Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-1 S e c t i o n 11 Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps A. General 1. Scope These requirements apply to pipes and piping systems, including valves, fittings and pumps, which are necessary for the operation of the main propulsion plant together with its auxiliaries and equipment. They also apply to piping systems used in the operation of the ship whose failure could directly or indirectly impair the safety of ship or cargo, and to piping systems which are dealt with in other sections. Cargo and process piping on ships for the carriage of liquefied gases in bulk are additionally subject to the provisions of the Rules for Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, Volume IX. Cargo piping for the carriage of chemicals in bulk are additionally subject to the provisions of the Rules for Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemical in Bulk, Volume X. Gas welding equipment is subject to the “Guidelines for the Design, Equipment and Testing of Gas Welding Equipment on Seagoing Ships”. Ventilation systems are subject to rules to the provisions of Regulations for Ventilation Systems on Board Seagoing Ships 2 Documents for Approval 2.1. The following drawings/documents are to be submitted for approval in triplicate 1 2.1.1 Diagrammatic plans of the following piping systems including all the details necessary for approval (e.g. lists of valves, fittings and pipes) : S steam systems S boiler feed water systems S condensate systems S thermal oil systems S fuel systems (bunkering, transfer and supply systems) S seawater cooling systems S fresh water cooling systems S lubricating oil systems S starting air, control air and working air systems S exhaust gas systems S bilge systems S ballast systems S cross flooding arrangements S air, overflow and sounding pipes including details of filling pipe cross sections S overflow systems S sanitary water piping (fresh water, seawater) S sewage discharge piping S sewage discharge piping S drinking water systems S equipment for the treatment and storage of bilge water and fuel oil residues. 2.1.2 For remotely controlled valves: S diagrammatic piping plans and diagrammatic plans of the arrangement of piping and control stands in the ship S diagrammatic plans and electrical circuit diagrams of the control stations and power units, as well as drawings of the remotely controlled valves, control stands and the corresponding pressure accumulators. 2.1.3 For steam lines with working temperatures > 400 !C, the corresponding stress calculations together with isometric data are to be submitted. 3. Pipe classes For the testing of pipes, selection of joints, welding and heat treatment, pipes are subdivided into three classes as indicated in Table 11.1. 1 ) For ships flying Indonesian flag in quadruplicate, one of which intended for Indonesian Government.
Transcript
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-1
S e c t i o n 11
Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
A. General
1. Scope
These requirements apply to pipes and piping systems,including valves, fittings and pumps, which arenecessary for the operation of the main propulsionplant together with its auxiliaries and equipment. Theyalso apply to piping systems used in the operation ofthe ship whose failure could directly or indirectlyimpair the safety of ship or cargo, and to pipingsystems which are dealt with in other sections.
Cargo and process piping on ships for the carriage ofliquefied gases in bulk are additionally subject to theprovisions of the Rules for Ships Carrying LiquefiedGases in Bulk, Volume IX.
Cargo piping for the carriage of chemicals in bulk areadditionally subject to the provisions of the Rules forShips Carrying Dangerous Chemical in Bulk, VolumeX.
Gas welding equipment is subject to the “Guidelinesfor the Design, Equipment and Testing of Gas WeldingEquipment on Seagoing Ships”.
Ventilation systems are subject to rules to theprovisions of Regulations for Ventilation Systems onBoard Seagoing Ships
2 Documents for Approval
2.1. The following drawings/documents are to besubmitted for approval in triplicate1
2.1.1 Diagrammatic plans of the following pipingsystems including all the details necessary for approval(e.g. lists of valves, fittings and pipes) :
S steam systems
S boiler feed water systems
S condensate systems
S thermal oil systems
S fuel systems (bunkering, transfer and supplysystems)
S seawater cooling systems
S fresh water cooling systems
S lubricating oil systems
S starting air, control air and working airsystems
S exhaust gas systems
S bilge systems
S ballast systems
S cross flooding arrangements
S air, overflow and sounding pipes includingdetails of filling pipe cross sections
S overflow systems
S sanitary water piping (fresh water, seawater)
S sewage discharge piping
S sewage discharge piping
S drinking water systems
S equipment for the treatment and storage ofbilge water and fuel oil residues.
2.1.2 For remotely controlled valves:
S diagrammatic piping plans and diagrammaticplans of the arrangement of piping andcontrol stands in the ship
S diagrammatic plans and electrical circuitdiagrams of the control stations and powerunits, as well as drawings of the remotelycontrolled valves, control stands and thecorresponding pressure accumulators.
2.1.3 For steam lines with workingtemperatures > 400 !C, the corresponding stresscalculations together with isometric data are to besubmitted.
3. Pipe classes
For the testing of pipes, selection of joints, weldingand heat treatment, pipes are subdivided into threeclasses as indicated in Table 11.1.
1) For ships flying Indonesian flag in quadruplicate, one ofwhich intended for Indonesian Government.
11-2 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
Table 11.1 Classification of pipes into pipe classes
Medium/type of pipeline Design pressure PR [bar]Design temperature t [oC]
Pipe Class I II III
Toxic media all - -
Corrosive mediaInflammable media with service temperature above the flash pointInflammable media with a flash point below 60 !C or lessLiquefied gases (LG)
all 1) -
SteamPR > 16
ort > 300
PR " 16and
t " 300
PR " 7and
t " 170
Thermal oil PR > 16or
t > 300
PR " 16and
t " 300
PR " 7and
t " 150
Air, gasNon-flammable hydraulic fluidBoiler feed water, condensateSeawater and freshwater for coolingBrine in refrigerating plant
Cargo and venting lines for gas and chemical tankers all - -
Refrigerants - all -
Open-ended pipelines (without shutoff), e.g. drains, venting pipes,overflow lines and boiler blow down lines - - all
1) Classification in Pipe Class II is possible if special safety arrangements are available and structural safety precautions arearranged
B. Materials, Testing
1. General
Materials must be suitable for the proposed applicationand comply with the BKI's Rules for Materials,Volume V.
In case of especially corrosive media, BKI mayimpose special requirements on the materials used. Forwelds, see the Rules for Welding, Volume VI. For thematerials used for pipes and valves for steam boilers,see Section 7.
2. Materials
2.1 Material Manufacturers
Pipes, elbows, fitting, valve casings, flanges and semi-finished products intended to be used in pipe class Iand II are to be manufactured by BKI approvedmanufacturers.
For the use in pipe class III piping systems anapproval according to other recognized standards maybe accepted.
2.2 Pipes, valves and fittings of steel
Pipes belonging to Classes I and II must be eitherseamless drawn or fabricated by a welding procedureapproved by BKI. In general, carbon and car-bon-manganese steel pipes, valves and fittings are notto be used for temperatures above 400 !C. However,they may be used for higher temperatures provided thattheir metallurgical behavior and their strength propertyaccording to C.2.3 after 100 000 h of operation are inaccordance with national or international regulationsor standards and if such values are guaranteed by thesteel manufacturer. Otherwise, alloy steels in accor-dance with BKI Rules for Materials, Volume V are tobe used.
2.3 Pipes, valves and fittings of copper andcopper alloys
Pipes of copper and copper alloys must be of seamlessdrawn material or fabricated by a method approved byBKI. Copper pipes for Classes I and II must beseamless.
In general, copper and copper alloy pipe lines shall notbe used for media having temperatures above the
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-3
following limits:
- copper and aluminum brass 200 !C
- copper nickel alloys 300 !C
- high-temperature bronze 260 !C
2.4 Pipes, valves and fittings of nodularferritic cast iron
Pipes, valves and fittings of nodular ferritic cast ironaccording to the Rules for Materials, Volume V maybe accepted for bilge, ballast and cargo pipes withindouble-bottom tanks and cargo tanks and for otherpurposes approved by BKI. In special cases(applications corresponding in principle to classes IIand III) and subject to BKI special approval, valvesand fittings made of ferritic nodular cast iron may beaccepted for temperatures up to 350 !C. Nodularferritic cast iron for pipes, valves and fittings fitted onthe ship's side must comply with BKI Rules forMaterials, Volume V (see also Regulation of the 1966Convention on Load Lines).
2.5 Pipes, valves and fittings of lamellargraphite cast iron (grey cast iron)
Pipes, valves and fittings of grey cast iron may beaccepted by BKI for Class III. Pipes of grey cast ironmay be used for cargo pipelines within cargo tanks oftankers.
Pipes, valves and fittings of grey cast iron may beused for cargo lines on the weather deck of oil tankersup to a working pressure of 16 bar.
Ductile materials must be used for cargo hose con-nections and distributor headers.
This applies also to the hose connections of fuel andlubricating oil filling lines.
The use of grey cast iron is not allowed:
- in cargo lines on chemical tankers (see theRules for Ships Carrying DangerousChemical in Bulk, Volume X),
- for pipes, valves and fittings for mediahaving temperatures above 220 !C and forpipelines subject to water hammer, severestresses or vibrations,
- for sea valves and pipes fitted on the shipsides and for valves fitted on the collisionbulkhead,
- for valves on fuel and oil tanks subject tostatic head.
The use of grey cast iron in cases other than thosestated is subject to BKI approval.
2.6 Plastic pipes systems
2.6.1 Plastic piping system are to be type approvedby BKI. 2)
Each applicable pipe connection, i.e. flange-,adhesive bond joint or bell and spigot connections, isto be included in the type approval programme.Regarding the use of flex type couplings, D.2.6 is tobe observed.
2.6.2 Plastic piping systems including valves areto be designed and manufactured according torecognized standards.
2.6.3 Pipe penetrations through watertightbulkheads and decks as well as through fire divisionsare to be approved by BKI.
2.6.4 The use of plastic piping system is approvedfor piping systems included in pipe class III only.
Dependent on the application and installation locationspecific means respectively additional flame test maybe required. 2)
2.7 Aluminum and aluminum alloys
Aluminum and aluminum alloys must comply withBKI Rules for Materials, Volume V and may inindividual cases, with the agreement of BKI, be usedfor temperatures up to 200 !C. They are not accept-able for use in fire extinguishing lines.
2.8 Application of materials
For the pipe classes mentioned in A.3 materials mustbe applied according to Table 11.2
3. Testing of materials
3.1 For piping systems belonging to class I andII, tests in accordance with BKI Rules for Materials,Volume V and under BKI supervision are to becarried out in accordance with table 11.3 for :
- pipes, bends and fittings
- valve bodies and flanges
- valve bodies and flanges > DN 100 in cargoand process pipelines on gas tankers withdesign temperature < -55 !C
3.2 Welded joints in pipelines of classes I and IIare to be tested in accordance with the Rules forMaterials, Volume V, and the Rules for ShipsCarrying Liquefied Gas in Bulk, Volume IX.
2) See IMO Resolution A.753(18), “Guidelines for theApplication of Plastic Pipes on Ships”
11-4 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
Table 11.2 Approved materials
Materialor
Application
Pipe Class
I II III
Stee
ls
Pipes Steel pipes for high-temperatureabove 300 !C, pipes made of steelwith high/low temperaturetoughness at temperatures below- 10 !C, stainless steel pipes forchemicals
Pipes forgeneralapplications
Steel not subject to any specialquality specification, weldability inaccordance with Rules for Welding
Forgings,plates,flanges, steelsections andbars
Steels suitable for the corresponding loading and processing conditions, hightemperature steel for temperature above 300!C, steels with high/low temperature toughness for temperatures below -10!C
Bolts, nutsBolts for general machineryconstruction, high temperature steelfor temperatures above 300 !C,steels with high/low temperaturetoughness for temperatures below-10 !C
Bolts for general machine construction
Cas
tings
(val
ves,
fittin
gs, p
ipes
) Cast steel
High-temperature cast steel fortemperatures above 300 !C, caststeel with high/low temperaturetoughness at temperatures below-10 !C, stainless castings foragressive media
Cast steel for general applications
Nodular castiron
Only ferritic grades, elongation A5 at least 15 %
Cast iron withlamellargraphite - -
Up to 220 !C, grey cast iron notpermitted for valves and fittingson ship’s side, on the collisionbulkhead and on fuel and oiltanks and for relief valves.
Non
-fer
rous
met
als
(val
ves,
fittin
gs, p
ipes
)
Copper, copper alloys
In cargo lines on chemical tankersonly with special approval, low-temperature copper-nickel alloys byspecial agreement
For seawater and alkaline water only corrosionresistant copper and copper alloys
Aluminum,aluminum.alloys
In cargo and processing lines on gastanker
Only with the agreement of BKI up to 200 !C,not permitted in fire extinguishing systems
Non
-met
allic
mat
eria
l Plastics - - On special approval(see 2.5)
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-5
Table 11.3 Approved materials and types of certificates
Type ofcomponent
Approvedmaterial
Designtemperature
Pipeclass
Nominal diameterDN
Type of materialcertificate accordingto EN 10204 : 2004
1) Casings of valves and pipes fitted on ship’s side and bottom and bodies of valves fitted on collision bulkhead are to be includedin pipe
4. Hydraulic tests on pipes
4.1 Definitions
4.1.1. Maximum allowable working pressure, PB[bar], Formula symbol: pe,perm
This is the maximum allowable internal or externalworking pressure for a component or piping systemwith regard to the materials used, piping designrequirements, the working temperature and undis-turbed operation.
4.1.2 Nominal pressure, PN [bar]
This is the term applied to a selected pressuretemperature relation used for the standardization ofstructural components. In general, the numerical valueof the nominal pressure for a standardized componentmade of the material specified in the standard willcorrespond to the maximum allowable workingpressure PB at 20! C.
11-6 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
4.1.3 Test pressure, PP [bar] Formula symbol: pp
This is the pressure to which components or pipingsystems are subjected for testing purposes.
4.1.4 Design pressure, PR [bar] Formula symbol: pc
This is the maximum allowable working pressure PBfor which a component or piping system is designedwith regard to its mechanical characteristics. Ingeneral, the design pressure is the maximumallowable working pressure at which the safetyequipment will interfere (e.g. activation of safetyvalves, opening of return lines of pumps, operating ofover pressure safety arrangements, opening of reliefvalves) or at which the pumps will operate againstclosed valves.
The design pressure for fuel pipes shall be chosenaccording to Table 11.4.
Table 11.4 Design pressure for fuel pipes
Max.working temperature
Max.working pressure
T " 60 oC T > 60 oC
PB " 7 bar 3 bar ormax.workingpressure,whicheveris greater
3 bar ormax.workingpressure,whichever isgreater
PB > 7 bar max.workingpressure
14 bar ormax.workingpressure,whichever isgreater
4.2 Pressure test prior to installation onboard
4.2.1 All Class I and II pipes as well as steamlines, feed water pressure pipes, compressed air andfuel lines having a design pressure PR greater than3,5 bar together with their integral fittings, connectingpieces, branches and bends, after completion ofmanufacture but before insulation and coating, if thisis provided, shall be subjected to a hydraulic pressuretest in the presence of the Surveyor at the followingvalue of pressure:
pp = 1,5 # pc [bar]
where pc is the design pressure.For steel pipes andtheir integral fittings intended to be used in systemswith working temperature above 300 !C the testpressure PP is to be as follows:
pt pc
perm
perm c! "
#
"15
100,
( )( )
$
$where
!perm (100!) permissible stress at 100 !C
!perm (t) permissible stress at the designtemperature (!C)
However, the test pressure need not exceed:
pp = 2 # pc [bar]
With the approval of BKI, this pressure may bereduced to 1,5 $ pc where it is necessary to avoidexcessive stress in way of bends, T-pieces and othershaped components.
In no case may the membrane stress exceed 90 % ofthe yield strength or 0,2 % of the maximumelongation.
4.2.2 Where for technical reasons it is not possibleto carry out complete hydraulic pressure tests on allsections of piping before assembly on board, pro-posals are to be submitted to BKI for approval fortesting pipe connections on board, particularly inrespect of welding seams.
4.2.3 Where the hydraulic pressure test of pipingis carried out on board, these tests may be conductedin conjunction with the tests required under 4.3.
4.2.4 Pressure testing of pipes with a nominaldiameter less than DN 15 mm may be omitted atBKI's discretion depending on the application.
4.3 Test after installation on board
4.3.1 After assembly on board, all pipelinescovered by these Rules are to be subjected to atightness test in the presence of a BKI Surveyor.
In general, all pipe systems are to be tested for leak-age under operational conditions. If necessary, specialtechniques other than hydraulic pressure tests are tobe applied.
4.3.2 Heating coils in tanks and pipe lines for fuelsare to be tested to not less than 1,5 PR but in no caseless than 4 bar.
4.4 Pressure testing of valves
The following valves are to be subjected in the in themanufacturer's works to a hydraulic pressure test inthe presence of a BKI Surveyor.
- valves of pipe classes I and II to 1,5 PR,
- valves on the ship's side to not less than 5 bar.
Shutt-off devices of above type are to be additionallytested for tightness with the nominal pressure.
Shut off devices for boilers, see Section 7I, E.13.
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-7
Attention should be given to the workmanship inconstruction and installation of the piping systemsaccording to the approved data in order to obtain themaximum efficiency in service. For details concern-ing structural tests and tests following heat treat-ments, see Rules for Materials, Volume V.
C. Calculation of Wall Thickness andElasticity
1. Minimum wall thickness
1.1 The pipe thicknesses stated in Tables 11.5 to11.8 are the assigned minimum thicknesses, unlessdue to stress analysis, see 2., greater thicknesses arenecessary.
Provided that the pipes are effectively protectedagainst corrosion, the wall thicknesses of group Mand D stated in Table 11.6 may with BKI agreementbe reduced by up to 1 mm, the amount of thereduction is to be in relation to the wall thickness.
Protective coatings, e.g. hot-dip galvanizing, can berecognized as an effective corrosion protectionprovided that the preservation of the protectivecoating during installation is guaranteed.
For steel pipes the wall thickness group correspond-ing to the laying position is to be as stated inTable11.5.
1.2 The minimum wall thicknesses for austeniticstainless steel pipes are given in Table 11.7.
1.3 For the minimum wall thickness of air,sounding and overflow pipes through weather decks,see R. Table 11.20a
For CO2 fire extinguishing pipelines, see Section12, Table 12.6.
1.4 Where the application of mechanical jointsresults in reduction in pipe wall thickness (bite typerings or other structural elements) this is to be takeninto account in determining the minimum wallthickness.
2. Calculation of pipe wall thicknesses
2.1 The following formula is to be used forcalculating the wall thicknesses of cylindrical pipesand bends subject to internal pressure :
[mm] (1)
[mm] (1a)
s [mm] minimum thickness, see 2.7
so [mm] calculated thickness
da [mm] outer diameter of pipe
pc [bar] design pressure 3), see B.4.1.4
!perm [N/mm2] maximum permissible designstress, see 2.3
b [mm] allowance for bends, see 2.2
v [-] weld efficiency factor, see2.5
c [mm] corrosion allowance, see 2.6
2.2 For straight cylindrical pipes which are to bebent, an allowance (b) shall be applied for thebending of the pipes. The value of (b) shall be suchthat the stress due to the bending of the pipes does notexceed the maximum permissible design stress (!perm).The allowance (b) can be determined as follows :
(2)
R [mm] bending radius
2.3 Permissible stress: !perm
2.3.1 Steel pipes
The permissible stress !perm to be considered informula (la) is to be chosen as the lowest of thefollowing values :
a) Design temperature " 350 !C
Rm,20o = specified minimum tensile strength at room
temperature
ReH,t = specified minimum yield stress at designtemperature; or
Rp0.2,t = minimum value of the 0,2 % proof stress atdesign temperature
b) Design temperature > 350 !C, whereby it is tobe checked whether the calculated valuesaccording to a) give the decisive smaller value
Rml00000 = minimum stress to produce rupturein 100000 hours at the designtemperature t
Rp,100000.t = average stress to produce 1% creepin 100000 hours at the designtemperature t
3) For pipes containing fuel heated above 60 !C thedesign pressure is to be taken not less than 14 bar.
11-8 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
Table 11.5 Minimum wall thickness groups N, M and D of steel pipes and approved locations
Piping system
Location
Mac
hine
ry sp
aces
Cof
ferd
ams/
void
spac
es
Car
go h
olds
Bal
last
wat
er ta
nks
Fuel
and
cha
ngeo
ver t
anks
Fres
h co
olin
g w
ater
tank
s
Lubr
icat
ing
oil t
anks
Hyd
raul
ic o
il ta
nks
Drin
king
wat
er ta
nks
Ther
mal
oil
tank
s
Con
dens
ate
and
feed
wat
er ta
nks
Acc
omod
atio
n
Car
go ta
nks,
tank
s shi
ps
Cof
ferd
ams,
tank
s shi
ps
Car
go p
ump
room
s
Wea
ther
dec
k
Bilge lines
M
M
M D
D
xx x
x
xx
M x MM
-
Ballast lines
DM
x 1)
-
N
Seawater lines M2)
x
M
Fuel lines
N
D N
x -Lubricating lines - x x N
-
Thermal oil lines
M
M M M M
N
M NSteam lines
x
NN
Condensate lines
Feedwater lines
xx x x
x
x
x
x xDrinking water lines N
x
N
Fresh cooling water lines D N D
x
x - -
Compressed air linesM M
M MN
N NN N
Hydraulic lines x x x x N
1) See Section 15, B.4.3.
2) Seawater discharge lines, see T.
x Pipelines are not to be installed.
(-) Pipelines may be installed after special agreement with BKI.
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-9
Rm 100000 (t + 15) = average stress to produce rupture in 100000 hours at the design
11-10 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
temperature t plus 15 !C,see 2.4.
In the case of pipes which :
- are covered by a detailed stress analysisacceptable to BKI and
- are made of material tested by BKI, BKI may,on special application, agree to a safety factor Bof 1,6 (for A and B see Table 11.10).
2.3.2 Pipes made of metallic materials withouta definite yield point
Materials without a definite yield point are coveredby Table 11.9. For other materials, the maximumpermissible stress is to be stated with BKI agreement,but must be at least :
$ permm,tR
!5
where Rmt is the minimum tensile strength at thedesign temperature.
2.3.3 The mechanical characteristics of materialswhich are not included in the Rules of Materials,Volume V, are to be agreed with BKI, reference toTable 11.10.
Steel pipes without guaranteed properties may beused only up to a working temperature of 120 !Cwhere the maximum allowable stress !perm " 80N/mm2 will be approved.
2.4 Design temperature
2.4.1 The design temperature is the maximumtemperature of the medium inside the pipe. In case ofsteam pipes, filling pipes from air compressors andstarting air lines to internal combustion engines, thedesign temperature is to be at least 200 !C.
2.4.2 Design temperatures for superheated steamlines are as follows :
a) Pipes behind desuperheaters:
- with automatic temperature control :
the working temperature 4 ) (design tempera-ture)
- with manual control :
the working temperature + 15 !C 4)
b) Pipes before desuperheaters:
the working temperature + 15 !C 4)
2.5 Weld efficiency factor v
a) For seamless pipes v = 1,0
b) In the case of welded pipes, the value of v is tobe equal to that assigned at the worksacceptance test.
2.6 Corrosion allowance, c
The corrosion allowance c depends on the applicationof the pipe, in accordance with Tables 11.11a and11.11b. With the agreement of BKI, the corrosionallowance of steel pipes effectively protected againstcorrosion may be reduced by not more than 50 %.
With the agreement of BKI, no corrosion allowanceneed be applied to pipes made of corrosion-resistantmaterials (e.g. austenitic steels and copper alloys)(see Table 11.7 and Table 11.8).
2.7 Tolerance allowance t
The negative manufacturing tolerances on thethickness according to the standards of the technicalterms of delivery are to be added to the calculatedwall thickness (so) and specified as the toleranceallowance (t). The value of t may be calculated asfollows :
[mm] (3)
where
a [%] = negative tolerance on thethickness
so [mm] = calculated wall thicknessaccording to 2.1.
3. Analysis of elasticity
3.1 The forces, moments and stresses caused byimpeded thermal expansion and contraction are to becalculated and submitted to BKI for approval for thefollowing piping systems:
- Steam pipes with working temperatures above400 !C
- Pipes with working temperatures below -110 !C
3.2 Only approved methods of calculation may beapplied. The change in elasticity of bends and fittingsdue to deformation is to be taken into consideration.
Procedure and principles of methods as well as thetechnical data are to be submitted for approval. BKIreserves the right to perform confirmatorycalculations.
4) Transient excess in the working temperature need notbe taken into account when determining the designtemperature.
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-11
Table 11.9 Allowable stress, !perm for copper and copper alloys (annealed)
Pipe materialMinimum
tensilestrength[N/mm2]
Allowable stress !perm [N/mm2]
50!C
75oC
100oC
125oC
150oC
175oC
200oC
225oC
250oC
275oC
300oC
Copper 215 41 41 40 40 34 27,5 18,5 - - - -
Aluminium brassCu Zn 20 Al
325 78 78 78 78 78 51 24,5 - - - -
Cop
per
nick
el a
lloys Cu Ni 5 Fe
275 68 68 67 65,5 64 62 59 56 52 48 44Cu Ni 10 Fe
Cu Ni 30 Fe 365 81 79 77 75 73 71 69 67 65,5 64 62
Table 11.10 Coefficient A,B for determining thepermitted stress !perm
Pipe class
Material
I II, III
A B A B
Unalloyed andalloyed carbon steel
Rolled and forgedstainless steel
Steel with yieldstrength1
> 400 N/mm2
2,7
2,4
3,0
1,6
1,6
1,7
2,7
2,4
3,0
1,8
1,8
1,8
Grey cast iron - - 11 -
Nodular cast iron - - 5,3 3,0
Cast steel 3,2 - 4,0 -
1) Minimum yield strength or minimum 0,2 % proofstress at 20 !C
Table 11.11a Corrosion allowance c for carbonsteel pipes
Type of piping system Corrosionallowance
c[mm]
Superheated steam lines
Saturated steam lines
Steam heating coils inside cargotanks
Feedwater lines :
in closed circuit systems
in open circuit systems
Boiler blowdown lines
Compressed air lines
Hydraulic oil lines, lubricating oillines
Fuel lines
Cargo oil lines
Refrigerants lines for Group 1refrigerants
Refrigerant lines for Group 2refrigerants
Seawater lines
Freshwater lines
0,3
0,8
2,0
0,5
1,5
1,5
1,0
0,3
1,0
2,0
0,3
0,5
3,0
0.8
11-12 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
Table 11.11b Corrosion allowance c for non-ferrous metals
Pipe material Corrosionallowance c
[mm]
Copper, brass and similaralloys
0,8Copper-tin alloys exceptthose containing lead
Copper nickel alloys(with Ni % 10%)
0,5
For determining the stresses, the hypothesis of themaximum shear stress is to be considered. Theresulting comparison of stress of primary loads due tointernal pressure and the dead weight of the pipingsystem itself (inertia forces) may not exceed themaximum allowable stress according to 2.3. Thestress obtained by adding together the abovementioned primary forces and the secondary forcesdue to impeded expansion or contraction may notexceed the mean value of the fatigue stress or theaverage stress to produce rupture in 100 000 hours,where for fittings such as bends, T-connections,headers etc. approved factors for increased stress areto be considered.
4. Fittings
Pipe branches may be dimensioned according to theequivalent surface areas method where an appropriatereduction of the maximum allowable stress asspecified in 2.3 is to be proposed. Generally, themaximum allowable stress is equal to 70 % of thevalue according to 2.3 for diameters over 300 mm.Below this figure, a reduction to 80 % is sufficient.Where detailed stress measuring, calculations or typeapprovals are available, higher stresses can bepermitted.
5. Calculation of flanges
Flange calculations by a recognized method and usingthe permitted stress specified in 2.3 are to besubmitted if flanges do not correspond to arecognized standard, if the standards do not providefor conversion to working conditions or where thereis a deviation from the standards.
Flanges in accordance with standards in which thevalues of the relevant stresses or the material arespecified may be used at higher temperatures up tothe following pressure :
!perm(t,material) = permissible stress according to 2.3 for
proposed material at designtemperature t
!perm standard = permissible stress according to 2.3 forthe material at the temperaturecorresponding to the strength dataspecified in the standard
pstandard = nominal PN pressure specified in thestandard
D. Principles for the Construction of Pipes,Valves, Fittings and Pumps
1. General principles
1.1 Piping systems are to be constructed andmanufactured on the basis of standards generally usedin shipbuilding.
1.2 Welded connections rather than detachablecouplings should be used for pipelines carrying toxicmedia and inflammable liquefied gases as well as forsuperheated steam pipes with temperatures exceeding400 !C.
1.3 Expansion in piping systems due to heating andshifting of their suspensions caused by deformation ofthe ship are to be compensated by bends,compensators and flexible pipe connections. Thearrangement of suitable fixed points is to be takeninto consideration.
1.4 Where pipes are protected against corrosion byspecial protective coatings, e.g. hot-dip galvanishing,rubber lining etc., it is to be ensured that theprotective coating will not be damaged duringinstallation.
2. Pipe connections
2.1 The following pipe connections may be used:
- full penetration butt welds with/withoutprovision to improve the quality of the root
- socket welds with suitable fillet weld thicknessand possibly in accordance with recognizedstandards
- mechanical joints (e.g. pipe unions, pipecouplings, press fittings) of an approved type.
For the use of welded pipe connections, see Table11.12
2.2 Flange connections
2.2.1 Dimensions of flanges and bolting shallcomply with recognized standards.
2.2.2 Gaskets are to be suitable for the intendedmedia under design pressure and temperatureconditions and their dimensions and constructionshall be in accordance with recognized standards.
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-13
2.2.3 Steel flanges may be used as shown in table11.16 and 11.17 in accordance with the permittedpressures and temperatures specified in the relevantstandards.
2.2.4 Flanges made of non-ferrous metals may beused in accordance with the relevant standards andwithin the limits laid down in the approvals. Flangesand brazed or welded collars of copper and copperalloys are subject to the following requirements :
a) welding neck flanges according to standard upto 200 !C or 300 !C according to the maximumtemperatures indicated in Table 11.9; applicableto all classes of pipe.
b) loose flanges with welding collar; as for a).
c) plain brazed flanges: only for pipe class III upto a nominal pressure of 16 bar and atemperature of 120 !C.
2.2.5 Flange connections for pipe classes I and IIwith temperatures over 300 oC are to be provided withnecked-down bolts
2.3 Welded socket connections
Welded socket connections may be acceptedaccording to Table 11.12. Following conditions are tobe observed.
– The thickness of the sockets is to be inaccordance with C.1.1 at least equal to thethickness of the pipe.
– The clearance between the pipes and the socketis to be as small as possible.
– The use of welded socket connections insystems of pipe class II may be accepted onlyunder the condition that in the systems noexcessive stress, erosion and corrosion areexpected.
Table 11.12 Pipe connections
Type of connections Pipe class Outsidediameter
Welded butt-jointswith specialprovisions for rootside
I,II,III
allWelded butt-jointswithout specialprovisions for rootside
II,III
Socket weld III
II " 60,3 mm
2.4 Screwed socket connections
2.4.1 Screwed socket connections with parallel
and tapered threads shall comply with requirements ofrecognized national or international standards.
2.4.2 Screwed socket connections with parallelthreads are permitted for pipes in class III with anoutside diameter "%60,3 mm as well as for subordinatesystems (e.g. sanitary and hot water heating systems).They are not permitted for systems for flammablemedia.
2.4.3 Screwed socket connections with taperedthreads are permitted for the following:
– class I, outside diameter not more than 33,7 mm
– class II and class III, outside diameter not morethan 60,3 mm
Screwed socket connections with tapered threads arenot permitted for piping systems conveying toxic orflammable media or services where fatigue, severeerosion or crevice corrosion is expected to occur.
2.5 Brazed connections may be used after specialapproval by BKI.
2.6 Mechanical joints
2.6.1 Type approved mechanical joints may beused as shown in Tables 11.13 to 11.15.
2.6.2 Mechanical joints in bilge and seawatersystems within machinery spaces or spaces of highfire risk, e.g. cargo pump rooms and car decks, mustbe flame resistant.
2.6.3 Mechanical joints are not to be used inpiping sections directly connected to sea openings ortanks containing flammable liquids.
2.6.4 The use of pipe couplings is not permittedin:
- bilge lines inside ballast and fuel tanks
- seawater and ballast lines inside cargo holdsand fuel tanks
- fuel and oil lines inside machinery spaces,cargo holds and ballast tanks
- non water filled pressure water sprayingsystems (dry pipe systems)
Slip-on joints inside tanks may be permitted only ifthe pipes contain the same medium as the tanks.
Unrestrained slip on joints may be used only whererequired for compensation of lateral pipe movement.
3. Layout, marking and installation
3.1 Piping systems must be adequately identifiedaccording to their purpose. Valves are to bepermanently and clearly marked.
3.2 Pipes penetration leading throughbulkheads/decks and tank walls must be water and oiltight. Bolts through bulkheads are not permitted.Holes for set screws may not be drilled in the tank
11-14 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
walls.
3.3 Sealing systems for pipe penetrating throughwatertight bulkheads and decks as well as through firedivisions which are not welded are to be approved byBKI (see Rules for Hull, Volume II, Section 26, C.8)5)
3.4 Piping close to electrical switchboards mustbe so installed or protected that leakage cannotdamage the electrical installation.
3.5 Piping systems are to be so arranged thatthey can be completely emptied, drained and vented.Piping systems in which the accumulation of liquidsduring operation could cause damage must beequipped with special drain arrangements.
3.6 Pipes lines laid through ballast tank, whichare coated in accordance with Rules for Hull,Volume II, Section 1, N.3. are to be either effectivelyprotected against corrosion or they are to be of lowsusceptibility to corrosion.
The method of corrosion protection of tanks and pipesshall be compatible.
3.7 The wall thickness of pipes between ship’sside and first shut-off device is to be in accordancewith Tables 11.20b column B. Pipes are to beconnected by welding or flanges.
4. Shut-off devices
4.1 Shut-off devices must comply with a recog-nized standard. Valves with screwed-on covers are tobe secured to prevent unintentional loosening of thecover.
4.2 Hand-operated shut-off devices are to beclosed by turning in the clockwise direction.
4.3 Valves must be clearly marked to showwhether they are in the open or closed position.
4.4 Change-over devices in piping systems inwhich a possible intermediate position of the devicecould be dangerous in service must not be used.
4.5 Valves are to be permanently marked. Themarking must comprise at least the following details:
- material of valve body
- nominal diameter
- nominal pressure.
5. Valves on the shell plating
5.1 For the mounting of valves on the ship'sside, see Rules for Hull, Volume II, Section 6.G.
5.2 Valves on the shell plating shall be easily
accessible. Seawater inlet and outlet valves must becapable of being operated from above the floor plates.Cocks on the ship's side must be so arranged that thehandle can only be removed when the cock is closed.
5.3 Valves with only one flange may be used onthe shell plating and on the sea chests only afterspecial approval.
5.4 On ships with > 500 GT, in periodicallyunattended machinery spaces, the controls of sea inletand discharge valves shall be sited so as to allow toreach and operate sea inlet and discharge valves incase of influx of water within 10 minutes aftertriggering of the bilge alarm.
Non return discharge valves need not to beconsidered.
6. Remote control of valves
6.1 Scope
These requirements apply to hydraulically,pneumatically or electrically operated valves inpiping systems and sanitary discharge pipes.
6.2 Construction
6.2.1 Remote controlled bilge valves and valvesimportant to the safety of the ship are to be equippedwith an emergency operating arrangement.
6.2.2 For the emergency operation of remotecontrolled valves in cargo piping systems, seeSection 15, B.2.3.3.
6.3 Arrangement of valves
6.3.1 The accessibility of the valves for maintenanceand repair is to be taken into consideration.
Valves in bilge lines and sanitary pipes must alwaysbe accessible.
6.3.2 Bilge lines
Valves and control lines are to be located as far aspossible from the bottom and sides of the ship.
6.3.3 Ballast pipes
The requirements stated in 6.3.2 also apply here to thelocation of valves and control lines.
Where remote controlled valves are arranged insidethe ballast tanks, the valves should always be locatedin the tank adjoining that to which they relate.
5) Regulations for the Performance of Type Tests, Part 3 -Test Requirements for Sealing Systems of bulkhead andDeck Penetrations.
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-15
Table 11.13 Examples of mechanical joints
Pipe Unions
Welded andbrazed type
Compression Couplings
Swage type
Press type
Bite type
Flared type
Slip-on Joints
Grip type
Table 11.13 Examples of mechanical joints (continued)
11-16 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
Slip-on Joints
Machine grooved type
Slip type
Table 11.14 Application of mechanical joints
Kind of connections
System Pipe Unions Compression couplings6) Slip-on joints
Flammable fluids (flash point < 60 oC)
Cargo oil + + + 5)
Crude oil washing + + + 5)
Vent + + + 3)
Inert gas
Water seal effluent + + +
Scrubber effluent + + +
Main + + + 2,5)
Distributions + + + 5)
Flammable fluids (flash point > 60 oC)
Cargo oil + + + 5)
Fuel oil + + + 2,3)
Table 11.14 Application of mechanical joints (continued)
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-17
Lubricating oil + + + 2,3)
Hydraulic oil + + + 2,3)
Thermal oil + + + 2,3)
Sea Water
Bilge + + + 1)
Fire main & water spray + + + 3)
Foam + + + 3)
Sprinkler + + + 3)
Ballast + + + 1)
Cooling water + + + 1)
Tank cleaning + + +
Non-essential system + + +
Fresh Water
Cooling water system + + + 1)
Condensate return + + + 1)
Non-essential system + + +
Sanitary / Drains / Scuppers
Deck drain (internal) + + + 4)
Sanitary drains + + +
Scupper and discharge(overboard)
+ + -
Sounding / Vent
Water tanks/dry spaces + + +
Oil tank (fp > 60 oC) + + + 2,3)
Miscellaneous
Starting/control air 1) + + -
Service air (non-essential) + + +
Brine + + +
CO2 system1) + + -
Steam + + -
Abbreviations :
+ Application is allowed
- Application is not allowed
Footnotes :
1) Inside machinery spaces of category A - only approved fire resistant types2) Not inside machinery spaces of category A or accommodation spaces. May be accepted in other
machinery spaces provided the joints are located in easily visible and accessible positions3) Approved fire resistant types4) Above freeboard deck only5) In pump rooms and open decks - only approved fire resistant type6) If compression couplings include any components which readily deteriorate in case of fire, they
are to be of approved fire resistant type as required for Slip-on joints.
11-18 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
Table 11.15 Application of mechanical joints depending upon the class of piping
11-20 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
cated above the double bottom must be capable ofbeing closed from outside the compartment in whichthey are installed. (see also G.2.1 and H.2.2)
If remote controlled valve are installed inside fuel oroil tanks, 6.3.3 has to be applied accordingly.
6.3.5 Bunker lines
Remote controlled shut-off devices mounted on fueltanks shall not be automatically closed in case thepower supply fails, unless suitable arrangements areprovided, which prevent excessive pressure raise in thebunker line during bunkering.
6.3.6 Cargo pipes
For remote controlled valves inside cargo tanks, seeSection 15.B.2.3.3.
6.4 Control stands
6.4.1 The control devices of remote controlledvalves of a system are to be arranged together in onecontrol stand.
6.4.2 The control devices are to be clearly andpermanently identified and marked.
6.4.3 The status (open or close) of each remotecontrolled valve is to be indicated at the control stand.
6.4.4 The status of bilge valves “open”/”close” is tobe indicated by BKI approved position indicators.
In case of position indicators directly mounted on thevalve a drawing approval by BKI is to be carried out.
Position indicators based on direct measuringprinciples, i.e. volumetric position indicators, need tobe type approved.
6.4.5 In case of volumetric position indicators thesystem pressure of the control line is to be monitoredby a BKI type approved pressure switch (seriesconnection of pressure switch and flow switch).
6.4.6 The control devices of valves for changeabletanks are to be interlocked to ensure that only the valverelating to the tank concerned can be operated. Thesame also applies to the valves of cargo holds andtanks, in which dry cargo and ballast water are carriedalternately.
6.4.7 On passenger ships, the control stand forremote controlled bilge valves is to be located outsidethe machinery spaces and above the bulkhead deck. 6.5 Power units
6.5.1 Power units are to be equipped with at leasttwo independent sets for supplying power for remotecontrolled valves.
6.5.2 The energy required for the closing of valveswhich are not closed by spring power is to be suppliedby a pressure accumulator.
6.5.3 Pneumatically operated valves can be sup-
plied with air from the general compressed air system.
Where the quick-closing valves of fuel tanks areclosed pneumatically, a separate pressure accumulatoris to be provided. This is to be of adequate capacityand is to be located outside the engine room. Filling ofthis accumulator by a direct connection to the generalcompressed air system is allowed. A non-return valveis to be arranged in the filling connection of thepressure accumulator.
The accumulator is to be provided either with a pres-sure control device with a visual and acoustic alarm orwith a hand-compressor as a second filling appliance.
The hand-compressor is to be located outside the en-gine room.
6.6 After installation on board, the entire system is tobe subjected to an operational test.
7. Pumps
7.1 For materials and construction requirements the"Regulations for Construction and Testing of Pumps"of BKI are to be applied.
7.2 For the pumps listed below, a performance test isto be carried out in the manufacturer's works underBKI supervision.
- bilge pumps/bilge ejectors
- ballast pumps
- cooling sea water pumps
- cooling fresh water pumps
- fire pumps
- emergency fire pumps including drive units
- condensate pumps
- boiler feedwater pumps
- boiler water circulating pumps
- lubricating oil pumps
- fuel oil booster and transfer pumps
- circulating pumps for thermal oil installations
- brine pumps
- refrigerant circulating pumps
- cargo pumps
- cooling pumps for fuel injection valves
- hydraulic pumps for controllable pitch propellers
Other hydraulic pumps/motors, see Section 14.
8. Protection of piping systems against overpressure
The following piping systems are to be fitted withsafety valves to avoid excessive over pressures:
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-21
- piping systems and valves in which liquids canbe enclosed and heated;
- piping systems which may be exposed in serviceto pressures in excess of the design pressure.
Safety valves must be capable of discharging themedium at a maximum pressure increase of 10 % ofthe allowable working pressure. Safety valves are to befitted on the low pressure side of reducing valves.
9. Piping on ships with added classification mark ! or !
9.1 The following requirements apply additionally toships for which proof of buoyancy in the damagedcondition is provided :
9.1.1 Passenger ships according to Rules for hull,Volume II, Section 26, K. as well as N.5 of thisSection
9.1.2 Gas tankers according to Rules for ShipsCarrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, Volume IX.
9.1.3 Chemical tankers according to Rules for ShipsCarrying Dangerous Chemical in Bulk, Volume X.
9.1.4 Other cargo ships according to Rules for Hull,Volume II, Section 28, E.
9.2 Rules for Hull, Volume II, Section 21, D is to beadditionally applied for scuppers and discharge lines,Volume II, Section 21, E is to be additionally appliedfor vent, overflow and sounding pipes.
For closed cargo holds on passenger ships, see N.4.4.
9.3 For pipe penetrations through watertightbulkheads, see Rules for Hull, Volume II Section 11,A.3.4.
9.4 Pipelines with open ends in compartments ortanks are to be so laid out that no additionalcompartments or tanks can be flooded in any damagedcondition to be considered.
9.5 Where shut-off devices are arranged in crossflooding lines of ballast tanks, the position of thevalves is to be indicated on the bridge.
9.6 For sewage discharge pipe, see T.2.
9.7 Where it is not possible to lay the pipelinesoutside the damage zone, tightness of the bulkheads isto be ensured by applying the provision in 9.7.1 to9.7.4.
9.7.1 In bilge pipelines, a non-return valve is to befitted either on the watertight bulkhead through whichthe pipe passes to the bilge suction or at the bilgesuction itself.
9.7.2 In ballast water and fuel pipelines for thefilling and emptying of tanks, a shut off valve is to befitted on the watertight bulkhead through which thepipe leads to the open end in the tank.
9.7.3 The shut-off valves required in para 9.7.2
must be capable of being operated from a control panellocated on the navigation bridge, where it must beindicated when the valve is in the "closed" position.This requirement does not apply to valve which areopened at sea only shortly for supervised operations.
9.7.4 Overflow pipes of tanks in different water-tight compartments which are connected to onecommon overflow system are either
S to be led, prior to being connected to the system,within the relevant compartment, on passengerships high enough above the bulkhead deck andon other ships above the most unfavorablydamage water line, or
S a shut off valve is to be fitted to each overflowpipe. This shut-off valve is to be located at thewatertight bulkhead of the relevant compartmentand is to be secured in open position to preventunintended operation. The shut-off valves mustbe capable of being operated from a controlpanel located on the navigation bridge, where itmust be indicated when the valve is in the“closed” position.
9.7.5 If on ships other than passenger ships, thebulkhead penetrations for these pipes are arranged highenough and so near to midship that in no damagecondition, including at temporary maximum heeling ofthe ship, will be below the waterline, then the shut offvalves may be dispensed with.
E. Steam Lines
1. Operation
1.1 Steam lines are to be so laid out and arrangedthat important consumers can be supplied with steamfrom every main boiler as well as from a stand-byboiler or boiler for emergency operation.
1.2 Important consumers are:
- all consuming units important for the propulsion,manoeuverability and safe operation of the shipas well as the important auxiliary machinesaccording to Section 1, H.
- all consuming units necessary to the safety of theship.
1.3 Every steam consuming unit must be capable ofbeing shut off from the system.
2. Calculation of pipelines
2.1 Steam lines and valves are to be constructed forthe design pressure (PR) according to B.4.1.4.
2.2 Calculations of pipe thickness and elasticityanalysis in accordance with C. are to be carried out.Sufficient compensation for thermal expansion is to beproven.
3. Laying out of steam lines
11-22 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
3.1 Steam lines are to be so installed and supportedthat expected stresses due to thermal expansion,external loads and shifting of the supporting structureunder both normal and interrupted service conditionswill be safely compensated.
3.2 Steam lines are to be so installed that waterpockets will be avoided.
3.3 Means are to be provided for the reliabledrainage of the piping system.
3.4 Steam lines are to be effectively insulated toprevent heat losses.
3.4.1 At points where there is a possibility of contact,the surface temperature of the insulated steam linesmay not exceed 80 !C.
3.4.2 Wherever necessary, additional protectionarrangements against unintended contact are to beprovided.
3.4.3 The surface temperature of steam lines in thepump rooms of tankers may not exceed 220 oC, seealso Section 15.
3.5 Steam heating lines, except for heating purposes,are not to be led through accommodation.
3.6 Sufficiently rigid positions are to be arranged asfixed points for the steam piping systems.
3.7 It is to be ensured that the steam lines are fittedwith sufficient expansion arrangements.
3.8 Where a system can be supplied from a systemwith higher pressure, the former is to be provided withreducing valves and relief valves on the low pressureside.
3.9 Welded connections in steam lines are subject tothe requirements specified in Rules for Welding,Volume VI.
4. Steam strainers
Wherever necessary, machines and apparatus in steamsystems are to be protected against foreign matter bysteam strainers.
5. Steam connections to equipment and pipescarrying oil, e.g. steam atomizers or steamout ar-rangements, are to be so secured that fuel and oilcannot penetrate into the steam lines.
6. Inspection of steam lines for expanding
Steam lines for superheated steam at above 500 !C areto be provided with means of inspecting the pipe forexpanding. This can be in the form of measuringsections on straight lengths of pipe at the superheateroutlet if it is possible. The length of these measuringsections is to be at least 2 # da.
F. Boiler Feed Water and Circulating Arrange-ment, Condensate Recirculation
1. Feed water pumps
1.1 At least two feed water pumps are to be providedfor each boiler installation.
1.2 Feed water pumps are to be so arranged orequipped that no back flow of water can occur whenthe pumps are not in operation.
1.3 Feed water pumps are to be used only for feedingboilers.
2. Capacity of feed water pumps
2.1 Where two feed water pumps are provided, thecapacity of each is to be equivalent to at least 1,25times the maximum permitted output of all theconnected steam generators.
2.2 Where more than two feed water pumps areinstalled, the capacity of all other feed water pumps inthe event of the failure of the pump with the largestcapacity is to comply with the requirements of 2.1.
2.3 For continuous flow boilers the capacity of thefeed water pumps is to be at least 1,0 times themaximum steam output.
2.4 Special requirements may be approved for thecapacity of the feed water pumps for plants incor-porating a combination of oil fired and exhaust gasboilers.
3. Delivery pressure of feed water pumps
Feed water pumps are to be so laid out that the deliv-ery pressure can satisfy the following requirements:
- The required capacity according to 2. is to beachieved against the maximum allowableworking pressure of the steam producer.
- In case the safety valve is blowing off thedelivery capacity is to be 1,0 times the approvedsteam output at 1,1 times the allowable workingpressure.
The resistance to flow in the piping between the feedwater pump and the boiler are to be taken intoconsideration. In the case of continuous flow boilersthe total resistance of the boiler must be taken intoaccount.
4. Power supply to feed water pumps for mainboilers
4.1 For steam-driven feed water pumps, the supply ofall the pumps from only one steam system is allowedprovided that all the steam producers are connected tothis steam system. Where feed water pumps are drivensolely by steam, a suitable filling and starting up pumpwhich is to be independent of steam is to be provided.
4.2 For electric drives, a separate lead from thecommon bus-bar to each pump motor is sufficient.
5. Feed water lines
Feed water lines may not pass through tanks which do
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-23
not contain feed water.
5.1 Feed water lines for main boilers
5.1.1 Each main boiler is to be provided with amain and an auxiliary feed water line.
5.1.2 Each feed water line is to be fitted with a shutoff valve and a check valve at the boiler inlet. Wherethe shut off valve and the check valve are not directlyconnected in series, the intermediate pipe is to be fittedwith a drain.
5.1.3 Each feed water pump is to be fitted with ashut off valve on the suction side and a screw-downnon-return valve on the delivery side. The pipes are tobe so arranged that each pump can supply each feedwater line.
5.2 Feed water lines for auxiliary steamproducers (auxiliary and exhaust gasboilers)
5.2.1 The provision of only one feed water line forauxiliary and exhaust gas boilers is sufficient if thepreheaters and automatic regulating devices are fittedwith by-pass lines.
5.2.2 The requirements in 5.1.2 are to apply asappropriate to the valves required to be fitted to theboiler inlet.
5.2.3 Continuous flow boilers need not be fittedwith the valves required according to 5.1.2 providedthat the heating of the boiler is automatically switchedoff should the feed water supply fail and that the feedwater pump supplies only one boiler.
6. Boiler water circulating systems
6.1 Each forced-circulation boiler is to beequipped with two circulating pumps powered inde-pendently of each other. Failure of the circulatingpump in operation is to be signaled by an alarm. Thealarm may only be switched off if a circulating pumpis started or when the boiler firing is shut down.
6.2 The provision of only one circulating pumpfor each boiler is sufficient if:
- the boilers are heated only by gases whosetemperature does not exceed 400 !C or
- a common stand-by circulating pump is providedwhich can be connected to any boiler or
- the burners of oil or gas fired auxiliary boilersare so arranged that they are automatically shutoff should the circulating pump fail and the heatstored in the boiler does not cause anyunacceptable evaporation of the available waterin the boiler.
7. Feed water supply, evaporators
7.1 The feed water supply is to be stored in severaltanks.
7.2 One storage tank may be considered sufficientfor auxiliary boiler units.
7.3 Two evaporators are to be provided for mainsteam producer units.
8. Condensate recirculation
8.1 The main condenser is to be equipped with twocondensate pumps, each of which must be able totransfer the maximum volume of condensate produced.
8.2 The condensate of all heating systems used toheat oil (fuel, lubricating, cargo oil etc.) is to be led tocondensate observation tanks. These tanks are to befitted with air vents.
8.3. Heating coils of tank containing fuel or oilresidues, e.g. sludge tanks, leak oil tanks, bilge watertanks etc. are to be provided at the tank outlet withshut-off devices and devices for testing the condensatefor the presence of oil. See Section 10, B.5.4.
G. Oil Fuel Systems
1. Bunker lines
The bunkering of oil fuels is to be effected by meansof permanently installed lines either from the opendeck or from bunkering stations located below deckwhich are to be isolated from other spaces.
Bunker stations are to be so arranged that thebunkering can be performed from both sides of theship without danger. This requirement is considered tobe fulfilled where the bunkering line is extended toboth sides of the ship. The bunkering lines are to befitted with blind flanges on deck.
2. Tank filling lines and suction lines
2.1 Filling and suction lines from storage, settlingand daily service tanks situated above the doublebottom and in case of their damage fuel oil may leak,are to be fitted directly on the tanks with shut offdevices capable of being closed from a safe positionoutside the space concerned.
In the case of deep tanks situated in shaft or pipetunnel or similar spaces, shut off devices are to befitted on the tanks. The control in the event of fire maybe effected by means of an additional shut off devicein the pipe outside the tunnel or similar space. If suchadditional shut off device is fitted in the machineryspace it shall be operated from a position outside thisspace.
2.2 Shut-off devices on fuel oil tanks having acapacity of less than 500 liters need not be providedwith remote control.
2.3 Filling lines are to extend to the bottom of thetank. Short filling lines directed to the side of the tankmay be admissible.
11-24 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
Storage tank suction lines may also be used as fillinglines.
2.4 Where filling lines are led through the tank topand end below maximum oil level in the tank, anon-return valve at the tank top is to be arranged.
2.5 The inlet connections of suction lines are to bearranged far enough from the drains in the tank so thatwater and impurities which have settled out will notenter the suctions.
2.6 For the release of remotely operated shut-offdevices, see Section 12, B.10
3. Pipe layout
3.1 Fuel lines may not pass through tanks containingfeed water, drinking water, lubricating oil or thermaloil.
3.2 Fuel lines which pass through ballast tanks are tohave an increased wall thickness according toTable 11.5.
3.3 Fuel lines may not be laid in the vicinity ofboilers, turbines or equipment with high surfacetemperatures (over 220 !C) or in way of other sourcesof ignition.
3.4 Flanged and screwed socket connections in fueloil lines shall be screened or otherwise suitableprotected to avoid, as far as practicable, oil spray or oilleakage onto hot surfaces, into machinery air intakes,or other surfaces of ignition.
The number of detachable pipe connections is to belimited. In general, flanged connections according torecognized standards shall be used.
3.4.1 Flanged and screwed socket connections infuel oil lines which lay directly above hot surfaces orother sources of ignition are to be screened andprovided with drainage arrangements.
3.4.2 Flanged and screwed socket connections infuel oil lines with a maximum allowable workingpressure of more than 0,18 N/mm2 and with about 3 mfrom hot surfaces or other sources of ignition anddirect sight of line must be screened. Drainagearrangements need not to be provided
3.4.3 Flanged and screwed socket connections infuel oil lines with a maximum allowable workingpressure of more than 0,18 N/mm2 and with about 3 mfrom hot surfaces or other sources of ignition shall beassessed individual taking into account workingpressure, type of coupling and possibility of failure.
3.4.4 Flanged and screwed socket connections infuel oil lines with a maximum allowable workingpressure of more than 1,6 N/mm2 need normally to bescreened
3.5 Shut off valves in fuel lines in the machineryspaces are to be operable from above the floor plates.
3.6 Glass and plastic components are not permittedin fuel systems.
Sight glasses made of glass located in verticaloverflow pipes may be permitted.
3.7 Fuel pumps must be capable of being isolatedfrom the piping system by shut-off valves.
4. Fuel transfer, feed and booster pumps
4.1 Fuel transfer, feed and booster pumps shall bedesigned for the proposed operating temperature of themedium pumped.
4.2 A fuel transfer pump is to be provided. Otherservice pumps may be used as a stand-by pumpprovided they are suitable for this purpose.
4.3 At least two means of oil fuel transfer are to beprovided for filling the service tanks.
4.4 Where a feed or booster pump is required tosupply fuel to main or auxiliary engines, a stand-bypump shall be provided. Where pumps are attached tothe engines, a stand-by pump may be dispensed with.for auxiliary engines.
4.5 For emergency shut-down devices, seeSection 12, B.9.
5. Plants with more than one main engine
For plants with more than one engine, complete sparefeed or booster pumps stored on board may beaccepted instead of stand-by pumps provided that thefeed or booster pumps are so arranged that they can bereplaced with the means available on board.
For plants with more than one main engine, see alsoSection 2, G.
6. Shut-off devices
6.1 On cargo ships of 500 gross tonnage or aboveand on all passenger ships for plants with more thanone engine shut-off devices for isolating the fuelsupply and overproduction/recirculation lines to anyengine from a common supply system shall beprovided. These valves shall be operable from aposition not rendered inaccessible by a fire on any ofthe engines.
6.2 Instead of shut-off devices in theoverproduction/recirculation lines check valves may befitted. Where shut-off devices are fitted, they are to belocked in the operating position.7. Filters
7.1 Fuel oil filters are to be fitted in the delivery lineof the fuel pumps.
7.2 For ships with Class Notation OT the filterequipment shall satisfy the requirement of Rules forAutomation, Volume VII, Section 2.
7.3 Mesh size and filter capacity are to be inaccordance with the requirements of the manufacturer
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-25
of the engine.
7.4 Uninterrupted supply of filtered fuel has to beensured under cleaning and maintenance conditions offilter equipment. In case of automatic back-flushingfilters it is to be ensured that a failure of the automaticback-flushing will not lead to a total loss of filtration.
7.5 Back-flushing intervals of automatic back-flushing filters provided for intermittent back-flushingare to be monitored.
7.6 Fuel oil filters are to be fitted with differentialpressure monitoring. On engines provided foroperation with gas oil only, differential pressuremonitoring may be dispensed with.
7.7 Engine for the exclusive operation of emergencygenerators and emergency fire pumps may be fittedwith simplex filters.
7.8 Fuel transfer units are to be fitted with a simplexfilter on the suction side.
7.9 For filter arrangement, see Section 2, G.3.
8. Purifiers
8.1 Manufacturer of purifiers for cleaning fuel andlubricating oil must be approved by BKI.
8.2 Where a fuel purifier may exceptionally be usedto purify lubricating oil the purifier supply anddischarge lines are to be fitted with a change-over ar-rangement which prevents the possibility of fuel andlubricating oils being mixed.
Suitable equipment is also to be provided to preventsuch mixing occurring over control and compressionlines.
8.3 The sludge tanks of purifiers are to be fitted witha level alarm which ensures that the level in the sludgetank cannot interfere with the operation of the purifier.
9 Oil firing equipment
Oil firing equipment shall be installed in accordancewith Section 9. Pumps, pipelines and fittings aresubject to the following requirements.
9.1 Oil fired main boilers shall be equipped with atleast two service pumps and two pre-heaters. For filtersee 7. Pumps and heaters are to rated and arranged thatthe oil firing equipment remains operational even ifone unit should fail.
This also applies to oil fired auxiliary boilers andthermal oil heaters unless other means are provided formaintaining continuous operation at sea even if asingle unit fails.
9.2 Hose assemblies for the connection of the burnermay be used. Hose assemblies shall not be longer thanrequired for retracting of the burners for purpose ofroutine maintenance. Only approved hose assembliesmay be used.
10 Service tanks
10.1 On cargo ships of 500 gross tons or above and allpassenger ships two fuel oil service tanks for each typeof fuel used on board necessary for propulsion andvital systems are to be provided. Equivalentarrangements may be permitted.
10.2 Each service tank shall have a capacity of at least8 hours at maximum continuous rating of thepropulsion plant and normal operation load of thegenerator plant.
11. Operation using heavy fuel oils
11.1 Heating of heavy fuel oil
11.1.1 Heavy fuel oil tanks are to be fitted with aheating system.
The capacity of the tank heating system is to be inaccordance with the operating requirements and thequality of fuel oil intended to be used.
With BKI’s consent, storage tanks need not be fittedwith a heating system provided it can be guaranteedthat the proposed quality of fuel oil can be pumpedunder all ambient and environmental conditions.
For the tank heating system, see Section 10, B.5.
11.1.2 Heat tracing is to be arranged for pumps,filters and oil fuel lines as required.
11.1.3 Where it is necessary to preheat injectionvalves of engines running with heavy fuel oil, the in-jection valve cooling system is to be provided withadditional means of heating.
11.2 Treatment of heavy fuel oil
11.2.1 Settling tanks
Heavy fuel settling tanks or equivalent arrangementswith sufficiently dimensioned heating systems are tobe provided
Settling tanks are to be provided with drains, emptyingarrangements and with temperature measuringinstruments.
11.2.2 Heavy fuel oil cleaning for diesel engines
For cleaning of heavy fuels, purifiers or purifierscombined with automatic filters are to be provided.
11.2.3 Fuel oil blending and emulsifyingequipments
Heavy fuel oil/diesel oil blending and emulsifyingequipments require approval by BKI.
11.3 Service tanks
11.3.1 For the arrangement and equipment ofservice tanks, see Section 10, B.
11.3.2 The capacity of the service tanks shall be
11-26 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
such that, should the treatment plant fail, the supply toall the connected consumers can be maintained for atleast 8 hours.
11.3.3 Where the overflow pipe of the service tankis terminated in the settling tanks, suitable means shallbe provided to ensure that no untreated heavy fuel oilcan penetrate into the service tank in case of over-filling of a settling tank.
11.3.4 Daily service tanks are to be provided withdrains and with discharge arrangements.
11.4 Change-over arrangement diesel oil/heavy oil
11.4.1 The change-over arrangement of the fuelsupply and return lines is to be so arranged that faultyswitching is excluded and to ensure reliable separationof the fuels.
Change-over valves which allow interpositions are notpermitted.
11.4.2 The change-over devices are to be accessibleand permanently marked. Their respective workingposition must be clearly indicated.
11.4.3 Remote controlled change-over devices are tobe provided with limit position indicators at the controlplatforms.
11.5 Fuel supply through stand pipes
11.5.1 Where the capacity of stand pipes exceeds500 litres, the outlet pipe is to be fitted with a remotecontrolled quick-closing valve operated from outsidethe engine room. Stand pipes are to be equipped withair/gas vents and with self-closing connections foremptying and draining. Stand pipes are to be fittedwith a local temperature indicator.
11.5.2 Atmospheric stand-pipes (pressureless)
Having regard to the arrangement and the maximumfuel level in the service tanks, the stand-pipes are to beso located and arranged that a sufficient free space fordegasification is available inside the stand pipes.
11.5.3 Closed stand-pipes (pressurized systems)
Closed stand-pipes are to be designed as pressurevessels and are to be fitted with the followingequipment:
- a non-return valve in the recirculating lines fromthe engines,
- an automatic degases or a gas blanket monitorwith manual degases,
- a local pressure gauge,
- a local temperature indicator,
- a drain/emptying device, which is to be locked inthe closed position.
11.6 End preheaters
Two mutually independent end preheaters are to beprovided.
The arrangement of only one preheater may be ap-proved where it is ensured that the operation with fueloil which do not need preheating can be temporarymaintained. The necessary tanks for such fuel oil areto be arranged.
11.7 Viscosity control
11.7.1 Where main and auxiliary engines are oper-ated on heavy fuel oil, automatic viscosity control is tobe provided.
11.7.2 Viscosity regulators are to be fitted with alocal temperature indicator.
11.7.3 Local control devices
The following local control devices are to be fitteddirectly before the engine
- a pressure gauge,
- a temperature indicator.
11.8 The heavy fuel system is to be effectivelyinsulated as necessary.
H. Lubricating Oil Systems
1. General requirements
1.1 Lubricating oil systems are to be constructed toensure reliable lubrication over the whole range ofspeed and during run-down of the engines and toensure adequate heat transfer.
1.2 Priming pumps
Where necessary, priming pumps are to be providedfor supplying lubricating oil to the engines.
1.3 Emergency lubrication
A suitable emergency lubricating oil supply (e.g.gravity tank) is to be arranged for machinery whichmay be damaged in case of interruption of lubricatingoil supply.
1.4 Lubricating oil treatment
1.4.1 Equipment necessary for adequate treatmentof lubricating oil such as purifiers, automaticback-flushing filters, filters and free-jet centrifuges areto be provided.
1.4.2 In the case of auxiliary engines running onheavy fuel which are supplied from a commonlubricating oil tank, suitable equipment is to be fittedto ensure that in case of failure of the commonlubricating oil treatment system of ingress of fuel orcooling water into the lubricating oil circuit, theauxiliary engines required to safeguard the powersupply in accordance with the Rules for Electrical
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-27
Installation, Volume IV, Section 3.C remain fullyoperational.
2.1.1 For the capacity and location of these tankssee Section 10, C.
2.1.2 Where an engine lubricating oil circulationtank extends to the bottom shell plating on ships forwhich a double bottom is required in the engine room,shut-off valve are to be fitted in the drain pipesbetween engine casing and circulating tank. Thesevalves are to be capable of being closed from a levelabove the lower platform.
2.1.3 The suction connections of lubricating oilpumps are to be located as far as possible from drainpipes.
2.1.4 Gravity tank is to be fitted with an overflowpipe which leads to the circulating tank. Arrangementsare to be made for observing the flow of excess oil inthe overflow pipe.
2.2 Filling and suction lines
2.2.1 Filling and suction lines of lubricating oiltanks with capacity of 500 litres and more and locatedabove the double bottom and which in case of theirdamaged lubricating oil may leak, are to be fitted withdirectly on the tanks with shut-off devices according toG.2.1. The remote operation of shut off devicesaccording to G.2.1, which are kept closed duringnormal operation, can be dispensed with.
S for valves which are kept closed during normaloperation.
S where an unintended operation of a quick closingvalve would endanger the safe operation of themain propulsion plant or essential auxiliarymachinery
2.2.2 Where lubricating oil lines must be led in thevicinity of hot machinery, e.g. superheated steamturbines, steel pipes which should be in one length andwhich are protected where necessary are to be used.
2.2.3 For screening arrangements of lubricating oilpipes G.3.4 applies as appropriate.2.3 Filters
2.3.1 Lubricating oil filters are to be fitted in thedelivery lines of the lubricating oil pumps.
2.3.2 Mesh size and filter capacity are to be inaccordance with the requirements of the enginemanufacturer..
2.3.3 Uninterrupted supply of filtered lubricatingoil has to be ensured under cleaning and maintenanceconditions of filter equipment. In case of automaticback-flushing filters it is to be ensured that a failure ofthe automatic back-flushing will not lead to a total loss
of filtration.
2.3.4 Back-flushing intervals of automatic back-flushing filter provided for intermittent back-flushingare to be monitored
2.3.5 Main lubricating oil filters are to be fittedwith differential pressure monitoring. On enginesprovided for operation with gas oil only, differentialpressure monitoring may be dispensed with.
2.3.6 Engines for the exclusive operation ofemergency generators and emergency fire pumps maybe fitted with simplex filters.
2.3.7 For the protection of the lubricating oilpumps, simplex filter may be installed on the suctionside of the pumps if they have a minimum mesh size of100 µ.
2.3.8 For the arrangement of filters, see Section 2,G.3.
2.4 Lubricating oil coolers
It is recommended that turbine and large engine plantsbe provided with more than one oil cooler.
2.5 Oil level indicators
Machines with their own oil charge are to be providedwith a means of determining the oil level from outsideduring operation. This requirement also applies toreduction gears, thrust bearings and shaft bearings.
2.6 Purifiers
The requirements in G.7 apply as appropriate.
3. Lubricating oil pumps
3.1 Main engines
3.1.1 Main and independent stand-by pumps are tobe arranged.
Main pumps driven by the main engines are to be sodesigned that the lubricating oil supply is ensured overthe whole range of operation.
3.1.2 For plants with more than one main engine,see Section 2, G.4.2.3.
3.2 Main turbine plant
3.2.1 Main and independent stand-by lubricating oilpumps are to be provided.
3.2.2 Emergency lubrication
The lubricating oil supply to the main turbine plant forcooling the bearings during the run-down period is tobe assured in the event of failure of the power supply.By means of suitable arrangements such as gravitytanks the supply of oil is also to be assured duringstarting of the emergency lubrication system.
3.3 Main reduction gearing (motor vessels)
11-28 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
3.3.1 Lubricating oil is to be supplied by a mainpump and an independent stand-by pump.
3.3.2 Where a reduction gear has been approved bythe BKI to have adequate self-lubrication at 75 % ofthe torque of the propelling engine, a stand-bylubricating oil pump for the reduction gear may bedispensed with up to a power ratio of
P/nl [kW/Rpm] " 3,0
nl [Rpm] gear input revolution
3.3.3 The requirements under 3.1.2 are to be ap-plied for multi-propeller plants and plants with morethan one engine.
3.4 Auxiliary machinery
3.4.1 Diesel generators
Where more than one diesel generator is available,stand-by pumps are not required.
Where only one diesel generator is available (e.g. onturbine-driven vessels where the diesel generator isneeded for start-up etc.) a complete spare pump is tobe carried on board.
3.4.2 Auxiliary turbines
Turbogenerators and turbines used for drivingimportant auxiliaries such as boiler feed water pumpsetc. are to be equipped with a main pump and anindependent auxiliary pump. The auxiliary pump is tobe designed to ensure a sufficient supply of lubricatingoil during the start-up and run-down operation.
I. Seawater Cooling Systems
1. Sea suctions, sea chests
1.1 At least two sea chests are to be provided.Wherever possible, the sea chests are to be arranged aslow as possible on either side of the ship.
1.2 For service in shallow waters, it is recommendedthat an additional high seawater intake should beprovided.
1.3 It is to be ensured that the total seawater supplyfor the engines can be taken from only one sea chest.
1.4 Each sea chest is to be provided with an effectivevent. The following venting arrangements will beapproved:
- an air pipe of at least 32 mm ID which can beshut off and which extends above the bulkheaddeck
- adequately dimensioned ventilation slots in theshell plating.
1.5 Steam or compressed air connections are to beprovided for clearing the sea chest gratings. The steamor compressed air lines are to be fitted with shutoff
valves fitted directly to the sea chests. Compressed airfor blowing through sea chest gratings may exceed 2bar only if the sea chests are constructed for higherpressures.
1.6 Where a sea chest is exclusively arranged aschest cooler the steam or compressed airlines forclearing, may with BKI’s agreement, be dispensedwith according to 1.5.
2. Special rules for ships with ice class
2.1 For one of the sea chests specified in 1.1 the seainlet is to be located as near as possible to midship andas far as possible to aft. The seawater discharge line ofthe entire engine plant is to be connected to the top ofthe sea chest.
2.1.1 For ships with ice class ES 1 to ES 4 the seachest is to be arranged as follows:
- In calculating the volume of the chest thefollowing value shall be applied as a guide
about 1 m3 for every 750 kW of the ship's engineoutput including the output of auxiliary engines.
- The sea chest shall be of sufficient height toallow ice to accumulate above the inlet pipe.
- The free area of the strum holes shall be not lessthan four times the sectional area of the inletpipe.
2.1.2 As an alternative two smaller sea chests of adesign as specified in 2.1.1 may be arranged.
2.1.3 All discharge valves shall be so arranged thatthe discharge of water at any draught will not beobstructed by ice.
2.2 Where necessary, a steam connection or aheating coil is to be arranged for de-icing and thawingthe sea chests.
2.3 Additionally, cooling water supply to the engineplant may be arranged from ballast tanks withcirculation cooling.
This system does not replace the requirement stated in2.1.1.
2.4 For the fire pumps, see Section 12, E.1.3.6.
3. Sea valves
3.1 Sea valves are to be so arranged that they can beoperated from above the floor plates.
3.2 Discharge pipes for seawater cooling systems areto be fitted with a shut-off valve at the shell.
4. Strainer
The suction lines of the seawater pumps are to be fittedwith strainers.
The strainers are to be so arranged that they can becleaned during services.
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-29
Where cooling water is supplied by means of a scoop,strainers in the main seawater cooling line can bedispensed with.
5. Seawater cooling pumps
5.1 Diesel engine plants
5.1.1 Main propulsion plants are to be providedwith main and stand-by cooling water pumps.
5.1.2 The main cooling water pump may beattached to the propulsion plant. It is to be ensured thatthe attached pump is of sufficient capacity for thecooling water required by main engine and auxiliaryequipments over the whole speed range of thepropulsion plant.
The drive of the stand-by cooling water pump is to beindependent of the main engine.
5.1.3 Main and stand-by cooling water pumps areeach to be of sufficient capacity to meet the maximumcooling water requirements of the plant.
Alternatively, three cooling water pumps of the samecapacity and delivery head may be arranged, providedthat two of the pumps are sufficient to supply therequired cooling water for full load operation of theplant.
With this arrangement it is permissible for the secondpump to be automatically put into operation only in thehigher temperature range by means of a thermostat.
5.1.4 Ballast pumps or other suitable seawaterpumps may be used as stand-by cooling water pumps.
5.1.5 Where cooling water is supplied by means ofa scoop, the main and stand-by cooling water pumpsare to be of a capacity which will ensure reliableoperation of the plant under partial load conditions andastern operation as required in Section 2, E.5.1.1.e).The main cooling water pump is to be automaticallystarted as soon as the speed falls below that requiredfor the operation of the scoop.
5.2 Steam turbine plants
5.2.1 Steam turbine plants are to be provided witha main and a stand-by cooling water pump.
The main cooling water pump is to be of sufficientcapacity to supply the maximum cooling waterrequirements of the turbine plant. The capacity of thestand-by cooling water pump is to be such as to ensurereliable operation of the plant also during asternoperation.
5.2.2 Where cooling water is supplied by means ofa scoop, the main cooling water pump is to be ofsufficient capacity for the cooling water requirementsof the turbine plant under conditions of maximumastern output.
The main cooling water pump is to start automaticallyas soon as the speed falls below that required for theoperation of the scoop.
5.3 Plants with more than one main engine
For plants with more than one engine and withseparate cooling water systems, complete spare pumpson board may be accepted instead of stand-by pumpsprovided that the main seawater cooling pumps are soarranged that they can be replaced with the meansavailable on board.
5.4 Cooling water supply for auxiliary engines
Where a common cooling water pump is provided toserve more than one auxiliary engine, an independentstand-by cooling water pump with the same capacityis to be fitted. Independently operated cooling waterpumps of the main engine plant may be used to supplycooling water to auxiliary engines while at sea,provided that the capacity of such pumps is sufficientto meet the additional cooling water requirement.
If each auxiliary engine is fitted with an attachedcooling water pump, no stand-by cooling water pumpsneed be provided.
6. Cooling water supply in dock
It is recommended that a supply of cooling water, e.g.from a water ballast tank, should be available so that atleast one diesel generator and, if necessary, thedomestic refrigerating plant may be run when the shipis in dock.
Cargo and container cooling systems shall conform tothe requirements stated in Rules for RefrigeratingInstallations, Volume VIII, Section l, I.4.
K. Fresh Water Cooling Systems
1. General
1.1 Fresh water cooling systems are to be soarranged that the engines can be sufficiently cooledunder all operating conditions.
1.2 Depending on the requirements of the engineplant, the following fresh water cooling systems areallowed:
- a single cooling circuit for the entire plant
- separate cooling circuits for the main andauxiliary plant
- several independent cooling circuits for the mainengine components which need cooling (e.g.cylinders, pistons and fuel valves) and for theauxiliary engines
- separate cooling circuits for various temperatureranges.
1.3 The cooling circuits are to be divided that, shouldone of the circuits fail, operation of the auxiliarysystems can be maintained.
Change-over arrangements are to be provided for this
11-30 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
purpose if necessary.
1.4 As far as possible, the temperature controls ofmain and auxiliary engines as well as of differentcircuits are to be independent of each other.
1.5 Where, in automated engine plants, heatexchanger for fuel or lubricating oil are incorporated inthe cylinder cooling water circuit of main engines, theentire cooling water system is to be monitored for fueland oil leakage.
1.6 Common cooling water systems for main andauxiliary plants are to be fitted with shut off valves toenable repairs to be performed without taking theentire plant out of service.
2. Heat exchanger, coolers
2.1 The construction and equipment of heatexchanger and coolers are subject to requirement ofSection 8.
2.2 The coolers of cooling water systems, enginesand equipment are to be constructed to ensure that thespecified cooling water temperatures can bemaintained under all operating conditions. Coolingwater temperatures are to be adjusted to meet therequirements of engines and equipment.
2.3 Heat exchangers for auxiliary equipment in themain cooling water circuit are to be provided withby-passes if by this means it is possible, in the event ofa failure of the heat exchanger, to keep the system inoperation.
2.4 It is to be ensured that auxiliary machinery canbe maintained in operation while repairing the maincoolers. If necessary, means are to be provided forchanging over to other heat exchangers, machinery orequipment through which a temporary heat transfercan be achieved.
2.5 Shut-off valves are to be provided at the inlet andoutlet of all heat exchanger.
2.6 Every heat exchanger and cooler is to beprovided with a vent and a drain.
2.7 Keel coolers, box coolers
2.7.1 Arrangement and construction drawings ofkeel and box coolers are to be submitted for approval.
2.7.2 Permanent vents for fresh water are to beprovided at the top of keel coolers and box coolers.
2.7.3 Keel coolers are to be fitted with pressuregauge connections at the fresh water inlet and outlet.
3. Expansion tanks
3.1 Expansion tanks are to be arranged at sufficientheight for every cooling water circuit.
Different cooling circuits may only be connected to acommon expansion tank if they do not interfere witheach other. Care must be taken here to ensure that
damage to or faults in one system cannot affect theother system.
3.2 Expansion tanks are to be fitted with fillingconnections, aeration/de-aeration devices, water levelindicators and drains.
4. Fresh water cooling pumps
4.1 Main and stand-by cooling water pumps are to beprovided for each fresh water cooling system.
4.2 Main cooling water pumps may be drivendirectly by the main or auxiliary engines which theyare intended to cool provided that a sufficient supplyof cooling water is assured under all operatingconditions.
4.3 The drives of stand-by cooling water pumps areto be independent of the main engines.
4.4 Stand-by cooling water pumps are to have hesame capacity as main cooling water pumps.
4.5 Main engines are to be fitted with at least onemain and one stand-by cooling water pump. Whereaccording to the construction of the engines more thanone water cooling circuit is necessary, a stand-bypump is to be fitted for each main cooling water pump.
4.6 For fresh cooling water pumps of essentialauxiliary engines the requirements for sea watercooling pumps in I.5.4 may be applied.
4.7 A stand-by cooling water pump of a coolingwater system may be used as a stand-by pump foranother system provided that the necessary pipeconnections are arranged. The shut-off valves in theseconnections are to be secured against unintendedoperation.
4.8 Equipment providing for emergency coolingfrom another system can be approved if the plant andsystem are suitable for this purpose.
4.9 For plants with more than one main engine therequirements for sea water cooling pumps in I.5.3 maybe applied.
5. Temperature control
Cooling water circuits are to be provided withtemperature controls in accordance with therequirements. Control devices whose failure mayimpair the functional reliability of the engine are to beequipped or manual operation.
6. Preheating for cooling water
Means are to be provided for preheating fresh coolingwater. Exception are to be approved by BKI.
7. Emergency generating units
Internal combustion engines driving emergencygenerating units are to be fitted with independentcooling systems. Such cooling systems are to be madeproof against freezing.
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-31
L. Compressed Air Lines
1. General
1.1 Pressure lines connected to air compressors areto be fitted with non-return valves at the compressoroutlet.
1.2 For oil and water separators, see Section 2,M.4.3.
1.3 Starting air lines may not be used as filling linesfor air receivers.
1.4 Only type-tested hose assemblies made ofmetallic materials may be used in starting air lines ofdiesel engines which are permanently kept underpressure.
1.5 The starting air line to each engine is to be fittedwith a non-return valve and a drain.
1.6 Tyfons are to be connected to at least twocompressed air receivers.
1.7 A safety valve is to be fitted behind eachpressure-reducing valve.
1.8 Pressure water tanks and other tanks connectedto the compressed air system are to be considered aspressure vessels and must comply with therequirements in Section 8 relating to the workingpressure of the compressed air system.
1.9 For compressed air connections for blowingthrough sea chests refer to I.1.5.
1.10 For compressed air supply to pneumaticallyoperated valves and quick-closing valve refer to D.6.
1.11 Requirements for starting engines with com-pressed air, see Section 2.H.2.
2. Control air systems
2.1 Control air systems for essential consumers areto be provided with the necessary means of airtreatment.
2.2 Pressure reducing valves in the control air systemof main engines are to be redundant.
M. Exhaust Gas Lines
1. Pipe layout
1.1 Engine exhaust gas pipes are to be installedseparately from each other, taking into account thestructural fire protection. Other designs are to besubmitted for approval. The same applies to boilerexhaust gas pipes.
1.2 Account is to be taken of thermal expansion
when laying out and suspending the lines.
1.3 Where exhaust gas lines discharge near waterlevel, provisions are to be taken to prevent water fromentering the engines.
2. Silencers
Engine exhaust pipes are to be fitted with effectivesilencers or other suitable means are to be provided.
3. Water drains
Exhaust lines and silencers are to be provided withsuitable drains of adequate size.
4. Insulation
Insulation of exhaust gas lines inside machineryspaces, see Section 12, B.4.1.
5. For special requirements for tankers refer to Sec-tion 15, B.9.3.
Engine exhaust gas lines are additionally subject toSection 2, G.7.
N. Bilge Systems
1. Bilge lines
1.1 Layout of bilge lines
1.1.1 Bilge lines and bilge suction are to be soarranged that the bilges can be completely drainedeven under unfavorable trim conditions.
1.1.2 Bilge suction are normally to be located onboth sides of the ship. For compartments located foreand aft in the ship, one bilge suction may be consid-ered sufficient provided that it is capable of completelydraining the relevant compartment.
1.1.3 Spaces located forward of the collisionbulkhead and aft of the stern tube bulkhead and notconnected to the general bilge system are to be drainedby other suitable means of adequate capacity.
1.1.4 The required pipe thicknesses of bilge linesare to be in accordance with Table 11.5.
1.2 Pipes laid through tanks
1.2.1 Bilge pipes may not be led through tanks forlubricating oil, thermal oil, drinking water or feedwater.
1.2.2 Bilge pipes from space not be accessibleduring the voyage if running through fuel tanks locatedabove double bottom are to be fitted with a non-returnvalve directly at the point of entry into the tank.
1.3 Bilge suction and strums
1.3.1 Bilge suction are to be so arranged as not toimpede the cleaning of bilges and bilge wells. They areto be fitted with easily detachable, corrosion resistantstrums.
11-32 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
1.3.2 Emergency bilge suction are to be arranged insuch a manner that they are accessible, with free flowand at a suitable distance from the tank top or theship's bottom.
1.3.3 For the size and design of bilge wells seeRules for Hull Construction, Volume II, Section 8.B.6.2.
1.3.4 Bilge alarms of main and auxiliary machineryspaces, see Section 1, E.5 and Rules for Automation,Volume VII, Section 6, H
1.4 Bilge valves
1.4.1 Valves in connecting pipes between the bilgeand the seawater and ballast water system, as well asbetween the bilge connections of differentcompartments, are to be so arranged that even in theevent of faulty operation or intermediate positions ofthe valves, penetration of seawater through the bilgesystem will be safely prevented.
1.4.2 Bilge discharge pipes are to be fitted withshut off valves at the ship's shell.
1.4.3 Bilge valves are to be arranged so as to bealways accessible irrespective of the ballast andloading condition of the ship.
1.5 Reverse-flow protection
A screw-down non-return valve or a combination of anon-return valve without positive means of closing anda shut-off valve are recognized as reverse-flowprotection.
1.6 Pipe layout
1.6.1 To prevent the ingres of ballast and seawaterinto the ship through the bilge system, two means ofreverse-flow protection are to be fitted in the bilgeconnections.
One of such means of protection is to be fitted in eachsuction line.
1.6.2 The direct bilge suction and the emergencyinjection need only have one means of reverse-flowprotection as specified in 1.5.1.
1.6.3 Where a direct seawater connection isarranged for attached bilge pumps to protect themagainst running dry, the bilge suction are also to befitted with two reverse flow protecting devices.
1.6.4 The discharge lines of oily water separatorsare to be fitted with a reverse flow protecting valve atthe ship's side.
2. Calculation of pipe diameters
2.1 The calculated values according to formulae (4)to (6) are to be rounded up to the next higher nominaldiameter.
2.2 Dry cargo and passenger ships
a) Main bilge pipes
(4)
b) Branch bilge pipes
(5)
where
dH [mm] calculated inside diameter of mainbilge pipe
dz [mm] calculated inside diameter of branchbilge pipe
L [m] length of ship betweenperpendiculars
B [m] moulded breadth of ship
H [m] depth of ship to the bulkhead deck
[m] length of the watertightcompartment
2.3 Tankers
The diameter of the main bilge pipe in the enginerooms of tankers and bulk cargo/oil carriers is cal-culated using the formula:
(6)
where:
1 [m] total length of spaces betweencofferdam or pump-room bulkheadand stern tube bulkhead
Other terms as in formulae (4) and (5).
Branch bilge pipes are to be dimensioned inaccordance with 2.2 b). For bilge installations forspaces in the cargo area of tankers and bulk cargo/oilcarriers see Section 15.
2.4 Minimum diameter
The inside diameter of main and branch bilge pipes isnot to be less than 50 mm. For ships under 25 mlength, the diameter may be reduced to 40 mm.
3. Bilge pumps
3.1 Capacity of bilge pumps
Each bilge pump must be capable of delivering:
(7)
where:
Q [m3/h] minimum capacity
dH [mm] calculated inside diameter of main
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-33
bilge pipe
3.2 Where centrifugal pumps are used for bilgepumping, they must be self-priming or connected to anair extracting device.
3.3 One bilge pump with a smaller capacity thanthat required according to formula (7) is acceptableprovided that the other pump is designed for acorrespondingly larger capacity. However, the capacityof the smaller bilge pump shall not be less than 85 %of the calculated capacity.
3.4 Use of other pumps for bilge pumping
3.4.1 Ballast pumps, stand-by seawater coolingpumps and general service pumps may also be used asindependent bilge pumps provided they are self-priming and of the required capacity according toformula (7).
3.4.2 In the event of failure of one of the requiredbilge pumps, one pump each must be available for firefighting and bilge pumping.
3.4.3 Fuel and oil pumps may not be connected tothe bilge system.
3.4.4 Bilge ejectors are acceptable as bilgepumping arrangements provided that there is anindependent supply of driving water.
3.5 Number of bilge pumps for cargo ships
Cargo ships are to be provided with two independent,power bilge pumps. On ships up to 2000 tons gross,one of these pumps may be attached to the mainengine.
On ships of less than 100 tons gross, one engine drivenbilge pump is sufficient. The second independent bilgepump may be a permanently installed manual bilgepump. The engine-driven bilge pump may be coupledto the main propulsion plant.
3.6 Number of bilge pumps for passengerships
At least three bilge pumps are to be provided. Onepump may be coupled to the main propulsion plant.Where the criterion numeral is 306) or more, anadditional bilge pump is to be provided.
4. Bilge pumping for various spaces
4.1 Machinery spaces
4.1.1 On ships of more than 100 tons gross, thebilges of every main machinery space must be capableof being pumped as follows:
a) through the bilge suctions connected to themain bilge system,
b) through one direct suction connected to thelargest independent bilge pump
c) through an emergency bilge suctionconnected to the cooling water pump of themain propulsion plant or through anothersuitable emergency bilge system.
4.1.2 If the ship's propulsion plant is located inseveral spaces, a direct suction in accordance with4.1.1 b) is to be provided in each watertightcompartment in addition to branch bilge suction, inaccordance with 4.1.1 a).
When the direct suctions are in use, it must be possibleto pump simultaneously from the main bilge line bymeans of all the other bilge pumps.
The diameter of the direct suction may not be less thanthat of the main bilge pipe.
4.1.3 On steam ships the diameter of the emergencybilge suction in accordance with 4.1.1 c) is to be atleast 2/3 of the diameter and on motor ships equal tothe diameter of the cooling water pump suction line.Exceptions to this requirements the approval of BKI.The emergency bilge suction must be connected to thecooling water pump suction line by a reverse-flowprotection according to I.5.
This valve is to be provided with a plate with thenotice :
Emergency bilge valve!To be opened in an emergency only!
Emergency bilge valves and cooling water inlet valvesmust be capable of being operated from above thefloor plates.
4.1.4 Rooms and deck in engine rooms are to beprovided with drains to the engine room bilge. A drainpipe which passes through a watertight bulkhead is tobe fitted with a self-closing valve.
4.2 Shaft tunnel
A bilge suction is to be arranged at the aft end of theshaft tunnel. Where the shape of the bottom or thelength of the tunnel requires, an additional bilgesuction is to be provided at the forward end. Bilgevalves for the shaft tunnel are to be arranged outsidethe tunnel in the engine room.
4.3 Cargo holds
4.3.1 Cargo holds are to be normally fitted withbilge suctions fore and aft.
For water ingress protection systems, see Rules forElectrical Installations, Volume IV, Section 18,B.4.1.9
4.3.2 Cargo holds having a length under 30 m maybe provided with only one bilge suction on each side.
4.3.3 On ships with only one cargo hold, bilgewells are to be provided fore and aft.6) See SOLAS 1974, Chapter II-1, Part B, Regulation 6.
11-34 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
4.3.4 For cargo holds for the transport ofdangerous goods, see Section 12, P.7.
4.3.5 In all Ro/Ro cargo spaces below the bulkheaddeck where a pressure water spraying systemaccording to Section 12, L.2.3 is provided, thefollowing is to be complied with :
S the drainage system shall have a capacity ofnot less than 1,25 times of the capacity ofboth the water spraying system pumps andrequired number of fire hose nozzles
S the valve of drainage arrangement shall beoperable from outside the protected space ata position in the vicinity of the drenchersystem controls
S bilge wells shall be of sufficient holdingcapacity and shall be arranged on either sidedirectly at the longitudinal bulkhead, notmore than 40 m longitudinally apart fromeach other.
If in cargo ships above arrangements are not possible,the additional weight of water and the influence of thefree surfaces is to be taken into account in the ship’sstability information.
4.4.1 Cargo holds above bulkhead decks ofpassenger ships or freeboard decks of cargo ships areto be fitted with drainage arrangements.
4.4.2 The drainage arrangements shall have acapacity that under consideration of a 5o list of theship, at least 1,25 times both the capacity of the waterspraying systems and required number of fire hosenozzles can be drained
4.4.3 Closed cargo holds may be drained directly tooverboard, only when at a heel of the ship of 5o, theedge of the bulkhead deck or freeboard deck will notbe immersed.
Drains from scuppers to overboard are to be fitted withreverse flow protecting devices according to, Rules forHull Construction, Volume II, Section 21.
4.4.4 Where the edge of the deck, when the shipheel 5o is located at or below the summer load line(SLL) the drainage shall be led to bilge wells or draintanks with adequate capacity.
4.4.5 The drainage tanks are to be fitted with a highlevel alarm and are to be provided with drainingarrangements with a capacity according to 4.4.2.
4.4.6 It is to be ensured that
- bilge arrangements prevent excessiveaccumulation of free water,
- water contaminated with petrol or otherdangerous sunstances is not drained tomachinery spaces where sources of ignitionmay be present,
- where the enclosed cargo space is protectedby a carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systemthe deck scuppers are fitted with means toprevent the escape of the smothering gas.
4.5 Spaces which may be used for ballastwater, oil or dry cargo
Where dry-cargo holds are also intended for carryingballast water or oils, the branch bilge pipes from thesespaces are to be connected to the ballast or cargo pipesystem only by change-over valves/connections.
The change-over valves must be so designed that anintermediate positioning does not connect the differentpiping systems. Change-over connections are to besuch that the pipe not connected to the cargo hold is tobe blanked off.
For spaces which are used for dry cargo and ballastwater the change over connection shall be so that thesystem (bilge or ballast system) not connected to thecargo hold can be blanked off.
4.6 Refrigerated cargo spaces
Refrigerated cargo spaces and thawing trays are to beprovided with drains which cannot be shut off. Eachdrain pipe is to be fitted at its discharge end with a trapto prevent the transfer of heat and odours.
4.7 Spaces for transporting livestock
Spaces intended for the transport of livestock are to beadditionally fitted with pumps or ejectors for dis-charging the waste overboard.
4.8 Spaces above fore and aft peaks
These spaces shall either be connected to the bilgesystem or are to be drained by means of hand pumps.
Spaces located above the aft peak may be drained tothe shaft tunnel or to the engine room bilge, providedthe drain line is fitted with a self-closing valve whichis to be located at a highly visible and accessibleposition. The drain lines shall have a diameter of atleast 40 mm.
4.9 Cofferdams, pipe tunnels and void spaces
Cofferdams, pipe tunnels and void spaces adjoiningthe ship's shell are to be connected to the bilge system.
Where the after peak is adjoining the engine room, itmay be drained over a self-closing valve to the engineroom bilge.
For cofferdams, pipe tunnels and void spaces locatedabove the deepest load water line equivalent meansmay be accepted by BKI after special agreement.
4.10 Drainage systems of spaces between bow
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-35
doors and inner doors on Ro-Roships.
A drainage system is to be arranged in the areabetween bow door and ramp, as well as in the areabetween the ramp and inner door where fitted. Thesystem is to be equipped with an audible alarmfunction to the navigation bridge for water level inthese areas exceeding 0,5 m above the car deck level.
For bow doors and inner door, see Rules for Hull,Volume II, Section 6, H.7.
4.11 Chain lockers
Chain lockers are to be drained by means ofappropriate arrangements.
4.12 Condensate drain tanks of charge aircoolers
4.12.1 If condensate from a drain tank of a charge aircooler shall be pumped overboard directly orindirectly, the discharge line is to be provided with anapproved 15 ppm alarm. If the oil content exceeds 15ppm an alarm is to be released and the pump shall stopautomatically.
The 15 ppm alarm is to be arranged so that the bilgepump will not be stopped during bilge pumping fromengine room to overboard.
4.12.2 Additionally the tank is to be provided witha connection to the oily water separator.
4.13 Dewatering of forward spaces of bulkcarriers
4.13.1 On bulk carriers means for dewatering andpumping of ballast tanks forward of the collisionbulkhead and bilges of dry spaces forward of theforemost cargo hold are to be provided.
4.13.2 The means are to be controlled from thenavigation bridge, the propulsion machinery controlposition or an enclosed space which is readilyaccessible from the navigation bridge or the propulsionmachinery control position without traveling exposedfreeboard or superstructure decks.
A position which is accessible via an under deckpassage, a pipe trunk or other similar means of accessis not to be taken as readily accessible.
4.13.3 Where piping arrangements for dewatering offorward spaces are connected to the ballast system 2non-return valves are to be fitted to prevent waterentering dry spaces from the ballast system. One ofthese non-return valves shall have positive means ofclosure. The valve shall be operated from a position asstated in 4.12.2.
4.13.4 The valve required in P.1.3.3 shall beoperated from a position as stated in 4.12.2.
4.13.5 It must be recognizable by positive indicationat the control stand whether valves are fully open orclosed. In case of failure of the valve control system
valves shall not move from the demanded position.
4.13.6 Bilge wells shall comply with 1.3.1.
4.13.7 Dewatering and pumping arrangements shallbe such that when they are in operation the followingshall be available:
– The bilge system shall remain ready for usefor any compartment.
– The immediate start of the fire fightingpumps and supply of fire fighting water shallremain available.
– The system for normal operation of electricpower supply, propulsion and steering shallnot be affected by operating the drainage andpumping system.
For water ingress detection systems see Rules forElectrical Installations, Volume IV, Section 18.
4.13.8 The capacity of the dewatering systemaccording 4.12.1 is to be calculated accordingfollowing formula :
Q = 320 . A [m3/h]
A is the free cross section area in m2 of the largest airpipe or ventilation opening connecting the exposeddeck with the space for which dewatering is required.
5 Additional requirements for passengervessels
5.1 Bilge pipe arrangement and bilge valves
5.1.1 The arrangement of bilge pipes
- within 0,2 B of the ship's side measured atthe level of the subdivision load line,
- in the double bottom lower than 460 mmabove the base line or
- below the horizontal level specified in Rulesfor Hull Construction, Volume II, Section 29.F.
is permitted only if a non-return valve is fitted in thecompartment in which the corresponding bilge suctionis located.
5.1.2 Valve boxes and valves of the bilge systemare to be installed in such a way that eachcompartment can be emptied by at least one pump inthe event of ingress of water.
Where parts of the bilge arrangement (pump withsuction connections) are situated less than 0,2 B fromthe shell, damage to one part of the arrangement mustnot result in the rest of the bilge arrangement beingrendered inoperable.
5.1.3 Where only one common piping system isprovided for all pumps, all the shut-off and change-over valves necessary for bilge pumping must bearranged for operating from above the bulkhead deck.
11-36 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
Where an emergency bilge pumping system isprovided in addition to the main bilge system, this is tobe independent of the latter and must be so arranged asto permit pumping of any flooded compartment. In thiscase, only the shut-off and change-over valves of theemergency system need be capable of being operatedfrom above the bulkhead deck.
5.1.4 Shut off and change-over valves which mustbe capable of being operated from above the bulkheaddeck should be clearly marked, accessible and fittedwith a position indicator at the control stand of thebilge system.
5.2 Bilge suctions
Bilge pumps in the machinery spaces must be pro-vided with direct bilge suctions in these spaces, but notmore than two direct suctions need be provided in anyone space.
Bilge pumps located in other spaces are to have directsuctions to the space in which they are installed.
5.3 Arrangement of bilge pumps
5.3.1 Bilge pumps must be installed in separatewatertight compartments which are to be so arrangedthat they will not be flooded by the same damage.
Ships with a length of 91,5 m or over or having acriterion of service numeral according SOLAS 74 of30 6) or more are to have at least one bilge pumpavailable in all flooding conditions for which the shipis designed to withstand. This requirement is satisfiedif
- one of the required pumps is a submersibleemergency bilge pump connected to its ownbilge system and powered from a sourcelocated above the bulkhead deck or
- the pumps and their sources of power aredistributed over the entire length of the shipthe buoyancy of which in damaged conditionis ascertained by calculation for eachindividual compartment or group ofcompartments, at least one pump beingavailable in an undamaged compartment.
5.3.2 The bilge pumps specified in 3.6 and theirenergy sources may not be located forward of thecollision bulkhead.
5.4 Passenger vessels for limited range ofservice
The scope of bilge pumping for passenger vessels withlimited range of service, e.g. navigation in shelteredwater service, can be agreed with BKI.
6. Additional Rules for tankers
See Section 15, B.4.
7. Bilge testing
All bilge arrangements are to be tested under BKI’s
supervision.
O. Equipment for the Treatment and Storageof Bilge Water, Fuel/Oil Residues 7)
1. Oily water separating equipment
1.1 Ships of 400 tons gross and above shall befitted with an oily water separator or filteringequipment for the separation of oil/water mixtures.
1.2 Ships of 10000 tons gross and above shall befitted, in addition to the equipment required in 1.1,with a 15 ppm alarm system.
1.3 A sampling device is to be arranged in avertical section of the discharge line of oily waterseparating equipment/filtering systems.
1.4 By-pass lines are not permitted for oily-waterseparating equipment/filtering systems.
1.5 Recirculating facilities have to be provided toenable the oil filtering equipment to be tested with theoverboard discharge closed.
2. Discharge of fuel/oil residues
2.1 A sludge tank is to be provided. For thefittings and mountings of sludge tanks, see Section 10,E.
2.2 A self-priming pump is to be provided forsludge discharge to reception facilities. The capacity ofthe pump shall be such that the sludge tank can beemptied in a reasonable time.
2.3 A separate discharge line is to be provided fordischarge of fuel and oil residues to receptionfacilities.
2.4 Where incinerating plants are used for fueland oil residues, compliance is required withSection 9 and with the Resolution MEPC.76(40)“Standard Specification for Shipboard Incinerators”.
P. Ballast Systems
1. Ballast lines
1.1 Arrangement of piping - general
1.1.1 Suction in ballast water tanks are to be soarranged that the tanks can be emptied despiteunfavorable conditions of trim and list.
7) With regard to the installation on ships of oily waterseparators, filter plants, oil collecting tanks, oil dischargelines and a monitoring and control system or a 15 ppmalarm device in the water outlet of oily water separators,compliance is required with the provisions of theInternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollutionfrom Ships, 1973, (MARPOL) and the Protocol of 1978.
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-37
1.1.2 Ships having very wide double bottom tanksare also to be provided with suction at the outer sidesof the tanks. Where the length of the ballast watertanks exceeds 30 m, BKI may require suction to beprovided in the forward part of the tanks.
1.2 Pipes passing through tanks
Ballast water pipes may not pass through drinkingwater, feed water, thermal oil or lubricating oil tanks.
1.3 Piping systems
1.3.1 Where a tank is used alternately for ballastwater and fuel (change-over tank), the suction in thistank is to be connected to the respective system bythree-way cocks with L-type plugs, cocks with openbottom or change-over piston valves. These must bearranged so that there is no connection between theballast water and the fuel systems when the valve orcock is in an intermediate position. Change-over pipeconnections may be used instead of the abovementioned valves. Each change-over tank is to beindividually connected to its respective system. Forremotely controlled valves see D.6.
1.3.2 Where ballast water tanks may be usedexceptionally as dry cargo holds, such tanks are also tobe connected to the bilge system. The requirementsspecified in N.4.5 are applicable.
1.3.3 Where, on cargo ships, pipelines are ledthrough the collision bulkhead below the freeboarddeck, a shut-off valve is to be fitted directly at thecollision bulkhead inside the fore peak.
The valve has be capable of being remotely operatedfrom above the freeboard deck.
Where the fore peak is directly adjacent to apermanently accessible room (e.g; bow thruster room)which is separated from the cargo space, this shut-offvalve may be fitted directly at the collision bulkheadinside this room without provision for remote control.
1.3.4 On passenger ships, only one pipeline may beled through the collision bulkhead below the freeboarddeck. The pipeline is to be fitted with a remotecontrolled shutoff inside the forepeak directly at thecollision bulkhead. The remote control must be oper-ated from above the freeboard deck. Where theforepeak is divided into two compartments, twopipelines may in exceptional cases be passed throughthe collision bulkhead below freeboard deck.
1.3.5 Ballast water tanks on ships with ice classES1 to ES4 which arranged above the ballast load lineshall be equipped with means to prevent the waterfrom freezing, see Rules for Hulls, Volume II, Section15, A.2.3.
1.4 Anti-heeling arrangements
Anti-heeling arrangements, which may counteractheeling angles of more than 10° according to Rules forHull, Volume II, Section 1.E.3, are to be designed as
follows :
– A shut-off device is to be provided in thecross channel between the tanks destined forthis purpose before and after the anti-heelingpump.
– These shut-off devices and the pump are tobe remotely operated. The control devices areto be arranged in one control stand.
– At least one of the arranged remotecontrolled shut-off devices shallautomatically shut down in the case of powersupply failure.
– The position “closed“ of the shut-off devicesshall be indicated on the control standby typeapproved end position indicators.
– Additionally, Rules for ElectricalInstallations, Volume IV, Section 7, G is tobe observed.
2. Ballast pumps
The number and capacity of the pumps must satisfy theship operational requirements.
3. Cross-flooding arrangements
3.1 Passenger ships
As far as possible, cross-flooding arrangements forequalizing of asymmetrical flooding in case of damageshould operate automatically. Where the arrangementdoes not operate automatically, any shut-off valves andother devices must be capable of being operated fromabove the bulkhead deck. The position of each closingdevices has to be indicated on the bridge and at thecentral operating location (see also Rules for Hulls,Volume II, Section 26, J and Rules for ElectricalInstallations, Volume IV Section 7, H). Thecross-flooding arrangements must ensure that in caseof flooding, equalization is achieved within 15minutes.
3.2 Cargo ships
As far as possible, cross-flooding arrangements forequalizing of asymmetrical flooding in case of damageshould operate automatically. Where the arrangementdoes not operate automatically, any shut-off valves andother devices must be capable of being operated fromabove the bulkhead deck. The position of each closingdevices has to be indicated on the bridge and at thecentral operating location (see also Rules for Hulls,Volume II, Section 26, J and Rules for ElectricalInstallations, Volume IV, Section 7, H). Thecross-flooding arrangements must ensure that in caseof flooding, equalization is achieved within 10minutes.
3.3 Cross-flooding arrangements for equalizingasymmetrical flooding in case of damage are to besubmitted to BKI for approval.
11-38 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
4. Additional rules for Tankers
See Section 15, B.4.
5. Operational testing
The ballast arrangement is to be subjected tooperational testing under BKI’s supervision.
Q. Thermal Oil Systems
Thermal oil systems shall be installed in accordancewith Section 7 II.
The pipelines, pumps and valves belonging to thesesystems are also subject to the following requirements.
1. Pumps
1.1 Two circulating pumps which are to beindependent of each other are to be provided.
1.2 A transfer pump is to be installed for fillingthe expansion tank and for draining the system.
1.3 The pumps are to be so mounted that any oilleakage can be safely disposed of.
1.4 For emergency shut-down see Section 12,B.9.
2. Valves
2.1 Only valves made of ductile materials may beused.
2.2 Valves shall be designed for a nominalpressure of PN 16.
2.3 Valves are to be mounted in accessible po-sitions.
2.4 Non-return valves are to be fitted in thepressure lines of the pumps.
2.5 Valves in return pipes are to be secured in theopen position.
2.6 Bellow sealed valves are to be preferablyused.
3. Piping
3.1 Pipes in accordance with Table 11.1 or B.2.1are to be used.
3.2 The material of the sealing joints is to besuitable for permanent operation at the design tem-perature and resistant to the thermal oil.
3.3 Provision is to be made for thermal expansionby an appropriate pipe layout and the use of suitablecompensators.
3.4 The pipelines are to be preferably connectedby means of welding. The number of detachable pipeconnections is to be minimized.
3.5 The laying of pipes through accommodation,public or service spaces is not permitted.
3.6 Pipelines passing through cargo holds are tobe installed in such a way that they cannot bedamaged.
3.7 Pipe penetrations through bulkheads anddecks are to be insulated against conduction of heatinto the bulkhead. See also Section 12, B.7.
3.8 Means of bleeding (of any air) are to be soarranged that oil/air mixtures will be drained safely.Bleeder screws are not permitted.
3.9 For screening arrangements of thermal oilpipes G.3.4 applies as appropriate.
4. Drainage and storage tanks
4.1 Drainage and storage tanks shall be equippedwith air vents and drains. For storage tanks see alsoSection 10, D.
4.2 The air vents for the drainage tanks shallterminate above open deck. Air pipe closing devicessee R.1.3.
4.3 Drains shall be of self-closing type if thetanks are located above double bottom.
5. Pressure testing
See B.4.
6. Tightness and operational testing
After installation, the entire arrangement is to besubjected to tightness and operational testing under thesupervision of BKI.
R. Air, Overflow and Sounding Pipes
General
The laying of air, overflow and sounding pipes ispermitted only in places where the laying of thecorresponding piping system is also permitted, seeTable 11.5.
For special strength requirements regarding for deckfittings, see Rules for Hulls, Volume II, Section 21,E.5.
1. Air and overflow pipes
1.1 Arrangement
1.1.1 All tanks, void spaces etc. are to be fitted attheir highest position with air pipes or overflow pipes.Air pipes must normally terminate at the open deck.
1.1.2 Air and overflow pipes are to be laidvertically.
1.1.3 Air and overflow pipes passing through cargoholds are to be protected against damage.
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-39
1.1.4 For the height above deck of air and overflowpipes and the necessity of fitting brackets on air pipes,see Rules for Hull Construction, Volume II, Section21.E.
The wall thickness of air pipes on the exposed deckshall be in accordance with Tables 11.20a and 20b.
1.1.5 Air pipes from unheated leakage oil tanks andlubricating oil tanks may terminate at clearly visiblepositions in the engine room. Where these tanks frompart of the ship’s hull, the air pipes are to terminateabove the free board deck, on passenger ships abovethe bulkhead decks. It must be ensured that no leakingoil can spread onto heated surfaces where it mayignite.
1.1.6 Air pipes from lubricating oil tanks andleakage oil tanks which terminate in the engine roomare to be provided with funnels and pipes for safedrainage in the event of possible overflow.
1.1.7 On cargo ships of 500 gross tons or above andon all passenger ships air pipes of lubricating oil tankswhich terminate on open deck are to be arranged suchthat in the event of a broken air pipe this shall notdirectly lead to the risk of ingress of sea or rain water.
1.1.8 Wherever possible, the air pipes of feedwaterand distillate tanks should not extend into the opendeck. Where these tanks form part of the ship’s shellthe air pipes are to terminate within the engine roomcasing above the freeboard deck, in passenger shipsabove the bulkhead deck.
1.1.9 Air pipes for cofferdams and void spaces withbilge connections are to be extended above the opendeck respectively on passenger vessels above thebulkhead deck.
1.1.10 On cargo ships of 500 gross tons or above andon all passenger ships air pipes of fuel service andsettling tanks which terminate an open deck are to bearranged such that in the event of a broken air pipe thisshall not directly lead to the risk of ingress of se aorrain water, see also Section 10, B.5.2.
1.1.11 Where fuel service tanks are fitted withchange-over overflow pipes, the change-over devicesare to be so arranged that the overflow is led to one ofthe storage tanks.
1.1.12 The overflow pipes of changeable tanks mustbe capable of being separated from the fuel overflowsystem.
1.1.13 Where the air and overflow pipes of severaltanks situated at the ship's shell lead to a common line,the connections to this line are to be above thefreeboard deck if possible but at least so high abovethe deepest load waterline that should a leakage occurin one tank due to damage to the hull or listing of theship, fuel or water cannot flow into another tank.
1.1.14 The air and overflow pipes of lubricating oiland fuel tanks shall not be led to a common line.
1.1.15 For the connection to a common line of airand overflow pipes on ships with the character ofclassification mark ! or ! see D.9.
1.1.16 For the cross-sectional area of air pipes andair/overflow pipes, see Table 11.18.
1.2 Number of air and overflow pipes
1.2.1 The number and arrangement of the air pipesis to be so performed that the tanks can be aerated anddeaerated without exceeding the tank design pressureby over- or under pressure.
1.2.2 Tanks which extend from side to side of theship must be fitted with an air/overflow pipe at eachside. At the narrow ends of double bottom tanks in theforward and after parts of the ship, only oneair/overflow pipe is sufficient.
1.3 Air pipe closing devices
Air/overflow pipes terminating above the open deckare to be fitted with approved pipe heads.
To prevent blocking of the air pipe head openings bytheir floats during tank discharge the maximumallowable air velocity determinated by themanufacturer is to be observed.
1.4 Overflow systems
l.4.1 Ballast water tanks
Proof by calculation is to be provided for the systemconcerned that under the specified operatingconditions the design pressures of all the tanksconnected to the overflow system cannot be exceeded.
1.4.2 Fuel oil tanks
The requirements to be met by overflow systems ofheavy oil tanks are specified in BKI "Regulation forthe Construction, Equipment and Testing of ClosedFuel Overflow Systems".
Table 11.18 Cross-sectional areas of air andoverflow pipes
Tank fillingsystems
Cross-sectional areas of airand overflow pipes
AP AOP
fillingmode
bygravity
1/3 f per tank -
bypumping
- 1,25 f per tank 1)
11-40 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
Explanatory note :
AP = air pipe
AOP = air/overflow pipe
f = cross-sectional area of tank filling pipe1) 1,25 f as the total cross-sectional area is sufficient if it
can be proved that the resistance to flow of the air andoverflow pipes including the air pipe closing devicesat the proposed flow rate cannot cause unacceptablyhigh pressure in the tanks in the event of overflow
1.4.3 The overflow collecting manifolds of fueltanks are to be led at a sufficient gradient to an over-flow tank of sufficient capacity.
The overflow tank is to be fitted with a level alarmwhich operates when the tank is about 1/3 full.
1.4.4 For the side of the air and overflow pipes, seeTable 11.19.
1.4.5 The use of a fuel storage tank as overflowtank is permissible but requires the installation of ahigh level alarm and an air pipe with 1,25 times thecross-sectional area of the main bunkering line.
1.5 Determination of the pipe cross-sectionalareas.
1.5.1 For the cross-sectional areas of air andoverflow pipes, see Tables 11.18 and 11.19.
Air and overflow pipes shall have an outside diameterof at least 60,3 mm.
On ships > 80 m in length in the forward quarter onlyair/overflow pipes with and outer diameter % 76,1 mmmay be used, see also Rules for Hull, Section 21.
1.5.2 The clear cross-sectional area of air pipes onpassenger ships with cross-flooding arrangement mustbe so large that the water can pass from one side of theship to the other within 15 minutes, see also P.3.
1.6 The minimum wall thicknesses of air andoverflow pipes are to be in accordance with Table11.20a and 11.20b, whereby A, B and C are the groupsfor the minimum wall thicknesses.
1.7 The pipe material are to be selected accordingto B.
2. Sounding pipes
2.1 General
2.1.1 Sounding pipes are to be provided for tanks,cofferdams and void spaces with bilge connections andfor bilges and bilge wells in spaces which are notaccessible at all times.
On application, the provision of sounding pipes forbilge wells in permanently accessible spaces may bedispensed with.
2.1.2 Where tanks are fitted with remote levelindicators which are type-approved by BKI thearrangement of sounding pipes can be dispensed with.
2.1.3 As far as possible, sounding pipes are to belaid straight and are to extend as near as possible to thebottom.
2.1.4 Sounding pipes which terminate below thedeepest load waterline are to be fitted with self-closingshut-off devices. Such sounding pipes are onlypermissible in spaces which are accessible at all times.
All other sounding pipes are to be extended to the opendeck. The sounding pipe openings must always beaccessible and fitted with watertight closures.
2.1.5 Sounding pipes of tanks are to be providedclose to the top of the tank with holes for equalizingthe pressure.
2.1.6 In cargo holds, a sounding pipe is to be fittedto each bilge well.
2.1.7 Where level alarms are arranged in each bilgewell of cargo holds, the sounding pipes may bedispensed with. The level alarms are to beindependent from each other and are to be typeapproved by BKI. 8)
2.1.8 In cargo holds, fitted with non weather tighthatch covers, 2 level alarms are to be provided in eachcargo hold, irrespective if sounding pipes are fitted.The level alarms are to be independent from each otherand are to be type approved by BKI.
2.1.9 Sounding pipes passing through cargo holdsare to be laid in protected spaces or they are to beprotected against damage.
2.2 Sounding pipes for fuel, lubricating oil andthermal oil tanks
2.2.1 Sounding pipes which terminate below theopen deck are to be provided with self-closing devicesas well as with self-closing test valves, see alsoSection 10, B.3.3.7.
2.2.2 Sounding pipes shall not to be located in thevicinity of firing plants, machine components withhigh surface temperatures or electrical equipment.
2.2.3 Sounding pipes must not terminate inaccommodation or service spaces.
2.2.4 Sounding pipes are not to be used as fillingpipes.
2.3 Cross-sections of pipes
2.3.1 Sounding pipes shall have an inside diameterof at least 32 mm.
2.3.2 The diameters of sounding pipes which passthrough refrigerated holds at temperatures below 0 !Care to be increased to an inside diameter of 50 mm.
2.3.3 The minimum wall thicknesses of sounding
8) National Regulations, where existing, are to beconsidered
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-41
pipes are to be in accordance with Tables 11.20a and11.20b.
2.4 For pipe materials see B.
S. Drinking Water Systems 8)
1. Drinking water tanks
1.1 For the design and arrangement of drinkingwater tanks see Rules for Hull, Volume II, Section 12.
1.2 On ships with ice class ES1 and higherdrinking water tanks located at the ship's side abovethe ballast waterline are to be provided with means fortank heating to prevent freezing.
2. Drinking water tank connections
2.1 Filling connections are to be locatedsufficiently high above deck and are to be fitted witha closing device.
2.1.1 Filling connections are not to be fitted to airpipes.
2.2 Air/overflow pipes are to be extended abovethe open deck and are to be protected against the entryof insects by a fine mesh screen.
Air pipe closing devices, see Section 11, R.1.3.
2.3 Sounding pipes must terminate sufficientlyhigh above deck.
3. Drinking water pipe lines
3.1 Drinking water pipe lines are not to beconnected to pipe lines carrying other media.
3.2 Drinking water pipe lines are not to be laidthrough tanks which do not contain drinking water.
3.3 Drinking water supply to tanks which do notcontain drinking water (e.g. expansion tanks of thefresh water cooling system) is to be made by means of
an open funnel or with means of preventing back-flow.
4. Pressure water tanks/calorifiers
For design, equipment, installation and testing ofpressure water tanks and calorifiers, Section 8, A. andE. are to be observed.
5. Drinking water pumps
5.1 Separate drinking water pumps are to beprovided for drinking water systems.
5.2 The pressure lines of the pumps of drinkingwater pressure tanks are to be fitted with screw-downnon-return valves.
6. Drinking water generator
Where the distillate produced by the ship's ownevaporator unit is used for the drinking water supply,the treatment of the distillate has to comply withcurrent regulations of national health authorities.
Table 11.19 Cross-sectional areas of air and overflow pipes (closed overflow systems)
Tank filling and overflowsystems
Cross-sectional areas of air and overflow pipes Remarks
AP OP 2) DP
FillingStand-pipe 1/3 f - - cross-sectional area of
stand-pipe % 1,25 F
Relief valve 1/3 f 1) min. 1,25 F - cross-sectional of reliefvalve % 1,25 F
11-42 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
Overflowsystem
Overflow chest 1/3 F at chest min. 1,25 F 1,25 F -
Manifold 1/3 F min. 1,25 F - -
Overflow tank 1/3 F - - -Explanatory notes :
AP = air pipe
OP = overflow pipe
DP = drainage pipe
f = cross-sectional area of tank filling pipe
F = cross-sectional area of main filling pipe
1) 1/3 f only for tanks in which an overflow is prevented by structural arrangements
2) Determined in accordance with 1.4.
Table 11.20a Classification of minimum wall thicknesses groups
Pipingsystem orposition ofopen pipe
outlets
Location
Tankwithsamemedia
Tank withdisparate-
media
Drain lines and scupper pipes Air, sounding andoverflow pipes
Cargoholds
Machineryspaces
below freeboarddeck or bulkhead
deck abovefree-boarddeck
aboveweather
deck
belowweather
deckwithoutshutt-offon ship's
side
withshut-offon ship's
side
Air,Overflowandsoundingpipe
A
C - - C A A
A
Scupperpipes fromopen deck
B A
A
- -
B
Dischargeand scupperpipesleadingdirectlyoverboard
B -
Dischargepipes ofpumps forsanitarysystems
A
Table 11.20b Minimum wall thicknesses of air,overflow, sounding and sanitarypipes
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-43
1 wall thickness groups, see Table 11.20a
T. Sewage Systems
1. General
1.1 Ships of 400 gross tonnage and above and shipsof less than 400 gross tonnage which are certified tocarry more than 15 persons and with keel laying on orafter 27 September 2003 are to be fitted with thefollowing equipment:
– a sewage treatment plant approved according toResolution MEPC.2(VI), or
– a sewage comminuting and disinfecting system(facilities for the temporary storage of sewagewhen the ship is less than 3 nautical miles fromthe nearest land, to be provided), or
– a holding tank
1.2 A pipeline for the discharge of sewage to areception facility is to be arranged. The pipeline is tobe provided with a standard discharge connection.
2. Arrangement
2.1 For scuppers and overboard discharges see Rulesfor Hull, Volume II, Section 21.
2.2 The minimum wall thicknesses of sanitary pipesbelow free board and bulkhead decks are specified inTables 11.20a and 11.20b.
2.3 For discharge lines above freeboarddeck/bulkhead deck the following pipes may be used:
- steel pipes according to Table 11.6, Group N
- pipes having smaller thicknesses which arespecially protected against corrosion, on specialapproval
- special types of pipes according to recognizedstandards, e.g. socket pipes, on special approval.
2.4 For sanitary discharge lines below freeboarddeck/bulkhead deck within a watertight compartment,which terminate in a sewage tank or in a sanitarytreatment plant, pipes according to 2.3 may be used.
2.5 Penetrations of pipes of smaller thickness, pipesof special types and plastic pipes through bulkheads oftype A are to be approved by BKI.
2.6 If sanitary discharge pipes are led through cargoholds, they are to be protected against damage bycargo.
2.7 Sewage tanks and sewage treatmentsystems
2.7.1 Sewage tanks are to be fitted with air pipesleading to the open deck. For air pipe closing devices
see R.1.3.
2.7.2 Sewage tanks are to be fitted with a fillingconnection, a rinsing connection and a level alarm.
2.7.3 The discharge lines or sewage tanks andsewage treatment tanks are to be fitted at the ship's sidewith screw-down non-return valves.
When the valve is not arranged directly at the ship’sside, the thickness of the pipe is to be according toTable 11.20b, column B.
2.7.4 A second means of reverse-flow protection isto be fitted in the suction or delivery line of the sewagepump from sewage tanks or sewage treatment plants if,in the event of a 5! heel to port or starboard, the lowestinternal opening of the discharge system is less than200 mm above the summer load line. 9)
The second means of reverse-flow protection may bea pipe loop having an overflow height above thesummer load line of at least 200 mm at a 5! heel. Thepipe loop is to be fitted with an automatic ventilationdevice located at 45! below the crest of the loop.
2.7.5 Where at a heeling of the ship of 5o at port orstarboard, the lowest inside opening of the sewagesystem lies on the summer load line or below, thedischarge line of the sewage collecting tank is to befitted in addition to the required reverse-flowprotection device according to 2.7.4 with a gate valvedirectly on the ship’s plating. In this case the reverseflow protection device need not to be of screw-downtype.
2.7.6 Ballast and bilge pumps may not be used foremptying sewage tanks.
3. Additional rules for ships with character ofclassification ! or !
3.1 The sanitary arrangement and their dischargelines are to be so located that in the event of damage ofone compartment no other compartments can beflooded.
3.2 If this condition cannot be fulfilled, e.g. when:
- water tight compartments are connected witheach other through internal openings of thesanitary discharge lines, or
- sanitary discharge lines from several water tightcompartments are led to a common drain tank, or
- parts of the sanitary discharge system are locatedwithin the damage zone (see D.9.) and these areconnected to other compartments over internalopenings
9) Where sanitary treatment arrangements are fitted withemergency drains to the bilge or with openings forchemicals, these will be considered as internal openingsin the sense of these requirements.
11-44 Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps
the water tightness is to be ensured by means of remotecontrolled shut-off devices at the watertight bulkheads.
The operation of the shut-off devices must be possiblefrom an always accessible position above the bulkheaddeck on passenger ships and above the unsuitable leakwater line on other ships. The position of the shut-offdevices must be monitored at the remote controlposition.
3.3 Where the lowest inside opening of the sanitarydischarge system is below the bulkhead deck, a screw-down non-return valve and a second reverse-flowprotection device are to be fitted in the discharge lineof the sanitary water treatment arrangement. In thiscase, discharge line of sanitary collecting tanks are tobe fitted with a gate valve and two reverse-flowprotection devices. Concerning the shut-off devicesand reverse-flow protection devices, 2.7.3, 2.7.4 and2.7.5 are to be applied.
U. Hose Assemblies and Compensators
1. Scope
1.1 The following requirements are applicable forhose assemblies and compensators made of non-metallic and metallic materials.
1.1.1 Hose assemblies and compensators made ofnon-metallic and metallic materials may be usedaccording to their suitability in fuel-, lubricating oil-,hydraulic oil, bilge, ballast, fresh water cooling,seawater cooling, compressed air, auxiliary steam 10),exhaust gas and thermal oil systems as well as insecondary piping systems.
1.2 Hose assemblies and compensators made ofnon-metallic materials are not permitted inpermanently pressurized starting air lines. Furthermoreit is not permitted to use hose assemblies andcompensators in fuel injection piping systems ofcombustion engines.
1.3 Compensators made of non-metallic materials arenot approved for the use in cargo lines of tankers.
2. Definitions
Hose assemblies consist of metallic or non-metallichoses completed with end fittings ready forinstallation.
Compensators consist of bellows with end fittings aswell as anchors for absorption of axial loads whereangular or lateral flexibility is to be ensured. Endfittings may be flanges, welding ands or approved pipeunions.
Burst pressure is the internal static pressure at which ahose assembly or compensator will be destroyed.
2.1 High-pressure hose assemblies made ofnon-metallic materials
Hose assemblies which are suitable for use in systemswith distinct dynamic load characteristics.
2.2 Low-pressure hose assemblies andcompensators made of non-metallicmaterials
Hose assemblies or compensators which are suitablefor use in systems with predominant static loadcharacteristic.
2.3 Maximum allowable working pressurerespectively nominal pressure of hoseassemblies and compensators made of non-metallic materials
2.3.1 The maximum allowable working pressure forhigh-pressure hose assemblies is the maximumdynamic internal pressure which may be imposed onthe components.
2.3.2 The maximum allowable working pressurerespectively nominal pressure for low-pressure hoseassemblies and compensators is the maximum staticinternal pressure which may be imposed on thecomponents.
2.4 Test pressure
2.4.1 For non-metallic high-pressure hoseassemblies the test pressure is 2 times the maximumallowable working pressure.
2.4.2 For non-metallic low-pressure hoseassemblies and compensators the test pressure is 1,5times the maximum allowable working pressure or 1,5times the nominal pressure.
2.4.3. For metallic hose assemblies andcompensators the test pressure is 1,5 times themaximum allowable working pressure or 1,5 times thenominal pressure.
2.5 Burst pressure
For non-metallic as well as metallic hose assembliesand compensators the burst pressure is to be at least 4times the maximum allowable working pressure or 4times the nominal pressure. Excepted hereof are non-metallic hose assemblies and compensators with amaximum allowable working pressure or nominalpressure of not more than 20 bar. For such componentsthe burst pressure has to be at least 3 times themaximum allowable working pressure or 3 times thenominal pressure.
For hose assemblies and compensators in process andcargo piping for gas and chemical tankers the burstpressure is required to be at least 5 times the maximumallowable working pressure.
3. Requirements10) Metallic hose assemblies and compensators only
Section 11 - Piping Systems, Valves and Pumps 11-45
3.1 Hoses and compensators used in the systemsmentioned in 1.1.1 are to be of approved type.11)
3.2 Manufacturers of hose assemblies andcompensators must be recognized by BKI.
3.3 Hose assemblies and compensators includingtheir couplings must be suitable for the operatingmedia, pressures and temperatures they are designedfor.
3.4 The selection of hose assemblies andcompensators is to be based on the maximumallowable working pressure of the system concerned.A pressure of 5 bar is to be considered as the minimumworking pressure.
3.5 Hose assemblies and compensators for the use infuel-, lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, bilge and seawatersystems are to be flame-resistant.
4. Installations
4.1 Hose assemblies and compensators shall only beused at locations where they are required forcompensation of relative movements. They shall bekept as short as possible under consideration of theinstallation instructions of the hose manufacturers. Thenumber of hose assemblies and compensators is to bekept to minimum.
4.2 The minimum bending radius of installed hoseassemblies shall not be less than those specified by themanufacturers.
4.3 Non-metallic hose assemblies and compensatorsare to be located at visible and accessible positions.
4.4 In fresh water systems with a working pressure of" 5 bar and in charging air and scavenging air lines,hoses may be fastened to the pipe ends with doubleclips.
4.5 Where hose assemblies and compensators areinstalled in the vicinity hot components they must beprovided with approved heat-resistant sleeves.
4.6 Hose assemblies and compensators conveyingflammable liquids that are in close proximity of heatedsurface are to be provided with screens or other similarprotection to avoid the risk of ignition due to failure atthe hose assembly or compensator.
5. Tests
5.1 Hose assemblies and compensators are to besubjected in the manufacturer's works to a pressure testin accordance with 2.4 under the supervision of theBKI.
5.2 For compensators intended to be used in exhaustgas pipes the pressure test according 5.1 may beommited.
6. Ship Cargo hoses
6.1 Ship cargo hoses for cargo-handling on chemicaltankers and gas tankers shall be type approved. 11)
Mounting of end fitting is to be carried out only byapproved manufacturers. 12)
6.2 Ship cargo hoses are to be subjected to finalinspection at the manufacturer under supervision of aBKI Surveyor as follows :
- visual inspection
- hydrostatic pressure test with 1,5 times themaximum allowable working pressure or 1,5times the nominal pressure. The nominal pressureshall at least 10 bar.
- measuring of the electrical resistance between theend fittings. The resistance shall not exceed 1 k".
6.3 Cargo hoses on gas tankers are additionallysubject to the Rules for Ships Carrying LiquefiedGases in Bulk, Volume IX, Section 5.7.
6.4 Cargo hoses on chemical tankers are additionallysubject to the Rules for Ships Carrying DangerousChemical in Bulk, Volume X, Section 5.7.
7. Marking
Hose assemblies and compensators must be perma-nently marked with the following particulars:
- manufacturer's mark or symbol
- date of manufacture
- type
- nominal diameter
- maximum allowable working pressurerespectively nominal pressure.
- marking number of the responsible BKIinspection office
11) See “Regulations for the Performance of Type Tests, Part5 - Test Requirement for Mechanical Components andEquipments”
12) See”Regulations for the Recognition of Manufacturers ofHose Assemblies and Compensators”
