Plagiarism and APA Referencing

Ms Sue DoddInformation Skills Training and

Development ManagerLibrary, Lower Ground Floor, Building E.

Tel ext: 1374

Agenda

• What is plagiarism?• How & what do I have to reference?• Turnitin

Questions

What is plagiarism?

• Definition ‘Plagiarism; namely submitting work as the candidate’s own of which the candidate is not the author. This includes failure to acknowledge clearly and explicitly the ideas, words or work of another person whether these are published or unpublished.’ (BUE Examination and assessment regulations 2007)

What is Plagiarism? (2)

• Plagiarism is copying somebody else’s ideas and saying that it is your own work• This includes writing, maps, pictures, music, photographs –anything that uses another person’s original thought. If you use it without their permission, this is

• PLAGIARISM!

Why is Plagiarism Illegal?

• It may be breaking Copyright Law -see• http://lib.bue.edu.eg/buecms/index.php/Copyright

• It is considered unethical, a form of stealing or cheating

• Even if you are none of the above and commit plagiarism accidentally, it can have serious results. (See BUE Examination and Assessment regulations)

It IS plagiarism when you…• Copy ideas and words from books, journals, websites, etc. and present

them as your own

• Copy from unpublished material (e.g. essays by other students or from essay services)

• Resubmit/recycle your own work

• Submit work produced by others

• Fail to reference correctly

- failing to reference facts (inc. charts, tables, etc.)

- failing to reference ideas

- failing to reference paraphrased material

It does NOT have to be ‘cut & paste’ to be plagiarism

It does NOT have to be from a website to be plagiarism

Causes of Plagiarism

• Lack of confidence• Insufficient English language skills• Inadequate essay writing skills• Inadequate note-taking techniques • Ignorance of academic conventions • Incorrect/ inadequate referencing • Time pressure But sometimes also:• Intention to deceive

Why do you need to reference• To develop good academic practice

• To show which ideas are not your own • To demonstrate your reading/research • To demonstrate understanding of the topic • To let the reader know where the facts and

ideas have come from• To allow tutor to check details• To avoid the charge of Plagiarism!

BUE Referencing Style• The preferred referencing style at the BUE is APA –

American Psychological Association.• This is known as an “Author- date” style of referencing

because the author and date of publication appear in the in-text citation with full bibliographic details in the reference list at the end.

• Copy of this can be found in the Student handbook or on the Library website under Information Skills at

• http://lib.bue.edu.eg/buecms/images/8/8a/BUE_APA_Style_Guide.pdf

Always Give a Reference!

Show clearly, for the benefit of the reader, the source of the material you have studied and….

• quoted• paraphrased • summarised • analysed

This is simply normal professional academic practice

How to use a source• Quote: repeat exact words (written or spoken) as evidence, illustration, can’t possibly say it better

• Summarise: give shortened version of original (written or spoken)

to give background information

• Paraphrase: present original (written or spoken) in your own words

when original idea is more important than original wording, to avoid direct quotes, to demonstrate your understanding of the issue

Quotation

• Use sparingly and use “quotation marks”

• As Santrock (2005, p.5) states, “psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.”

• Psychology has been defined as, “the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.” (Santrock, 2005, p.5).

Long QuotationA quotation of more than 4 typewritten lines or more than 40 words does not need quotation marks but should be indented as a separate paragraph with the in-text reference placed at the end.As Soysal has observed, tensions between these two sets of factors are increasingly evident:

The incorporation of postwar migrants is shaped both by the historically encoded membership systems of European host polities and by global changes in the concept and organization of individual rights. In the postwar era, world-level pressures toward more expanded individual rights have led to the increasing incorporation of foreigners into existing membership schemes. (1994, p. 29.)

Summary exampleOriginal text:

“Individuals in groups also can become deindividuated and thus behave much differently than they would on their own” (Santrock, 2005, p.664).

Summary:The behaviour of people in groups may be very different from when they are acting alone. (Santrock, 2005, p.664).

One author from a book

Author surname, initial(s). (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

Author surname, initial(s). (Year). Title: Subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher.

Barrow, P. (2001). The best-laid business plans: How to write them, how to pitch them. London: Virgin Books Ltd.

Answer to Exercise

Hinnebusch, R. (2003). The international politics of the Middle East. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Two authors

Author surname, initial(s). & Author surname, initial(s). (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

Anderson, K.N. & Anderson, L.E. (1993). The international menu speller. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Two authors – in-text

• When referencing the authors name in the body of your work remember –

• Use the word and if it is not in brackets• Anderson and Anderson(1993) claim. . .

• Use the symbol & if it is in brackets• Though many American spellings are now accepted (Anderson & Anderson

1993). . . • Use the symbol & in your reference list

Editor and Edition

Editor family name, initial(s). (Ed(s).). (Year). Title. (ed.) Place of publication: Publisher.

Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (Eds.). (1997). Introduction to academic writing. (2nd ed.). White Plains, NY: Addison Wesley Longman.

In-text: (Oshima & Hogue, 1997)

Chapter in a book

Author of chapter family name, initial(s). (Year). Title of entry. In editor initials, surname (Ed(s).), Title (ed., page number(s)). Place of publication: Publisher.

Battersby, D. (2005). Raising your game. In E.M. Ineson (Ed.), Current issues in international tourism development (pp. 192-206). Sunderland: Business Education Publishers Limited.

• In-text: (Battersby, 2005)

Journal Article from a database

Author family name, initial(s). (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number, (issue number), page numbers. Retrieved from name of database.

Wilson, D. (2003). Exploring the working life of a female politician. Women in Management Review, 18,(8), 389-397. Retrieved from Emerald Library database.

In-text citation: (Wilson, 2003)

Answer to online journal exercise

Roberts, N.C. (2006). Public entrepreneurship as social creativity. World Futures, 62, 595- 609. Retrieved from Ebsco database.

Electronic Book• The reference is the same as for a printed book

but at the end you need to put additional information to show that it was accessed electronically.

Depledge, J. (2005). The organization of global negotiations: constructing the climate change regime. London: Earthscan. Retrieved from Ebrary database.

In-text citation: (Depledge, 2005)

Website with Author

Author. (Family name, Initial.) (Year). Title of webpage. Retrieved from URL.

Hawking, S. (2000). Professor Stephen Hawking’s website. Retrieved from http://www.hawking.org.uk/home/hindex.html

In-text citation: (Hawking, 2000)

Answer to Website Exercise

• Rowe, D. (2010) Dorothy Rowe’s website. Retrieved from

http://www.dorothyrowe.com.au

Website with No Author

• Look for the title of the webpage or the associated homepage

• Title of webpage. (Year) Retrieved from URL.• If there is no year of publication put (n.d.)

London 2012 Olympics. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.london2012.com/

In-text citation: (London (n.d.))

Online Newspaper Article

Author. (Family name, Initial.) (Year, Month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper. Retrieved from URL of home page of newspaper.

Rice, X.(2009, March 24). Warning as humanitarian crisis deepens in Darfur. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk

In-text: (Rice, 2009)

Interviews/Personal Communications

• No need to add them to the reference list if they cannot be traced back to source.

• In-text citation:Give initials and family name of person being interviewed as well as the date of the interview.In an interview with S. Dodd, Chairman of the We Love Librarians Group, (10 October, 2010)…

Reference ListAdams, W.M. (1999). Sustainability in Cloke, P. et al (Eds.). Introducing human

geographies. London: Arnold.

Elliot, C., Hollis, F. & Katerdunk, S. (1990). Early water experience. New York: Howard Press.

Harris, P. (1998). The young generation. Seattle: Costal University. Retrieved from http://coastaluniversity.edu/younggen

Kirby, D.A. (2007). Leadership and the MBA: the need for a new paradigm? Business Leadership Review. IV, 11.

Lobo, J. (1995). Latin American construction at a glance. Construction Review. 41, iv-vi. Retrieved from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

O’Dwyer, C. (1994). Homelessness: what’s the problem? London: Longman.

Across the Spectrum….1. Copying phrases, sentences or paragraphs word for word

without acknowledgement. Plagiarism2. Copying phrases, sentences or paragraphs, but making small

changes - e.g. replacing a few verbs, replacing words with synonyms; acknowledgement in the bibliography.

Plagiarism3. Cutting and pasting words, sentences or paragraphs, but

omitting one or two words, putting some sentences in a different order; not using quotation marks but giving in-text reference and including bibliography.

Plagiarism/poor practice

Good Academic Writing

1. Quoting a paragraph by placing it in block format with the source cited in text and bibliography. Fine

2. Paraphrasing ideas in own words, analysing the argument, avoiding the original language and reorganising the structure; varying detail and using different examples; in-text citations; source in bibliography. Good

Use of

• Software to help detect plagiarism• A tool to assist in deciding whether

plagiarism has occurred• Requires electronic submission of

assignments• Originality reports

Questions?