PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!
Logan Dougherty
Quick Overview• Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby (USA)• Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby (USA)• Venera 3 – First Venus impact. Contact lost. (USSR)• Venera 4 – Venus atmospheric probe
• Claimed to reach the surface intact, but disproven shortly after by USA Mariner 5.
• Pioneer 10 & 11 – Jupiter and Saturn flyby• Mariner 10 – Mercury flyby• Voyager 1 & 2 – Outer solar system• Pathfinder – Mars rover• Cassini Huygens – Saturn lander• New Horizons – Pluto and Kuiper belt• Curiosity Rover – Mars Rover
Above: To the left is the Mariner 2 andto the right is the Voyager 1.
Right: The New Horizons spacecraft.
Original Reasons for Planetary Exploration• The Space Race
• Main memorable part of the Space Race is the Apollo mission• Large competition in planetary exploration as well
• Between USA and USSR• http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology.html
• As shown above, until the end of the Cold War, USA and USSR competed largely in their attempts to study the moon and the planets.
• Post Cold War, the USSR involvement declined heavily, leaving the USA to dominate the field
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NASA Space Science and Planetary Science Budget, 1959-2010
($M, adj. to 2010)
Space Science Planetary Science
NASA’s Big Questions for Planetary Science
• HOW DID THE SUN'S FAMILY OF PLANETS AND MINOR BODIES ORIGINATE?
• HOW DID THE SOLAR SYSTEM EVOLVE TO ITS CURRENT DIVERSE STATE?
• HOW DID LIFE BEGIN AND EVOLVE ON EARTH, AND HAS IT EVOLVED ELSEWHERE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM?
• WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM THAT LEAD TO THE ORIGINS OF LIFE?
President’s FY13 In-Guide Budget
• For FY13 Congress has passed a “Continuing Resolution” • Under the CR PSD’s FY13 budget is $1.19B
• 21% decrease from FY12 level
Amazing Accomplishments
• Existence of bodies of water on Mars in the past.• Atmospheric probes to help determine
composition of other planets.• Missions that help deduce the early evolution of
planets and help to explain why our solar system formed how it did.
• Valuable samples of surfaces that offer insight into the formation of that planet.
What inspires Planetary Exploration?
Search for Life near Home• Mars
• Signs of water, as discovered by rovers like Curiosity• Venus
• People used to envision life existing there, but the harsh atmosphere makes it difficult to support life
• Titan• Liquid lakes of ethane and methane• Colder than earth• Atmosphere that consists of more than trace gases
Where else should we search?
Exoplanet Detection• Kepler mission
• Uses transit method to detect dip in light curves• Doppler Shift measurements• Binary Movements• Hundreds of planets have been discovered• Planetary Detection is part of the Astrophysics sector of NASA
as opposed to the Planetary Science, but offers useful information in the theory of how solar systems evolve.
• Exoplanets are popular• The idea inspires people and the public is interested in the
possibility of finding planets with life
What is the biggest difficulty in directly observing a planet?
New Worlds• Blocks out the star’s light to gain a direct view of the planet.• Can then study the spectra of the planet and gain knowledge
of its atmosphere.• Offers the possibility of finding planets capable of hosting life
• Reasons that policy makers may consider investing:• While Kepler has produced results, the public keeps hearing
about planets and it doesn’t peak their interest.• This would offer a more definitive statement on the possibility of
life, and to see more detailed pictures of the planets, garnering more public support.
• Offers useful knowledge about planet’s in the habitable zone of stars.
“Space: the final frontier.”
Works Cited• http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/archive/2542/25424001.jpg• http://
cinema-wallpapers.net/user-content/uploads/wall/o/60/Little-Green-Men-toy-story-2-wallpaper.jpg
• http://jpl.nasa.gov• http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/• http://
ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Kepler-telescope.jpg
• http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FQaCDdht2S8/TEybVhkHILI/AAAAAAAABDc/wi6q8fMoElo/s1600/newhorizons.gif
• http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/voyager1.jpg
• http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/203286main_image_964_946-710.jpg• http://
iliketowastemytime.com/system/files/outer-space-hd-wallpaper.jpg?download=1
• http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02445/AV_2445412b.jpg
NASA’s Planetary Science Division
James L. GreenDirector, Planetary Science Division
NASA HeadquartersFebruary 21, 2013
Recent Accomplishments2010* September 16 – Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in PSD* November 4 - EPOXI encounters Comet Hartley 2 * November 19 - Launch of O/OREOS 2011* February 14 - Stardust NExT encounters comet Tempel 1 * March 7 – Planetary Science Decadal Survey released* March 17 - MESSENGER orbit insertion at Mercury* May 5 – Selection of 3 Discovery-class missions for study* May – Selection of the next New Frontier mission for flight, OSIRIS-REx* July 16 - Dawn orbit insertion at asteroid Vesta * August 5 - Juno launch to Jupiter * August 9 - Mars Opportunity Rover arrives at Endeavour Crater* September 10 - GRAIL (A and B) launch to the Earth’s Moon * November 26 – Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) launch to Mars* December 31 – GRAIL A orbit insertion at Earth’s Moon2012* January 1 – GRAIL B orbit insertion at Earth’s Moon* June 6 – Venus transits Sun (last time this Century)* August 5 – MSL/Curiosity successfully lands on Mars * August 20 – Selection of Discovery 12 Mission* September 5 - Dawn leaves Vesta and starts on its journey to Ceres
* Completed
The Revolution in Planetary Science
20Planetary Decadal Reports from the
National Academy of Science
Planetary Science Objectives
• NASA’s goal in Planetary Science is to “Ascertain the content, origin, and evolution of the solar system, and the potential for life elsewhere.”
• Planetary Program seeks to answer fundamental science questions:1. What is the inventory of solar system objects and what processes are active
in and among them?2. How did the Sun’s family of planets, satellites, and minor bodies originate
and evolve?3. What are the characteristics of the solar system that lead to habitable
environments?4. How and where could life begin and evolve in the solar system?5. What are characteristics of small bodies and planetary environments that
pose hazards and/or provide resources?
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Planetary Science accomplishes these goals through a series of strategic-large, medium, small mission and supporting research
Planetary Decadal Recommendations
22Technology Development (6-8%)
Research & Analysis (5% above final FY11 amount then ~1.5%/yr)
Discovery $500M (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) and 24 month cadence for selection
New Frontiers $1B (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) with two selections during 2013-22
Large Missions (“Flagship”-scale)
“Recommended Program” (budget increase for JEO new start)
1) Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – descoped
2) Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) – descoped
3) Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP)4/5) Enceladus Orbiter & Venus Climate
Mission
“Cost Constrained Program” (based on FY11 Request)
1) Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – descoped
2) Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP)
“Less favorable” budget picture than assumed
(e.g., outyears in FY12 request)
Descope or delay Flagship mission
Current Commitments (ie: Operating Missions)
President’s FY13 In-Guide Budget
• For FY13 Congress has passed a “Continuing Resolution” • Under the CR PSD’s FY13 budget is $1.19B
• 21% decrease from FY12 level
Planetary & President’s FY13 Budgets
FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17$0.00
$200.00
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President’s FY13 Budget - Missions
Mars
R&A
Discovery
New Frontiers
TechnologyOuter Planets
Mars 2020
MAVEN
OSIRIS-REx
InSight
LADEE
Discovery and New Frontiers Address high-priority science objectives in solar system exploration Frequent opportunities for science community to propose full investigations Fixed-price cost cap full and open competition missions Principal Investigator-led project
Established in 1992 $425M cap per mission excluding launch
vehicle (FY10) Open science competition for all solar
system objects, except for the Earth and Sun
Established in 2003 $1000M cap per mission excluding launch
vehicle (FY10) Addresses high-priority investigations
identified by the National Academy of Sciences
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Discovery Program Mars evolution:
Mars Pathfinder (1996-1997)NEO characteristics:
NEAR (1996-1999)Lunar formation:
Lunar Prospector (1998-1999)
Com
plet
ed
Comet internal structure:Deep Impact (2005-2012)
Mercury environment:MESSENGER (2004-2013)
Main-belt asteroids: Dawn (2007-2015)
Lunar Internal StructureGRAIL (2011-2012 )
In F
light
Comet diversity:CONTOUR
Solar wind sampling:Genesis (2001-2004)
Nature of dust/coma:Stardust (1999-2011 )
LostAug 15 2002
Com
plet
ed
InSight: Interior Structure from Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport
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New Frontiers Program1st NF missionNew Horizons:
Pluto-Kuiper Belt
Launched January 2006Arrives July 2015
PI: Alan Stern (SwRI-CO)
2nd NF missionJUNO:
Jupiter Polar Orbiter
3rd NF missionOSIRIS-REx
Launched August 2011Arrives July 2016
PI: Scott Bolton (SwRI-TX)
Asteroid Sample Return
Sept. 2016 LRDPI: Dante Lauretta (UA)
NF-4 AO in FY15-16
Origins-Spectral Interpretation-Resource Identification-Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx )
Science Objectives:• Return and analyze a sample of pristine carbonaceous asteroid• Map the global properties, chemistry, and mineralogy• Document in situ the properties of the regolith at the sampling site• Characterize the integrated global properties to allow comparison with
ground-based telescopic data of entire asteroid population• Measure the Yarkovsky effect
• Mission Overview:• Launch in September 2016• Encounter asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36 in
October 2019• Study RQ36 for up to 505 days, globally
mapping the surface• Obtain at least 60 g of pristine
regolith/surface material• Return sample to Earth in September 2023
in a Stardust-heritage capsule• Deliver samples to JSC curation facility for
world-wide distribution 30
RQ36 - Apollor ~ 280 m
P ~ 436 days
Discovery and New Frontiers Missions Timeline - Current Missions
8-year Phase EDawn
ASPERA-3 6-year Phase E
GRAIL
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20152008200720062005200420032000 20022001
Strofio
Extended Mission
New Horizons 10-year Phase E
Juno 10-year Phase E
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20152008200720062005200420032000 20022001 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
EPOXI
MESSENGER 8-year Phase E
12 month Phase E (+6 month extension)
Discovery Missions
New Frontiers Missions
Now
Phase E
Phases Pre-A,A,B,C,D
Calendar Year
Extended Mission
InSight
Extended Mission
OSIRIS-REx
2022 2022
7-year Phase E
2022 2023
Hibernation
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Mars Exploration Program 2000-2010
“Follow the Water…”
Mars Budget Analysis FY’00 through FY’17
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Mars Operating Budget FY’00 – FY’12
Mars President’s Budget FY’13 – FY’17
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Mars Op Budget FY'00-FY'11 271 451 454 497 553 532 593 607 695 362 438 547 587 0 0 0 0 0Mars Pres Budget FY'12-FY'17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 361 228 189 267 503
$M
MSL Delay
MSL Landing
NASA’s Future Mars Missions
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MRO
Mars ExpressCollaboration
Odyssey
2013Operational
Phoenix(completed
)
2001-20122016 2018 2020
Curiosity – Mars Science Laboratory
MAVEN Aeronomy
Orbiter
2022
ESA Trace Gas Orbiter
(Electra)
ESA ExoMars Rover (MOMA)
2020Science Rover
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InSight
Future Planning
Opportunity
Spirit(completed
)
“Seeking Signs of Life…”
Developing Missions
Upcoming Launches
• MAVEN and LADEE in final phases of development for 2013 launch dates
The JUpiter ICy moons Orbiter Mission• On May 2, 2012, the ESA formally selected JUICE as the first Large-class mission in ESA’s Cosmic Vision Program
• The JUICE mission will investigate the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants, characterizing Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats
• JUICE will first orbit Jupiter for ~2.5 years, providing 13 flybys of Callisto and 2 of Europa, and then will orbit Ganymede for 9 months
• Launch is scheduled for 2022 with Jupiter arrival in 2030 and Ganymede orbit insertion in 2032
• NASA will contribute ~$100M in instruments and other support
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Planetary Technologies
ASRG and Pu-238 ProductionAdvanced Stirling Radioistope Generator (ASRG)•After Discovery 12 selection, working to identify next ASRG mission
• Expectation is that Discovery 13 will provide similar opportunities to test mission enabling technologies (ie: ASRG, NEXT…)
•Two ASRG flight units (F1 and F2) will be completed in 2016 • The completed flight units will go into bonded storage, unfueled,
pending a mission decision for flight usePlutonium-238•Technology demonstration activities include:
• A qualified Neptunium-237 target for irradiation in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (First Np-237 targets irradiated)
• A qualified process for post-irradiation target processing• A qualified Pu-238 product• A project plan for scale-up to full-scale production at 1.5-2.0 kg/year
•Project baseline and confirmation by December 2013
Planetary Supporting Researchand Analysis Program
Planetary Science ResearchPGG, Cosmochem, PAST, PATM, PME, PIDDP, Origins, PP, LPI, ASTEP, ASTID, NAI, ExobiologyNear Earth Objects Observation (NEOO)Planetary Data Systems (PDS)Astromaterial Curation
Mars Research & AnalysisMars Data Analysis Program (MDAP)
Mars Fundamental Research Program (MFRP)Discovery Research
SRLI DAP/LARS (Lab Analysis of Returned Samples)PMDAP (Planetary Missions DAP)MESSENGER/Dawn PSP
GRAIL PSPOuter Planets Research
OPRP, Cassini DAP/PSPLunar Science Research
NLSI, LASER, MMAMA, PGG/Cosmo Lunar, LRO PSP
Supporting Research & Analysis (R&A) Program Elements
Call for Proposal to these PSD Program Elements comes out in ROSES
Questions?http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss 43