO
.O
COCO
'r-i
v3
■CV
t~i<X
-^--
s-%iO
CvJ
r-l
r^
-<>ir\
i-to
"V.
i-:
O("I
•PO
-639-
TASLE 6, Fruit Fly Mortality in Fruits and Vegetables Held ufc 37S> Fc (Current Data « Papaya)
Expt,
Ho, Date1 DeysJHsld
254(a) 2/30/51
Z%(b) 1/30/51 6
254(c) 1/30/51
254(d)266
1/30/513/8/51
Noo of ! EstimatedFruits j Population
No, or
Survivor aor«
50^
50
50
100
1,269
cue. 0.1,
18 I
0
100
1,169
yo
0
1
0
—[.
V
I 17 8
■; !
Data » Papaya)
1
2
3
4.^5
6
7
910
12
10
6210
6270
1X2
90
192
50
304104
9190
9190
1,187lj.368
1,204
3,6641,1693,558362
21
1030
SO
62
0
0
0
0
1
Percent
nlity Probilt
] 100*00
100.00
JL L*
' 100 -Xj
100.00
57.3994*76
99*97
6*62
3.43
Totals 1,066 12,910
TABLE 7a Fruit Ply Mortality in Fruits and Vegetables Held at /.0° F*
Kind .
, Days I of | No. of j Estimated | No. or 1 K_MJ5 JLILJL2Jd.Jiff?4Lat;lon j S\L?-r?srQ:c$ j dory j cuc^ lJ^JUlJ±iP^ 0*c>«= 5,.fe
24-5 32/20/50 H ' "n I 100 3*385 ! 0 i I (
^j i | :_ I i ^
Percent j
100c (XJ'li'VY [)()
12/7/50 I 21 j » J II1C0 j
\ "111**" Current and
~r~
-641-
TABIE 80 Fi*uit Sly Mortality in Fruits and Vegetables Held at 45° P.
Espt.
Hoo Date
236 12/7/50
246 12/20/50
Totals
Days
Held
14
14
34
237 12/7/50 J 21
238
Grand Totale::
28
1&-2S
Kind cf
Fruit
papaya
* H
;j
1!
si
Ho, of
Fruits
175100
275
1C0
100
750
Estimated
Population
6r9093S335
10,2%.
3,94-3
3,943
13,190
'Ho. ofSur«/ivors
103
294
397
15
EMERGE H C S
dor«
34103
.137
0
i'
cue i
12
22.
0o.Ie
i
O.p, 0oo»
11 5
42 27
53 32
3 6
0,f,
Percent
Mortality
98.51
91.31
96.H
99.62
99.97
Erobit
7,176.36
6«76
7*67
8,43
t and
Froitfly Mortality in
Papaya Held at 30° P.
a alation of
9.0
•H
6.0
\ K A
ft
,-'
-642-
Fruitfly tt©rtaiity ia
Papaya Held at 31° F-
Fig. 3 - Fruitfly Mortslity in
Papaya Held at 32° F,
i Population of 12,710 eggs
■' and larvae tested*
Population of 64,682 eggs
tested.
_Si
99-9968
/
c/99.37
9
yt.i
At.3
Hotel Arrows at exposures where one survivor has been assumed although aone obtained
2 3 4 5 6 7 S : . 2 3 .;£7S91Days
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Line
-645-
Curves taider
)Methyl Bromide Etaniftatioru' (IMCTIffS)
To Test Keu and Previously Untried Fund-Rants for Use
in Commodity Treatments,,
Ao Soreening.Testa (Baloek)
Screening tests were conducted vith 43 additional materials in 204-
tests involving 20,400 eggs and 5 .,100 larvae* These tests ware conducted
in the usual manner in 5-gallon (actually 1^6 1; friction-top tinsoDosages used ran from 0e5 ml» to 2o00 hIL psr can« In irl./lo this amountedto .002!) to 0o 1025* The densities of nany of the materials used could not
be located in the references at hand ao could not be listed as mgo/l.9 whichis the isual method of recording dosages<> In many cases also the data
wore not complete enough for drawing mortality lines and calculating LBjq
and IA55 as has been done with 3;<S materials which have been tested previously*This will bo done for the materials tested here as soon as all the necessary
information is at hand*
The following Table lists the new raat.3r:lals tested, and indicates the
dosage rang© in vrhioh they vsra testedc The mortalities shovm are those
which ware obtained in the concentrations listed in colunms 2 and 3«
TABLE 9= Lists of Sfetcrials Screened as Fi-urdganto .^gcinst Kalced Eggs
(24 bj-"s. Old) and 3rci~Instar> Larvae of Dacus dorsalis*
li/rERIAL-■- -1- 1 b-ii in- ir 11 11 ■ . . hi ■■■■......|-i i, in ,1. j .
Iodide^ n»butyl
n , n-propyl
" j uiethylsne
« , :i-.butyl
11 j i-anr/l
" 3 n-aii^rl
n j allyl
n 9 ethyl
" , cyclohass:-!
" s s-butyl
n , a-decyl
" ; i-propyl
p~cnlorobsneotr:li'luorid9
ls4"-dibrc-raobi?;Gan©
1s3-dibrorrrabiita-'ie
l-bromo-jl-chlorobuivaiie
Concentrations
Tested
lowest
.0025
.0025
.0025
,0025
.0025
O0025
,0051
,0051
B0051
oC025
»0025
=0025
,0325
,0025
,0025
.0325
(ni.zyHighQDt
,,0128
cO128
c.1025
o012S
.0228
.0128
.0128
tt0126
.0128
,0256
.1025
,0523
.0256
s0256
,0513
♦ 0128
Per Cent
Sggs
92-3.00
85-100
100-100
19-100
0-100
100-100
100-100
100-100
100-100
O~93
0-4
0-100
0-5
0-100
0-19
O-3.0
Mortality
Larvae
O-48
4-32
0-100
0-43
0-87
0»44.
100-100
0-16
0-0
0-8
0»4
0-16
0-0
4-45
0-41
13-50
TABES 9 (coat*d)
MATERIAL
O-chlorobenzotrifluorido
IS- «
TribronoKetheso
1? 2-dibrosvobi.vbane
l-chloro-4r»icdobutan8
DichlorobrosnoESthon©
CIiloz-obroEoinethane
Ghlororlibromoisethana
DibroracsiEJthane
bis«- ("fcrii luoronathyl)banaen©
TetrsnaihyXsna chlorohytlrin
1, l~diflxsoro-2,2-dichlo.vcefchetxfi
Biioath;-/-! benzyl chloride
Ethyl banayl chloride
Methyl « l-
l94-dioh3xiro-a-CT2fcen©
Efchylen» chiorohydrin
Propyloa© «
1 f -fluoro~l ? 23 2~trlchloi*oetha3©
1, l-di:?lu.'jrc~2, 3H3icbloro-2~props
Propyl(?:a3 dibrondda
Tetrenfyohylone chlorooroniido
s^noi^l broiTiid©
n~deey! !-
cetyl if
n-octyl r>
n-heayl n
Concsntrations
Tested
Lowest
.0025
.0025
,0128
.0051
,0025
.0051
,0051
c0051
.0051
.0051
.0051
,0051
.0228
• 0025
• 0025
,0051
,0051
.0025
us. 0025
,0051
,0051
,0051
,0051
,0051
,0051
,0051
(na.A)ILighest
.0256
,0256
«1025
cO128
..0051
,0128
•0128
o0228
• 0728
.0128
.2025
.1025
• 2D25
.1025
.0512
.0256
60512
.0512
,1025
.2025
»0123
—
Par Gent Mortality
!
0-8
1,30-8
38-99
8-2C0
100-100
0-2
0-22
3«2
17-96
1-9
0-0
4-0
0-6
22-42
0-99
87-100
35-95
3-27
0-90
0-90
87-100
16
1
0
0
1
0
—
Larvae
0-0
4-4
0-5.47
23-100
0-29
0-0
0-0
4-0
4-8
0-0
0-4
8-0
0-0
0-0
0-98
84-100
28-100
16-100
0-91
0-16
92-88
0
0
0
0
0
«.
-647-
The following manuscript vras submitteds
"Toxicity of Various Compounds a?. Furaigant3 to J$ggs and X.,arvae of .
the Oriental Fruit Fly.. Dacus dorsalis Bendel" by J« W, Balock and
D. Lo Lindgrsnc
Bo Fijrd.gatj.on Tests with BShylene Dibroaide
(Balock )
Thirty (.30) additional funigatiori tests were conducted during the
quarter* These tests vrera confined entirely to field-infested tomatoes
and cucumbers, both prcdoisinatsly infosted by D, sucurbitag, The data
already accumulated on B« dorso,lis \rith papayas and guavas v;er-e considered
adequate for establishing a mortality line for this sp3cies«. Altogether
one hundred and thirty-one (131) experiments have been completed with this
material as follows?
TABLE 10* Srasmary of Fruits arid Frritfly Popiilation3 Tested in Fumigation
Experiments with Ethy3.eno Dibroraide.
Fruit
Noo of
Fruits
papaya
guava
cucuHber
tomato
Totals
4.« 510
1,360
2,9-10
3,750
12,530
Ko- of
Tests
57
4
37
33
131
Estimated f**uitfly infestation
eggs and larvaei!/
7,1463/
28j977^/
150,425
;'L/ Popull.ations basad on rocoverios from non-furaS.gated controls equal to
20£ random ssmplQo
2/ pprsalig 97S 5% cucui'bitao 2,5^»
1A/ Entirely cucurbitae.J/ gtorsalis 2C 2%, '"cucurbitae 97c
data for the thirty (30) experiments conducted during the cur>r02itquarter are presented iK Table 11 combined w.ith the data on all tests to
date with cucunbsrs and tomtoeGe Mortality lines for these 2 fruits are
shown ±ii .Fig* 8, and are compared with the line for D. dorsali^, in papaya
presented iix last quarts:?2s raport* ".lie mortality cm^vos vould indicate
that dorsaiig is cor.siderably L-ore resistant to EDB than is oucurbitaee
A manuscript "Bthylc-nrj DibroniidG as e. Fxirnigant to Destroy Infestations
of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Baeus doj^rJj^ Herxdel and the Melon Pay9 Dacuscucurbitao, Coq. in Fresh FiTui-os ancfWgstables3 was prepared*
G= Tests with MEtfo7len9 ^lgrabroinide., (Ealocic and Kalcata)
Twenty-five (25) tests wero conducted with this.n&tarial, 5 with field-
infested papoya (Hoo. 54.-58), and 20 vrith fiold-infosted cucumbers (Noso59-78)c All azporinsnts wore oonduotRd in tha laboratory's 240 cu0 ft*
controlled to \Jithin + 1° F» of thio t6ap£raturo during fumigation
—648"-
TABLE Ue Ifcrtalitjr of the Imaturo Stages of B. cucurol^ae in Sleld-InfestedToiratoas and Guiba
Hoc of
Tests
1
2
5
3
7
4
11
8
4
12
6
5
.11
4
8
3
3
6
1
3
4
2
5
7
••u,':'Ep'-
Dosaga
Xbs./iOOO ft.3
2/64 (,0156)2/64
1/32 (.0312)1/32
1/3P.
2/^6 (.O6K5)1/16
2/16
1/8 (.125)1/8
1/4 (.25)
1/2 (.50)
:;■•?
2
1
1,-5
1,5
1, 5
2,0
2,0
i
Fruit
cucumber
cucumber
cucumbar
tO322.tci
cucunbsr
toaato
cncumbs?.'
tomato
cucumber
cucmabor
fconato
cSSSr
jHo, of |E3tiaatecl
:ao
250
j
290
470
390
540
390
470
490
•):;;:■
330
230
66JJ
• • «^# •'
[
) 1.364j If 565
1 2r538
•i.,991
2n523
?;.05S
lit"'^993
31.272.- ^~;/""1
1.234
i
l?o. of
Survivors
73
424
i " w
317
154
471!
5
6
n
0
7
't
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
Mortality
94-28
72.91
82.36
93172
99.8999.76
CO iAi'
103.00
99,72
?9c9:J
100c00
100.00
f" >S9«99^'100.00
100.00
100, 00
200c00
100,0;}
200, 00
J
Probit
5,95
7.. 95
8,16
One GU-T-. assumed:; nom obtoilnod
-649-
FIG. 8. Dosage-Mortality Curves for the Melon Fly and the Oriental Fruit Fly in Fruits and Vegetables Fumigated
with EDB for 2 Hours at 70° F.
■p
o
Lo«0
0
-5.0
iuortsliity line ior cucurbitae in cucumbers
R o a dorgelilg. in
tomatoes
T05 ,05 :*Dosage lbs»/lOOO ft.-3
—L J , ^
.'7 .3 .9
.-650-
Pour (4) of the papaya oxperimsnts were conducted a.t 3/4 lbe/l0OO fto3with 2£'2O fruits and an estimated population of 27,708 fruitfly eggs and
larvae Y95»2 dgggalis. and 4B8# fiyfiurbitae)* One (l) experiment was run atthe 1 lbe/1000 ft«,3' dosage» These axporinents were conducted to supplementthe 39 experiments at dosages from 1/16 lbo to 2 1/2 pounds reported lastquarter in wlilch 5,200 papayas were used with an estimated fruitfly popula
tion of 3.42,348 individuals. Last survivors had been recorded at 1/2 lbo/l000fto35 and the£59 experinants at 3/4 lb,> and 1 lb, were conducted to strengthenthe upper portion of the regression
The
lb., to
curve for |)a cucurbita^c However,,' D* euourbitae is quite s bit store-
susceptible to ECE than D. doraalisj This sains situation exists with EDB
as shown in Fig* 8, As a result} the 1,380 fruits and 113136 eggs and larvaeof D," cucurWjtao were not sufficient for developing a regression line for
this species since exactly half the friiits tested vrare at dosages of 1/8 and
1/4 lbe uhora no survivors wsro obtained.
Detailed data for the 25 experiments conducted with BOB during the
current quarter are shown in Table .12.. All the data accumulated to date
with SCB are sutnarizad in Table 13 whore' data are grouped so that teats
with papaya, predominately infested t-zith dorssalis, and cucurabor, entirely
^th cucurbitagj are shewn separateT^', The dosage-nortality curve for EGB
and the oriental fruit fly is shovm as Fiv;*. 9 and is based on data in
Table 13.
D» ?^§M_wiSiJi§ttxyJi:_Iixif^e. (Efelocfc and I?akata)
Of ths 86 compounds aiid n5-xtures previously screened and reported^methyl iodide was listed araong the ?.ioi*o toxic i;hsn tested against naked
eggs and larvas of florsalis,.
To deterrdne its effectiveness in killing these stages in fruits, 12
experirasnts vore conducted during this quartsir in field-infestsd papaya. nvA
Cavendish banana^ Dosages tested wore from 1/16 lbe to 2 Ibs./I000 cuo ft0for 2 hours at 70° F, Fifceen hundred (1500) fruits with an estimated population of X6j930 eggs and larvae, pr'©c!osainat3!iy dorsalis, ware used in thesetests* Two (2) survivors out of a population of 722 xiars recorded at theheaviest concentration tested xihich was 2 lbs./1000 cuo ft,
This riatsrial is nuch loss toxic than EDB avid juiach noro expensive, and
unless it could be used on comodltiar. such as tonato and egg plant, which
do not tolerate SDB too wall, there would appear no ad'/antage in itfs usee
Uhfortunately, only a fe;; tolorance tests ware r-^ri with these coiTEioclities
and these v;er-3 at the 1/2 lb* dosage,, Egg plant vas injiurod hir even tlais
sub-lethal concentration,, Injury was in the fo:esi of mold forHation on the
calyxo One-quartej? rips tomatoes wore uninj-.ired, but nature green fruits
were, Pron the poo?? results obtained there vouM be little to gain by
testing this naterial sny further. More in:?ornation o:a tolerance is pre
sented in Mr* ilfcaraiiie' s saction,.
The r-OGultc of the fvraigation ^eats are shor-m in Table 14O
-651-
TABLE 12* Mortality of the Immature vStagos of D. dorsalist in Ripe- Field-Infested Papayas and D. cucurbitae
in Pield-Im?ested Cucumbers Furaigatetd with Ethylene Chlorobronide at Dosages from 1/32 to 1 ib./lOOO
cu« ft. for 2 Hours at 70° P* (Septs* 54-78)
n
5_.
JSScpt- Date ! n f
\ No, 1951 Dosage-*'i „
! 54 1/10 0.75! 56 1/19 ! "i 57 1/2453 1/25
55 1/17
0*75
1.00
Pru.it
~1 Ho," of (.,,.^._Esj>.iaated_
papaya
Fruits
480
jLBO
ABO
4-SO
Puip*^ .. Adults^/ j
.220
'56l
dor.
75
7,0%s 323
6,936| 294-11,496 4-05
CUC JoX
Of U3..,!f'.V d';r'
1310
I
4-60 5,520
!____
245
XJS91;' 2
35SJ 0
67
406
731
O.I.]
0
0
0
0
l._Adults_dor.]cucs f0« c
-JL.
0.1.
Percent
Jbrtality
100o00
Probit
*5556
rt
6063
67
71
75
control SI
&
t!
1/
120 555
:0 | 1,330
120 1,764
75
2451
323
2/72/3
3/8
3/133/15
120 ! 1,734. 294120
SO-&Z& \
1/32
n
eucuiabsr'tt
70
40
110
160
90
2,874i 405
0
1
43
13
10
343 0
352
6174.06
733.
lP075
73104
0
0
0
555[ 75
323
( Of.
1,764
1.7342^874
143
35S
1117
982
27363
1390
3
30
294»405
0
1
42 617131 40610 731
I
106
2
1
88,62100,. 00
99o0495.89100,00
i'ptal 1/32 1 A !' 3.09 94*79
TABLE 12 (eont*d)-652-
Expt*
No* Date
59 2/764 2/B63 3/8
72 3/13
76 3/15
61 2/7
65 2/S
69 3/373 3/1377 Vl5
66 2/870 3/8
78 3/15
i. . .
59-62
63-6667-70
71-7475-73
Total
Dosage^
1/16
i «
I!
ir
1/8u
;i
n
!i
?;
::
r:
!--/ -.' |
Control»
ti
tt
it
Control
Fruit
cucumbarit
i;
n
I)
II
TJ
;;
n
ii
:(
w
..
if
-J
cucunibor1!
ft
tr
;j
H
Hoc of
Fruits
70
AO
110
16090
70
40
110
• 160
90
nr\
40
110
160
L 90
70
4-0
no
160
90
470
—m
Pup.3/
1,221
15O?5
311
7310A
1,221
1.075
311
73
104
1,221
1,075311
7T
104
. i■ 1 I /, r /
.,'..,. f .■;;.
•■ : •: ;j<
1,221
1^075311
73
104
2.7C4
fci!»ated ?6D\il£>tion
Adul1;s3/
dor«
i
;
I
cue*
1117
932
273
63S3
1317
Qo2
273
6383
1117
932
273
63S3
'I rv'^^'O
982
273
63S3
2518
0,o, 0.1.
Survix^orG
Pup*
JIBn
31
0
f > -v^
2!0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
I %
•VJ
1.221
1,075
311
73
104
2/?a';.
• Adults
dor.
1
cue.
95
1
OcOp
! v6|
1117
982
273
63S3
■2513
■
O.lo
Percent
I'Sortolity
90.34-100.00
99.049806?100500
nr £~>> ,'v ^V%
,-»^-. y-. ', /
1C-0.- (3D
Probit
1 —— J
j
j
1
Sotiniated rjpoitt unfmaigaiod controls hold over sand.Estimated from eriergencG from conorols. Dor.^D. dorsalis,pla^O, lt
o-D, ciipurbitae, 0,ot-0« ootshilus- •
T^ortality when ono s ascizaed although none ^ obtaiiistl G
-653-
Fig. 9, Doeage-Mortality Curves for the Melon Fly and the Oriental Fruit Fly in Fruits and VegetablesFumigated with Ethyleae ''hlorobromide from Data in Table 13.
4?-°
8.0
■ t
7.0
i !a.
•6
5.0
Q Papaya (dorsalics)
O CucuQb^r (cucarbitae)
0
Hote? Arrow indicates no survival experi,aentsliy but iir has been assumed.
AiT .oj- ? .06 .
Dosoge
~654*"TABLE 13* Sunraaiy of Fumigation Data with E, C. Be for All %perinento to Rats {Nos* 15 to 78W at Dos
from 1/32 to 2 1/2 lba./lOOO Cu. Ft, for 2 Hours at 70s F« (Sept, 12r 1950 to Mar. 15, 1951)
If Ibs«/I000 cu, ft. •2/ Estimated from unfuraigated controls (20$ random sample) held over sand.2/ Estimatod from emergence from controls* Dor,=& dornalla,, cuc^D. oSSS3£feli§S> $»
0.1. eg, Iqnfrf.oau4ajgusg
t
S?Oc Of
Sxpts*
57
9
/*55
1 r.
\ 2
j 1[-———•—*■
•»**■•■!" ",i ft
1 <>41
5
5
5
5
ratals
•Cota't
Dosage^/
1/16378
1/41/2
3/41
1 1/2
2 1/2
1/321/16
1/8
1/4
Fruit
papaya
ti
ft
M
«
IT
«
IT
!?
cticmnbarIT
u
it
cul £l3?uit
No. of
Fruits
620
620
760
1,860
1,920
960
540
26060
470
470
470
470
I..8B0
9J.B0
Eptjjnatod Po^t0.ation ! Siarvivors
15S846
155S46
19,426
56,31627j708
18.215
14,0246,8641*329
2,784"
2^704:2,7&&.
21784
11,236
j.?56/A2
Adults ../dor.
2,433
2,433
3,6094*327
1,097
2,650
2,849
1>5O3
271
cue0
43A3
4370
66
32
2
2,5182,5132,5182c5iS
L0?072
4,^5
4,^45
4,4S76^402
0
8585
4^
0Ble
19
19
19.?o
2
0
0
0
79
Q«o*
1,897"35B
0
0
Puparia
6,432
1;159S2
2
0
0n
o
0
145
122
0
0
267
7,942
Adults
doi%
1,259
164
30
CUCS
2
11
0
0
•■'^
109
96
218
0.p»|0,l.
1,597181
30
1
33
.?
0
0
0*o,
I
1-brt,
59c 4192.6999*58
100.GO S
100^00
ion.no !lon.oo !lOOvOO
94,7995c 62^99c6r^100.00
J
i
>2'obiti
5,2/J,6c 4517.64.|8,97j
j
6c 62
6,71
8^355
Ii\
j
0.1. g, Iqnfrf.oau4ajgusg O.OttOc oophiluScLj Most of the parasites recorded as 0<, persulcatua were perhaps 0o ojgghil&Sj but could not bo soparatsd
at the time,,
TABLE
\ Expt, \
I No. •
The Mortality of
Banana l'umigatsd1000 cu. ft. for
-655-
the Immature Stages of D. dorcalls in Field-Infested Papaya and CavendishWith Methyl Iodide in a 240 Cu. Ft. Chamber at Dosages of l/]6 lb. to 2 lb./2 Hours at 70° F.
1951*" ] "Date bo
1/ of }3getireat,edlosaga
! 7
I 3! 9i 10
•Tcr-so.y j
2/1
2/1,t/l
aA2/20
2/202/202/20
!
1/16
1/8
I/V,1/2
3/4
? 1 1/2
papays
* r
«
r
1 2 I4 !
60
60
6060
120
iao
.120
15931 244
3-593! 244| 15935 244
1593 244722? 147
722 j .147
722| 147
en
_12p_ |j J?^2S_,.U7i
2/1 1A6 11/8 !
X/2 ?
u
c
'" ---it— -y ""«
120 \i 10715 156
, 120 \\ 1071 i 156120
i
0
15.07
0
35.781
80,7591.CO
99.17
99»72
r~ —ir^° "I
\ 3011 1420i, .( ----. — - « 301}j 69O| 80 , *.;.v^.;\ 120 {) 1071! 156 } 301S 444! SO \ 157 8^.5-
^7u72/ Estimated from 'uru^migoLtsd controls (20^ random sample)held ovsr sand.
D = d. « D. dogealie
D.c. = D. cucurbitas
0 ,o» = Qjgius oophilua
-656-
Idne Project 5~o-5~5« Investigations of 'Materials as Dips for Commodity
Line Project I-o*-5-6« Investigations of the Application of Radiation toComodity Treatmpntse
Use of Parana Rays («T» \h Balock and Dre George Burr)
This is an continuation of ths studies reported previously in reports
for ths periods July to September* 1950, and January to March, 1950,
In the first toat mentioned, eggs in varying stages of developraent
wore exposed to intensities in the range of 125 to lj.000 Roentgens,, These
intensities uore below LD^q and vora insufficient for drawing mortalitycurves*
The second series of tests yas conducted in the range 1,250 to 10..0CQRo using dorsalis eggs 4 to 6 hours old, and 3rd~dnstar larvae. It wasfound that the eggs failed to survive 5*000 R3 of radiation—no hatch fron1,64-0 eggs. At 2,500 R. the mortality was 57.39s 19 ©ggs hatching out oflj060 exposed,.
The 2 experiments recorded hers v/cro planned to deternina the com
parative effect of radiation on freshly laid eggs and those near completedevelopment.
As in both earlier tests the egga were obtained from orango skin sec~ti-jne fastc-ned to 4" x 4" gl9.es plates with paraffin and exposed to cagedflies at the University of California Biological Control laboratory throughthe courtesy of Mr* Glenn Finney,
The source of radiation v;as radio-active cobalt 606 The ganna rayintensity wa3 controlled by varying the distance of the glass plates containing the orange akin sections from the source. The plates were arrangedaround the 2 cobalt tubes and hold vertically by nails driven into a boardat distances of 1«4», 2e0i:? 2.8", and 4.0", absorbing gasna ray intensitiesof 500, 250, 125. and 62O 5 R, par hour. The sat-up xrcs such that /,. glasssoctions cou3.d be acconiEcdatsd at each distance by placing them so that theyforced sides of a square, irour slidss were placed at each distance, 2containing young c^s, end 2 witJi old oggsr. arranged altematsly,
Aftor irradiation the eggg \:evo t/as!ied off the skin sections and. placedon moist blaclc-dyed filter paper in potri dishes to oboarve Iiatcho
In this tost tho feo lots oiT oggu tested \;ora 1/2 to 2 1/2 hours oldand 19 1/2 to 21 l/P, hours cla.. Thi older eggs uaro approximately 50^developed at the start, since tine required for dorsaJ.ig egrrs to hatch atprevailing tsn^eratui-cc wculd be 4.0 to 4-8 hours,""The"exposure was S hours,producing garsia ray irradiation of 500 H. at 4 inches* 1,000 H. at 2O8 inches,2S000 R. at 2 inches* axa 4,030 11 at 1»4 inches. In'this test the veryyoung aggs were completely killed a& 4,000 R., and only ? out of 495 hatched
after receiving 2r.0C0 Re The older ef;gs were much isoro resistantj only 21^of 1690 eggs exposed to 4;000 IL failing to hatchc
In the second test 1/2 to 2 hour's old eggs were tested only at 1,250
and 2,500 ROJ and older eggs (1? to 21 hours old) at 1,250, 2,500, 5,000,and 10,000 R, The exposure here was 20 hours with distances from the
radio-active source the same as before. Here again the younger eggs barely
survived 2,500 ft, Two hatched out o:? 2,000 exposed, a mortality of 99.9
par cent. On the othor hand, the older egns vrere able to survive even the
strongest intensity of 10,000 R. without interfering uith hatch. Higher
intensities for older eggs would be possible only by reducing the mininuia
distance of 1.4" to the cobalt tubas since a much longer exposura would
lapse over into the hatching period laxLess lower temperatures were used.
The results of two irradiation experiments are presented in Tables 15
and 16. Differences in hatch of the paired samples of the young eggs are much
greater than those in the older eggs in Table 15. Since all the eggs were
handled similarly this is difficult to explain unless the variation is
attributed to differences in the flies from which the eg«s were obtained.
In Table 16 no explanation is offered for less survival at 1,250 It, than
at the higher intensities for eggs 19-21 hours old.
"■658-
TABLE 15* The Effect of Exposure for 8 Hours to Gaana Hays From Radio-
Active Cobalt-.60 on D. dorselia Eggs 1/2 to 2 1/2 Hours Old and.19 1/2 to 21 1/2 Hours OldVTaarch 8S 1951)
Age of Eggs[Distance |No.o.f j Mo. of 1 Ho. of
Section, j Hours {fron cobaltj Rcsntgen's eggs j eggs» irracttatediHatching
1
2
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
| 128
| 13
I 15\ 16
17
20
'2-2 1/2 ! 1.4
2.0
2.8
2,8
4*0
no
i I\ 19 1/2-21 l\/2 1.4
2.0
2,8
4-0
4.0
no
aOCO
2X0
r.oco
L
10C0
SCO
500
0
0
.'•,0C0
/.ceo
JiOCO
r.oco
ixo
500
0
i o
I 159) ! 0j ) 624465} 0
330)
) 495165)
7)
0)
I 1000 f 455) 295)| | ) 880 ) 495
| 425) \ 200)
560) 330)H050 ! ) 712
490} 332)
17S)
) 373195)
! 130)
99)) 229
\
.1030) \ SOS)
)169O }U14610)
620)
}:»-3So
760)
400}):
630)
550)
) 3.260
360)
) 790
306)
523)) 1.144
616}
271)
5 743472)
430}
) 971
533)
303)) 664
361)
Percent
Ee-tca
\
0
62.42)
58,21)
77.76)
75.28)
aoo
97.7
8.37
0
61.39J
j
{63.33); )54.75)
21.5'
I
J80.39)
j67.0)
))S2,9Q)
)72.14 14.27J73..17)
J73.54)\ )77.0<72.82)
83.61)
! )183.48}
1
S.32
-659-
TABLE 16= The Effect of Exposure for 20 Hours to Gaiihaa ttays From Radio-
Active Cobal.t-6'3 on p. doj.*K£di&. Eggs 1/2 'bo 2 flours Old and19 to 21 Hourr, OlcL "'{March IJ," 1951)
I Orangey Age of Eggs 1 "^Distance' \ Number ; lio.Section! Hours \ from cobalti of \ egggs
No. of
eggs
1/2-2
) \ P.osntg:&nsj Irradiated I Hatching
19-21
2.a
4.0
Untreated
2500
2500
1250
1250
0
0
\ 10000
1
2
3
A
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
1/ Gorrscteci with Abbott's formula
(cent1' d)
1.4 !
1.4 |
2,0
2,0
2.0
2,0
2,8
2.8j
10000
10000
10000
5000
5000
5000
5000
2500
2500
l?50
1250
1000)
1000}
400)
165)
400)
)200d1)) 2
15
278)
) 36486)
71
310) 271)1253)
52k
860)
1200)
1150)
1050)
aoo)
)
630)
966)
)1000)
696)
)344)
390)
)2686
1200)
)400)
)340G619)
1000)
1000)
}2000
900)
1G00)
)190G
927)
)2212
276)
533)
)12S3
441)
272)) 713
Percent
Hatch
0.10
64,4
73.so
63.05
65.06
64.15
37.53
I %I iiort
99.36
12.74
TABLE 16 (cont»d)
Orange-Age of EggsjDlstajics 5Ki2mfcsi* j^Jo. of JWo. of
Section; Hour3 Jfrom cobaltf of
is
20
21
22
23
U
25
26
27
19-21
i (inches) iRcentgens Srr&di&tecljHatchixje_?
j-
^ntreated
S
C
c
G
0
G
0
C
C
0
_^f „._!___l/<r~Correcbeci with Abbott's formula.
-661-
FIG» 10. Effect of Gaxama Rays from Radio-Active CobaLt-60 on £<, dgrsalls Eggs
1/2 Hour to 6 Houra Old.
.t-i :>■•*3.0
7,0
•r)
t
6.0
•p
22ou
&,
5.0
3.0
s - Eggs l/2 to 2 1/2 hours old (current data)0-H 4to6 B a (Data from report for Jan.-ffi&r. 1950)
f0
100 500 1000 2000
Dosage - fioentgene
5000
O
I(I)
ft)BtOa
#
Idne Project I-q-5-7. Investigations to Determine Infestation IndicesAn Commercial Grade"FruTts and Vegetables. (Balock and Makata.1
Forty-nine (4.9) collections of Grade A (export grade) papaya5 avocado,cucumber,, sgg plant., string beans9 bell pepper, tomato^ and pineapple
were held to determine the degree of fruitfly iufestatioa. Thanks aredue to Mr, K. Eakaats of Holualoe., Hawaiis for kindly furnishing the
avocados without charge. Mr, Raymond Inafuku ras.de tlis pineapplecollectiorts from fields of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company*
Cumulative data for all collections to date arebriefly as follows?
TABLE 17. Summary of Information Accumulated to Date on InfestationIndices in Commercial (Export) Grade Fruits and Vegetables.
I- o« of
i Co.vaodity Collections
Papaya (mature green)» (1/4 ripe)B (1/2 ripe}
Pineapple (Cayenne)
Tomato (mstnre green)a (1/4 ripe)
String beans
Cucumber
Ball pepper
Avocado
.. H$gg plant
Tote3.E
47
28
23.
53
13
13
5
1320
33
4
No. of
Pounds
66352122
14413271
183634210
1741916
1.415
329
1*1,697
Ho. of
Larva.©
70
46
537
2.
25
444
115
2224
231
0
3,703
Index
larvae per 1b.
.0106
.0217
.3727
.0006
.1366
.7003
.5476
1.2774.2522
.00640.0
Detailed data are presented in Tables IS to 25.
TABLE 18. Fruit Fly Infestation ia Solo Papaya. Keys D.cL
D.c»
0-p.0«o.
a
b
c
= D dqrgalis
cncurbitae
= n
per^uicatus
oophilus
= raatare green fruit
= 1/4 ripe fruit= 1/2 ripe fruit
Totals
Quarter 4
Cumulativs
1/112/193/5
Waimanalos
Totals
Quartsr 4 i
Gumu.lati.v6
5'otals
Quartet' 4
TABLE 19. Fruit Fly Infestation in Tomatoes,
Ho. (lbs). gbtallPsr lb
13 11/16 ] iiekoh&pCeim \ 150 j 46 fe l-f \': tais i J-5C i 4o » -4 ?
TABLE 20. Fruit Fly Infestation iis Striug B
A \ 1/165 I 2/19
To-cais j
Quart-sr 2
Waielu&.Oah'U
0
■III HI | III
!
L I
TABLE 21. Fruit Fly Infestation is Ctscurabei'.
10
11
12
13
iMW«cn<<
1/25
2/16
Burpee Hybrid!
!Burpee Hybrid;,!
£ipapa5Oahta jj 240 | 111
48 § 34
3/6 Biarpe© Hybridj
I 7/aiisians3.o,06biS ISO3/261 ■ do. II HO
94B5
0
0
6 I
Totals
Quarter 4
2i
-665-
TABLE 22o Fruit Fly Infestation in Bell Pepper.
Larval
Infestation
TABLE 23- Fruit Fly Infestation in Avocado.
32
33
3536
37
j
2/23 \3/2 |3/83/153/22
Totals
Quarter
Holualoa5Hs.wai{idost
a
M
1556
50
16
37
26 } 3250 ] 5S
50 j 50
SL|_23L
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
\11J
j
11
0.006 3
:
.!..■ UJ ,V
1
TABLE 24.o Fniit Fly Infestation ia Sgg Plant.
Larval
Infestation
Totals
Qnartar 2
Cuiauiativs
TABLE 25. Fruit Ply Infestation in Cayenne Pineapple.
44
45
46
47
48
4950
51
Totals
Quarter- 9
1/32/5
2/5
3/2
3/23/163/16
3/29
C.P.C.
Libby
Kipapa
Libby Plan
Eunia
bole EI Waialua
r~iRatoq» 20 |
Eatoqja 13
/ "IRatoAa 17 S
46
40
66
75
50
76
5372
60ng*«a»W"3'»«ra
150 I 53^1103C |3S7i
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Miscellaneous:
.-667-
Relative Susceatibility^oJ'jOJi^nneandJjybrid Pineappleo-TO='aa-=**—"**«'• oTDacus dor?
This is a continuation of the studies reported in the last quarterly report'(pp.. 707-713) <. Cayenne and hybrid varieties were exposed to D» doraalig
adults in a large outdoor cage 6lx6!3;73 for periods from 4 to 6 hours-After exposure the fruits were held in the insectary for 4 to 5 days
to allow egg hatch and partial larval development,, and the fmits were
then shelled, since these conditions are optimcai for larval development
in pineapplep and ths shells were hale! over 3and. Since Ceyenne fruits
were escposed simultaneously with hybrids* the results presented in Table26 indicate relative susceptibility oi' Cayenne and the other varieties
tested. The fruits «ere kindly furnished by Dr. Collins of the Pineapple
Research Instituteo
Thirteen (13) hybrid varieties v?ere tasted aad 9 of them permitted
la.rva.1 development, Thirty-two (32) Oayenne fruits exposed at the sametime produced no larvae. On the other hand, although 131 larvae developed
and pupated in the hybrids only 143 or about 10$x reared flies.
TABLE 26.
r ~~
Variety
Cayenneh
1 '10256
t»
11444B
11112R
:ii64i10388
665-PH
991-P15991-P1S111707
11401
CB-553612
6637PL3.1
TOTALS-
Relationship of Pineapple
the DevslopKsnt of Larvae
BoTof Fruits-Ssposed,'
12
10
10
11
4
4
5
2
42I
ii
5
5
1
1
13.
9S
Ho.._.of fruitf
ia v.'hich lar-
Varie in Their Ability to Support
of D^, dorsalis.
|No« of larTaea'eared to puapation
i o °i o
0
7
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
o
01
1x
1
0
0_:
00
! no| 01 2
1
0
0
3
0 ;0 !
0 !
5 12 i2
3
30
0 ita'luttQMHAlA1*dj * m ^m ■- i* j ■ n pnait iij ■ ■ ■* * if *■ i ■*
131 ;•
i No.adults
! rearedi
i
s
1 12i
i o
0
0
1
0
0
0
u
jSeaa iarvae~ji per fruit „
i
0
0
0
10
o !0.5 j0.2
0
0
1.50
0
0
1.0
0.4
0,5 !3-0
3.0
0
Factors Affecting the Keeping Quality of Cut Flowers, Foliages9 Ornamentals,
Fruits, and 7egi5|b£eOO^^#^ J&£J^m£Z{Ernest K. AJcamine) H,JUE*S.
The following is a resume of the studies conducted by the Department
of Plant Physiology3 University of Hawaii Agricultural Experimsnt Station,
during the period ending March 31 f 3-951 on the tolerance of the various
commodities to treatments required for destroying the Oriental fruit fly.
Litehi
stored for 9 3/4months~in deep™fre^iT^erT"stiil of marketable cpsality.
Pineagjile
Ethyiene dibromide fainijjation, Pineapoles treated s?Ath this gas at
the rate of l/2J..W^QpQ..c_u.Mc fset,for 2..hours at 70° F» ssre normal
after ripening"%e!t"s'ooai"tejaperattire and then storing at 55° F» (test 38).
EtiiYlene chlgrobr^mde fumieaMaJl- Pineaooles fumigated with this gaa
at the rate of ^XXX^^^S^%^^%^tJSS^^^3J&l!Si^J^ weI>e d&aagedby the treatsnent to the exfcent that the arom& and taste were adversely
modified (Fruitfly Laboratory test 59} (test 41). After treatoent thefruits Tsrere stored at 55° F. for 6 days then stored at room temperature
sad examined as they ripened*
i2E-^2H^JiOQlX?, gas c?.used the basal end of core of treatedfruit to become translucent (test 37)« It also caused the fruit to developslight lavender pigmentation near the rind region and caused the flesh to
turn slightly glassj' in appearance* #ipe end slightly green fruits sub-
jeoted to this gas at the aani& dosage and then; storeS.&t room teiaperature for
1 or 2 days vere apparen-tly normal, btifc fruits stored, at 55° F» for 6days aftei* the gas treatment r.'ere injured to the extent that the crowns
were decayed (test 40)„ In taste and arons&o, however,, these fruits were
noriaai,,
I,-XSSISMilJ ts fumigated «ith this gas at the rate
iJ!Oi\?j£i^^ anc^ ^iea stored atsimulated* shipping coliditionS at "55° F. did sot show any visible syiaptomsof injmy or loss of aroma ov taste (Fruitfly Laboratory Test 63) (test )
Modified 110° F* vaoor heat trsatajentss PicsappXes purchased from
a local wholesale house &jd subjected to the AiiSEElJSSSSiSiSESSitSSSESiM treatisent ^-ere all injured to varying degrees*
glassy areas prevailed in the fleah and aroma and taste were foreign
(test 39)» Fruits fro^i plant crop subjected, to 4
/ /( 39)p p j ^J_jijo^^4i3isg_
at 110° Fv±4 1/2 hours aparoach-s-SS/i hours atliO9 F. treatment were allseverely injured (Fruitfly Laborstoxy test 6:2) 3 while those from ratoon
crop subjected to the same treatment (I_hojjr§_a2^roach) were only slightlyiajured—some loss of aroJEa (Fruitfly Laboratory t3sfc 63) (test 42) *Althovsgh isjureci to some extentj, fruits from yatobn crop (FruitflyLaboratory test 61) ivere more .tolerant than those from plant crop (Fruit
fly Laboratory test 60) to ther5.,h^«£^alJiQi^£a^^oui^4lJJ5i;X±_ ,_M^^s^mssmsMMJ^lLMms^^JiMLI^^^^Q^ (*est 43)mhe approachperiod for the plant and :?atoon crop was 4JM?<LJt.|Kjurjgg respectively.
-669-
Low tempersture stogase^,. Fully ripe and green to i/4~ripe pineapples^&J£Z^L^ l cpt for the developstored at 4^^SS^^,5^»Xi«&£»^3SSJS5. v.ere normal except for the develop
ment of glassy areas at the crown end (Fruitfly Laboratory teats 44S 45,
46? 47) (test 35). In another test (test 36), l/4-ripe and mature greenfruits stored at the jajiet terapjj^a^£es^j^^_jda^s_ also developed glassy
areas in the crown end'TFruitfly Laboratory tacts 48? 51) • The maturegreen lot stored at 40° F. became brovra on the skin—probably cold injury,
Banana
E£k£ks^^k£gj|ade A^Efi'lSS.v Mature green Chinese bananas subjected
to this gas at the dosage of l/£^Jipj^.cubic Jji§tJoi\,,ZJipnr§^X-7&tJ^slid then stored at room temperature ripaned approxisaately 3 days ahead of
the untreated lot (test 19).
^^|^njTjcJ^£rgbrgalde^uMRatiani Mature green bananas treated with
thi s <?a s aVths"rateTof3^.AfeiJLMM.,MM9.S^'^X2F..JLM9MM^§^kJQ°^ L*»then stored at 55° F. for 6 days^ then ripened at room temperature wsre
normal in every respect (Fruitfly Laboratory test 54) (test 20)-
Msthxl.ioolide^fumigation. Except for slightly accelerated rate of
ripenln|7"^anmas"lu1bj"ected'to this fuaigant at the rate ofJL/5.,ifea/ltffl0Q-OTbicwfee^or_2<iihow8uatti7gPu£w then stored at 55° F. for 6 daysj, thenripened "at"room temperature v;ere normal in every respect (Fruitfly
Laboratory test 54) (test 20)*
sss^saaasssss^&ss^bsjss^ Sxc£!P^ tov slightly accelerated rate ofripening", 'bananas subjected to this fumigant at the rate of jJZJih&/XsSS^.^^^^^%JhQ£^J^S.^&^!^2S^~Ejt.s then stored at 55° F» for 6 days,then ripened at room temperature^ were normal (Fruitfly Laboratory test
72 (test 21).
Avocado
Etngleng^ch^robjximide^fumigatloa. Avocados treated t?ith this gas
at a dosagrof^^Vb_^O^ucibi^.gi^^ then storedat 55° F, for 6 daysHbefora ssposing to room temperature lost thei?.' aromasthey did not exhibit any other sympiorcs of injury (Fruitfly Laboratory
Test 57) (test 25).
Met^l^cdidja^fumis^tions A sesdiiag variety of avocado treated with
this ga~s at ■the"rate"of '2j^>^l^^J^^L^k^SS^JS^SSS^MJ^Mithen stored at 55° F. for 6 days before exposing to room temperaturs did
not show any signs of injury ^hen ripe (Fruitfly Laboratory test 7«i) (test26)3 The Nabal variety of avocado reacted similarly when subjected to
the same gag treatment and storage ccnditiona (Fruitfly Laboratory test 73)(test 27).
Jigg-teiggeratiire..storage. 5.he feicDonald vs.riety of avocado when a 'bored
at 40° Fo (Fruitfly'LaboFatory test 435 and at 45° F. (Fruitfly Laboratorytest 42 for 3 weelCB and then stored at room temperature until fully ripe,
was apparently normal in tastes aroma5 and appearance (test 23)« Whetherthe internal rot observed in some fruits was pathogenic or physiologic in
origin could not be ascertained. Another lot of avocados (variety McDonald ?)reacted similarly T<hen subjected to the same cold storage temperatures for
28 days (test 24).
-670-
Strdagjgean (f^t type)
y^ dibrqmide fumigation, beans fumigated with this gas at the
rate oflZOlIZLSSP^J^^ and then storedat 55° F. for 8 days were normal except for slight loss of aroma (test 15).
Bggglant .{round,
ilSiSS!i-i£.%«S^S§M9S/ Eggplants v?eve treated with this gas atthe dosage of jTaPlb.JTHooO cubic fsat for 2 hours at 70° F* and thenstored at 55° F. (Fruitfly Laboratory test 66) {test 23)» Aftar astorage period of 3 days? the calyx of ths treated fruits turned brown.
Three days later the calyx was vsiy moldy. 1'he asternal appearance of
the fruit was normal. The asoldy calyx, however, made the treated fruit
unmarketable*
Cucumbers e:cposed to this gas at the
at 55° P. for S days were all normal (test 35).^ «»en stored
( )
This gaa at the dosage j^.sW£ dn.d not produce anj' detrimental
effect on cucumbers stored at 55° F, for 9 da^s after treatment {Fruitfiy
Laboratory test 56) (test 36).
Methyl iodide fumigation, hicombers to3.srated this gas at the dosage
of ^4^^^S2^icH£e^iJ[sa^JL^^^ (Fruitfly Laboratorytest 69} ^test 37)« Aftsr tre-Cvtment^ the fruits wers stored continaouslyfor 11 days at 55° F.
Ball Pepper
Pepperss subjected to this
at the rateofl,^^
storege at 55° F- for 8 days «sre noriasl escfipt for tiny sunken areas
on ths skin surface (test 32)»
J^iS^EJiL^a^^^^^Lj Peppers treated with this gas
at the rate of 3/A,J=kjZW^^M^^^J^^^^^ thenstored at 55° F« for 9 days indicated high tolerance to this treataant
{Fruitfly Laboratory test 55) (test 3-4)» tlpon prolonged storage (17 days)at this taTjperatur-35 however^ approximately 30% of the trssted peppers
v/ere severely decayed., whereas none of the control lot showed any signsof decay.
&JMmMS&L. ^ dosage of l/2.rlb./l?Q0qL cubic feet for^J,- caused the calys tissue of treated peppers to mold
severely after a storage period of j.3 days at 55° F. after treatment
(Fruitfly Laboratory test*.67) {test 35)- fae aroaa and taste of the treatedfruit, however, v/ere not altsred by the gao.
-671-
Modified 110° F. vacor heat treatment,. Peopers subjected to the
j&Sro^^JtJ&IJlgiHlS^^ then stored at 55° B for*7 days lost their aroma somewhat, but they were firmer than the untreated
fruits (test 33)«
Tomato
Methyl iodide fumiKstio/G. One-fourth ripe tomato (Fruitfly Laboratorytest 65) in storage at 55° F. for 6 days and then at. room i emperature for
2 days after treatment with this gas at the- rats of UZJMsXU^I^^Xg^test 65) in soge 55 y2 days after treatment with this gas at the- rats of UZJMsXU^I^Ii^JS£^Z^^M==MJI9°Jii. were not °®7 different from the untreated"tomato i^arofiia^Tls.Wrs testers and appeai-ancs. The mature green fruita{Fruitfly Laboratory test &&), however? developed soft sides after a
similar cold storage period and then allowed to ripen fully at room
temperature after the gas treatment (test -46),
Modified 110° F* vapor heat traa-oaent. Tomato subjected to the apprqachj:,
1 TinCF^TT trgatment and then ripened at room temperature
( ) T33/^1ipj3rs aTin-CFTT trgatment and then pee p
before storing r*t 55° F« tolerated the treatment (test 45). There was aquestionable indication that puffiness in the fruit may have been accentuated
by the treatment, A comparative tolerance test of tomatoes grown on
different localities (Kauai, Sona, and Oahu) to the ^^h^treatment was conducted (Fruitfly Laboratory tests 75a? 75bs
AFter^treatmeat, carefully selected fruits were packed and sMpped tothe Pacific Goast by the Territorial Industrial Research Advisory Council
for shipping taste The culled fruits (too greea, too ripe, mechanically
bruised, mosaic-infested, deformed, puffiness, etc.) were kept for homeobservation. They were stored at 55° F. for 6 days, and then ripened at
room temperature before observation.. Because cf the poor quality of the
fruits and because cf lack of comparable control fruits5 observations on
tolerance were very difficult. KevsrthelesGj, in general, it seemed that
all the tomatoes tolerated the treatment. Fvjrthsi-iiiore, it appeared that
so far^uality was concerned;, the Sau.ii fruits rated highest, the ICoaa fruits
were harvested too grean and the Oahu fruits were tobacco usasoie-infested
(test
J^rlea^Jdbj^oiidJg^uj^ation.^ Papsyas treated ¥?ith this fuadgant
ripened at room temperature before storage at 55° F»' were normal in everj
respect (test 76)..
^l^^ES.JyM0^^^0®!,^™?^^^!^^!^ Papayas fumigated with this gc-.s
at thTratTofJ&^S^I^9,J^^I^kJ^^^i^£&^^2^JjL^^ then . .stored under simulated shipping conditions s:ere normal when e xamined at the
edible stage (Fruitfly Laboratory test 5S) {test 78)O
dido fumigation. Treatiaeat of patsayas with this gas at theteem ininjcf **j*»*^eHMtfVw>« -*_•_»'* ^ * ■■ ^^
jgsJvhvj^z^odaaG^u^gsti.on. 1iirea-c;sen'o or papayas watn t-nis gas ax tjt
rate of ^iy^^^^^Jp'o^^^^feet^fjc^J^hjMrjjit^T^^F. prior to storageat simulated shipping conditFbliS* did"iiot "injure i/4^ripe snd mature greenfruits (Fioji-bfXy'Laboratory tests 70, 71) (test 79) *
-672-
Papayas subjected to the
ff.^ j^ treatment were normal
exceptlfor reduced aroma when exaaiined^TrTpeasd at room temperature andthen stored at 55° F.) (test 77),
I»ow^temperatu^e^storags_. Ripe and mature green papayas stored at
4.0° anH 4i55"T7'*-5yere all severoly infested with anthracnose when examined28 days after storage started, -furthermorer the mature green fruits
were scalded (test 75)°
Bro/oiaated carbon oa rot incidence* In order to determine if broainated
carbon has any effect on 3.*ot incidence in vapor hsat-treated oapayas^ scoae
trseted fruits (approved vaoo? heat treatment) ^ere stored with brominated
carbon in air-tight containers at 55° F« for 11 days and then at rcoa
temperature. Observations showed that the carbon was ineffective in
preventing the growth of rot organisms on the fruits (test 80)=
-673-
Extract from Test Shipment Mo. 6 Report to the Industrial Research AdvisoryCouncil and Project 3 Cooperstors, dated April 13^ 1951■ (Kenneth flaason)
1. Eight lug boxes of maturs green -tomatoes from Kona? Ksuais and Oahu
were v-spor heat trsatsd at the federal Bureau of Entoiaoiogy and Plant
Quarantine on iarch 129 1951 • They were packed by -ar. Dick *u»ni(3a and
the writer on i&arch 133 held in the reefer at 55° F, then placed aboard the
Hawaiian Builder on .-.iarch 16 at a t&aperature of 55° F. Upon unloading
March 23 in San Frsneisco,. four boxss were placed in the terminal market
inspectors' warehouse for observation by wholesalers, and four boxes weresent to Los Angeles for observation there.
OF RiLSffLTS
1, Toaatoes
The toiflatoes were ssiected froa coia.3srcial shipments sent tothe riono-L-aiu wholesale produce icarkst froa Kona, Kauai, and Oahu.
Following the a^apor heat trsatnent chey v.sre graded, packed, and storedin the reefer of the Sedsrsi bureau of Entomology and"Plant Quarantinefor two days at 55° F. to 5iJ° F. OivKaroh .1.6 thutomatoes v/ere loaded onthe ship and held at 55° ?. during th?. voyage.
Inspection upon arri-ral showed the grade to be 0O S. 1. ' Thetomatoes ?/ere fir.n snd hard with total- defects ^.3 percent and decay 3
percent, Inspection for color showed variations in -the tomatoes f^om
the different districts. 5.'hs tomatoes from Oahu and Kauai ripened fasterthen the llona tomatoes. This may hfcve been due to \'ar:letal differencesas all lote had bean picfcad iasture jreen sad had received the same treatments
The toaiatoss colored slowly as the warshouse temperature ranged from47°to 55° F. daily, ihe fruit was ilrm and hard and apoearance very good.Some mosaic showed on the Qahn lot in the Los Angeles market three weeks
from packing* Thrse to f::rs fruits per box v;ars sxigiitiy v.atsrlogged, whichmight be clue to hss.b injury.
