PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

Awesome physics is around you*alina iman arif_1

SIMPLE PENDULUM

INFERENCE Period depends on length of pendulum

HYPHOTESIS Length increase, period increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between period and length of pendulum

VARIABLES MV : length of pendulum RV : period FV : angle of oscillation

LIST OF APPARATUS

Two pieces of plywood, thread, retort stand, meter rule, pendulum bob, stop watch

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. The bob is tied with a thread of length, l=10.0 cm. 3. The bob is pulled sideway with an angle 450 and released. 4. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations, t is measured using

stop watch.

5. Period of oscillation is calculated using the formula , 10

10

tT

6. The experiment is repeated using different length of pendulum which are 20.0 cm, 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm and 50.0 cm.

TABULATE DATA

Length, l (cm) Period, T (s)

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

ANALSYING DATA

Period, T (s)

Length, l (cm)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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INERTIA

INFERENCE Inertia depends on mass

HYPHOTESIS mass increase, period increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between period and mass

VARIABLES MV : mass RV : period FV : length of hacksaw blade

LIST OF APPARATUS

G-clamp, jigsaw blade, plasticine, triple beam balance, stop watch

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. 20 g of plasticine is fixed at one end of a jigsaw blade. 3. Displace the blade horizontally and release so that it oscillates. 4. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations, t is measured using

stop watch.

5. Period of oscillation is calculated using the formula , 10

10

tT

6. The experiment is repeated using different mass of plasticine which are 40 g, 60 g, 80 g and 100 g.

TABULATE DATA

Mass, m (g) Period, T (s)

20

40

60

80

100

ANALSYING DATA

Period, T (s)

Mass, m (g)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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VELOCITY

INFERENCE Velocity depends on height

HYPHOTESIS Height increase, velocity increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between height and velocity

VARIABLES MV : height RV : velocity FV : length of runway

LIST OF APPARATUS

Trolley, friction-compensated runway, ticker-timer, ticker-tape, a.c. power supply, wood blocks, meter rule

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. The runway is raised up by wooden blocks to a height 20.0 cm. 3. Switch on the ticker-timer and released the trolley. 4. The final velocity, v is calculated from the ticker-tape when the

trolley reach the end of the runway. 5. The experiment is repeated by rising the runway and placing the

trolley at height 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm and 60.0 cm.

TABULATE DATA

Height, h (cm) Velocity, v (ms-1)

20

30

40

50

60

ANALSYING DATA

Velocity, v (ms-1)

Height, h (cm)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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ACCELERATION (I)

INFERENCE Acceleration depends on mass

HYPHOTESIS mass increase, acceleration decrease

AIM To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration

VARIABLES MV : mass // number of trolley RV : acceleration FV : force acting on the object

LIST OF APPARATUS

Trolley, friction-compensated runway, ticker-timer, ticker-tape, a.c. power supply, wood blocks, meter rule, elastic cord, weighing scale

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Switch on the ticker-timer. Apply a force by stretching an elastic

band to a fixed length and the length is maintain as the trolley runs down the runway.

3. Cut the ticker tape into strips containing 10 ticks each. 4. Acceleration of the trolley is calculated by using the formula,

v ua

t

5. The experiment is repeated by using 2 trolleys, 3 trolleys, 4 trolleys and 5 trolleys.

TABULATE DATA

Mass of trolley, m (g) or No. of trolley

Accelerations, a (ms-2)

1

2

3

4

5

ANALSYING DATA

Accelerations, a (ms-2)

Mass of trolley, m (g) or No. of trolley

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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ACCELERATION (II)

INFERENCE Force depends on acceleration

HYPHOTESIS force increase, acceleration increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between force and acceleration

VARIABLES MV : force RV : acceleration FV : mass of the object

LIST OF APPARATUS

Trolley, friction-compensated runway, ticker-timer, ticker-tape, a.c. power supply, wood blocks, meter rule, elastic cord

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Switch on the ticker-timer. Apply a force by stretching an elastic

band to a fixed length and the length is maintain as the trolley runs down the runway.

3. Cut the ticker tape into strips containing 10 ticks each. 4. Acceleration of the trolley is calculated by using the formula,

v ua

t

5. The experiment is repeated by using 2 cords, 3 cords, 4 cords and 5 cords.

TABULATE DATA

Force, F (N) Accelerations, a (ms-2)

1

2

3

4

5

ANALSYING DATA

Accelerations, a (ms-2)

Force, F (N)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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HOOKE’S LAW (EXTENSION OF THE SPRING)

INFERENCE Extension of the spring depends on force / weight

HYPHOTESIS force / weight increase, extension of the spring increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between extension of the spring and force / weight

VARIABLES MV : force / weight RV : extension of the spring FV : spring constant / diameter of the spring

LIST OF APPARATUS

Spring, slotted weight, retort stand, meter rule, clamp

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Measured the initial length of the spring, lo. 3. Slotted weight of 20 g is hung from the spring. The length of the

spring, l is record. 4. The extension of the spring, x is calculated by using the formula,

ox l l

5. The experiment is repeated by using slotted weight 40 g, 60 g, 80 g and 100 g.

TABULATE DATA

Mass of load (g)

Force, F (N) Extension of the spring, x (cm)

20

40

60

80

100

ANALSYING DATA

Extension of the spring, x (cm)

Force, F (N)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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SOLID PRESSURE (FORCE & PRESSURE)

INFERENCE Pressure depends on surface area

HYPHOTESIS The smaller the surface area the greater the pressure (depth of sinking)

AIM To investigate the relationship between surface area and pressure (depth of sinking)

VARIABLES MV : surface area RV : depth of sinking FV : Weight / force / mass

LIST OF APPARATUS

Plasticine, slotted weight , wooden rod and meter rule

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Start the experiment with a wooden rod has surface area 1 cm2. 3. Placed the load of mass 200 g on the top of wooden rod as

shown on diagram. 4. Measure the depth of sinking made on the plasticine by using

meter rule. 5. Repeat the experiment 4 times with surface area of rod 2 cm2,

3 cm2, 4 cm2 and 5cm2.

TABULATE DATA

Surface area , A (cm2) Depth of depression, d (cm)

1

2

3

4

5

ANALSYING DATA

Depth of depression, d (cm)

Surface area, A (cm2)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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LIQUID PRESSURE (DENSITY & PRESSURE)

INFERENCE Pressure depends on density of liquid

HYPHOTESIS density increase, different height in manometer increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between density and different height in manometer

VARIABLES MV : density of liquid RV : different height in manometer FV : depth of liquid

LIST OF APPARATUS

Meter rule, manometer, rubber tube, thistle funnel, measuring cylinder, thin rubber sheet, salt water, coloured solution, retort stand

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. The thistle funnel is lowered into the salt water with density 0.5 gcm-3 at a depth 20.0 cm.

3. Observed and measure the different level, h at manometer through meter rule.

4. The experiment is repeated by using different density of salt water which are 1.0 gcm-3, 1.5 gcm-3, 2.0 gcm-3 and 2.5 gcm-3.

TABULATE DATA

Density, ϸ (gcm-3)

Different level, h (cm)

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

ANALSYING DATA

Different level, h (cm)

Density, ϸ (gcm-3)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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LIQUID PRESSURE (DEPTH & PRESSURE)

INFERENCE Pressure (different height in manometer) depends on depth of liquid

HYPHOTESIS depth increase, pressure (different height in manometer) increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between depth of liquid and pressure (different height in manometer)

VARIABLES MV : depth of liquid RV : different height in manometer FV : density of liquid

LIST OF APPARATUS

Meter rule, manometer, rubber tube, thistle funnel, measuring cylinder, thin rubber sheet, salt water, coloured solution, retort stand

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. The thistle funnel is lowered into the salt water with density 0.5 gcm-3 at a depth 0.5 cm.

3. Observed and measure the different level, h at manometer through meter rule.

4. The experiment is repeated by lowered the thistle funnel at different depth which are 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm.

TABULATE DATA

Depth, y (cm) Different level, h (cm)

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

ANALSYING DATA

Different level, h (cm)

Depth, y (cm)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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BUOYANT FORCE

INFERENCE buoyant force depends on volume of water displaced

HYPHOTESIS volume of water displaced increase, buoyant force increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between volume of water displaced and buoyant force

VARIABLES MV : volume of water displaced (height of rod immersed) RV : buoyant force FV : density of liquid, cross-sectional area of rod

LIST OF APPARATUS

Meter rule, retort stand, spring balance, aluminium rod, beaker, water, string

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Record the weight of the aluminium rod in the air as Wo from the spring balance.

3. The aluminium rod is slowly lowered into water until height of rod immersed is h = 2.0 cm.

4. Record the reading of spring balance as W. 5. Buoyant force is calculated by using formula, Fb = Wo – W 6. The experiment is repeated by lowered the aluminium rod at

different height which are 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm, 8.0 cm and 10.0 cm.

TABULATE DATA

height of rod immersed, h (cm) Buoyant force, N

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

ANALSYING DATA

Buoyant force, N

Height of rod

immersed, h (cm)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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BUOYANT FORCE (VOLUME WATER DISPLACED)

INFERENCE volume of water displaced depends on weight

HYPHOTESIS weight increase, volume of water displaced increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between weight and volume of water displaced

VARIABLES MV : weight RV : volume of water displaced FV : density of liquid, cross-sectional area of tube

LIST OF APPARATUS

Test tube, measuring cylinder, sand, water, beam balance, ball bearing

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Record the volume of water, V1 a shown by the measuring cylinder.

3. Put 5 g of ball bearing in the test tube. 4. Record the volume of water as a V2. 5. Calculated the volume of water displaced, V = V2 – V1 6. The experiment is repeated by using different mass of ball

bearing which are 10 g, 15 g, 20 g and 25 g.

TABULATE DATA

Mass of ball bearing, g

Weight, N Volume of water displaced, cm3

5

10

15

20

25

ANALSYING DATA

Volume of water displaced, cm3

Weight, N

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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HEAT (COOLING RATE)

INFERENCE Rate of cooling depends on volume of water

HYPHOTESIS Volume of water increase, rate of cooling increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between rate of cooling and volume of water

VARIABLES MV : volume of water RV : temperature change FV : time taken, power of heater

LIST OF APPARATUS

Thermometer, beaker, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, water, stopwatch, measuring cylinder

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Filled 50 cm3 of water into a beaker and heated to 50 oC. 3. The bunsen burner is removed and the stopwatch is started. 4. Record the temperature change, Ѳ after 30 seconds. 5. The experiment is repeated by using different volume of water

which are 100 cm3, 150 cm3, 200 cm3 and 250 cm3.

TABULATE DATA

Volume of water, cm3

Temperature change, Ѳ, oC

50

100

150

200

250

ANALSYING DATA

Temperature change, Ѳ, oC

Volume of water, cm3

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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HEAT (BOILING POINT)

INFERENCE Boiling point depends on mass of impurity

HYPHOTESIS Mass of impurity increase, boiling point increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between mass of impurity and boiling point

VARIABLES MV : mass of impurity RV : boiling point FV : power of heater, volume of water

LIST OF APPARATUS

Salt, water, immersion heater, thermometer, beaker, power supply

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Add 5 g of salt into the beaker with 500 ml of water. 3. Switch on the immersion heater until the water is boiling with a

constant temperature. 4. Record the boiling point using thermometer. 5. The experiment is repeated by adding mass of salt, 10 g, 15 g,

20 g and 25 g.

TABULATE DATA

Mass of salt, g Boiling point oC

5

10

15

20

25

ANALSYING DATA

Boiling point oC

Mass of salt, g

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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HEAT (HEAT CAPACITY)

INFERENCE Temperature depends on mass

HYPHOTESIS mass increase, temperature decrease

AIM To investigate the relationship between mass of object and temperature

VARIABLES MV : mass of liquid RV : increase in temperature FV : time taken of heating, specific heat capacity of liquid

LIST OF APPARATUS

Beaker, polystyrene cup, slotted weight, Bunsen burner, thermometer, water, tripod stand

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Fill a polystyrene cup with 200 cm3 of water. The initial temperature, Ѳ1 is recorded.

3. A 100 g slotted weight is heated in boiling water until 100oC. 4. The slotted weight is quickly transferred from beaker to the

polystyrene cup. 5. The highest temperature reached, Ѳ2 is recorded. 6. The rise in temperature is determined by using the formula

Ѳ = Ѳ2 – Ѳ1. 7. The experiment is repeated by using slotted weight of mass

200 g, 300 g, 400 g and 500 g.

TABULATE DATA

Mass, m (g) Temperature change, Ѳ, ( oC)

50

100

150

200

250

ANALSYING DATA

Temperature change, Ѳ, ( oC)

Mass, m (g)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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GAS LAW (BOYLE’S LAW)

INFERENCE volume of air depends on pressure of air

HYPHOTESIS volume of air increase, pressure of air decrease

AIM To investigate the relationship between volume of air and pressure of air

VARIABLES MV : volume of air RV : pressure of air FV : mass of air, temperature of air

LIST OF APPARATUS

Syringe, rubber tube, Bourdon gauge, piston

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Piston is push until the volume of air is 80 cm3. 3. Observed and record the pressure of air through bourdon

gauge. 4. The experiment is repeated by pushing the piston at different

volume of air which are 70 cm3, 60 cm3, 50 cm3 and 40 cm3.

TABULATE DATA

Volume of air, V (cm3)

Pressure of air, P (Pa)

80

70

60

50

40

ANALSYING DATA

Pressure of air, P (Pa)

Volume of air, V (cm3)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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GAS LAW (CHARLES’ LAW)

INFERENCE Volume of air depends on temperature

HYPHOTESIS temperature increase, volume of air increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between volume of air and temperature

VARIABLES MV : temperature RV : volume of air (length of air column) FV : mass of air, pressure of air

LIST OF APPARATUS

Thermometer, meter rule, retort stand, concentrated sulphuric acid, water, rubber bands, capillary tube, Bunsen burner, wire gauge

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Heat the water and stir continuously until the temperature reaches 30oC.

3. Observed and record the length of air column, L using meter rule.

4. The experiment is repeated by heating the water to temperature 40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC.

TABULATE DATA

Temperature, oC Volume of air, cm3

30

40

50

60

70

ANALSYING DATA

Volume of air, cm3

Temperature, oC

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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GAS LAW (PRESSURE LAW)

INFERENCE pressure of air depends on temperature of air

HYPHOTESIS temperature of air increase, pressure of air increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between pressure of air and temperature of air

VARIABLES MV : temperature of air RV : pressure of air FV : mass of air, volume of air

LIST OF APPARATUS

Bourdon gauge, round bottom flask, rubber tube, thermometer, water, bunsen burner, wire gauge

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Heat the water and stir continuously until the temperature reaches 30oC.

3. Observed and record the pressure of air using bourdon gauge. 4. The experiment is repeated by heating the water to

temperature 40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC.

TABULATE DATA

Temperature of air, oC Pressure of air, Pa

30

40

50

60

70

ANALSYING DATA

Pressure of air, Pa

Temperature of air, oC

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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LIGHT (REFRACTION)

INFERENCE Angle of refraction depends on angle of incidence

HYPHOTESIS Angle of incidence increase, angle of refraction increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction

VARIABLES MV : Angle of incidence RV : angle of refraction FV : refractive index of glass block, density of the glass block

LIST OF APPARATUS

Glass block (or semicircular glass block), ray box, protractor, white paper, pencil, meter rule, single slid slide

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Direct a narrow beam from the ray box at an angle of incidence, i = 100.

3. The refracted ray is marked and the refracted angle, r is measured using a protractor.

4. The experiment is repeated for values of i = 200, 300, 400 and 500.

TABULATE DATA

Angle of incidence, i (0) Angle of refracted, r (0)

10

20

30

40

50

ANALSYING DATA

Angle of refracted, r (0)

Angle of incidence, i (0)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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LIGHT (IMAGE DISTANCE)

INFERENCE Image distance depends on object distance

HYPHOTESIS Object distance increase, image distance decrease

AIM To investigate the relationship between object distance and image distance

VARIABLES MV : object distance RV : image distance FV : focal length of convex lens, power of lens

LIST OF APPARATUS

Convex lens (focal length 10.0 cm), light bulb, lens holder, screen, power supply, meter rule

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Placed the convex lens at a distance, u = 12.0 cm from the light

bulb. 3. Switch on the power supply. The screen is adjusted until sharp

image of the filament is formed. 4. The image distance, v is measured using meter rule. 5. The experiment is repeated for object distance, u = 16.0 cm,

20.0 cm, 24.0 cm and 28.0 cm.

TABULATE DATA

object distance, cm image distance, cm

12.0

16.0

20.0

24.0

28.0

ANALSYING DATA

image distance, cm

object distance, cm

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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INTERFERENCE OF SOUND

Keyword : a = distance between two speakers x = distance between two consecutive loud or soft sound D = distance between the source and sound heard λ = wavelength

INFERENCE x depends on a

HYPHOTESIS a increase, x decrease

AIM To investigate the relationship between a and x

VARIABLES MV : a, distance between two speakers RV : x, distance between two consecutive loud or soft sound FV : D, distance between the speakers and the sound heard

LIST OF APPARATUS

Audio signal generator, loudspeakers, meter rule

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Adjust the separation, a of the two loudspeakers to 1.0 m

3. Switch on the generator.

4. An observer stands 5.0 m in front of the loudspeakers and walk in a

straight line parallel to the loudspeakers.

5. The distance between two consecutive loud sounds heard, x is

measured by the meter rule.

6. Repeat the experiment by adjusting the distance between two

loudspeakers which is 1.2 m, 1.4 m. 1.6 m and 1.8 m.

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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TABULATE DATA

Distance, a/m Distance, x/m

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

ANALSYING DATA

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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WAVE (DEPTH AND WAVELENGTH)

INFERENCE depth affects wavelength

HYPHOTESIS Depth increases, wavelength increases

AIM To investigate the relationship between depth and wavelength

VARIABLES MV : depth, h or number of Perspex RV : wavelength, λ FV : frequency

LIST OF APPARATUS

d.c. power supply, ripple tank and accessories, lamp, meter rule, white paper, 5 pieces of Perspex / glass, stroboscope

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. The current was switched on. 2. The put one piece of Perspex in the ripple tank. 3. Mark the position of wave on the white paper as seen through the

Stroboscope. 4. Measure the wavelength with meter rule. 5. The procedure was repeated for different depth by putting pieces of

Perspex on top of the previous Perspex in the ripple tank; 2,3,4 and 5 number of Perspex.

TABULATE DATA

Depth / cm or number of Perspex

Wavelength / cm

1

2

3

4

5

ANALSYING DATA

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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ELECTRICITY (RESISTANCE AND LENGTH OF WIRE) (I)

INFERENCE Resistance depends on the length of wire

HYPHOTESIS The longer the wire, the higher the resistance

AIM To investigate the relationship between length of wire and its resistance

VARIABLES MV : length of wire, l RV : resistance, R FV : cross section area, A // diameter of wire

LIST OF APPARATUS

Constantan wire, dry cells, rheostat, voltmeter, ammeter, meter rule, connecting wires, switch and jockey

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Turn on the switch. 2. Place the jockey at length of wire, l = 20.0 cm. 3. Adjust the rheostat until the ammeter shows, I = 0.5 A . 4. Measure the potential difference, V. 5. Calculate resistance, R using the formula, R = V/I. 6. Repeat the experiment for different lengths, l = 40.0 cm, 60.0 cm,

80.0 cm and 100.0 cm.

TABULATE DATA

length of wire, l / cm resistance, R / Ω

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

ANALSYING DATA

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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ELECTRICITY (RESISTANCE AND LENGTH OF WIRE) (II)

INFERENCE Resistance depends on length of conductor

HYPHOTESIS Length of conductor increase, resistance increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between resistance and length of conductor

VARIABLES MV : length of conductor RV : resistance FV : cross-sectional area of the conductor, diameter of the conductor, resistivity of the conductor, temperature

LIST OF APPARATUS

Dry cell, switch, ammeter, constantan wire, voltmeter, wire connecting, meter rule

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Switched on the switch and start the experiment with length of

constantan wire with length 10.0 cm as shown on diagram above. 2. Observe and record the reading of ammeter and voltmeter.

3. Resistance is calculated by using the formulaV

RI

.

4. Repeat the experiment 4 times with different length of constantan wire which are 15.0 cm, 20.0 cm. 25.0 cm and 30.0 cm.

TABULATE DATA

Length , l (cm) R (Ω)

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

ANALSYING DATA

R (Ω)

Length , l (cm)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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ELECTRICITY (OHM’S LAW)

INFERENCE The current flowing through the bulb is influenced by the potential difference across it

HYPHOTESIS The higher the current flows through a wire, the higher the potential difference across it.

AIM To investigate the relationship between current and potential difference for a constantan wire.

VARIABLES MV : current, I RV : potential difference, V FV : length of the wire // cross sectional area

LIST OF APPARATUS

Constantan wire, dry cells, rheostat, voltmeter, ammeter, meter rule, connecting wires

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure. 2. Turn on the switch and adjust the rheostat so that the ammeter

reads the current, I= 0.2 A. 3. Read and record the potential difference, V across the wire through

voltmeter. 4. Repeat experiment for I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A and 0.6 A.

TABULATE DATA

Current, I /A Volt, V / V

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

ANALSYING DATA

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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ELECTROMAGNETISME (CURRENT AND NO. OF TURNS)

INFERENCE Strength of the magnetic field depends on current

HYPHOTESIS When current increase, number of paper clips attracted increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between current and number of paper clips attracted

VARIABLES MV : Current, I RV : Number of paper clips attracted, N FV : Number of turns of wire in the solenoid

LIST OF APPARATUS

Long iron rod, wooden clamp, insulated (PVC) copper wire, low-voltage high current d.c supply, ammeter, rheostat, retort stand, paper clips, beaker

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram above.

2. The switch is closed and the rheostat is adjusted so that the

current, I = 0.5 A.

3. The beaker is withdrawn and the current is switch off.

4. The paper clips which fall onto the table a collected and counted.

5. The experiment is repeated with different value of currents

which is I = 1.0 A, 1.5 A, 2.0 A and 2.5 A.

TABULATE DATA

Current, I / A Number of paper clips attracted, N

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

ANALSYING DATA

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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ELECTROMAGNETISME (INDUCED CURRENT)

INFERENCE Induced current depend on the height of magnet bar release

HYPHOTESIS The induced current increases when the height of magnet bar release increases

AIM To investigate the relationship between height of magnet bar release and the induced current.

VARIABLES MV : height of magnet bar release RV : induced current FV : number of the turns in the coils.

LIST OF APPARATUS

Bar magnet, cardboard tube, ammeter, insulated copper wire and meter rule.

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.

2. Release the bar magnet at height, h = 5.0 cm above the top end of the solenoid.

3. Observe and record the reading of induced current through the ammeter.

4. Repeat the experiment 4 times with different height of magnet bar release which are 10.0 cm, 15.0 cm, 20.0 cm and 25.0 cm.

TABULATE DATA

height of magnet bar release, h (cm) induced current, I (A)

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

ANALSYING DATA

I (A)

h (cm)

PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)

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ELECTROMAGNETISME (TRANSFORMER)

INFERENCE Output voltage depends on the number of turns of wire in the secondary coli

HYPHOTESIS The number of turns of wire in the secondary coil increase, output voltage increase

AIM To investigate the relationship between output voltage and the number of turns of wire in the secondary coil

VARIABLES MV : number of turns of wire in the secondary coil RV : output voltage FV : number of turns of wire in the primary coil

LIST OF APPARATUS

ac voltage, primary coil, secondary coil, soft iron core, output voltage, number of turns of secondary coil, number of turns of primary coil

ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1. Use 900 turns copper coil as the primary coil and 100 turns of secondary coil of the transformer.

2. The switch is on and the output voltage is measured by using a voltmeter.

3. Repeat the experiment 4 times with different number of turns of secondary coil which are 200 turns, 300 turns, 400 turns and 500 turns.

TABULATE DATA

Ns V (V)

100

200

300

400

500

ANALSYING DATA

V (V)

Ns