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Planning Guide
Desktop Virtualisation
September 2011
Four Key Steps to Planning a Desktop Virtualisation Implementation
Whyyoushouldreadthisdocument:
ThisguideprovidespracticalinformationfordesktopvirtualisationplanningbasedonIntel’sexperienceandbestpractices.
• Categoriseusersbasedonacomprehensivelistofusageneedsandscenarios.
• Evaluatethefiveprimarydeliverymodelsagainstyourcurrentbusinessrequirements.
• Analysetotalcostofownershipbasedonsevenfactors,fromhardwareandsoftwaretousability.
• Assesscurrentsoftwarevendorstofindtherightsolutionforyourbusiness.
Planning Guide
Desktop VirtualisationFour steps to planning a desktop virtualisation implementation in your organisation September 2011
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 2
3 Desktop Virtualisation: What It Is (and What It Isn’t)
5 Step1:DefineUserSegments andUsageScenarios
7 Step2:EvaluatetheFivePrimary DeliveryModels
•TerminalServices
• Virtual Hosted Desktops
•OperatingSystemImageStreaming
•ApplicationStreamingandVirtualisation
• Client-Side Virtual Container
13 Step3:AnalyseTotalCostofOwnership
17 Step4:ChoosetheRightSoftwareVendor
18 IntelResourcesforLearningMore
Contents
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 3
Desktop Virtualisation: What It Is (and What It Isn’t)Maybeyoustartedthinkingseriouslyaboutdesktopvirtualisationonlyrecently,whentheheadofsalesbroughtinhisnewtabletdeviceanddemandedthatitbehookeduptothenetwork—andtwodozenmoresalespeoplequicklyfollowedsuit.Ormaybeyou’vebeenthinkingaboutitforseveralyears,sinceyourITdepartmentalsobeganlookingatservervirtualisation.
Desktop Virtualisation Is…
• Technologythatallowsmulti-clientenvironmentstobe controlledandmanagedfromacentralpoint.
• Acollectionoftechniques—includingstreaming,remoting,virtualising,andlayering.Desktopvirtualisationsoftwaresolutionsapplysomeorallofthesetechniquestofulldesktopimagesortoapplications.TheresultingentitiesareadministeredandmanagedbyITthroughcentralisedmanagementconsoles.
• Awaytobalancetheneedsofemployeeswhowanttousethedevicesthathelpthemperformattheirbest,andtheITdepartment’sneedstomaintainsecurity,retainmanagementcontrol,andcontaincosts.
• TechnologythatcanhelpyourITdepartmentbebetter preparedforwhatthefuturebrings—forexample,puttingyouinabetterpositiontohandlenewclientOSmigrations,thecontinuedproliferationofnewclienttypes,andthemoveto cloudcomputing.
Desktop Virtualisation Isn’t…
• Aone-size-fits-allproposition.Therearemultipledeliverymodels,andit’sverylikelythatthebestsolutionforyourcompanywillbeacombinationoftwoormoreofthesemodels.
• Acure-allforcommonITheadachessuchasreducingthenumberofimages,maintainingsecurity,ormanagingdeviceseffectively.Infact,iftheseclientmanagementprocessesarenotundercontrolbeforehand,desktopvirtualisationcanactuallyaddcomplexityandreduceITefficiency.
• Aguaranteedwaytoreducehardwareandsupportcosts.Desktopvirtualisationisacomplexundertaking,andorganisationsmustcarefullyanalysetotalcostofownership(TCO).
• Synonymouswithvirtualhosteddesktops,VDI,orthinclients.Desktopvirtualisationencompassesbothserver-sideandclient-sidevirtualisationoptions,aswellasboththinclientandintelligentclientoptions.
Whileit’scertainlynotanewtopic,there’sstillalotofconfusionaboutwhatdesktopvirtualisationis—andwhatitisn’t.Atitscore,desktopvirtualisationisawayofreconcilingtwo(oftencompeting)goals:IT’sdesiretoexertmorecontrolovertheclientplatformtosimplifymanagementandreinincosts,andtheuser’sdesireformoreflexibilityandgreaterchoiceinendpointsandapplications.
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 4
Intel It recommends: best practices for Client management
Asmentioned,desktopvirtualisationisnotaquickcureforcommondesktopmanagementissues.Inmostcases,desktopvirtualisationstillrequiresaclientendpointandaclientoperatingsystemthatneedtobemanagedandsecured.Aswe’veworkedondesktopvirtualisationatIntel,theITdepartmenthasfoundthatbeforeembarkingondesktopvirtualisation,itisextremelyimportanttoestablishproactive,automatedclientmanagementprocesses.
Webelievethatbest-practiceclientmanagementmeanshaving thefollowinginplace:
• Automatedprocessesfor:• Passwordreset• Patchmanagement• Assetmanagement• Antivirusprotection• Softwaredistribution
• Standardisedimages
• MinimumpossiblenumberofWindows*versions
• PCfirewalls
• L1andL2lockdownpolicies
• Networkaccesscontrol
Theremainderofthisplanningguidewalksthroughfourkeystepsforplanningadesktopvirtualisationimplementation.TheinformationcomesfromIntel’sexperienceworkingwithdesktopvirtualisationsoftwarevendorsandOEMsandfromourexperienceanalysing,planning,andimplementingdesktopvirtualisationinourowncompany.
Since2007,IntelIThasbeenworkingwithavarietyof virtualisationtechniquestoseewhichwouldprovidethewidestrangeofbenefitsforIntel.Theinformationinthisdocumentisbasedlargelyonthisexperience.
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 5
Step1:DefineUserSegments andUsageScenarios
ManyITdepartmentstoday—includingIntel’s—nolongerfindit feasibletohaveasingleITservicedeliverymodelfortheirentireuserbase.Thisisespeciallytruefordesktopvirtualisation;in mostbusinesses,userneedsaretoodiversetobecoveredbyasingleapproach.
Thefirststepinplanningfordesktopvirtualisation,then,shouldbetogroupusersintosegmentsbyspecificusagescenarios.Youcanthenanalysetherightapproachtodesktopvirtualisationaccordingtoeachsegment’sparticularneeds.Intelsegmenteditsuserbasethroughacomprehensiveusersurvey;dependingonthesizeofyourbusiness,however,youmayalreadyhavetheinformationyouneedtocreateusersegments.
Thefollowingisalistofusagebehavioursandothercriteriathatwillhelpyougroupyouruserbaseintologicalsegments.
Category Usage Needs to Consider
Hardwareandperipherals
• Formfactor• Inputdevices• Communicationsdevices
Physicalworkenvironment
• Cubeoroffice• Bullpen• Manufacturingfloororlab• Virtualoffice(mobile)
Onlineworkenvironment
• Operatingsystem• Business-specificsoftware• Datasecurityrequirements• Performancefactorssuchascomputeload,requiredgraphicsperformance,delaysensitivity,webserverload, and so on
Connectivity • Wireless• Wired• Remoteaccess
Userexpectations forpersonalisation andprivacy
• Personaluseofclientdevices• Personalorcorporateownershipofclientdevices
• Privacyofpersonalinformation
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 6
Outofthiskindofanalysis,youcanthengroupuserswithsimilarrequirementsintosegmentsthatcanbeindividuallyaddressed.However,alwaysusethefewestnumberofsegmentsthatwillmeetyourrequirements.Toomuchcomplexityintheplanningstagescanmakeaprojecttoodifficultorimpracticaltoimplement.
Totherightareexamplesofpotentialusersegments.Thesemayfitsomescenarioswithinyourorganisation,butevenifthey’renotapplicabletoyourorganisation,theyprovideguidanceonhowthesesegmentscanbeconstructed.
Segment Usage Scenario
Office-centric Usesastationaryofficesetup withinacubeenvironmentandaccessesahighnumberofspecialised businessapplications.
Lab-centric Worksprimarilyintheorganisation’slabusingasharedworkstation,collaboratingface-to-faceorvia apager.
Poweruser WorksinacubeenvironmentusingawiredconnectionandadesktopPCequippedwithcomputing-andgraphics-intensiveapplications. Needstopulllargeamountsofdatafromthenetwork.
Traveller Spendslittletimeinthephysicaloffice;mosttimeisspentworkingfromhome,travelling,andworkingfromcustomersitesusingalaptopandsmartphoneequippedwithgeneralapps.Tends tobeinseniormanagement,with highexpectationsforpersonalisationandprivacy.
Roamer Movesoftenamongcube,conferencerooms,sharedworkspaces,etc.,usingawirelesslyconnectedlaptopequippedwithgeneralapps.
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 7
Step2:EvaluatetheFivePrimary DeliveryModels
Onceyouunderstandthedifferentusersegmentsthatneedtobeservedinyourdesktopvirtualisationimplementation,youcanbeginevaluatinghowthedifferentdeliverymodelsavailablestackupagainstyourrequirements.
Therearefiveprimarydeliverymodelsfordesktopvirtualisation.
Server-side virtualisation:
• Terminalservices• Virtual hosted desktops
Client-side virtualisation:
• Operatingsystemimagestreaming• Applicationstreamingandvirtualisation• Client-sidevirtualcontainer
Eachmodelprovidessomedegreeof centralmanagement,andeachhasadvantagesandtrade-offs.Keepinmindthatthebestsolutionforagivenorganisationtypicallycombinesmore thanonemodel.Butalwayschoosethe minimumnumberofdeliverymodels.
Desktop Virtualisation Delivery Models at a Glance
Model TerminalServices Virtual Hosted Desktops
OperatingSystemImageStreaming
ApplicationStreamingand Virtualisation
Client-Side Virtual Container
Server- or client-side
Server-side Server-side Client-side Client-side Client-side
Best suitedfor
Environmentswhereacriticalbusinessapplicationisneededacrossabroad spectrumofusersandwhenapplicationcompatibilityandoperatingsystemsupportmaybeachallenge.
Environmentswhereusers have an entire desktopimagethatneedstobeaccessedfrommultiplelocations,and the operating system,applications, andworkloadof thatimagearestableandpredictable.
Environmentswheresecurityiscriticalandnouserinformationneedstopersistafterasession.Alsobeneficialwhenlocalsupportisachallengeorwhenuptimeiscritical.
Environments whereapplication andlicencedeployment/managementarecritical.
Appropriateformostenvironments;modelisstillevolving.
PrimaryISV products
CitrixXenApp*
MicrosoftRemoteDesktopServices*
CitrixXenDesktop*
MicrosoftVirtualDesktopInfrastructure*
VMwareView*
CitrixXenDesktop CitrixXenApp
MicrosoftApplicationVirtualisation*
VMwareThinApp*
CitrixXenClient1.0*MicrosoftEnterpriseDesktopVirtualisation*andWindows VirtualPC7*
MokaFiveSuite*
VirtualComputerNxTop*
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 8
terminal Services
How It WorksServer-basedmodel.Theclientismerelyadisplayandinputdevice.Allcomputationisdonecentrallyontheserver,andalldataisstoredinadatacentre.Nothingisexecutedorpersistentontheclient.Usersconnectremotelytoasharedsessiononaserveroperatingsystem.
Best Suited ForEnvironmentswhereacriticalbusinessapplicationisneededbyusersacrossa broadspectrumoftheuserbase,andapplicationcompatibilityandoperatingsystemsupportmaybeachallenge.IT canprovidetheapplicationasaservicewithoutneedingtestingtoensurecompatibilityacrossallplatformsandoperatingsystems.Examples:enterprisecustomerrelationshipmanagement,finance,andhumanresourcesapplications.
Endpoint ConsiderationsThisdeliverymodelcanbeusedbothwiththinclientsandintelligentclients.
• Thinclientsaremostappropriatewhenusersdon’tneedtobemobile;whennouserpersonalisationisneededoritcaneasilyberemovedbyreimaging;andwhenapplicationsbeingaccessedarenotcomputing-orgraphics-intensive.
• Intelligentclientsarenecessarywhentheuserneedstouseapplicationsoutsideoftheterminalservicessession.Terminalservicessessionsarenotmeanttohostdesktopapplicationssincetheyrunserveroperatingsystems.
Beforemakingthethinorintelligentclientdecision,takeintoaccountwhattypeofapplicationsandcontentuserswillrequirenotjusttoday,butalsotwotothreeyearsintothefuture.
Benefits• Security:Theoperatingsystem,applications,anddataneverleavethedatacentre.
• manageability: Applicationsanddataarecentralisedforsimpleradministration,applicationmanagement,validationandsupport,andmorereliablebackup;useradds,moves,andchangesaresimple.
• Costs:Thereisalowercostofincrementalsoftwaredeployment.
• Access:Userscanaccessapplicationsfromanynetwork-connectedclient.
• Disaster recovery and business continuity: Userscanshifttoanotherclientorsite.
Limitations • performance:Performancedegradesasthenumberofusersperserverincreases;therecanbegraphicsbottlenecks;themodelrequiresacontinuousstreamoflow-latencybandwidthtomaintaindisplay,keyboard,andmouseresponsiveness.
• Software compatibility:Notallsoftwareorspecialisedperipheralsarecompatibleorsuitedtothisapproach.
• mobility:Thismodelrequiresa persistentnetworkconnectionwithadequatebandwidth.
• Costs:Newdeploymentsareexpensive,includingspace,servers,software, andnetworking.
• Disaster recovery and business continuity:Ifserverfunctionislost,processingmustshifttoaredundantserverordatacentre;lossofnetworkfunctionrendersclientsinoperable.
• User satisfaction:ThisapproachdoesnotprovideaPC-likeexperienceinperformance,customisation,flexibility,
andmobility.
Virtual Hosted Desktops
How It WorksServer-basedmodel.Thevirtualhosteddesktops(VHD)model,sometimescalledvirtualdesktopinfrastructure(VDI),issimilartoterminalservicesinthatallcomputationandstorageiscentralised.ButwithVHD,usershavetheirowncompletevirtualmachineandcustomiseddesktop,includingtheoperatingsystem,applications,andsettings.Toimprovetheuserexperience,mostVDIprotocolshavetheabilitytooffloadsomecomputingtaskstotheclient.
Best Suited ForEnvironmentswhereusershaveanentiredesktopimagethatneedstobeaccessedfrommultiplelocations—andtheoperatingsystem,applications,andworkloadofthatimagearestableandpredictable.(Requirementsneedtobewellunderstoodtopreventoverloadingservers.)Example:Youneedtodeliverdesktopimagestoremote,internationalsoftwaredeveloperswhoworkwithdataandIPthatabsolutelycannotleavethecountryoforigin.
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 9
Endpoint ConsiderationsThisdeliverymodelcanbeusedwithboththinclientsandintelligentclients.
• Thinclientsaremostappropriatewhenusersdon’tneedtobemobile;whennouserpersonalisationisneededoritcaneasilyberemovedbyreimaging;andwhentheapplicationsbeingaccessed arenotcomputing-orgraphics-intensive.
• Intelligentclientsaremostappropriatewhenrichcontentandcomputing-orgraphics-intensiveapplicationswillbepushedtotheclient.
Beforemakingthethinorintelligentclientdecision,takeintoaccountwhattypeofapplicationsandcontentuserswillrequirenotjusttoday,butalsotwotothreeyearsintothefuture.
Benefits• Security: Theoperatingsystem,applications,anddataneverleavethedatacentre.
• manageability: Desktopimageanddatamanagementarecentralisedforsimpleradministration,applicationmanagement,validationandsupport,andmorereliablebackup;therearereducedimagemanagementandstoragechallenges ifusingpublicimagesinsteadof privateimages.
• User customisation:AllowsamorePC-likeexperience;personalisationispossibleifprivateimagesareused.
• Access:Userscanaccessapplicationsfromanynetwork-connectedclient.
• Hardware/software image validation: Asingle“platform”targetforalloperatingsystemandapplicationimagesreducesvalidationefforts.
• Disaster recovery and business continuity:Userscanshifttoanotherclientorsite.
Limitations• performance:Performancedegrades asthenumberofusersperserverincreases;therecanbegraphicsbottlenecks;themodelrequiresacontinuousstreamoflow-latencybandwidthtomaintaindisplay,keyboard,andmouseresponsiveness.
• manageability:ITmustmanage,update,andpatchvirtualdesktopimagesstoredinthedatacentre.
• Software and peripheral compatibility: Notallsoftwareorspecialisedperipheralsarecompatibleorsuitedtothisapproach.
• mobility:VHDrequiresapersistentnetworkconnectionwithadequatebandwidth.
• Costs:Newdeploymentsareexpensive,includingdatacentrespace,servers,software,networking,andstorage;thisisthemostserver-intensivedeliverymethod.
• Disaster recovery and business continuity:Ifserverfunctionislost,processingmustshifttoaredundantserverordatacentre;lossofnetworkfunctionrendersclientsinoperable.
• User satisfaction: VHD is unlike the PC experienceinperformance,customisation,flexibility,andmobility.
ISV Products• CitrixXenDesktop• MicrosoftVDI• MwareView
Application Level or Image Level?
Ahelpfulwaytothinkofthemodelsandhowtheyfitwithyourrequirementsiswhethertheproblemneedstobesolvedattheapplicationlevelorimagelevel.
Inthiscase,an“image”isthecompletepackageoftheoperatingsystem,applications,anduserdataand settings.Somecomputemodelssolveapplicationproblems,whileotherssolveimageproblems.
Application-levelmodelsare:• Terminalservices• Applicationstreaming
and virtualisation
Image-levelmodelsare:• Virtualhosteddesktops• Operatingsystemimagestreaming• Client-sidevirtualcontainer
Forexample,anapplication-levelmodelislikelybestsuitedfora“bringyourowncomputer”implementation,inwhichendusersusetheirownpersonalcomputersattheworkplace.Inthiscase,deliveringanentireoperatingsystemimageislikelytobeunnecessary,andstreamingonlytheapplicationstheuserneedsissufficient.Ifanintelligentdesktopisused,thisapproachhastheaddedbenefitofenablinguserstoaccesstheirapplicationseveniftheycan’tconnecttothenetwork,becausetheapplicationsremainincacheuntiluserscanlog inagain.
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 10
Animage-levelmodelisappropriatewhenyouwantfullcontrolovertheimage.Afullyabstractedimagecanbecentrallymanagedandthendeliveredtomultipledevicesorhostedinthedatacentre.Withanimage-levelapproach,youcan,forexample,equipacontingentworkerwitheverythingnecessarytocompletehisorherwork,andthencompletelyremovethatimagewhenthecontractisover.
Operating System Image Streaming
How It WorksClient-basedmodel.Nooperatingsystemimageisinstalledlocally.Theoperatingsystemisstoredandmanagedinthedatacentre.Whentheclientpowersup,aserverstreamstheoperatingsystemimagetotheclientoverthenetwork.TheclientusesitsCPUandgraphicsforlocalexecution.TheclientmaybeaPCwithoutaharddrive,usingmainmemoryexclusively.Applicationdataisstoredinadatacentre.
Best Suited ForEnvironmentswheresecurityiscriticalornouserinformationneedstopersistafterasession—ineithercase,nodataisleftonthePCafterthepoweristurnedoff.Alsoverybeneficialwherelocalsupportmaybeachallengeoruptimeiscrucial.Examples:financialtaskworkerslikebankcashiers,insuranceagents,orotherswhoworkwithsecurecustomerdatawheremobilityisnotrequired;classroomsettings,clinicpatientrooms,andhospitalrooms—asimplerebootgetsafreshoperatingsystemimageandavoidscostlydowntimewaitingforlocalsupport;callcentreworkerswhorequiretrainingusingvideoattheirdesks—they
cansecurethecustomerdata,moveindependentlytoanotherworkdesk,andaccesstrainingwithoutleavingthephones.
Endpoint ConsiderationsThisdeliverymodelrequiresan intelligentendpoint.
Benefits• Security: Applicationdataisstored/protectedinthedatacentre;localcorruptionisremovedandpatchesupdatedateachboot-up;isolatingapplicationslimitsdataexposure.
• manageability:Desktopimageanddatamanagementarecentralisedforsimpleradministration,applicationmanagement,validationandsupport,andmorereliablebackup;therearereducedimagemanagementandstoragechallengesifusingpublicimagesinsteadofprivateimages;licensingiscentrallymanaged;adds,moves,andchangesaresimple.
• performance:Localexecutionisvirtuallyidenticaltolocallyinstalledapplications;computing-andgraphics-intensiveperformanceisgood;afterboot-up,networkdemanddropstoverylowlevels.
• Infrastructure cost: Fewerandlesscostlyserversareneeded;therearereducedstoragerequirementsifusingpublicimages;streamingtechnologyhasthelowestinitialdeploymentcostsofcentralisedcomputingmodels.
• Disaster recovery and business continuity: Userscanshifttoadifferentsiteorclient;clientmaycontinuetofunctioniftheserverornetworkisdown.
Limitations • Security:Atruntime,dataandapplicationsarevulnerabletoclient-sideattacksortheft.
• performance:Bootspeedcanbeaffectedbythedistancefromserver,networkload,andnumberofusers.
• Cost and manageability: Morestoragecapacityisneededifusingprivateimages.
• Software sequencing process: Not all softwareissuitable;initialsequencingsetup/debuggingcanbetime-andlabour-intensive;streamedandvirtualisedapplicationinteractionscanbeproblematic.
• Hardware/software image validation: ITmustvalidate/tunestreamedoperatingsystemswitheachhardwareconfiguration.
• Disaster recovery and business continuity: Ifusingprivateimagesandtheclientlosesfunction,manualconfigurationofanewdevicemay benecessary.
• mobility:Thereisnooff-network ormobileuseofastreamed
operatingsystem.
ISV Products• CitrixXenDesktop
Calculating Infrastructure requirements
Beforeselectingaparticulardeliverymodelfordesktopvirtualisation,you’llwanttocalculateitsinfrastructurerequirementsanddeterminethelevelofinvestmentitrequires.Infrastructurecomponentstoaccountforinclude:
• Servers• Storage
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 11
• Datacentrespace,power,andcooling• Networkbandwidth• Security• Manageability• Disasterrecovery• Imageandlicencemanagement
See“Step3:AnalyseTotalCostofOwnership”formoreinformationoncalculatinginfrastructurerequirements.
Application Streaming and Virtualisation
How It WorksClient-basedmodel.Theclientoperatingsystemislocallyinstalled,butapplicationsarestreamedondemandfromthedatacentretotheclient,wheretheyareexecutedlocally.Streamedappsfrequentlydonotinstallontheclientoperatingsystem,butinsteadinterfacewithanabstractionlayerandareneverlistedintheoperatingsystemregistryorsystemfiles(hencetheterm“applicationvirtualisation”).Interactionsbetweenstreamedapplications,otherlocallyinstalledsoftware,andtheoperatingsystemareminimised,eliminatingsoftwareconflicts.Italsocanimprovesecurityby“sandboxing”applicationsinisolatedcontainers.Streamedapplicationscanbecachedonalaptopandtakenoffthenetwork.Whenreconnected,theapplicationcanresynchronisewiththeservertochecklicensing,version,andusageinformation,anddownloadnewapplicationdatatothedatacentre.
Best Suited ForEnvironmentswhereapplicationand licencedeploymentandmanagement arecritical.Withapplicationstreaming andvirtualisation,ITcanusepoliciestocontrolwhenlicencesexpire,whetherthePCisconnectedtothenetworkornot.Example:settingthelicencetoexpirefortemporaryorcontractemployeeswhentheircontractshavecompleted.ITcanthenrepurposethelicence.
Thismethodofdeliveringapplicationsisadditivetoanyoftheotherimagedeliverymodels.Applicationscanbestreamedtoanyoperatingsystem,whetheritistraditionallyinstalled,virtualisedinthedatacentreoronthePC,orstreamed.
Endpoint ConsiderationsWhilethismodelcanbeusedwitheitherthinclientsorintelligentclients,usinganintelligentclienthassomeadvantagesinmobileusagescenarios.Withanintelligentmobileclient,usershave“offlinecapability”—theycanstillaccessapplicationsresidentinthecacheevenwhentheycan’tconnecttothenetwork.
Benefits• Security:Applicationsarestoredandprotectedinthedatacentre;localcorruptionisremovedandpatchesareupdatedateachinitiationfromthestreamingserver;isolatingapplicationslimitsdataexposure.
• manageability:Applicationlicensing andprovisioningcanbestreamlinedthroughcentralisedmanagement;applicationvirtualisationmayenablelegacyapplicationstorunonaneweroperatingsystem;reducedconflicts,corruption,andrandomnessintheoperatingsystemregistry.
• performance:Virtuallyidenticaltolocallyinstalledapplications;goodcomputing/graphics-intensiveperformance;afterlaunch,networkdemanddropstoverylowlevels;reducednetworkdemandversusstreamingtheoperatingsystem;userexperienceisthesameasa standardPCboot.
• Infrastructure cost:Fewer/lesscostlyserversneeded;streamingtechnologyhasthelowestinitialdeploymentcosts ofcentralisedcomputingmodels.
• Disaster recovery and business continuity: Userscanshifttoadifferentsiteorclient;userscancontinuetoworkofflinewithcachedcontent.
• mobility:Streamedapplicationscan becachedforoff-networkuseon mobileclients.
Limitations • Security:Atruntime,dataandapplicationsarevulnerabletoclient-sideattacksortheft.
• performance:Streamingdownloadspeedscanbeaffectedbydistance fromserver,networkload,andnumber ofusers;interactionsbetweenvirtualised/nonvirtualisedapplications canbeaffected.
• Software sequencing process: Not all softwareissuitable;initialsequencingsetup/debuggingcanbetimeandlabourintensive;streamedandvirtualisedapplicationinteractionscan
beproblematic.
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 12
ISV Products• CitrixXenApp• MicrosoftApp-V• VMwareThinAppClient
Client-Side Virtual Container
How It WorksClient-basedmodel.Unlikealocallyinstalledorstreamedoperatingsystem,thevirtualcontainerisabstractedfromtheplatformviaaclient-basedvirtualmachinemanager.Virtualmachineimages,includingtheoperatingsystemandapplications,arecreatedandmanagedcentrallybyITandthendeliveredtotheclient,wheretheyarestoredandlocallyexecutedonaclient-basedvirtualmachinemanager(VMM).Changesfromtheclientimagecanbesyncedwiththecentrallystoredimageandviceversa.
Best Suited ForMostenvironments.Providesmobileuserswithacentrallymanagedandsecureimage.UsersgettheperformancebenefitsoflocalexecutionandITbenefitsfromcentralisedmanageability.EnablesmultipledesktopimagesorworkenvironmentsonthesamePC,withsecureisolationbetweenthetwoenvironmentstopreventcrossinfection.Examples:officeworkerswhorequireseparateoperatingenvironmentswithdifferinglevelsofsecurityandmanagement—forexample,apersonalandworkenvironment,oramobilecontingentworkerwithasecuredcorporateimage.
Endpoint ConsiderationsThisdeliverymodelhasbothType1andType2implementation;bothrequireanintelligentclient.InaType1implementation,
theVMMrequiresathinoperatingsystemthatrunsatthesiliconleveloftheendpoint.InaType2implementation,theVMMrequiresafull-fledgedoperatingsystemontheendpoint.
Benefits• Security: Withisolatedcontainers,virusesandthreatsarecontained;IT cansetpoliciesforeachcontainerperusers’needs;patches/updatescanbedeployedonacentralcorporateimageandeasilydistributed.
• manageability:Operatingsystemimages,applications,anddatamanagementcanbecentralisedforsimpleradministration,softwaremigrations,andmorereliablebackup;imagevalidationisonlyneededagainsttheVMM;containersarehighlyportable,withsimpleinstallation.
• performance:SubjecttoVMMefficiency,performanceisvirtuallyidenticaltolocallyinstalledapplications;goodcomputing/graphics-intensiveperformance.
• mobility:Containerscanbecachedandtakenoff-network;userscancarrythecontainerimageonaUSBdriveandrunitonanyPC.
• Infrastructure cost: Thismodelbenefitsfromfewerservers,lessstorage,andreducednetworkrequirementsversusserver-sidemodels.
Limitations • Security:Atruntime,dataandapplicationsarevulnerableto client-sideattacksortheft;VMMlayermustbeprotected.
• performance:RunningmultiplevirtualmachinesonaVMMmaycauseperformancedegradation.
• maturity:Newmodeltechnology,deploymentandmanagementtools, andITprocessesarestillevolving.
• Industry-wide technical challenges: Issuesneedingattentionincludevirtualisationofgraphics,wireless, powermanagement,dockingstations,
andperipherals.
ISV Products• CitrixXenClient• MicrosoftMED-VandVirtualPC7• MokaFiveSuite• VirtualComputerNxTop
Additional Delivery models and ISVs
InadditiontotheISVslistedinthissection,thereareadditionalvendorswhose productsdon’tfitneatlyintothefivedeliverymodelsdiscussedhere.Thesevendorsandproductsinclude:
• RESSoftware*(workspacemanagement)• Scense*(workspacemanagement)• WanovaMirage*(hybriddesktop
virtualisation)
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 13
Step3:AnalyseTotalCost ofOwnershipWhiledesktopvirtualisationcanresultincostsavingswhenimplementedjudiciously,thesecostsavingsarenotguaranteed.Anyorganisationconsideringdesktopvirtualisationshouldcloselyanalysethetruecostsofimplementingandmaintainingavirtualiseddesktopenvironment.
Tobeuseful,anytotalcostofownership(TCO)calculationneedstoaccountforallmaterialimpactstotheTCO;additionally,theinputsandassumptionsofthecalculationsmustreflecttherealitiesoftheorganisation.Whilevendor-providedTCO andreturnoninvestmentmodelscanbeuseful,usethemonlyasastartingpointforamoredetailedandcomprehensiveTCOanalysisthattakesintoaccountthefollowingsevenfactors:
• Hardware
• Software
• Energy
• Datacentrerealestate
• Support
• Implementation
• Usability
Theremainderofthissectionprovides
detailsoneachofthesefactors.
HardwareReducinghardwarecostsisoftenthedriverfororganisationstoimplementvirtualiseddesktops.Bymovingthecomputingpowertoacentralandsharedlocation,userswhoformerlyusedintelligentdesktopscanbeprovidedamuchlower-costthinclientdevicetoaccessthesharedcomputingpower.However,estimatesaboutthenumberofvirtualuserswhocanshareasingleservervarysignificantly—from6tomorethan70.Accordingtoa2010publishedsurveyfromGartner,mostorganisations average 6 to 8 users per server,andveryfeworganisationsmanagetodeploymorethan20usersperserver.1
Fourprimaryelementsaffecthardwarecostsandthenumberofvirtualiseddesktopusersthatcanbesuccessfullydeployed perserver.
• User type: Usertypehasasignificantimpactontheamountofhardwarerequiredtosuccessfullyvirtualisethedesktopenvironment.Userswhoinfrequentlyaccessthesystemoraccessonlysmall,lightweightapplicationscanshareaserverinhighernumbersthan“heavy”userswhospendthemajorityoftheirdayaccessinggraphics-intensiveoranalyticalsystems.Considerdeployingdifferentstrategiesforeachusergroup:
forexample,virtualising“lightweight”usersatadifferentratioofusersperserverthanknowledgeusers,andkeepingpowerusersinatraditionalintelligentdesktopenvironment.
• Usage spikes:Anotherkeyconsideration,oftenoverlooked,isensuringthattheenvironmentcanhandlespikesinusageaswellasday-to-dayoperations.Usagespikesoftenoccuratkeypointsinsalesandfinancialreportingperiods,duringkeyseasonalevents,orduring“one-off”eventssuchasnewproductlaunches.Ifhardwarecapacityisplannedwithoutconsideringusagespikes,businessmayrunseamlessly80percentofthetimebutexperiencesignificantslowdownsduringthebusiness’smostcriticalperiods.
• Server size:Thesizeandtypeoftheserverhasabigimpactonthenumberofvirtualusersthatshareaphysicalserver.Theimportantconsiderationisnotthenumberofserversbutratherthetotalcosttoprocure,manage,run,andstoretheservers.Larger,morepowerfulserverswillhaveahigherup-frontcostandcostmoretocool,butwillholdmoreusers,takeuplessserverfloorspace,andcostlesspervirtualusertosupport.
1 Dayley,Alan.User Survey Analysis: Virtualisation Cost Reduction and Consolidation Promises Slow in Coming.Gartner,2009
Intel IT Centre Planning Guide | Desktop Virtualisation 14
• Disk allocation:Manyofthedefaultvaluesincalculatorsassume10GBofspace.In2009,Gartnerconcludedthat25GBistheactualmidpointformostusers.1Butwiththeproliferationofvideo,music,andgraphicelementsinevenfairlybasicworkproducts,manyusersarenowfillingupdrivesof100GBormoreandevenadding500GBUSBdrivesforextrastorage.Organisationsneedtotrulyanalyseandunderstandthedatastorageneedsoftheirusersbeforearrivingataconclusion.Differentusertypesmayneedverydifferentdataallocations.
SoftwareSoftwarelicensingcostsareoftenconsideredinTCOandROIcalculationtoolsasapotentialsourceofsavings.Organisationsshouldbecautiousaboutassumingthesesavingswithoutaclearunderstandingofsoftwarelicenceagreements.Inadditiontonewsoftwarerequiredtorunthecentralservers,mostdesktopapplicationschargeonaper-userbasisanddonotallowconcurrentuserlicensing.Theendresultisoftenanincreaseinoverallsoftwareandsoftwaresupportcosts,notadecrease.Manyorganisationshaveseenaninitialsoftwarecostreductiononlytodiscoverduringsoftwareauditsthataretheyareinviolationoftheirsoftwareagreements,andtheyenduppayingboththefulllicencecostsaswellasapplicablefines.Organisationsthatvirtualisetheirdesigners,developers,orotherspecialtyrolesoftenfindthattheseusersrequireanintelligent desktop due to the nonstandard applicationstheyneedtorun.Asaresult,
twostandardlicencesarerequiredforeachoftheseusers,oneforeachmachine.
EnergyEnergymattersnotonlybecauseofhowenergycostsaffectthebottomline,butalsobecauseorganisationsofteninvestigatevirtualisationinpartbecausetheywanttocreateasustainableor“green”environmentforemployeesanddemonstratecorporateresponsibilitytocustomersandshareholders.Assumingthindevicesareusedtoaccessverticaldesktops(versususinganolderintelligentPCasadumbterminal),therecanbeenergysavingsattheuserpoint.However,thesesavingsmaybebalancedbyuserbehaviour(dotheyturnofftheircomputeratnight,andarepowersettingsconfiguredtooptimiseenergyconsumption?)andtheenergyburdenofrunningandcoolingthenewservers.Dependingontheorganisation’scurrentdatacentre,implementingvirtualiseddesktopsmayrequiredatacentreandcoolingsystemupgrades.
Data Centre Real EstateSimilartoenergy,realestateconsiderationsshouldnotbeunderestimatedwhenevaluatingtheTCOofdesktopvirtualisation.Replacingatraditionalintelligentclientdesktopdevicewithanewthindeviceisunlikelytoreducetherealestaterequirementsofeachemployee.However,theadditionofmanynewserverswilldefinitelyincreasetheamountofrealestaterequiredinthedatacentre.Therearepossibletrade-offsrelatedtodatacentrerealestateversuscooling(forexample,thedensertheserversareracked,theless
impactonrealestatebutthegreatertheneedforcooling),butingeneral,moving toavirtualiseddesktopwilladdadditionalrealestate,security,andotherfacility-relatedcostssuchasmaintenanceandjanitorialcosts.
SupportOnepotentialbenefitofvirtualisationisreducingdesktopsupportcosts.Becauseserverscanbemaintainedandcontrolledinamoreeffectivemannerthanmosttraditionalintelligentdesktopenvironments,theneedfordesk-sidesupportshouldlessen.However,threeimportantelementsshouldbeconsideredwhencalculatingtruesupportsavings.
• reduced user-side support:Itismorecost-effectivetosupportusersremotelythantoprovidedesk-sideassistance.Whilethesebenefitsarenormallyrealisedaspartofdesktopvirtualisation,organisationscanpotentiallyrealisesimilarsavingsbyemployinglow-costremotedesktopapplicationsthatallowsupportpersonneltoremotelytakecontroloftheenduser’slocalmachinetoresolvesupportissues.
• Increased cost of support personnel: The skill set needed to support and maintainvirtualdesktopsisoftengreaterthanforsupportingandmaintainingtraditionaldesktops.Althoughthetotalnumberofsupportfull-timeemployees(FTEs)mayreduce,theaveragecostperFTEmayincrease.
1 Dayley,Alan.User Survey Analysis: Virtualisation Cost Reduction and Consolidation Promises Slow in Coming.Gartner,2009
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• reductions in support problems: While desktopvirtualisationmayreducetruesupportinquiries,manysupportcallsareactually“how-to”inquiries.Thesehow-toinquiriesarelikelytoincreaseimmediatelyfollowingthedeploymentofvirtualiseddesktops.Organisationsshouldanalyseandunderstandtheirsupportticketmixpriortomakingassumptionsabouthowmanyoftheseproblemswillbesolvedwithvirtualisation,andalsoallowforaninitialincreaseinsupportcallsduringtherolloutandadoptionofthenewvirtualisedsystems.
ImplementationWhilemostvirtualisationTCOcalculatorstakeintoaccounthardware,energy,andrealestatecosts,fewtakeintoaccounttheinvestmentofITandthird-partyresourcesneededtoimplementthevirtualdesktopenvironment.Threeaspectsofimplementationshouldbeconsidered.
• Initial setup:Thesearethebasictasksofsettingupservers,creatingusers’virtualenvironments,managingthedifferentsoftwareapplications’permissionsprofiles,andportinguserdata,applications,anddocuments. Theseeffortscanbeverysignificantand,giventhatmostITandprojectdepartmentsmanagealeanstaff, outsidecontractorsorconsultantsmaybeneeded;thesecostsshouldbeaccountedforinacostanalysis.
• Legacy applications: Oldersoftwareapplicationsmaynotruninavirtualisedenvironment.Organisationsneedtoconsiderthecostofupdatingorreplacingtheselegacyapplicationsaspartof(orpriorto)amovetoavirtualisedenvironment.Dependingonthesize andcomplexityoftheseapplicationupgradesandreplacements,thesecostscanactuallyovershadowtheTCOfordesktopvirtualisation.Severalvirtualisationprojectshavebeenderailedasaresultofnotfullyunderstandingtheimpactofvirtualisationonthelegacyapplicationstack,andthereforeonbusinessproductivity.
• Change management: Movingtovirtualdesktopsisasignificantchangeformostorganisations,whichmakesend-usertrainingandchangemanagementprogrammesessentialforasuccessfulimplementation.Ifuserswillbelosingautonomy(suchaslosingtheabilitytoaddpersonalcommunication,music,orotherprograms),acomprehensivechangemanagementandcommunicationstrategyisessentialtohelpreduceresistanceandencourageadoption.Anorganisation’sTCOmodelshouldaccountforthesecosts.
UsabilityFourmajorcomponentsofusabilityshouldbeconsideredwhenanalysingvirtualisation.
• mobility: Thecostofmobilethinclientdevicesand,possibly,wirelessbroadbandInternetconnectivityservicesformobileworkersmustbebuiltintothecostmodel.Questions that organisations should answerincludethefollowing:
–Howmobileistheworkforceandhowavailableisbroadbandconnectivitywheretheyare?
– Isthereaneedtoworkathome,whiletravelingonplanesortrains,orin hotelrooms?
–Willtheyeverneedtoworkoffline?Orwillmobileusersonlyevertraveltootherofficesorlocationswhereaccesstoconnectivityandthinclientsisprovided?
– Inaddition,willITsupporthelpuserswhouseapersonaldeviceathomeorwhiletravellingtoaccesstheirvirtualdesktop?Ifso,whataretheimplicationsforsupportneeds?
• Cultural impacts:Eachorganisationhasitsownuniqueculture.Goingvirtualcanchallengemanycorporatecultures.Iftheorganisationisalreadyaccustomedtoahighlymanagedintelligentdesktopenvironment,theshiftmaynotbeasignificantone.However,morethanonevirtualdesktopimplementationhasfailedbecauseuserswerenotpreparedtolosetheautonomyandfreedomtheirintelligentdesktopsprovided.
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• performance:Evenaproperlyscaledinfrastructurewillexperienceperformanceissuesduetousagespikes,networklag,andunderperformingorless-than-optimisedservers.Allofthesecanbemanagedtosomedegree;usagespikescanbehandledwithoversizing thehardware;underperformingorless-than-optimisedserversandnetworks canbeactivelymonitoredandmaintained.Whilethiscanimproveperformance, italsorequiresadditionalinvestment inhardwareforusagespikesandadditionalandskilledITresourcesformonitoringandtuningtheservers andnetwork.Manynetworklagissues aretheresultofthird-partyservices andcannotbeavoidedevenbythebest-runITorganisationsusingtop-of-the lineequipment.
• System/network failure: Although virtualisationcanprovideamorestableenvironmentthanintelligentdesktops,itcanalsomagnifyserverornetworkfailures.ThecostofensuringhighavailabilityandsystemandnetworkredundancymustbeincludedintheTCOanalysis.Organisationsmustalsobalancetherisksofsystemandnetworkfailureandthecostsofmitigatingthatriskagainstthecostsavingsofvirtualisation.
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Step 4: Choose the Right SoftwareVendor
ThedesktopvirtualisationISVlandscapeisverycomplex.Therearecountlessinterdependenciesandrelationships,bothtechnologicalandbusinessrelated,amongthevendors.Tocomplicatematters,somecompaniesoffernotonlysoftware,buthardwareandservicesaswell.Thepossibilitiesaremany,andsoarethesoftwarevendors.
However,completingsteps1and2above—segmentingyouruserbaseandthenanalysingtheprimarydeliverymodelsagainstyourspecificbusinessandtechnicalneeds—willnarrowthefieldconsiderably,aswillcompletingyourTCOanalysisinstep3.Thissectioncoversadditionalfactorstotakeintoconsiderationinmakingyour
vendorchoice.
Understand the User ExperienceAnalysevendorsolutionsfromtheperspectiveofyourusers.Ifyouimplementaparticularvendor’ssolution,whatwillusersexperienceintermsofperformance,capabilities,andeaseofuse?Takingaslittleaspossibleawayfromthecurrentend-userexperiencewillincreasethesolution’schancesofbeingacceptedbyusers.
Analyse Your IT Department:
How Mature Is It?Doanhonestevaluationofhowautomatedandprocess-orientedyourITdepartmentis.DoesitfollowITIL*bestpractices?SomevendorsolutionsfordesktopvirtualisationarequitecomplexandappropriateonlyformatureITdepartmentstoimplementandmaintain.Ontheotherhand,somevendorsolutionscanbequitestraightforwardandwillhelpyougettovaluerelativelyquickly.
Pilot, Pilot, PilotAdesktopvirtualisationinitiativecrossesmanytechnicalanddepartmentalboundariesinanITorganisation.Beforeyoucommittoaparticularvendorsolution,itisessentialthatyoudoathoroughevaluationinasclosetoaproductionenvironmentaspossible.Implementproof-of-conceptprojectsandpilotstodetermineifthevendorsolution willmeetyourbusinessneeds.
Features to Look ForInadditiontoanalysingwhethera vendor’sdeliverymodelisrightforyourbusiness,considerfurthercapabilitiesof thesoftwaresolutionandwhetherthey willmeetyourneeds.Somefeaturesto lookforareasfollows:
• enterprise scalability: Howmanyuserscanthesolutionserve?
• Desktop provisioning:Howdoyoucreate,assign,anddeliverdesktops?
• Application life-cycle management: Howdoyoumanagelicencesandapplicationdelivery?
• richness of It policies: Does the solutionofferarichsetofITpolicies tocontrolandsecurethedesktops orapplications?
• ease of administration: HowmanyconsolesdoITadministratorshavetoworkwith?
• ease of maintenance: Howisthesolutionitselfpatchedandupdated?
• Infrastructure monitoring: Does the solutionprovideawaytomeasuretheperformanceandhealthoftheinfrastructure,includingnetwork,storage,servers,andsoon?
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IntelResourcesforLearningMoreForadditionalinformationfromIntel’sITdepartmentondesktopvirtualisation, seethefollowingdocuments.
“Developing an enterprise Client Virtualisation Strategy”Startingin2007,IntelIThasbeenstudyingavarietyofvirtualisationtechniquestoseewhichwouldprovidethewidestrangeofbenefitsforIntel.Wesummarisetheprosandconsinthispaper.http://www.intel.com/content/www/uk/en/enterprise-reliability/intel-it-enterprise-client-virtualization-strategy-paper.html
“enabling Device-Independent mobility with Dynamic Virtual Clients”IntelITisinvestigatingdynamicvirtualclienttechnology,whichusescontainerisedsoftwareappliancestoabstracttheOS;applications;andcorporatedata,personaldata,andworkspaces.http://www.intel.com/content/www/uk/en/mobile-computing/intel-it-mobile-computing-independent-mobility-dynamic-virtual-clients-paper.html
“Virtualising the Client pC: A proof of Concept”IntelITconductedaproofofconceptandfoundthatdesktopvirtualisationcouldreducetotalcostofownershipbystreamliningPCclientbuilds.http://www.intel.com/content/www/uk/en/virtualization/intel-it-virtualization-virtualizing-the-client-pc-paper.html
“Intel It Considering Dynamic Virtual Client”Inthisvideo,DaveBuchholz,TechnologyEvangelist,discussesthespecificsofhowvirtualclienttechnologycanhelpcompaniessupportITconsumerisationwhilereducingtotalcostofownership andimprovingproductivity.http://communities.intel.com/docs/DOC-4313
“Increasing productivity with mobile business pCs”IntelITconductedadetailedstudyandcomparedcomputingmodelsanddevicesagainstourcomputingrequirements.Afteranalysis,weselectedmobilebusinessPCsasourstandardplatform.Onekeyfactorwastheirabilitytosupportemergingtechnologiessuchasvirtualisation.http://www.intel.com/content/www/uk/en/mobile-computing/intel-it-mobile-computing-business-pc-paper.html
DefiningDesktopVirtualisation
BenefitsofVirtualisation
Selecting the right endpoint
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“better together: rich Client pCs and Cloud Computing”TheIntelITenvironmentcontainsamixtureofconventionalandcloudcomputingservices,deliveredprimarilytomobilebusinessPCs.Asweaddnewdeliverymodelssuchasdesktopvirtualisation,weexpecttorealisebenefitssuchasincreasedend-userproductivityandlowerTCO.http://www.intel.com/content/www/uk/en/cloud-computing/cloud-computing-vpro-intel-it-rich-client-pcs-and-cloud-computing-study.html
“evaluating thin-Client Security in a Changing threat Landscape”IntelITconductedasecurityanalysisofthinclientsversusmobilebusinessPCs.Wefoundthatwhilethinclientsmaybesuitableforsomenicheuses,wehavechosenmobilebusinessPCstosupportthefunctionalityandflexibilityouremployeesrequire.Inaddition,mobilebusinessPCspositionustotakeadvantageofthebenefitsofdesktopvirtualisation.http://www.intel.com/content/www/uk/en/enterprise-security/intel-it-enterprise-security-thin-client-paper.html?wapkw=evaluatingthinclientsecurity
“the Future of enterprise Computing: preparing for the Compute Continuum”Bytakingadvantageofacombinationoftechnologiesandtrends,suchasubiquitousInternetconnectivity,virtualisation,andcloudcomputing,wehaveanopportunitytomeetchangingemployeerequirementsandrefinethewayweprovideservices.http://www.intel.com/content/www/uk/en/it-management/intel-it-the-future-of-enterprise-computing-preparing-for-the-compute-continuum-paper.html
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