Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States

8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States

1/88

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS

BROWNSVILLE DIVISION

)

STATE OF TEXAS, et al., ))

Plaintiffs, )

)

vs. ) Case No. 1:14-cv-254

)

UNITED STATES OFAMERICA,et al., )

)

Defendants. )

)

PLAINTIFFS REPLY IN SUPPORT OF

MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION


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TABLEOFCONTENTS

Tabe o! A"#$o%&es ...................................................................................................... &v

Tabe o! E'$&bs .......................................................................................................... 'v

S"((a% o! A%*"(e+# .................................................................................................. 1

A%*"(e+# .......................................................................................................................

I.

a&+#&!!s A%e &/e To %eva& O+ T$e Me%s ......................................

A. De!e+0a+#s &oa#e0 T$e Ta/e Ca%e Ca"se ................................

1.

a&+#&!!s Ta/e Ca%e Ca&( Is Co*+&3abe U+0e%

Youngstown.........................................................................

a.

a&+#&!!s $ave a ca"se o! ac#&o+ ..............................

b. De!e+0a+#s ca++o# %e&*a#e Youngstown.............. 4

c. De!e+0a+#s ca++o# &*+o%e Youngstown...................

0. OC a*%ee0 #$a# Youngstowna&es .....................

2.

a&+#&!!s Ta/e Ca%e Ca&( Is &/e To S"ccee0

U+0e% Youngstown.............................................................. 6

a.

Co+*%ess %o$&be0 De!e+0a+#s !%o(*%a+#&+* 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ #o 478 o! #$e

Na#&o+s "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s ....................... 6

&. a%e+#s o! U.S. c&3e+s ............................... 17

&&. a%e+#s o! Rs ........................................... 1

b.

Co+*%ess %o$&be0 De!e+0a+#s !%o(

*%a+#&+* 9o%/ e%(s #o 478 o! #$e Na#&o+s

"+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s .................................... 14

c.

&s#o%&ca %ac#&ce %o$&bs #$e DS

D&%ec#&ve ................................................................. 1;

0. Co+*%ess&o+a %e


3/88

&&

. T$e DS D&%ec#&ve Is a9(a/&+*, No#

D&sc%e#&o+a% Dec&s&o+(a/&+* ......................................... 25

a. a&+#&!!s c$ae+*e De!e+0a+#s actions =

+o# #$e&% &+ac#&o+s .................................................. 25

b.

R"bbe%-s#a(&+* &s +o# >case-b-case

0&sc%e#&o+? ............................................................... 2;

c. T$eo%e#&ca %evocab& o! 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+

ca++o# save #$e DS D&%ec#&ve .............................. 2

@. De!e+0a+#s &oa#e0 T$e AA .................................................... 4

1. T$e DS D&%ec#&ve Is Rev&e9abe U+0e% T$e AA ........ 5

a. T$e D&%ec#&ve &s a s"bs#a+#&ve %"e .......................

b.

De!e+0a+#s a%e 9%o+* #o ca #$e D&%ec#&ve a

+o+-s"bs#a+#&ve >*"&0a+ce? o% >o&c?

0oc"(e+# ................................................................

2. De!e+0a+#s Sa-So Ca++o# De!ea# B"0&c&a Rev&e9 ....... ;

.

a&+#&!!s AA Ca&(s A%e &/e To S"ccee0 O+

T$e Me%s ......................................................................... 47

C. a&+#&!!s ave S#a+0&+* ............................................................. 42

1.

T$e DS D&%ec#&ve & I(ose Eco+o(&c I+se!-&+!&c#e0? ........... 45

2.

a&+#&!!s S#a+0&+* Foo9s A Fo%#&o%& F%o(

Massachusetts v. EPA....................................................... 46

a.

S#a#es *e# >sec&a so&c"0e? as a&+#&!!s ........... 57

b.

a&+#&!!s &+


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&&&

. a&+#&!!s aveParens PatriaeS#a+0&+* ......................... 5;

a. S#a#es ca+ s"e #o %o#ec# c&3e+s a*a&+s#

eco+o(&c 0&sc%&(&+a#&o+ ........................................ 5;

b.

S#a#es ca+ s"e DS ................................................ 1

4. O+e a&+#&!! $ S#a+0&+* Is S"!!&c&e+# To C%ea#e

A >Case? O% >Co+#%ove%s? ................................................ 2

II.

a&+#&!!s & I+c"% I%%ea%abe I+


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&v

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Cases

ABA v. FTC,

47 F.0 45 D.C. C&%. 2775) ............................................................................ 1, 1

Abbott Labs. v. ardner,

; U.S. 1 16) ............................................................................................ 4, 5

Ada!s v. "ichardson,

5 F. S". 62 D.D.C. 16) ................................................................................. 2

Ada!s v. "ichardson,

4;7 F.20 1156 D.C. C&%. 16) ................................................................................ 2

ALC#A v. Bonneville Power Ad!in.,67 F.20 5;5 6#$ C&%. 16;6) .................................................................................... 5;

Alden v. Maine,

52 U.S. 7 1666) .................................................................................................. 57

Alfred L. $na%% & $on' (nc. v. Puerto "ico e) rel. Bare*,

45; U.S. 562 16;2) ...................................................................... 2, 4, 56, 7, 1, 2

A!. Truc+ing Ass,ns' (nc. v. $!ith,

46 U.S. 1 1667) .................................................................................................. 4;

A%ache Bend A%art!ents' Ltd. v. -nited $tates,

6; F.20 114 5#$ C&%. 166) .................................................................................. 5

A%%alachian Power Co. v. EPA,

27; F.0 1715 D.C. C&%. 2777) .......................................................................... , 47

Ari*ona Drea! Act Coalition v. Brewer,

5 F.0 175 6#$ C&%. 2714) ............................................................................ 45, 4

Ari*ona v. -nited $tates,12 S. C#. 2462 2712) .............................................................................................. 51

Ashwander v. Tennessee alle/ Auth.,

26 U.S. 2;; 16) .................................................................................................. 41

Austin v. 0ew 1a!%shire,

427 U.S. 5 165) .................................................................................................. 5;


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v

Ba+er v. Carr,

6 U.S. 1; 162) ............................................................................................ 44, 45

Barlow v. Collins,

6 U.S. 156 167) .................................................................................................. 4

Bell v. 1ood,

2 U.S. ; 164) .................................................................................................... 4

Bowen v. Massachusetts,

4; U.S. ;6 16;;) .................................................................................................. 6

Bowsher v. $/nar,

4; U.S. 14 16;) .................................................................................................. 2

Catawba Count/ v. EPA,

51 F.0 27 D.C. C&%. 2776) .................................................................................... 5

Cha!ber of Co!!erce of -.$. v. 2hiting,

11 S. C#. 16; 2711) .............................................................................................. 1

Cha!ber of Co!!erce v. D#L,

14 F.0 27 D.C. C&%. 1666) ..................................................................................

Christo%her v. $!ith3line Beecha! Cor%.,

12 S. C#. 215 2712) ..............................................................................................

Cit/ of Chicago v. Envtl. Def. Fund,

511 U.S. 2; 1664) .................................................................................................. 1

Clinton v. Cit/ of 0ew Yor+,

524 U.S. 41 166;) .................................................................................................. 2

Cohens v. irginia,

16 U.S. $ea#.) 24 1;21) .................................................................................. 5

Corle/ v. -nited $tates,

55 U.S. 7 2776) .................................................................................................. 15

Cro%life v. EPA,

26 F.0 ; D.C. C&%. 277) .................................................................................. 6

Ctr. for Auto $afet/' (nc. v. 01T$A,

42 F. S". 20 1 D.D.C. 2774) .............................................................................. 5;


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De Canas v. Bica,

424 U.S. 51 16) .................................................................................................. 1

Dia!ond v. Charles,

4 U.S. 54 16;) .................................................................................................... 4

FDA v. Brown & 2illia!son Tobacco Cor%.,

526 U.S. 127 2777) .................................................................................................. 1

FEC v. A+ins,

524 U.S. 11 166;) .................................................................................................... 5

Feiner!an v. Bernardi,

55; F. S". 20 D.D.C. 277;) ............................................................................ 4

Florida e) rel. Att/. en. v. 11$,

4; F.0 125 11#$ C&%. 2711) ................................................................................

Fran+lin v. Massachusetts,

575 U.S. ;; 1662) .................................................................................................... 4

Free Enter%rise Fund v. PCA#B,

51 U.S. 4 2717) .................................................................................................... 4

Free!an v. on*ales,

444 F.0 171 6#$ C&%. 277) .................................................................................. 21

Friends of the Earth' (nc. v. Laidlaw Environ!ental $ervs. 4T#C5' (nc.,

52; U.S. 1 2777) ............................................................................................ 42, 7

eorgia v. Pa. ". Co.,

24 U.S. 46 1645) ............................................................................................ 51, 56

eorgia v. Tenn. Co%%er Co.,

27 U.S. 27 167) .................................................................................................. 51

1ar%er v. irginia Bd. of Elections,

; U.S. 16) .................................................................................................. 45

1ec+ler v. Chane/,

47 U.S. ;21 16;5) ................................................................................ 25, 2, 2;, 2

1udson v. -nited $tates,

522 U.S. 6 166) .................................................................................................... 7


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v&&

(llinois v. Cit/ of Chicago,

1 F.0 44 #$ C&%. 166;) .................................................................................... 46

(n re -.$.,

57 F.0 ; #$ C&%. 277) .................................................................................... 2

6a%an 2haling Ass,n v. A!erican Cetacean $oc,/,

4; U.S. 221 16;) ............................................................................................ 4, 5

Loc+hart v. 0a%olitano,

5 F.0 251 #$ C&%. 2776) .................................................................................... 21

Los Angeles 1aven 1os%ice' (nc. v. $ebelius,

; F.0 44 6#$ C&%. 2711) .................................................................................... 5

Mada7Luna v. Fit*%atric+,

;1 F.20 177 6#$ C&%. 16;) .................................................................................. 47

Mar/land v. Louisiana,

451 U.S. 25 16;1) .................................................................................................. 56

Massachusetts v. EPA,

546 U.S. 46 277) ................................... 2, 42, 4, 46, 57, 51, 52, 55, 5, 5;, 1, 2

Massachusetts v. Mellon,

22 U.S. 44 162) .................................................................................................. 1

Mcowan v. Mar/land,

U.S. 427 161) .................................................................................................. 45

Mississi%%i v. 6ohnson,

1 U.S. 4 a.) 45 1;) ....................................................................................... 4

0.2. Austin Mun. -til. Dist. 0o. 8 v. 1older,

55 U.S. 16 2776) .................................................................................................. 41

0alco Co. v. EPA,

; F. S". 20 1 D.D.C. 2711) .......................................................................... 4

0ational Association of 1o!e Builders v. Ar!/ Cor%s of Engineers,

41 F.0 122 D.C. C&%. 2775) .................................................................... 2, 2, 2;

0F(B v. $ebelius,

12 S. C#. 25 2712) .............................................................................................. 4


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v&&&

0i)on v. $A,

4 U.S. 425 16) .................................................................................................. 5

0L"B v. 0oel Canning,

14 S. C#. 2557 2714) ..............................................................................................

0"DC v. EPA,

4 F.0 11 D.C. C&%. 2711) .................................................................................. ;

0"DC v. FDA,

17 F.0 1 20 C&%. 271)........................................................................................ 46

Pana!a "efining Co. v. "/an,

26 U.S. ;; 165) .................................................................................................... 4

Penns/lvania v. 2est irginia,

22 U.S. 55 162) .................................................................................................. 56

Perales v. Casillas,

67 F.20 174 5#$ C&%. 1667) ........................................................................ 6, 17, 2;

Philadel%hia Co. v. $ti!son,

22 U.S. 75 1612) .................................................................................................... 4

Phili% Morris -$A (nc. v. $cott,

11 S. C#. 1 2717) .................................................................................................... 4

Philli%s Petroleu! Co. v. 6ohnson,

22 F.0 1 5#$ C&%. 1664) ...................................................................................... 6

Pl/ler v. Doe,

45 U.S. 272 16;2) .................................................................................................. 5

Prof,ls & Patients for Custo!i*ed Care v. $halala,

5 F.0 562 5#$ C&%. 1665) .......................................................... 2, 5, , , ;, 47

"ed Lion Broad. Co. v. FCC,

65 U.S. 166) .................................................................................................. 24

"eno v. A!erican7Arab Anti7Discri!ination Co!!ittee,

525 U.S. 41 1666) ............................................................................................ 2;, 26

"obinson v. 0a%olitano,

554 F.0 5; 0 C&%. 2776)...................................................................................... 21


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&'

"odrigue* v. -nited $tates,

4;7 U.S. 522 16;) .................................................................................................. 17

"u!sfeld v. Foru! for Acade!ic and (nstitutional "ights' (nc.,

54 U.S. 4 277) .................................................................................................... 2

"ussello v. -nited $tates,

44 U.S. 1 16;) .................................................................................................... 1

$cialabba v. Cuellar de #sorio,

14 S. C#. 2161 2714) .............................................................................................. 1

$haughness/ v. Pedreiro,

46 U.S. 4; 1655) .................................................................................................... 5

$ierra Club v. Morton,

475 U.S. 2 162) .................................................................................................. 4

$i!!at v. -.$. Bureau of Prisons,

41 F.0 1225 17#$ C&%. 2775) .................................................................................. 4

$t. Pierre v. D/er,

27; F.0 64 20 C&%. 2777)................................................................................ 4;, 46

$to!%er v. A!alga!ated Transit -nion' Local 9:8,

2 F.0 1 #$ C&%. 1664) ...................................................................................... 17

Te)as De!ocratic Part/ v. Ben+iser,

456 F.0 5;2 5#$ C&%. 277) .................................................................................... 4

Te)as v. -nited $tates,

46 F.0 461 5#$ C&%. 277) .............................................................................. 4, 4;

Town of Castle "oc+ v. on*ales,

545 U.S. 4; 2775) .................................................................................................. 2

-nited $tates v. 6uare*7Escobar,

25 F. S". 0 4 .D. a. 2714) ......................................................................... 2;

-nited $tates v. Lee,

17 U.S. 16 1;;2) .................................................................................................... 4

-nited $tates v. "utherford,

442 U.S. 544 166) .................................................................................................. 24


11/88

'

-nited $tates v. $C"AP,

412 U.S. 6 16) ............................................................................................ 42, 44

-niversit/ of Te)as v. Ca!enisch,

451 U.S. 67 16;1) ..................................................................................................

ill. of Arlington 1eights v. Metro. 1ous. Dev. Cor%.,

426 U.S. 252 16) ..................................................................................................

2att v. Energ/ Action Educ. Found.,

454 U.S. 151 16;1) ............................................................................................ 2,

2hit!an v. A!. Truc+ing Ass,ns' (nc.,

51 U.S. 45 2771) ............................................................................................ 1, 41

2/eth v. Levine,

555 U.S. 555 2776) .................................................................................................. 51

Youngstown $heet & Tube Co. v. $aw/er,

4 U.S. 56 1652) ....................... 1, , 4, , , ;, 6, 12, 14, 1;, 16, 2, 24, 25, ,

;ivotofs+/ e) rel. ;ivotofs+/ v. Clinton,

12 S. C#. 1421 2712) .............................................................................................. 5

Federal Cos!"!#!"oal Pro$"s"os

U.S. CONST. a%#. II, ............................................................................. 1, 2, , 4, 5, 4

U.S. CONST. a%#. III ........................................................................ 42, 4, 4;, 5, 2, 4

Federal S!a!#!or% Pro$"s"os

Dea%#(e+# o! o(ea+0 Sec"% A%o%&a#&o+s Ac# o! 2717,

"b. . No. 111-;, 12 S#a#. 2142 2776) ............................................................... 21

G%a((-eac$-@&e F&+a+c&a Mo0e%+&3a#&o+ Ac#,

"b. . No. 17-172, 11 S#a#. 1; 1666) ............................................................. 1

Ie*a I((&*%a#&o+ Re!o%( a+0 I((&*%a+# Reso+s&b& Ac#,

"b. . No. 174-27;, 117 S#a#. 776 166) ....................................................... 12, 2

&c#&(s o! T%a!!&c/&+* a+0 &oe+ce %o#ec#&o+ Ac#,

"b. . No. 17-;, 114 S#a#. 144 2777) ............................................................. 22


12/88

'&

&oe+ce A*a&+s# o(e+ Ac#,

"b. . No. 17-22, 17; S#a#. 16 ........................................................................ 22

5 U.S.C. 55 ......................................................................................................... 4, 41

5 U.S.C. 72 ............................................................................................................... 4

5 U.S.C. 74 ................................................................................................... 4, 5, 5

5 U.S.C. 7 ......................................................................................................... 4, 41

; U.S.C. 117a)) .............................................................................................. 41, 42

; U.S.C. 1151a)1) .................................................................................................... 1

; U.S.C. 1151b)2)A)&) ........................................................................................... 11

; U.S.C. 115a)1) .................................................................................................... 1

; U.S.C. 115a)2) .................................................................................................... 1

; U.S.C. 115a)) .................................................................................................... 1

; U.S.C. 115a)4) .................................................................................................... 1

; U.S.C. 1154a)1)A)&&&) ......................................................................................... 22

; U.S.C. 1154a)1)A)&v) .......................................................................................... 22

; U.S.C. 1154a)1)A)v&&) ........................................................................................ 22

; U.S.C. 11;2a))A)&) ........................................................................................... 11

; U.S.C. 11;2a)6)@)&)II) ...................................................................................... 11

; U.S.C. 1271a) ........................................................................................................ 11

; U.S.C. 1225 ....................................................................................................... 11, 12

; U.S.C. 1225a)1) .................................................................................................... 1

; U.S.C. 1225b)2)A) ............................................................................................... 12

; U.S.C. 122 ............................................................................................................. 12


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14/88


15/88

'&v

O!'er A#!'or"!"es

A&cab& o! #$e Dav&s-@aco+ Ac# #o #$e e#e%a+s A0(&+&s#%a#&o+s ease o!

Me0&ca Fac&&es, 12 O. O..C. ;6 16;;) .............................................................. ;

ARANSAS MEDICAID,MEDICA SERICES OICJ MANUA........................................ 5

Bos$ @ac/(a+, The Constitutionalit/ of DAPA Part (< Congressional

Ac=uiescence to Deferred Action, 17 GEORGETON A BOURNA ONINEKK

!o%#$co(&+* 2715) ................................................................................................... 27

C@S os A+*ees, Long Lines E)%ected at DM Frida/ as -ndocu!ented

(!!igrants A%%l/ for LicensesBa+. 1, 2715) ......................................................... 4

Ge++ esse%,

Fact Chec+er< #ba!a,s Clai! that eorge 1.2. Bush ave "elief to

>:? Percent, of -ndocu!ented (!!igrants, AS.OSTNov. 24, 2714) .............. 16

Nea . a#a L a"%e+ce . T%&be, 2aging 2ar' Deciding uilt< Tr/ing the

Militar/ Tribunals, 111 JAE.B. 1256 2772) ........................................................

IRA B.URH@AN,IMMIGRATION A SOURCE@OO1#$ e0. 2712) ............................. 1

%&s#& "+0s#%o(, The -nintended Effects of the Three7 and Ten7Year -nlawful

Presence Bars, A LCONTEM.RO@S. ;6 271) .......................................... 11

C. GORDON,S.MAIMAN LS.JAE-OER,IMMIGRATION

A AND ROCEDURE 166;).................................................................................... 26

M&c$ae D. S$ea%, For #ba!a' E)ecutive #rder on (!!igration 2ould be a

Turnabout, N.J.TIMESNov. 1, 2714) ................................................................... 5

e+


16/88

'v

TABLE OF EXHIBITS

EXI@IT DOCUMENT NAMEA.

AGE NO.

1 Deca%a#&o+ o! R&c$a%0 A*ee%, $.D. 7771-774

2

S#"a%# A+0e%so+, Me(o%a+0"( !o% Bo$++ N.

&&a(s, Re: De!e%%e0 Ac#&o+ !o% A&e+s 9$ @o+a

F&0e A&ca#&o+s !o% T No+&((&*%a+# S#a#"s Ma ;,

2772)

774-7746

Ari*ona Drea! Act Coalition v. Brewer, No. 1-124;

6#$ C&%.), A(&c"s @%. o! U+e0 S#a#es &+ O+ #o

Re$* E+ @a+c

7757-774

4 Deca%a#&o+ o! ev&+ D. @a&e 775-77;

5 Deca%a#&o+ o! Dav&0 G. @a/e% 776-77;

Bea++e @a#aova e# a., DACA a# #$e T9o-Jea% Ma%/,

M&*%a#&o+ o&c I+s#"#e A"*. 2714)77;-7121

Deca%a#&o+ o! M&c$ae @e%+0# 7122-7125

; DACA E(a&s, a%# I 712-7141

6 DACA E(a&s, a%# II 7142-72

17 DACA S#a+0a%0 Oe%a#&+* %oce0"%es 724-75

11 Deca%a#&o+ o! &sa Da9+-F&s$e% 7-741

12De!e%%e0 Ac#&o+ !o% C$&0$oo0 A%%&vas Reo%#, U.S.

C&3e+s$& a+0 I((&*%a#&o+ Se%v&ces A%. 17, 271)742-744

1 Deca%a#&o+ o! Ba(es D"+/s 745-74;

14 Deca%a#&o+ o! a% Esc$bac$, $.D. 746-767

15 Deca%a#&o+ o! a#%&c/ A. Fe%+a+ 761-7;72

1 Deca%a#&o+ o! Be!!%e M. G& 7;7-7;75

1@ob Goo0a##e L C$a%es E. G%asse, e##e% #o Be$

Bo$+so+ A"*. 26, 2714)7;7-7;11


17/88

'v&


AGE NO.

1;Dav&0 a+coc/, Few (!!igrants -se Fa!il/ Aid

Progra!, MIAMI ERADOc#. 1, 1667)7;12-7;14

16.R. 556, %eve+#&+* E'ec"#&ve Ove%%eac$ o+I((&*%a#&o+ Ac# o! 2714

7;15-7;21

27Deca%a#&o+ o! M&c$ae C. MacC%ac/e+,

Massachusetts v. EPAD.C. C&%. No. 7-11)7;22-7;;

21

Do+a0 Ne"!e0, Me(o%a+0"( !o% F&e0 ea0e%s$&,

Re: G"&0a+ce Re*a%0&+* S"%v&v&+* So"ses o!

Decease0 U.S. C&3e+s a+0 T$e&% C$&0%e+ Se#. 4,

2776)

7;6-7;4

22 Deca%a#&o+ o! a# Neve%(a+ 7;4;-7;51

2 Deca%a#&o+ o! e++e#$ a&+/as 7;52-7;5

24 Deca%a#&o+ o! Boe e#e%s 7;5-7;;

25 Deca%a#&o+ o! S$e%& ooc/ 7;6-7;;2

2

%es&0e+# @a%ac/ Oba(a, Re(a%/s b #$e %es&0e+#

&+ I((&*%a#&o+ To9+ a = Nas$v&e, Te++essee

Dec. 6, 2714)

7;;-7;6

2

ea%&+* T%a+sc%, %es&0e+# Oba(as E'ec"#&ve

Ove%%eac$ o+ I((&*%a#&o+, o"se B"0&c&a%

Co((#ee Dec. 2, 2714)

7;64-762

2;

%ess Reease, USCIS, USCIS A++o"+ces I+#e%&(

Re&e! !o% Fo%e&*+ S#"0e+#s A0ve%se I(ac#e0 b

"%%&ca+e a#%&+a Nov. 25, 2775)

76-765

26eo+ Ro0%&*"e3, e##e% #o C$a%es E. G%asse Oc#. 6,

2714)76-7665

7 Deca%a#&o+ o! Do+a0 M. S+e(&s 766-177

1Ss#e(a#&c A&e+ e%&!&ca#&o+ !o% E+#e(e+#s

%o*%a( Doc"(e+#s1774-1722


18/88

'v&&


AGE NO.

2

a" . &%#"e, Me(o%a+0"( !o% Re*&o+a D&%ec#o%s

e# a., Re: S"e(e+#a G"&0a+ce o+ @a##e%e0 A&e+

Se!-e#&o+&+* %ocess a+0 Rea#e0 Iss"es Ma ,

166)

172-177

Deca%a#&o+ o! F&+&s ec$, $.D. 171-175

4

&&a( R. Ja#es, Me(o%a+0"( !o% #$e D&%ec#o%,

e%(o+# Se%v&ce Ce+#e%, Re: Ce+#%a&3a#&o+ o!

I+#e%&( Re&e! !o% U No+&((&*%a+# S#a#"s A&ca+#s

Oc#. ;, 277)

1754-171

5Youngstown $heet & Tube Co. v. $aw/er, 4 U.S.

56 1652) No. 51-44), @%&e! !o% e#&o+e%s172-1161


19/88

SUMMARY OF AR(UMENT

I)A) T$e De!e+0a+#s ca&( #$e ca+ 0&se+se 9$ !e0e%a a9 a+0

"+&a#e%a %esove o+e o! #$e Na#&o+s (os# &+#%ac#abe &ss"es 9$ a !&ve-a*e

DS D&%ec#&ve. A+0 #$e ca&( #$a# #$e&% e!!o%#s a%e c$ae+*eabe b +o a&+#&!!,

%ev&e9abe b +o co"%#, a+0 s"ba&+#&!!s %e0%ess . . . &s #$%o"*$ #$e o&ca %ocess,

+o# #$e co"%#s.?). a%% T%"(a+ 9as #$e as# %es&0e+# #o v&oa#e #$e Ta/e Ca%e

Ca"se &+ s"c$ s#a%/ #e%(s, a+0 #$e S"%e(e Co"%# e+0&sc%e#&o+a% +o+-e+!o%ce(e+#.? T$&s &s a

a9s" abo"# 9$a# De!e+0a+#s 0&0 = +o# 9$a# #$e 0ec&+e0 #o 0o. T$e

"+&a#e%a c%ea#e0 a +e9 e+#e(e+# %o*%a(, e*&sa#e0 #$e e&*&b& c%e%&a !o%

, a+0 #$e+ &+ #$e 9o%0s o! #$e USCIS "+&o+ %es&0e+#) #$e >%"bbe%-s#a(e0? #$e

e&*&be a&ca#&o+s. a&+/as Dec. , ; A. 7;54-55). Mo%eove%, De!e+0a+#s

9& &ss"e (&&o+s o! !e0e%a &0e+#&!&ca#&o+ ca%0s cae0 E(o(e+# A"#$o%&3a#&o+

Ca%0s, o% >EACs?), 9$&c$ 9& e+#e #$e&% $o0e%s #o (%&a0 e*a be+e!s "+0e%

!e0e%a a+0 s#a#e a9. $a#eve% ese (&*$# be sa&0 abo"# De!e+0a+#s "+&a#e%a

ac#&o+s, #$e ca++o# be (&+&(&3e0 as (e%e >&+ac#&o+.?

I)B) a&+#&!!s aso a%e &/e #o s"ccee0 o+ #$e&% AA ca&(s. T$e AAs

+o#&ce-a+0-co((e+# a+0


20/88

2

a*e+c o!!&c&as a+0 co+!e% be+e!s o+ (e(be%s o! #$e "b&c. $ee Prof,ls & Patients

for Custo!i*ed Care v. $halala, 5 F.0 562, 56 5#$ C&%. 1665). T$e DS

D&%ec#&ve eas& (ee#s #$a# s#a+0a%0 beca"se ob&*a#es a*e+c o!!&c&as #o >%"bbe%-

s#a(? e&*&be a&ca#&o+s, seea&+/as Dec. , ; A. 7;54-55), a+0 co+!e%s

e*a %&*$#s &+ #$e !o%( o! EACs o+ (e(be%s o! #$e "b&c. I# &s &%%eeva+# #$a# DS

cas #$e 0oc"(e+# a (e%e >o&c? s#a#e(e+# beca"se !e0e%a co"%#s ("s# oo/

be$&+0 #$e a*e+cs abe #o #$e s"bs#a+ce a+0 %ac#&ca e!!ec# o! #$e a*e+cs

ac#&o+s. $eeProf,ls & Patients, 5 F.0 a# 56 +.2.

I)C) T$e a&+#&!!s $ave s#a+0&+* #o %a&se #$e&% Ta/e Ca%e a+0 AA ca&(s.

U+ess e+


21/88

be 0&!!&c"# o% &(oss&be #o "+%ave #$e D&%ec#&ve o+ce #a/es e!!ec#. A*a&+s# #$ose

&+%osec"#o%&a 0&sc%e#&o+? o%

>e+!o%ce(e+# %&o%&es? beca"se #$&s &s a case abo"# e'ec"#&ve action, +o# &+ac#&o+.

8. Plaintiffs, Ta+e Care Clai! (s Cogni*able -nder Youngstown

a. a&+#&!!s $ave a ca"se o! ac#&o+

I# &s a %"0&(e+#a% %oos&o+ o! !e0e%a a9 #$a# 2; U.S.C. 11 a+0 #$e

Co+s#"#&o+ se! %ov&0e a ca"se o! ac#&o+ #o %a&se co+s#"#&o+a ca&(s !o%


22/88

4

&+#$e %es&0e+#s ac#&o+s (a s#& be

%ev&e9e0 !o% co+s#"#&o+a?) $i!!at v. -.$. Bureau of Prisons, 41 F.0 1225,

122 17#$ C&%. 2775) McCo++e, B.) >Sec#&o+ 11 #$"s %ov&0es


23/88

5

#$e Na#&o+s s#ee (&s, a+0 #$e (& o9+e%s b%o"*$# co+s#"#&o+a ca&(s a*a&+s#

#$e Co((e%ce Sec%e#a%. T$e a&+#&!!s a%*"e0, a(o+* o#$e% #$&+*s, #$a# T%"(a+

"+co+s#"#&o+a #%&e0 >#o 0&se+se 9$ #$e a9s? &+ v&oa#&o+ o! #$e Ta/e Ca%e

Ca"se =


24/88

(d. a# 2-2; A. 1174-75) &+#e%+a "o#a#&o+ (a%/s a+0 ca#&o+s o(#e0). B"0*e

&+e %eso+0e0 e'ac# $o9 9e a%e as/&+* #$&s Co"%# #o %eso+0: $e %eB"s#&ce Bac/so+s co+c"%%e+ce o"#&+e0 #$e #$%ee +o9-

ca+o+&ca ca#e*o%&es #$a# *"&0e (o0e%+ a+as&s o! sea%a#&o+ o! o9e%s.?).


25/88

c. De!e+0a+#s ca++o# &*+o%e Youngstown

De!e+0a+#s #%ea#(e+# o! #$e >+o9-ca+o+&ca? Youngstown case &s 0ee

co+!&c#e0. O+ #$e o+e $a+0, DOB e(b%aces #$e sa(e "+b%&0e0 #$eo% o! e'ec"#&ve

o9e% #$a# %ev&o"s a+0 "+s"ccess!") evee0 &+ 0e!e+se o! T%"(a+s se&3"%e

o! #$e s#ee (&s. Co!%areO. 26 a%*"&+* o+ c$ec/ o+ De!e+0a+#s ac#&o+s >&s

#$%o"*$ #$e o&ca %ocess, +o# #$e co"%#s?), withYoungstown@%. 2; A. 1175)

a%*"&+* o+ c$ec/ o+ e'ec"#&ve o9e% >&s #$e bao# bo' a+0 . . . &(eac$(e+#?).

O+ #$e o#$e% $a+0, DOB %ee*a#es s e+#&%e 0&sc"ss&o+ o! Youngstown #o a s&+*e

se+#e+ce &+ #$e (&00e o! a 46-9o%0 !oo#+o#e o+ a*e 7 o! s b%&e!. $eeO. 7

+.25.

A+0 eve+ #$a# soa% se+#e+ce 0oes +o# (a/e se+se. "%o%#&+* #o

0&s#&+*"&s$ #$e %ece0e+#, De!e+0a+#s a%*"e: >I+ YoungstownQ, #$e %es&0e+#

co+ce0e0 #$a# $e 9as ac#&+* o"#s&0e o! a"#$o% %ov&0e0 #o $&( b s#a#"#e.? (bid.

I! De!e+0a+#s (ea+ #o s"**es# #$a# #$e #o"c$s#o+e !o% a Ta/e Ca%e v&oa#&o+ &s a

%es&0e+#&a co+cess&o+ o! a9ess+ess, 9e $ave 27 o! #$e(. T$e c"%%e+# %es&0e+#

&/e9&se co+ce0e0 #$a# $&s ac#&o+s &+ #$&s case e'cee0e0 #$e a"#$o% %ov&0e0 #o

$&( b s#a#"#e. $ee FAC 16, 44, 4; coec#&+* "o#a#&o+s). $&e De!e+0a+#s

!a& #o ac/+o9e0*e #$ose co+cess&o+s eve+ o+ce &+ #$e&% vo"(&+o"s !&&+*, #$e ca+

+o (o%e avo&0 #$ose co+cess&o+s #$a+ #$e ca+ avo&0 #$e S"%e(e Co"%#s e($a#&c

%eOC?) %ev&o"s #o0 #$e A(e%&ca+ "b&c


26/88

;

#$a# #$e 0ec&s&o+ &s !a% !%o( &%%eeva+#. $eeOC Me(o FAC E'. @).2 Ra#$e% #$a+

%ee*a#&+* Youngstown #o o+e se+#e+ce &+ a 46-9o%0 !oo#+o#e, OC sa&0 #$e

0ec&s&o+ &s c%&ca &(o%#a+# a+0 "#s (ea+&+*!" &(s o+ DSs 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+

%o*%a(s: >I((&*%a#&o+ o!!&c&as 0&sc%e#&o+ &+ e+!o%c&+* #$e a9s &s +o# . . .

"+&(e0.? (d. a# 5 c&+* Youngstown).

I+ #$e !&%s# >3o+e? o! #$e Youngstown !%a(e9o%/, 9$e+ DS oe%a#es 9$

#$e >e'%ess o% &(&e0 a"#$o%&3a#&o+ o! Co+*%ess, Qs a"#$o% &s a# s

(a'&("(.? 4 U.S. a# 5 Bac/so+, B., co+c"%%&+*). A# #$e o#$e% e+0 o! #$e

sec#%"( &s #$e #$&%0 >3o+e?: 9$e+ #$e E'ec"#&ve >#a/es (eas"%es &+co(a#&be

9$ #$e e'%esse0 o% &(&e0 9& o! Co+*%ess, $&s o9e% &s a# s o9es# ebb.? (d. a#

Bac/so+, B., co+c"%%&+*). T$a# &s 9$ OC sa&0 &s >c%&ca? #o #$e DS

D&%ec#&ves co+s#"#&o+a #$a# e+


27/88


28/88

17

Casillas, 67 F.20 174, 1751 5#$ C&%. 1667). Seco+0, %e*a%0ess 9$e#$e% #$e INA

$as o+e "%ose o% (a+, #$e DS D&%ec#&ve v&oa#es #$e e+#&%e# o! Co+*%esss

e!!o%# b #$%o9&+* a9a #$e s#a#"#es ca%e!" #a&o%e0 %ov&s&o+s a+0 a0o#&+*

&+s#ea0 a b"+#, ac%oss-#$e-boa%0 o&c #$a# %e+0e%s s"e%!"o"s e+#&%e o%#&o+s o!

#$e INA !o% 478 o! #$e Na#&o+s "+0oc"(e+#e0 o"a#&o+.

>Dec&0&+* 9$a# co(e#&+* va"es 9& o% 9& +o# be sac%&!&ce0 #o #$e

ac$&eve(e+# o! a a%#&c"a% ob


29/88

11

#$e co"+#%, C) 9as 17 (o%e ea%s, a+0 #$e+ D) ob#a&+s a+ IR-5 &((e0&a#e-

%ea#&ve v&sa !%o( a U.S. co+s"a#e ab%oa0. $ee ; U.S.C. 1151b)2)A)&),

11;2a)6)@)&)II), 1271a), 1255. Mo%eove%, &! #$e "+0oc"(e+#e0 a%e+# 0oes +o#

eva0e 0e#ec#&o+ !o% 21 ea%s, $e o% s$e &s statutoril/ inad!issible #o #$e U+e0

S#a#es. $ee id. 11;2a))A)&). T$e o+ 9a #o avo&0 #$a# s#a#"#o%

&+a0(&ss&b& a+0 %e(a&+ &+ #$e co"+#% a9!" &s #o sa#&s! e# a+o#$e% &s# o!

%&*&0 s#a#"#o% c%e%&a, &+c"0&+* a(o+* o#$e% #$&+*s, >#$a# Q#$e &+a0(&ss&be

a%e+#s %e(ova 9o"0 %es"# &+ e'ce#&o+a a+0 e'#%e(e "+"s"a $a%0s$& #o

#$e a&e+s so"se, a%e+#, o% c$&0, 9$o &s a c&3e+ o! #$e U+e0 S#a#es.? (d.

1226bb)1)D). A+0 eve+ #$e+, Co+*%ess $as cae0 #$e +"(be% o! ca+cea#&o+s

o! %e(ova a# 4,777 e% ea% +a#&o+9&0e. $eeid. 1226be)1).

I# #a/es a %a#$e% s/e9e0 ee #o see #$&s sc$e(e as a+ "+bo"+0e0 #$%"s#

#o9a%0 >!a(& "+.? I+0ee0, so(e $ave c%&c&3e0 #$e !o%e*o&+* %ov&s&o+s as

&(os&+* 0%aco+&a+ $"%0es #o #$e "+&!&ca#&o+ o! "+0oc"(e+#e0 a%e+#s a+0 #$e&%

c&3e+ c$&0%e+. $ee %&s#& "+0s#%o(, The -nintended Effects of the Three7 and

Ten7Year -nlawful Presence Bars, A L CONTEM. RO@S. ;6 271).

Re*a%0ess 9$e#$e% #$ose $"%0es a%e *oo0 o% ba0 o&c, &s &%%e!"#abe #$a#

Co+*%ess &(ose0 #$e( a+0 #$e De!e+0a+#s &*+o%e0 #$e(. U+0oc"(e+#e0 a%e+#s

o! U.S. c&3e+s +o o+*e% $ave #o co( 9$ Congress,s%e"&%e(e+#s &+ Sec#&o+s

1151b)2)A)&), 11;2a))A)&), a+0 1226bb)1)D) &+s#ea0, #$e ca+ a9!" s#a

&+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es a+0 avo&0 %e(ova %ocee0&+*s s&( b sa#&s!&+* D1$,s


30/88

12

%e"&%e(e+#s &+ #$e D&%ec#&ve. T$a# &s #$e e'ac# oose o! co+*%ess&o+a

ac"&esce+ce &s 3o+e--s#e e'ec"#&ve a**%a+0&3e(e+#. $ee Youngstown, 4

U.S. a# Bac/so+, B., co+c"%%&+*).

De!e+0a+#s ca++o# Qe%so+s 9$o e+#e% Q"+a9!" a%e #%ea#e0 as a&ca+#s !o% a0(&ss&o+

I# &s #%"e #$a# "+0oc"(e+#e0 a%e+#s o! U.S. c&3e+s s#& ("s# co( 9$ Co+*%esss

s#a#"#o% %e"&%e(e+#s !o% a+ a00e!e%%e0 ac#&o+? #o >R?). $eeO.

-. @"# #$a#s &%%eeva+#. T$e s#a#"#o% %ov&s&o+s ce0 above %e!ec# #$e +a%%o9 c&%c"(s#a+ces

"+0e% 9$&c$ Co+*%ess a"#$o%&3es #$e %ese+ce o! a%e+#s o! U.S. c&3e+s, a+0 #$ose a%e #$e

%e"&%e(e+#s #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s "+co+s#"#&o+a 0&s%e*a%0e0 &+ #$e DS D&%ec#&ve. I# &s

&%%eeva+# #$a# DS 0&0 +o# also 0&s%e*a%0 #$e s#a#"#o% %e"&%e(e+#s !o% a0


31/88

1

"+0e% INA 25a)1), ; U.S.C. 1225a)1).? IRA B. URH@AN, IMMIGRATION A

SOURCE@OO56 1#$ e0. 2712).

&&. a%e+#s o! Rs

T$e "+0oc"(e+#e0 a%e+#s o! Rs a%e a+ eve+ eas&e% case. U+&/e #$e

a%e+#s o! U.S. c&3e+s, #$e a%e+#s o! Rs never $ave e+!a(& "+?

%e!e%e+ces "+0e% #$e &((&*%a#&o+ a9s. $ee; U.S.C. 1151a)1), 115a)1)-4).

A+0 beca"se Co+*%ess c$ose +o# #o a"#$o%&3e #$e %ese+ce o! a%e+#s o! Rs a+0

c&3e+s o+ &0e+#&ca #e%(s, 9o"0 !%"s#%a#e Co+*%esss "%oses !o% DS #o

+o+e#$eess #%ea# #$e( e"a. $ee$cialabba v. Cuellar de #sorio, 14 S. C#. 2161,

2212-1 2714) +o#&+* #$e e"a#&o+ o! s#a#"#o%& %e!e%%e0 a+0 +o+-%e!e%%e0

&((&*%a+#s >9o"0 ... sc%a(be #$e %&o% o%0e% Co+*%ess %esc%&be0?) "ussello v.

-nited $tates, 44 U.S. 1, 2 16;) >$e%e Co+*%ess &+c"0es a%#&c"a%

a+*"a*e &+ o+e sec#&o+ o! a s#a#"#e b"# o(s &+ a+o#$e% sec#&o+ o! #$e sa(e Ac#,

&s *e+e%a %es"(e0 #$a# Co+*%ess ac#s &+#e+#&o+a a+0 "%ose &+ #$e

0&sa%a#e &+c"s&o+ o% e'c"s&o+.? &+#e%+a "o#a#&o+ (a%/s a+0 a#e%a#&o+

o(#e0)).

T$e De!e+0a+#s o!!e% o+ o+e


32/88

14

se%v&ce. $ee ; U.S.C. 147a), 146a). I! #$e (e%e oss&b& o! c&3e+s$& &s

s"!!&c&e+#, as De!e+0a+#s s"**es#, #$e+ DS "+&a#e%a co"0 e*a&3e #$e %ese+ce

o! a 11 (&&o+ "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s &+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es %a#$e% #$a+ EACs?) #o 478 o! #$e "+0oc"(e+#e0

&((&*%a+#s &+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es. T$e%e!o%e, De!e+0a+#s 9o%/-e%( %o*%a( aso

!as 9$&+ Youngstowns >3o+e .?

De!e+0a+#s o+ co"+#e%a%*"(e+# %e&es o+ ; U.S.C. 124a$)). $eeO.

;, 12, 4; OC Me(o 21-22. @"# !a% !%o( e*a&3&+*9o%/ a"#$o%&3a#&o+ !o% a+o+e,

Sec#&o+ 124a (a/es "+a9!" >#o $&%e . . . a+ "+a"#$o%&3e0 a&e+.? ; U.S.C.

124aa)1)A). I+ a s"bsec#&o+ e+#e0 >De!&+&o+ o! "+a"#$o%&3e0 a&e+,? Sec#&o+

124a #$e+ 0e!&+es 9$&c$ "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s co"+# as >"+a"#$o%&3e0

a&e+Qs? 9$o ca++o# be $&%e0. T$e 0e!&+&o+a %ov&s&o+ sas, &+ !":

As "se0 &+ #$&s sec#&o+, #$e #e%( "+a"#$o%&3e0 a&e+ (ea+s, 9$

%esec# #o #$e e(o(e+# o! a+ a&e+ a# a a%#&c"a% #&(e, #$a# #$e

a&e+ &s +o# a# #$a# #&(e e$e% A) a+ a&e+ a9!" a0(#e0 !o%

e%(a+e+# %es&0e+ce, o% @) a"#$o%&3e0 #o be so e(oe0 b #$&s


33/88

15

c$a#e% o% b #$e A##o%+e Ge+e%a Q+o9 #$e Sec%e#a% o! o(ea+0

Sec"%.

(d. 124a$)). I+ De!e+0a+#s v&e9, 9$e+ Co+*%ess sa&0 >"+a"#$o%&3e0 a&e+Qs?

a%e #$ose +o# >a"#$o%&3e0 #o be so e(oe0 . . . b #$e A##o%+e Ge+e%a,? ibid.,

&(&c *ave #$e E'ec"#&ve @%a+c$ "+%ev&e9abe 0&sc%e#&o+ #o &ss"e 9o%/ e%(s

!o% eve% s&+*e "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+# &+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es o% 478 o! #$e().

I+ a00&o+ #o s &+$e%e+# &(a"s&b&, #$&s asse%#&o+ o! e'ec"#&ve a"#$o%

&s (&sace0 !o% #$%ee %easo+s. F&%s#, Sec#&o+ 124a$)) &s a 0e!&+&o+a %ov&s&o+,

+o# a s"bs#a+#&ve o+e. I# (e%e 0e!&+es 9$&c$ "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s co"+# as

>"+a"#$o%&3e0? !o% 9o%/ 0oes +o# *&ve #$e DS Sec%e#a% a+ o9e% #o a"#$o%&3e

9o%/ b a+o+e. T$e DS Sec%e#a%s o9e% #o a"#$o%&3e 9o%/ &+s#ea0 co(es !%o(

o#$e% %ov&s&o+s o! #$e INA. $ee ; U.S.C. 122a)) ce%#a&+ Rs), 121a))

ce%#a&+ &+0&v&0"as 9$o ca++o# be %e(ove0). A+0 o! co"%se, #$ose o#$e%%ov&s&o+s

o! #$e INA sa +o#$&+* abo"# *%a+#&+* 9o%/ a"#$o%&3a#&o+s #o a o% 478) o! #$e

"+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s &+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es.

Seco+0, %ea0&+* Sec#&o+ 124a$)) #o a"#$o%&3e #$e DS Sec%e#a% #o *%a+#

9o%/ a"#$o%&3a#&o+s #o 9$o(eve% $e eases 9o"0 %e+0e% s"%"sa*e #$e o#$e%

%ov&s&o+s o! #$e INA = &/e Sec#&o+s 122a)) a+0 121a)) = #$a# *%a+#

a"#$o% &(e0 #o a%#&c"a% &+0&v&0"as &+ a%#&c"a% s#a#"#o%& %esc%&be0

c&%c"(s#a+ces. $ee' e.g., Corle/ v. -nited $tates, 55 U.S. 7, 14 2776) >QA

s#a#"#e s$o"0 be co+s#%"e0 so #$a# e!!ec# &s *&ve+ #o a s %ov&s&o+s, so #$a# +o

a%# 9& be &+oe%a#&ve o% s"e%!"o"s.? &+#e%+a "o#a#&o+ (a%/s o(#e0)).

Mo%eove%, %ov&s&o+s &/e Sec#&o+s 122a)) a+0 121a)) %ove #$a# Co+*%ess


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1

/+e9 $o9 #o a"#$o%&3e #$e DS Sec%e#a% #o *%a+# 9o%/ a"#$o%&3a#&o+s &+

a%#&c"a% c&%c"(s#a+ces !o% a%#&c"a% &+0&v&0"as 9o"0 be abs"%0 #o s"**es#

#$a# #$e Sec%e#a% ca+ +o+e#$eess 0o 9$a#eve% $e 9a+#s 9$ "+%ev&e9abe

0&sc%e#&o+. $ee' e.g., Cit/ of Chicago v. Envtl. Def. Fund, 511 U.S. 2;, ;-6 1664)

>QI# &s *e+e%a %es"(e0 #$a# Co+*%ess ac#s &+#e+#&o+a a+0 "%ose? 9$e+

>&+c"0es a%#&c"a% a+*"a*e &+ o+e sec#&o+ o! a s#a#"#e b"# o(s &+ a+o#$e%,?

a+0 as a co+se"e+ce, a+ a*e+c ca++o# !&+0 a0(&+&s#%a#&ve o9e% 9$e%e Co+*%ess

o(#e0 ).

T$&%0, &s &+co+ce&vabe #$a# Co+*%ess 9o"0 "se a cas"a $%ase &+ a

0e!&+&o+a %ov&s&o+ #o *&ve #$e Sec%e#a% #$e o9e% #o e'#e+0 9o%/ a"#$o%&3a#&o+

#o a &((&*%a+#s %e*a%0ess o! e*a s#a#"s. I# &s a 9e-se##e0 %&+c&e o!

s#a#"#o% &+#e%%e#a#&o+ #$a# Co+*%ess 0oes +o# b"% caac&o"s 0ee*a#&o+s o! o9e%

&+ s(a a+0 &+co+s&c"o"s aces. $ee' e.g., 2hit!an v. A!. Truc+ing Ass,ns' (nc.,

51 U.S. 45, 4; 2771) >Co+*%ess, 9e $ave $e0, 0oes +o# a#e% #$e !"+0a(e+#a

0e#a&s o! a %e*"a#o% sc$e(e &+ va*"e #e%(s o% a+c&a% %ov&s&o+s = 0oes +o#,

o+e (&*$# sa, $&0e ee$a+#s &+ (o"se$oes.?) FDA v. Brown & 2illia!son

Tobacco Cor%., 526 U.S. 127, 17 2777) >Co+*%ess co"0 +o# $ave &+#e+0e0 #o

0ee*a#e a 0ec&s&o+ o! s"c$ eco+o(&c a+0 o&ca s&*+&!&ca+ce #o a+ a*e+c &+ so

c%#&c a !as$&o+.?).

Fo% e'a(e, &+ABA v. FTC, 47 F.0 45 D.C. C&%. 2775), #$e FTC ca&(e0

a"#$o% #o %e*"a#e a a##o%+es e+*a*e0 &+ #$e %ac#&ce o! a9. T$e Co((&ss&o+

%es#e0 s ca&( o+ #$e caac&o"s 0e!&+&o+ o! >!&+a+c&a &+s#"#&o+? &+c"0e0 &+ #$e


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1

G%a((-eac$-@&e F&+a+c&a Mo0e%+&3a#&o+ Ac#, "b. . No. 17-172, 11 S#a#.

1; 1666), 9$&c$, #$e FTC co+#e+0e0, *ave s9ee&+* a"#$o% #o %e*"a#e a+

!&%( #$a# co+0"c#s >!&+a+c&a ac#&v&es? = &+c"0&+* a9 !&%(s. T$e FTC 9as

"+#%o"be0 b #$e !ac# #$a# #$e G%a((-eac$-@&e Ac# co+#a&+e0 (o"+#a&+s o!

0e#a&e0 %ov&s&o+s, +o+e o! 9$&c$ (e+#&o+e0 a9 !&%(s a+0 +o+e o! 9$&c$ $a0 a+

co+ce&vabe a&ca#&o+ #o a9 !&%(s. T$e D.C. C&%c" %e


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1;

24a.12c)14)). T$a# %e*"a#&o+ "%o%#s #o ao9 DS #o *%a+# 9o%/

a"#$o%&3a#&o+s #o >Qa+ a&e+ 9$o $as bee+ *%a+#e0 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+,? ; C.F.R.

24a.12c)14) = b"# so 9$a# Fo% a o! #$e %easo+s *&ve+ above, DS ca+ o&+#

#o +o s#a#"#o% a"#$o%&3a#&o+ !o% #$a# %e*"a#&o+. A+0 eve+ &! co"0, #$a# 9o"0

%ove +o#$&+*. Fo% e'a(e, #$e I+#e%+a Reve+"e Co0e *&ves #$e IRS %ee'&s#&+*

e*a a"#$o% #o se##e #a' 0&s"#es !o% 7, see2 U.S.C. 121-122 #$a# 0oes

+o# ao9 #$e IRS #o c%ea#e a "+&a#e%a !e0e%a %o*%a( #$a# e%ases 478 o!

A(e%&ca+ #a'ae%s &ab&&es. $ee I Mo#. 2. A+0 &+ a eve+#s, &! #$e 9o%/-

a"#$o%&3a#&o+ %e*"a#&o+ co"0 be &+#e%%e#e0 #o ao9 DS #o *%a+# EACs #o 478 o!

A(e%&cas "+0oc"(e+#e0 o"a#&o+, #oo &s "+co+s#"#&o+a !o% a o! #$e %easo+s

*&ve+ above.

c. &s#o%&ca %ac#&ce %o$&bs #$e DS D&%ec#&ve

De!e+0a+#s ca++o# escae Youngstowns >3o+e ? b sea%c$&+* !o%

>co+*%ess&o+a ac"&esce+ce? &+ %ev&o"s 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ %o*%a(s b %ev&o"s

%es&0e+#s. As #$e De!e+0a+#s co+ce0e, #$e DS D&%ec#&ve &s co+s#"#&o+a "+0e%

Youngstown o+ &+so!a% as &s %oo#e0 &+ co+*%ess&o+a %ece0e+#. $ee O. ;-6

c&+* OC Me(o 14). @"# #$ose o#$e% %o*%a(s a%e +o#$&+* &/e #$e DS

D&%ec#&ve &+ /&+0 o% scae.

Fo% e'a(e, OC co+ce0e0 #$a# co"0 !&+0 +o ev&0e+ce o! a+ 0e!e%%e0

ac#&o+ %o*%a( &+ #$e $&s#o% o! #$e co"+#% #$a# ca(e cose #o a!!o%0&+* e*a

be+e!s #o 4 (&&o+ eoe. $ee OC Me(o 1. @"# #oo/ so(e co(!o%# &+ #$e

1667 >Fa(& Fa&%+ess? %o*%a(, 9$&c$ >(a0e a co(a%abe !%ac#&o+ o!

"+0oc"(e+#e0 a&e+s = a%o'&(a#e !o"% &+ #e+ = o#e+#&a e&*&be !o%


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16

0&sc%e#&o+a% e'#e+0e0 vo"+#a% 0ea%#"%e %e&e!.? (bid. @eca"se Co+*%ess a#e%

co0&!&e0 a s&(&a% #$o"*$ 0&!!e%e+#) %o*%a( &+ #$e I((&*%a#&o+ Ac# o! 1667, OC

co+c"0e0 #$a# #$e >Fa(& Fa&%+ess? %o*%a( co+s#"#e0 a #ac co+*%ess&o+a

a%ova o! a+ a#o*e#$e% 0&!!e%e+# %o*%a( &(e(e+#e0 a "a%#e%-ce+#"% a#e%

"+0e% 0&!!e%e+# c&%c"(s#a+ces. (bid. De!e+0a+#s &/e9&se %e o+ #$a# %ece0e+#

$e%e. $eeO. ;, 42.

I# &s 0&!!&c"# #o ove%s#a#e #$e !aac&o"s+ess o! #$a# o*&c. T$e !ac# #$a# a

%ev&o"s Co+*%ess a%ove0 a %ev&o"s %o*%a( 25 ea%s a*o o+ 0&!!e%e+# #e%(s a+0

9$ a 0&!!e%e+# scoe a+0 scae sas +o#$&+* abo"# 9$e#$e% #$&s DS D&%ec#&ve

!as 9$&+ Youngstowns !&%s# o% #$&%0 3o+e. As #"%+s o"#, $o9eve%, #$e

!aac&o"s+ess o! #$e De!e+0a+#s os&o+ &s #$e eas# o! #$e&% 9o%%&es beca"se #$e&%

!ac#"a ca&(s abo"# #$e Fa(& Fa&%+ess %o*%a( a%e !ase. Fa% !%o( e*a&3&+* #$e

%ese+ce o! 478 o! #$e "+0oc"(e+#e0 o"a#&o+, #$e 1667 Fa(& Fa&%+ess

%o*%a( a"#$o%&3e0 a%%ro)i!atel/ 8@. $ee Dav&0 a+coc/, Few (!!igrants -se

Fa!il/ Aid Progra!, MIAMI ERAD, a# @1 Oc#. 1, 1667) A. 7;1) +o#&+* #$a#,

acco%0&+* #o o!!&c&a INS s#a#&s#&cs, o+ 4,;21 o! #$e Na#&o+s .5 (&&o+

"+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s a&e0 !o% 0&sc%e#&o+a% %e&e! "+0e% #$e Fa(&

Fa&%+ess %o*%a() see also Ge++ esse%, Fact Chec+er< #ba!a,s Clai! that

eorge 1.2. Bush ave "elief to >:? Percent, of -ndocu!ented (!!igrants, AS.

OST Nov. 24, 2714), $##:9ao.s#11O"/5/ *&v&+* >T$%ee &+occ$&os? #o

De!e+0a+#s co+#%a% ca&().


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27

No% ca+ #$e De!e+0a+#s !&+0 co+*%ess&o+a ac"&esce+ce &+ !o"% o#$e%

0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ %o*%a(s #$a# 9e%e eve+ s(ae% #$a+ Fa(& Fa&%+ess: 1) !o%e&*+

s#"0e+#s a!!ec#e0 b "%%&ca+e a#%&+a 2) 9&0o9s o! U.S. C&3e+s ) T a+0 U

v&sa a&ca+#s a+0 4) 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ !o% AA se!-e#&o+e%s. $ee O. ;-6.

Eac$ o! #$ose %o*%a(s &+vove0 casses o! &((&*%a+#s 9$o Co+*%ess = +o# #$e

E'ec"#&ve = a%ea0 $a0 0ec&0e0 co"0 %e(a&+ a9!" &+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es.

De!e%%e0 ac#&o+ 9as "se0 as a s#o-*a (eas"%e 9$&e #$e &((&*%a+#s #%a+s&o+e0

#o a a9!" s#a#"s #$a# $a0 bee+ %ov&0e0 b Congress. I+ *%a+#&+* 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+

s#a#"s #o #$ose &((&*%a+#s, #$e E'ec"#&ve @%a+c$ 9as &(e(e+#&+* Co+*%esss

9& = +o# e'e%c&s&+* s o9+ b b%"#e !o%ce. $ee Bos$ @ac/(a+, The

Constitutionalit/ of DAPA Part (< Congressional Ac=uiescence to Deferred Action,

17 GEORGETON A BOURNA ONINE KK !o%#$co(&+* 2715), available at

ss%+.co(abs#%ac#V2545544.

e#s 9a/ #$%o"*$ eac$ o! #$e De!e+0a+#s e'a(es. T$e !&%s# a%ose 9$e+

T"a+e U+&ve%s a+0 (a+ o#$e%s ao+* #$e G"! Coas# ca+cee0 #$e&% !a

se(es#e%s a!#e% "%%&ca+e a#%&+a. T$&s e!# 2,777 !o%e&*+ s#"0e+#s &+ &(bo

beca"se #$e #e%(s o! #$e&% s#"0e+# v&sas %e"&%e0 #$e( #o "%s"e a >Q!" co"%se o!

s#"0.? ; C.F.R. 214.2!)). Co+*%ess a%ea0 $a0 9eco(e0 a 2,777 o! #$ose

s#"0e+#s &+#o #$e co"+#%. Ra#$e% #$a+ 0eo%# #$e( o+ acco"+# o! a +a#"%a

0&sas#e%, USCIS *%a+#e0 #$e( 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ !o% a !e9 (o+#$s, "+#& #$e co"0

e+%o a# a+o#$e% "+&ve%s a+0 #$"s (a&+#a&+ #$e&% s#"0e+#-v&sa s#a#"s). $ee

%ess Reease, USCIS, USCIS A++o"+ces I+#e%&( Re&e! !o% Fo%e&*+ S#"0e+#s


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21

A0ve%se I(ac#e0 b "%%&ca+e a#%&+a Nov. 25, 2775) A. 764-5). De!e%%e0

ac#&o+ 9as a b%&0*e !%o( o+e a9!" &((&*%a#&o+ s#a#"s #o a+o#$e%.

T$e %o*%a( !o% 9&0o9s o! U.S. c&3e+s 9as s&(&a%. I# *ave a !e9 (o+#$s o!

0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ #o +o+-c&3e+ so"ses 9$o 9e%e (a%%&e0 !o% ess #$a+ #9o ea%s

9$e+ #$e&% c&3e+ so"se 0&e0. A# #$e #&(e, beca"se o! 0eas &+ %ocess&+* v&sa

a&ca#&o+s a+0 beca"se o! USCISs &+#e%%e#a#&o+ o! a #$e+-e'&s#&+* s#a#"#e, +o+-

c&3e+ 9&0o9s a+0 9&0o9e%s beca(e %e(ovabe "o+ #$e 0ea#$ o! #$e&% so"ses

beca"se #$e 9e%e +o o+*e% >&((e0&a#e %ea#&ves? "+0e% #$e INA. $ee"obinson v.

0a%olitano, 554 F.0 5;, 0 C&%. 2776) a*%ee&+* 9$ USCISs

&+#e%%e#a#&o+) but seeLoc+hart v. 0a%olitano, 5 F.0 251, 255-2 #$ C&%. 2776)

%e


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22

&oe+ce A*a&+s# o(e+ Ac# >AA?), "b. . No. 17-22, #. I, 17; S#a#. 16,

1672. @o#$ %o*%a(s &+vove0 +o+c&3e+s 9$ose %osec# !o% ob#a&+&+* a9!"

s#a#"s 9as &((&+e+#, a+0 9$o +ee0e0 o+ a !e9 (o+#$s !o%bea%a+ce so USCIS

co"0 %ocess #$e ae%9o%/. Fo% e'a(e, AA a"#$o%&3e0 +o+c&3e+s 9$o $a0

bee+ ab"se0 b U.S. c&3e+ o% R so"ses o% a%e+#s #o se!-e#&o+ !o% a9!"

&((&*%a#&o+ s#a#"s, 9$o"# $av&+* #o %e o+ #$e&% ab"s&ve !a(& (e(be%s #o

e#&o+ o+ #$e&% be$a!. $ee ; U.S.C. 1154a)1)A)&&&)-&v), v&&). Co+s&s#e+# 9$

co+*%ess&o+a 9&, USCIS *%a+#e0 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ #o #$ese +o+c&3e+s 9$e+eve%

#$e&% v&sa a&ca#&o+s $a0 bee+ a%ove0 b"# #$e v&sa se! 9as +o# &((e0&a#e

ava&abe = "s"a beca"se #$e a%ova ca(e +ea% #$e e+0 o! #$e ea%, 9$e+ #$e

s#a#"#o% ca o+ AA v&sas $a0 bee+ %eac$e0. $eea" . &%#"e, Me(o%a+0"(

!o% Re*&o+a D&%ec#o%s e# a., Re: S"e(e+#a G"&0a+ce o+ @a##e%e0 A&e+ Se!-

e#&o+&+* %ocess a+0 Rea#e0 Iss"es a# Ma , 166) A. 172). Ra#$e% #$a+

0eo%# #$ese +o+c&3e+s, 9$o Co+*%ess $a0 &+ve0 #o a !o% a9!" s#a#"s,

USCIS o!!e%e0 #$e( 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ "+#& a v&sa beca(e ava&abe. (bid.

Fo% s&(&a% %easo+s, USCIS $as *%a+#e0 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ #o v&c#&(s o! $"(a+

#%a!!&c/&+* 9$o a&e0 !o% T a+0 U v&sas. T$%o"*$ #$e &c#&(s o! T%a!!&c/&+* a+0

&oe+ce %o#ec#&o+ Ac# >TA?), "b. . No. 17-;, 114 S#a#. 144 2777),

Co+*%ess 0&%ec#e0 USCIS #o *&ve a9!" s#a#"s #o v&c#&(s o! $"(a+ #%a!!&c/&+* a+0

o#$e% c%&(es. $ee ibid.&(os&+* a++"a &( o! 5,777 T v&sas a+0 17,777 U v&sas).

Co+s&s#e+# 9$ Co+*%esss &+s#%"c#&o+s, USCIS #o0 &((&*%a#&o+ o!!&ce%s #o *%a+#

0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ o% s#as o! %e(ova #o a+ TA a&ca+# 9$o (a0e a >%&(a


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2

!ac&e? o% >bo+a !&0e? s$o9&+* o! e&*&b&. S#"a%# A+0e%so+, Me(o%a+0"( !o%

Bo$++ N. &&a(s, Re: De!e%%e0 Ac#&o+ !o% A&e+s 9$ @o+a F&0e A&ca#&o+s !o%

T No+&((&*%a+# S#a#"s a# 1 Ma ;, 2772) A. 774;) &&a( R. Ja#es,

Me(o%a+0"( !o% #$e D&%ec#o%, e%(o+# Se%v&ce Ce+#e%, Re: Ce+#%a&3a#&o+ o!

I+#e%&( Re&e! !o% U No+&((&*%a+# S#a#"s A&ca+#s a# 5 Oc#. ;, 277) A.

1756). &/e a o#$e% &+s#a+ces o! 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+, #$&s %o*%a( 9as c%ea#e0 !o% #$e

be+e! o! &((&*%a+#s 9$ e'&s#&+* a9!" s#a#"s &+ #$e U.S. o% a# ve% eas# #$e

&((e0&a#e %osec# o! s"c$ s#a#"s. A+0, &/e &+ a #$e o#$e% cases, #$e %o*%a(

9as &+#e+0e0 as a #e(o%a% b%&0*e #o a+o#$e% !o%( o! a9!" s#a#"s !o% 9$&c$ #$e

a&e+s $a0 a%ea0 es#ab&s$e0 e&*&b&.

T$e DS D&%ec#&ve, o! co"%se, oo/s +o#$&+* &/e #$ese as# %o*%a(s beca"se

&+voves &((&*%a+#s 9$o a%e $e%e "+a9!", 9$o $ave +o %osec# o! a9!"

s#a#"s, a+0 9$o Co+*%ess $as +eve% eve+ &+ve0 #o a !o% a9!" s#a#"s.4 A+0

a#$o"*$ s$o"0 *o 9$o"# sa&+*, Co+*%esss a%ova o! 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ !o%

2,777 a9!" %ese+# a#%&+a v&c#&(s 0oes +o#$&+*#o a%ove 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ !o% 4

(&&o+ &((&*%a+#s 9$o 9e%e +o# e*a %ese+# #o be*&+ 9$.

0. Co+*%ess&o+a %e


42/88


43/88

25

. The D1$ Directive (s Law!a+ing' 0ot Discretionar/

Decision!a+ing

av&+* !a&e0 #o &+s"a#e #$e DS D&%ec#&ve !%o(


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2

F&%s#, #$e S"%e(e Co"%# $as $e0 #$a# %&va#e a&+#&!!s *e+e%a 0o +o#

$ave a %&*$# #o 0e(a+0 #$a# #$e *ove%+(e+# e+!o%ce a a%#&c"a% s#a#"#e a*a&+s# a

a%#&c"a% e%so+. Fo% e'a(e, &+ Town of Castle "oc+ v. on*ales, 545 U.S. 4;

2775), #$e S"%e(e Co"%# $e0 #$a# a a%#&c"a% 9o(a+ 0&0 +o# $ave a D"e %ocess

%&*$# #o 0e(a+0 #$a# o&ce e+!o%ce a a%#&c"a% %es#%a&+&+* o%0e% a*a&+s# $e%

v&oe+# $"sba+0. T$e Co"%# co+c"0e0 #$a# beca"se o! >&+s"!!&c&e+# %eso"%ces,?

>s$ee% $s&ca &(oss&b&,? o% >%ac#&ca +ecess,? #$e o&ce $ave 0&sc%e#&o+ +o#

#o e+!o%ce c%&(&+a a9s a*a&+s# a%#&c"a% v&oa#o%s. (d. a# 7-2 &+#e%+a

"o#a#&o+ (a%/s o(#e0). T$e Co"%# %eac$e0 a s&(&a% co+c"s&o+ &+ Chane/, &+

9$&c$ $e0 #$a# a%#&c"a% 0ea#$-%o9 %&so+e%s 0&0 +o# $ave %&*$#s "+0e% #$e AA

#o 0e(a+0 #$a# #$e FDA e+!o%ce ce%#a&+ (&sb%a+0&+* a+0 (&sabe&+* %ov&s&o+s

a*a&+s# #$e (a+"!ac#"%e%s o! e#$a-&+


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2

se##&+* 0&sc%e#&o+, #$e Co%s c%ea#e0 ce%#a&+ >s#%ea(&+eQ0? e%(s !o% o9-eve

o"#e%s. T$e co"%# $e0 #$a# #$ose e%(s 9e%e e*a be+e!s = i.e., #$e 9e%e

e+#e(e+#s #o 0&sc$a%*e 9as#e &+#o #$e 9a#e% = a+0 as s"c$, #$e 9e%e


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2;

De!e+0a+#s e!!o%#s "a&! as #$e /&+0 o! >a*e+c &+ac#&o+? $e0 "+%ev&e9abe &+

Chane/. $ee47 U.S. a# ;4 Ma%s$a, B., co+c"%%&+*).

T$a# &s 9$ De!e+0a+#s a%e 9%o+* #o %e o+ "eno v. A!erican7Arab Anti7

Discri!ination Co!!ittee, 525 U.S. 41 1666) >AAADC?), a+0Perales. @o#$ cases

+o#e0 #$a# #$e E'ec"#&ve @%a+c$ $as 0&sc%e#&o+ +o# #o e+!o%ce a a%#&c"a%

&((&*%a#&o+ s#a#"#e &+ a%#&c"a% cases. $ee AAADC, 525 U.S. a# 4;4-;5 Perales,

67 F.20 a# 174-4;. Fo% e'a(e, Perales $e0 #$a# a+ "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#

ca++o# c$ae+*e DSs %e!"sa#o *&ve o"# 9o%/ e%(s: >A+ a*e+cs &+ac#&o+ &+

s"c$ a s"a#&o+ &s +ecessa%& e'e(# !%o(


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Co"%# $as $e0, #$e sine =ua non o! %osec"#o%&a 0&sc%e#&o+ &s *e+"&+e case-b-case

0ec&s&o+(a/&+*, %a#$e% #$a+ ac%oss-#$e-boa%0 o&c(a/&+*. $ee' e.g.,AAADC, 525

U.S. a# 4;4 L +.; 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ 0ec&s&o+s ("s# be (a0e o+ >case-b-case bas&s?).5

@"# as e'a&+e0 beo9, &s +o9 "+0&s"#e0 #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s $ave *&ve+ DACA

#o ever/ e%so+ 9$o sa#&s!&e0 #$e&% #$%es$o0 e&*&b& c%e%&a. A+0 &s aso

"+0&s"#e0 #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s a+ #o #a/e #$e sa(e %"bbe%-s#a( a%oac$

"+0e% #$e DS D&%ec#&ve. $eeO. 12, 47 co+ce0&+* 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ a&ca#&o+s

"+0e% #$e D&%ec#&ve 9& be %ocesse0 #$e sa(e 9a DS %ocesse0 DACA

a&ca#&o+s). T$a# "+0&s"#e0 %oo! o! %"bbe%-s#a(&+* %e+0e%s #$e D&%ec#&ve

"+a9!".

As 9e %ev&o"s e'a&+e0, USCIS s#a#&s#&cs s$o9 #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s

%"bbe%-s#a(e0 66.58 o! DACA a&ca#&o+s. $ee FAC 25 De!e%%e0 Ac#&o+ !o%

C$&0$oo0 A%%&vas Reo%#, U.S. C&3e+s$& a+0 I((&*%a#&o+ Se%v&ces A%. 17,

271) A. 74) a&+/as Dec. ; A. 7;55). De!e+0a+#s %o"0 %eso+0

#$a#, +o, #$e o+ a%ove0 64.48 o! DACA a&ca#&o+s. $ee O. 41. Eve+

ass"(&+* #$a# 64.48 &s #$e co%%ec# +"(be% o! DACA a%ovas, De!e+0a+#s ca++o#

ca&( #$a# #$e %e(a&+&+* 5.8 >9e%e 0e+&e0 !o% !a&"%e #o (ee# e&*&b& c%e%&a or

5De!e+0a+#s %e&a+ce o+ AAADC&s "33&+* beca"se #$e ca&( *&ves #$e( >b%oa0 a"#$o%?

#o *%a+# 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ o+ a &(ess scae a+0 !o% "+%ev&e9abe %easo+s. O. -5. AAADC0oes

+o#$&+* o! #$e so%# #$e case $&+*e0 o+ 9$e#$e% #$e INA 0e%&ve0 !e0e%a co"%#s o!


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7

for other discretionar/ reasons.? (bid. e($as&s a00e0). As !a% as #$e %eco%0

%eveas, eve% 0e+&e0 a&ca#&o+ 9as 0e+&e0 !o% !a&"%e #o (ee# e&*&b& c%e%&a

+o+e 9e%e 0e+&e0 >!o% o#$e% 0&sc%e#&o+a% %easo+s.?

I#s +o# !o% ac/ o! oo%#"+ #$a# De!e+0a+#s ca+ &0e+#&! 3e%o e'a(es o!

DACA a&ca#&o+s 0e+&e0 >!o% o#$e% 0&sc%e#&o+a% %easo+s.? Me(be%s o! Co+*%ess

$ave bee+ %ess&+* #$e De!e+0a+#s !o% #$a# ev&0e+ce !o% (o+#$s &! +o# ea%s). A+0

!a% !%o( %ov&0&+* , De!e+0a+#s a0(#e0 0oes +o# e'&s#: DS >a0(#e0 #o #$e

Qo"se B"0&c&a% Co((#ee #$a#, &! a+ a&e+ a&es a+0 (ee#s #$e DACA

e&*&b& c%e%&a, #$e 9& %ece&ve 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+. I+ %ea, &((&*%a#&o+ o!!&c&as

0o +o# $ave 0&sc%e#&o+ #o 0e+ DACA a&ca#&o+s &! a&ca+#s !"!& #$e c%e%&a.?

%*. T%. a# 1, %es&0e+# Oba(as E'ec"#&ve Ove%%eac$ o+ I((&*%a#&o+, o"se

B"0&c&a% Co((., Dec. 2, 2714 A. 7625) s#a#e(e+# o! Re. Goo0a##e). Ove% !o"%

(o+#$s a*o, Co+*%ess as/e0 #$e DS Sec%e#a% #o &0e+#&! a+ 0&sc%e#&o+a%

%easo+s #$a# $&s Dea%#(e+# "se0 #o 0e+ DACA a&ca#&o+s. $ee e##e% !%o( @ob

Goo0a##e L C$a%es E. G%asse #o Be$ Bo$+so+ a# 2 A"*. 26, 2714) A. 7;7;)

>B"0&c&a% Co((#ees e##e%?). DS co"0 o&+# #o +o+e. $eee##e% !%o( eo+

Ro0%&*"e3 #o C$a%es E. G%asse, E+cos"%e 1 a# 1 Oc#. 6, 2714) A. 76;)

>Ro0%&*"e3 e##e%?) +o#&+* 42,67 DACA a&ca#&o+s 9e%e 0e+&e0 a+0 &s#&+* as

%easo+s o+ 1) !a&"%e #o "se #$e co%%ec# !o%(, 2) !a&"%e #o s&*+ #$e !o%(,

) !a&"%e #o a #$e %e"&%e0 !ee, a+0 4) !&&+* #$e !o%( a# #$e 9%o+* #&(e).

T$e M&*%a#&o+ o&c I+s#"#e co+0"c#e0 a+ e'$a"s#&ve a+as&s o! DACA 0a#a, a+0 0&0 +o#

&0e+#&! a s&+*e e'e%c&se o! &+0&v&0"a&3e0 >0&sc%e#&o+? as oose0 #o %o#e a&ca#&o+ o! DSs

e&*&b& c%e%&a). $ee Bea++e @a#aova e# a., DACA a# #$e T9o-Jea% Ma%/, M&*%a#&o+ o&c

I+s#"#e A"*. 2714) A. 77;;-7121).


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1

T$e abse+ce o! eve+ a s&+*e case #$a# 9as 0e+&e0 !o% >0&sc%e#&o+a% %easo+s?

&s "+s"%%&s&+* *&ve+ #$e 9a #$e De!e+0a+#s se# " #$e DACA %o*%a( a+0 #$e

9a #$eve %o(&se0 #o !oo9 s" "+0e% #$e 2714 D&%ec#&ve). As e'a&+e0 b #$e

USCIS "+&o+ %es&0e+#, >USCIS (a+a*e(e+# $as #a/e+ seve%a s#es #o e+s"%e

#$a# DACA a&ca#&o+s %ece&ve %"bbe%-s#a(e0 a%ovas %a#$e% #$a+ #$o%o"*$

&+ves#&*a#&o+s.? a&+/as Dec. A. 7;54). T$e De!e+0a+#s $ave >%eve+#e0

&((&*%a#&o+ o!!&ce%s !%o( co+0"c#&+* case-b-case &+ves#&*a#&o+s o! DACA

a&ca#&o+s? b %o"#&+* #$ose a&ca#&o+s #o se%v&ce ce+#e%s a+0 %eve+#&+*

&+ves#&*a#o%s !%o( &+#e%v&e9&+* a&ca+#s. (d. ; A. 7;55). T$a# >*"a%a+#eeQs

#$a# a&ca#&o+s 9& be %"bbe%-s#a(e0 !o% a%ova, a %ac#&ce #$a# v&%#"a

*"a%a+#ees 9&0es%ea0 !%a"0 a+0 aces "b&c sa!e# a# %&s/.? (bid.

I+#e%+a USCIS 0oc"(e+#s o!!e% !"%#$e% %oo! #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s $ave

0&ves#e0 #$e&% !&e0 a*e+#s o! #$e ab& #o &+ves#&*a#e DACA a&ca#&o+s. DS $as

"b&c >ass"%Qe0 o#e+#&a DACA a&ca+#s #$a# USCIS $as +o a+s #o ac#"a

ve%&! #$e va&0 o! a+ ev&0e+#&a% 0oc"(e+#s s"b(#e0 &+ s"o%# o! a+

a&ca#&o+.? B"0&c&a% Co((#ees e##e% a# 1 A. 7;7). USCIS $as 0&%ec#e0 s

s#a!! #o >NOT 0e+ a DACA %e"es#? "+ess DSs &+#e%+a %eco%0s co+#a&+

s"!!&c&e+# ev&0e+ce #o s"o%# a 0e+&a "+0e% #$e D&%ec#&ves e&*&b& c%e%&a =

e.g., beca"se #$e a&ca+# !"+/s #$e c%&(&+a-bac/*%o"+0 c$ec/. DACA S#a+0a%0

Oe%a#&+* %oce0"%es A. 71;). F&+a, USCIS $as e'a&+e0 9$ s#%&c#

a&es #$e e&*&b& c%e%&a a+0 0oes +o# *&ve s o!!&ce%s e+!o%ce(e+# 0&sc%e#&o+.

A+ &+#e%+a o9e%o&+# %ese+#a#&o+ sas #$a# #$e DS Sec%e#a% a%ea0 $as


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e'e%c&se0 #$e %e"&se >0&sc%e#&o+? &+ se##&+* #$e DACA e&*&b& c%e%&a, a+0 a

#$a# &s e!# !o% USCIS o!!&ce%s #o 0o &s #o "se a se%&es o! >#e(a#es? #o e+s"%e #$a#

#$e Sec%e#a%s D&%ec#&ve &s >a&e0 co+s&s#e+#.? DACA S#a+0a%0 Oe%a#&+*

%oce0"%es A. 7444).

@"# 9$e+ co(es #o aba+0o+&+* 0" e+ac#e0 s#a#"#es, co+s&s#e+c &s a v&ce

+o# a v&%#"e. Fo% e'a(e, &+Ada!s v. "ichardson, 4;7 F.20 1156 D.C. C&%. 16)

e% c"%&a() e+ ba+c), #$e Dea%#(e+# o! ea#$, E0"ca#&o+, a+0 e!a%e >E?)

*ave Te I !"+0s #o 4 o! 11 +o+co(&a+# sc$oo 0&s#%&c#s a+ "+a9!"-!"+0&+*

%a#e o! 58). $ee 5 F. S". 62, 65 D.D.C. 16). E a *e+e%a o&c 9$&c$

&s &+ e!!ec# a+ ab0&ca#&o+ o! s s#a#"#o% 0"#.? Ada!s, 4;7 F.0 a# 112 see also

Chane/, 47 U.S. a# ; +.4 ca%&!&+* #$a# s $o0&+* 0oes +o# a o+ Ada!s

!ac#s). Eve+ "s&+* De!e+0a+#s (os#-co+se%va#&ve es#&(a#es, #$&s case &s eas&e% #$a+

Ada!s.

c. T$eo%e#&ca %evocab& o! 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ ca++o# save #$e

DS D&%ec#&ve

A*a&+s# a o! #$&s, De!e+0a+#s a%*"e #$a# #$e D&%ec#&ve &s s$%o"0e0 !%o(

%ev&e9 b a+ co"%# a# a+ #&(e beca"se 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ 0oc"(e+#s a%e +o# 9o%#$


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#$e ae% #$e%e %&+#e0 o+. $ee O. 4-5. T$e&% &0ea see(s #o be #$e D&%ec#&ve

&s a+ ac# o! >e+!o%ce(e+# 0&sc%e#&o+? beca"se 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ 0oes +o# co+!e% >a+

e*a s#a#"s? >ca+ be %evo/e0 a# a+ #&(e? De!e+0a+#s ca+ c$a+*e #$e&% (&+0s

!o% a+ %easo+ o% +o %easo+ a+0 #$e%e!o%e, 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ 0oes +o# ac#"a %eve+#

a+o+e !%o( be&+* 0eo%#e0 eve%. (bid. T$ose a%e #%o"b&+* asse%#&o+s beca"se #$e

%es&0e+# a+0 De!e+0a+# Ro0%&*"e3 $ave "%*e0 "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s ac%oss

#$e U+e0 S#a#es #o >co(e o"# o! #$e s$a0o9s? a+0 %o(&se0 #$e( #$a# #$e >9&

+o#be 0eo%#e0? &! #$e 0o so. FAC 57, 55. E$e% #$a# %o(&se 9as !ase, o%

DOBs %e%ese+#a#&o+s #o #$&s Co"%# s$o"0 be 0&s(&sse0 as >+o#$&+* (o%e #$a+ a

co+ve+&e+# &*a#&+* os&o+.? Christo%her v. $!ith3line Beecha! Cor%., 12 S.

C#. 215, 21 2712) &+#e%+a "o#a#&o+ (a%/s o(#e0).

Da#a %ov&0e0 #o Co+*%ess s"**es# s #$e a##e%. De!e+0a+#s co+!&%(e0 #$a#

#$e %evo/e DACA #$e sa(e 9a #$e 0e+ : e'#%e(e %a%e a+0 +eve% !o%

>0&sc%e#&o+a%? %easo+s. I+ a%#&c"a%, o"# o! 561,555 DACA a%ovas, De!e+0a+#s

$ave %evo/e0 o+ 11 a %a#e o! 7.71618). $eeRo0%&*"e3 e##e%, E+cos"%e 1 a# 1-2

A. 76;-6). A+0 eve% o+e o! #$e( 9as %evo/e0 beca"se 1) USCIS (a0e a+

e%%o% a+0 s"bse"e+# >0e#e%(&+e0 #$e %e"es#o% 0&0 +o# sa#&s! a DACA

*"&0e&+es a# #$e #&(e o! !&&+*,? o% 2) #$e DACA %ec&&e+# s"bse"e+# v&oa#e0 a+

e&*&b& c%e%&o+ b, !o% e'a(e


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"+#& #$e a%e %evo/e0. $&c$eve% 9a o" s&ce , #$e D&%ec#&ve ca%%&es e*a e!!ec#

= a+0 #$e Ta/e Ca%e Ca"se !o%ecoses #$e De!e+0a+#s !%o( c%ea#&+* #$ose e*a

e!!ec#s "+&a#e%a.

B) De,eda!s V"ola!ed T'e APA

Eve+ &! a&+#&!!s Ta/e Ca%e ca&( !a&s, a %e&(&+a% &+cea% a+0 co+v&+c&+* ev&0e+ce o! e*&sa#&ve &+#e+#&o+? #$a# Co+*%ess 9a+#e0 #o

ove%%&0e #$a# %es"(#&o+. 6a%an 2haling Ass,n v. A!erican Cetacean $oc,/, 4;

U.S. 221, 27 +.4 16;) accord Abbott Labs. v. ardner, ; U.S. 1, 147-41

16) coec#&+* cases). $e%e #$e a*e+c !a&s #o ca%% #$a# b"%0e+, #$e AA

%e"&%es #$e a*e+c #o "b&s$ s %oose0 ac#&o+ >+o#&ce?), ao9 (e(be%s o! #$e

"b&c #o o!!e% !ee0bac/ >co((e+#?), a+0 #$e+ "b&s$ a !&+a 0ec&s&o+ >%"e?) #$a#

co+s&0e%s "b&c &+"# a+0 %eac$es a %easo+e0, +o+-a%b%a% 0ec&s&o+. $ee5 U.S.C.

55. e%so+s a**%&eve0 b #$e a*e+cs 0ec&s&o+ #$e+ ca+ c$ae+*e &+ !e0e%a

co"%#. $eeid. 72, 74, 7.

e%e, a&+#&!!s AA ca&(s a%e &/e #o s"ccee0 !o% #$%ee %easo+s. F&%s#, #$e

AA a&es #o #$e DS D&%ec#&ve. Seco+0, De!e+0a+#s ca++o# "+&a#e%a abe

#$e D&%ec#&ve a >o&c? s#a#e(e+# a+0 escae


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5

beca"se #$e "+0&s"#e0 !a&e0 #o co( 9$ #$e AAs +o#&ce-a+0-co((e+#

%e"&%e(e+#s #$e D&%ec#&ve &s aso a%b%a%, ca%&c&o"s, a+0 co+#%a% #o a9.

8. The D1$ Directive (s "eviewable -nder The APA

T$e AA a&es #o a+ >!&+a a*e+c ac#&o+ !o% 9$&c$ #$e%e &s +o o#$e%

a0e"a#e %e(e0 &+ a co"%#.? 5 U.S.C. 74. T$e S"%e(e Co"%# $as $e0 #$a# #$e

AA &s a >se(&+a ac#? #$a# >(a+&!es#s a co+*%ess&o+a &+#e+#&o+ #$a# cove% a

b%oa0 sec#%"( o! a0(&+&s#%a#&ve ac#&o+s.? Abbott Labs., ; U.S. a# 147. T$e

Co"%# !"%#$e% >$as ec$oe0 #$a# #$e(e b +o#&+* #$a# #$e A0(&+&s#%a#&ve %oce0"%e

Ac#s *e+e%o"s %ev&e9 %ov&s&o+s ("s# be *&ve+ a $osabe &+#e%%e#a#&o+,? id. a#

147-41 "o#&+* $haughness/ v. Pedreiro, 46 U.S. 4;, 51 1655)), "+0e% 9$&c$ #$e

AA a&es "+ess #$e a*e+c %oves #$a# Co+*%ess &+#e+0e0 o#$e%9&se, see6a%an

2haling.

Foo9&+* #$ose &+s#%"c#&o+s, #$e o9e% !e0e%a co"%#s $ave 0eveoe0 a

+"(be% o! 0oc#%&+es #$a# 0e(a%ca#e #$ose >a*e+c ac#&o+s? #$a# ("s# co( 9$

#$e AA !%o( #$ose !e9 #$a# +ee0 +o#. T$e o+ 0oc#%&+e a# &ss"e $e%e &s #$e o+e

#$a# (a/es >s"bs#a+#&ve %"es? s"b+o+-s"bs#a+#&ve %"e? aso cae0 a >o&c

s#a#e(e+#? o% >*"&0a+ce? 0oc"(e+#) (e%e >a++o"+ces #$e a*e+cs #e+#a#&ve

&+#e+#&o+s !o% #$e !"#"%e.? (d. a# 56 &+#e%+a "o#a#&o+ (a%/s o(#e0). >T$e /e


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&+"&%? &+ 0&s#&+*"&s$&+* be#9ee+ s"bs#a+#&ve a+0 +o+-s"bs#a+#&ve %"es >&s #$e

e'#e+# #o 9$&c$ #$e c$ae+*e0 o&c eaves #$e a*e+c !%ee #o e'e%c&se s 0&sc%e#&o+

#o !oo9 o% +o# #o !oo9 #$a# *e+e%a o&c &+ a+ &+0&v&0"a case, o% o+ #$e o#$e%

$a+0, 9$e#$e% . . . "o+ a&ca#&o+ o+e +ee0 o+ 0e#e%(&+e 9$e#$e% a *&ve+ case &s

9$&+ #$e %"es c%e%&a.? (bid.

a. T$e D&%ec#&ve &s a s"bs#a+#&ve %"e

T$e DS D&%ec#&ve eas& "a&!&es as a >s"bs#a+#&ve %"e? beca"se #$e%e &s

+o#$&+* #e+#a#&ve abo"# . To #$e co+#%a%, "ses a se%&es o! shalls a+0 !usts#o

b&+0 &((&*%a#&o+ o!!&ce%s a+0 !o%ce #$e( #o a #$e D&%ec#&ves e&*&b& c%e%&a.

A+0 &! a&ca+#s !a& #o sa#&s! o+e o! #$e e&*&b& %e"&%e(e+#s, #$e o!!&ce%s $ave

+o 0&sc%e#&o+ #o *%a+# a %e%&eve: #$e o!!&ce% &+s#ea0 ("s# !oo9 %e-9%#e+ s#es

a+0 c$ec/ a >s#a+0a%0? 0e+&a bo' &+ a #e(a#e. DACA S#a+0a%0 Oe%a#&+*

%oce0"%es A. 7;2-;). T$e %easo+s !o% 0e+&a 9$&c$ a%e &s#e0 o+ #$e #e(a#e

&+c"0e o+ !a&"%es #o (ee# va%&o"s e&*&b& %e"&%e(e+#s a+0 !a&"%es #o

cooe%a#e &+ #$e %ocess&+* o! #$e a&ca#&o+ #$e #e(a#e *&ves o!!&ce%s +o

>0&sc%e#&o+a%? bo' #o c$ec/. DACA S#a+0a%0 Oe%a#&+* %oce0"%es A. 7565)

see also a%# I.A., su%ra DS D&%ec#&ve eaves +o %oo( !o% case-b-case

>0&sc%e#&o+?).

T$a# &s b 0es&*+. De!e+0a+#s co+s#%"c#e0 #$e&% 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ %e*&(e so

#$a# >"o+ a&ca#&o+? a+ &((&*%a#&o+ o!!&ce% >+ee0 o+ 0e#e%(&+e 9$e#$e% a

*&ve+ case &s 9$&+ #$e %"es c%e%&a.? Prof,ls & Patients, 5 F.0 a# 56. As #$e

USCIS "+&o+ %es&0e+# $as e'a&+e0, De!e+0a+#s $ave >%eve+#e0 &((&*%a#&o+

o!!&ce%s !%o( co+0"c#&+* case-b-case &+ves#&*a#&o+s o! DACA a&ca#&o+s,? a+0


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$ave >*"a%a+#eeQ0 #$a# a&ca#&o+s 9& be %"bbe%-s#a(e0 !o% a%ova, a %ac#&ce

#$a# v&%#"a *"a%a+#ees 9&0es%ea0 !%a"0 a+0 aces "b&c sa!e# a# %&s/.?

a&+/as Dec. ; A. 7;55). DS !o%b&0s &((&*%a#&o+ o!!&ce%s #o e'e%c&se a+

case-b-case 0&sc%e#&o+ beca"se #$e !ea% #$a# #$e b"%ea"c%ac (&*$# !a& #o #%ea#

&/e cases a&/e. $ee DACA S#a+0a%0 Oe%a#&+* %oce0"%es A. 7444) o!!&c&as

s$o"0 "se >#e(a#es? &+ >c$ec/bo' !o%(a#? #o e+s"%e DS D&%ec#&ve &s >a&e0

co+s&s#e+#?). A+0 as a co+se"e+ce, &s "+0&s"#e0 #$a# #$e D&%ec#&ve $as &e0e0

a 66.5-64.48 a%ova %a#e = 9$&c$ &s (o%e #$a+ s"!!&c&e+# #o s$o9 #$a# &s a

>s"bs#a+#&ve,? >b&+0&+*? %"e. Cha!ber of Co!!erce v. D#L, 14 F.0 27, 27;, 212

D.C. C&%. 1666) 78-678 %a#e s"!!&c&e+#).

S"c$ %e0&c#ab& &s a a"0abe *oa !o% a s9ee&+* e+#e(e+# %o*%a(,

b"# 0oes +o# (a/e !o% a >+o+-b&+0&+*? >o&c s#a#e(e+#.? $eeProf,ls & Patients,

5 F.0 a# 56-6A%%alachian Power Co. v. EPA, 27; F.0 1715, 1721-22 D.C. C&%.

2777) $o0&+* a*e+c ca+ eva0e AA o+ 9$e%e ca+ %ove #$a# a >*"&0a+ce?

0oc"(e+# o% >o&c s#a#e(e+#? &s >+o# b&+0&+* &+ %ac#&ca se+se?). @eca"se #$e

D&%ec#&ve co((a+0s a+0 0&c#a#es, &s a >s"bs#a+#&ve %"e? a+0 #$e%e!o%e ("s#

co(o%# 9$ #$e AA.

b. De!e+0a+#s a%e 9%o+* #o ca #$e D&%ec#&ve a +o+-

s"bs#a+#&ve >*"&0a+ce? o% >o&c? 0oc"(e+#

De!e+0a+#s co"+#e%a%*"(e+# &s #$a# #$e AA &s &+a&cabe beca"se #$e

D&%ec#&ve se%ves o+ #o >a0v&se #$e "b&c? a+0 0oes +o# >&(ose a+ %&*$#s a+0

ob&*a#&o+s.? O. 45. T$ese s#a#e(e+#s %es# "+co(!o%#ab ao+*s&0e #$e

De!e+0a+#s a#e% ca&(s #$a# e+&(ac#Q #$e &ves o!


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(a+ eoe,? 9& >0&s%"#,? >&+#e%!e%e,? a+0 >&(e0e? #$e 9o%/ o! DS, a+0 9&

>$a#Q o&c&es? #$a# %o(o#e >+a#&o+a sec"%? a+0 >$"(a+a%&a+ co+ce%+s.? (d.

a# 54. T$e s#a#e(e+#s aso %es# "+co(!o%#ab ao+*s&0e #$e De!e+0a+#s

ac/+o9e0*(e+#s #$a# >DS o!!&c&as $ave bee+ &+s#%"c#e0 #o &(e(e+# . . . Q#$e

DS D&%ec#&ve 9$&+ 1;7 0as,? a+0 #$a# >Qa %e&(&+a% &+c$a%ac#e%&3a#&o+ o! #$e %"e? as >a *e+e%a s#a#e(e+# o! o&c?). @"# co"%#s &+ #$e

F&!#$ C&%c" a+0 beo+0 0o +o# ao9 a*e+c&es #o eva0e


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a%#&c"a% a*e+c "#s "o+ s *&ve+ e'e%c&se o! a0(&+&s#%a#&ve o9e% &s +o#, !o%

o"% "%oses, co+c"s&ve %a#$e%, &s 9$a# #$e a*e+c 0oes &+ !ac#.?) Philli%s

Petroleu! Co. v. 6ohnson, 22 F.0 1, 16 5#$ C&%. 1664), !odified on other

grounds, No. 6-1, 1664 4;457 Se#. , 1664) %e#o avo&0 #$e +o#&ce a+0 co((e+# %e"&%e(e+#s o! #$e AA b

(&sc$a%ac#e%&3&+* a e*&sa#&ve %"e as a (e%e a%0s#&c/ a+0 o&c *"&0e&+e?)

Cro%life v. EPA, 26 F.0 ;, ;;2 D.C. C&%. 277) $o0&+* #$a# a+ EA >%ess

%eease? a++o"+ce0 a e*&sa#&ve %"e a+0 #$e%e!o%e #$a# #$e EA co"0 +o# escae

+o#&ce-a+0-co((e+# a+0 ce+#%a "%ose? &s #o >%ov&0Qe a b%oa0 sec#%"( o!


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47

C&%c" (e%e $e0 #$a# #$ose o0 &+s#%"c#&o+s 0&0 +o# c%ea#e a >b&+0&+* +o%(? a+0

&+s#ea0 e!# a*e+c o!!&c&as !%ee #o (a/e >0&sc%e#&o+a%? a+0 >&+0&v&0"a&3e0

0e#e%(&+a#&o+s,? Mada7Luna v. Fit*%atric+, ;1 F.20 177, 171-14 6#$ C&%. 16;)

#$a# sas +o#$&+* abo"# 9$e#$e% this D&%ec#&ve &s s&(&a% +o+-s"bs#a+#&ve.

I+0ee0, De!e+0a+#s #$e(seves co+ce0e #$a# #$e DS D&%ec#&ve &s "+%ece0e+#e0,

see OC Me(o 7, a+0 eve+ OC 0oes +o# co+#e+0 #$a# #$e 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+

>&+s#%"c#&o+s? !%o( #$e 16;7s QT$e !ac#

#$a# 9e %ev&o"s !o"+0 a+o#$e% FDA co(&a+ce o&c *"&0e #o be a o&c

s#a#e(e+# &s +o# 0&sos&ve 9$e#$e% CG 12.1 &s a o&c s#a#e(e+#.?).

No% ca+ De!e+0a+#s eva0e T$&s (e(o%a+0"( co+!e%s +o s"bs#a+#&ve %&*$# . . . .? FAC E'. A

a# 5. EA &+c"0e0 a s&(&a% bo&e%a#e a%a*%a$ a# #$e e+0 o! s >*"&0a+ce?

0oc"(e+# &+ A%%alachian Power, a+0 #$e Co"%# o! Aeas $e0 #$a# #$e AA

a&e0 a+9a: >QT$e e+#&%e G"&0a+ce, !%o( be*&++&+* #o e+0 = e'ce# #$e as#

a%a*%a$ = %ea0s &/e a "/ase. I# co((a+0s, %e"&%es, o%0e%s, 0&c#a#es.?

27; F.0 a# 172. So #oo $e%e.

. Plaintiffs, APA Clai!s Are Li+el/ To $ucceed #n The Merits

I! #$e D&%ec#&ve &s a s"bs#a+#&ve %"e %a#$e% #$a+ a o&c s#a#e(e+#), &s

"+co+#es#e0 #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s 9& ose beca"se #$e &ss"e0 &+ v&oa#&o+ o! #$e


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41

AAs +o#&ce-a+0-co((e+# %e"&%e(e+#s. $ee5 U.S.C. 55. @eo+0 #$a# v&oa#&o+

o! #$e AAs %oce0"%a %e"&%e(e+#s, #$e D&%ec#&ve aso &s a%b%a%, ca%&c&o"s,

a+0 co+#%a% #o a9 beca"se v&oa#es Co+*%esss cea% s#a#"#o% co((a+0s. $ee

id. 7 a%# I.A.2, su%ra.

De!e+0a+#s o+ 0e!e+se o! #$e D&%ec#&ve o+ #$e (e%s &s #$a# so(e$o9

co(o%#s 9$ vac"o"s s#a#"#o% %ov&s&o+s = s"c$ as #$e DS Sec%e#a%s

a"#$o% #o >e%!o%( s"c$ o#$e% ac#s as $e 0ee(s +ecessa% !o% ca%%&+* o"# $&s

a"#$o%? "+0e% #$e INA. ; U.S.C. 117a)). F&%s#, #$e as-$e-0ee(s-+ecessa%

ca"se *&ves Sec%e#a% Bo$+so+ o9e% #o >ca%%Q o"# $&s a"#$o%? "+0e% #$e INA

0oes +o# *&ve $&( o9e% #o v&oa#e #$e INA o% %e+0e% e+#&%e o%#&o+s o!

s"e%!"o"s. $eea%# I.A.2, su%ra De!e+0a+#s v&oa#e0 cea% s#a#"#o% co((a+0s

b e*a&3&+* #$e %ese+ce o! a+0 *&v&+* 9o%/ e%(s #o 4 (&&o+ eoe).

A+0 seco+0, 9o"0 %a&se se%&o"s co+s#"#&o+a co+ce%+s #o %ea0 Sec#&o+

117a)) as *&v&+* #$e DS Sec%e#a% a"#$o% #o &*+o%e #$e e+#&%e s#a#"#e 9$e+

>$e 0ee(s Q +ecessa%.? Co"%#s *o #o *%ea# e+*#$s 9$e+ %ea0&+* !e0e%a s#a#"#es

#o avo&0 co+s#"#&o+a 0&!!&c"#&es. $eeAshwander v. Tennessee alle/ Auth., 26

U.S. 2;;, 4 16) @%a+0e&s, B., co+c"%%&+*) 0.2. Austin Mun. -til. Dist. 0o. 8 v.

1older, 55 U.S. 16 2776). A+0 #$e Co+s#"#&o+ !o%b&0s Co+*%ess #o 0ee*a#e s

a9(a/&+* a"#$o% #o #$e E'ec"#&ve @%a+c$ abse+# a+ >&+#e&*&be %&+c&e.?

A!. Truc+ing, 51 U.S. a# 44-. De!e+0a+#s &+#e%%e#a#&o+ o! Sec#&o+ 117a))

#es#s #$ose co+s#"#&o+a &(s beca"se !a&s #o a%#&c"a#e a+ &+#e&*&be

%&+c&e !o% Co+*%esss 0ee*a#&o+ o! &(ess a9(a/&+* o9e% #o DS. T$ose


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42

co+s#"#&o+a co+ce%+s a%e eve+ *%ave% "+0e% De!e+0a+#s &+#e%%e#a#&o+ o! ;

U.S.C. 124a$)), 9$&c$ #$e &+vo/e as #$e s#a#"#o% bas&s #o *%a+# 4 (&&o+

EACs. As e'a&+e0 above, Sec#&o+ 124a$)) &s a 0e!&+&o+a %ov&s&o+ a+0

0ee*a#es +o#$&+* = ("c$ ess 0oes "+co+s#"#&o+a "%o%# #o 0ee*a#e

&(ess a9(a/&+* o9e%. $eea%# I.A.2.b, su%ra. T$e ca+o+ o! co+s#"#&o+a

avo&0a+ce #$e%e!o%e %e"&%es %ea0&+* bo#$ Sec#&o+ 117a)) a+0 Sec#&o+

124a$)) +a%%o9 a+0 #o 0&sao9 DSs &(ess 0&sc%e#&o+.

C) Pla"!",,s Ha$e S!ad"&

Fo% a o! s co(e'&es, #$e o&+# o! #$e s#a+0&+* 0oc#%&+e &s s&(e: #o

e+s"%e #$a# a# eas# o+e a&+#&!! be!o%e #$&s Co"%# $as >Q#$e %e"&se e%so+a

&+#e%es#? #o c%ea#e a >Case? o% >Co+#%ove%s? "+0e% A%#&ce III. Friends of the Earth'

(nc. v. Laidlaw Environ!ental $ervs. 4T#C5' (nc., 52; U.S. 1, 1;6 2777). T$e

a&+#&!!s $e%e $ave seve%a e%so+a &+#e%es#s: 1) #$e DS D&%ec#&ve 9& &(ose

(&&o+s o! 0oa%s o! cos#s o+ s#a#e &ce+s&+* %o*%a(s 2) #$e D&%ec#&ve 9& !o%ce

#$e S#a#es #o se+0 $"+0%e0s o! (&&o+s o! 0oa%s o+ $ea#$, e0"ca#&o+, a+0 a9-

e+!o%ce(e+# %o*%a(s a+0 ) #$e D&%ec#&ve 9& 0&s#o%# abo% a+0 e(o(e+#

(a%/e#s &+ #$e a&+#&!! S#a#es. T$ose &+#e%es#s a%e 0%a(a#&ca (o%e co+c%e#e,

e%so+a, a+0


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8. The D1$ Directive 2ill (!%ose Econo!ic (nuries #n Plaintiffs,

Driver,s License Progra!s

a. T$e S#a#es 9& ose (o+e

As #$e De!e+0a+#s aea% #o co+ce0e, a&+#&!! S#a#es ca+ es#ab&s$ s#a+0&+*

b s$o9&+* #$a# >Q#$e cos#s o! %ocess&+* a00&o+a Q0%&ve%s &ce+ses? a%e +o#

>%eco"e0 #$%o"*$ !ees ev&e0 o+ #$e &+0&v&0"a %ec&&e+#s.? O. 22 +.27. T$a#

co+cess&o+ 9as a 9&se o+e beca"se >eco+o(&c &+9$o &s +o# a c&3e+ o! #$e U+e0 S#a#es

("s# %ese+# #o #$e QDea%#(e+# o! "b&c Sa!e# >DS?) 0oc"(e+#a#&o+ &ss"e0 b

#$e a%o%&a#e U+e0 S#a#es a*e+c #$a# a"#$o%&3es #$e a&ca+# #o be &+ #$e

U+e0 S#a#es be!o%e #$e a&ca+# (a be &ss"e0 a 0%&ve%s &ce+se.? TEX.TRANS.

CODE 521.142a). Sec#&o+ 521.14250), &+ #"%+, %ov&0es #$a# DS >(a +o# 0e+ a

0%&ve%s &ce+se #o a+ a&ca+# 9$o %ov&0es 0oc"(e+#a#&o+ 0esc%&be0 b Sec#&o+

521.142a) base0 o+ #$e 0"%a#&o+ o! #$e e%so+s a"#$o%&3e0 s#a &+ #$e U+e0

S#a#es, as &+0&ca#e0 b #$e 0oc"(e+#a#&o+ %ese+#e0 "+0e% Sec#&o+ 521.142a).?

A+0 &! #$e a&ca+# as #$e %e"&%e0 !ee, DS >s$a &ss"e? a 0%&ve%s &ce+se. (d.

521.1;1. T$e !ee &s 24. (d. 521.421a), a-).


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44

T$a# !ee 0oes +o# co(e cose #o cove%&+* #$e S#a#es cos#s !o% &ss"&+* 0%&ve%s

&ce+ses "+0e% #$e DS D&%ec#&ve. Te'ass "+0oc"(e+#e0 o"a#&o+ +"(be%s a#

eas# 1. (&&o+. $ee Esc$bac$ Dec. A. 7). I! o+ o+e-#$&%0 o! #$e(

a !o% 0%&ve%s &ce+ses "+0e% #$e DS D&%ec#&ve, 9& cos# #$e S#a#e 16;.

e% &ce+se, a# a +e# oss o! 14. e% &ce+se. $eee#e%s Dec. ; A. 7;7-1).

Eve+ &! o+ 2

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Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States

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