Planning in America

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PLANNING IN AMERICA:FROM ORIGINS TOOPPORTUNITIES

Timothy RavisUniversitas Gadjah MadaMay 13, 2016


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Contents(Daftar

Isi)

• Origins: Where did American-sty

planning come from, and what ar

intellectual underpinnings?

• Contemporary Approaches: Howdone in the US today?

• Challenges: What kinds of unique

to American planners face (as opp

Indonesians)?

• Opportunities: What are some of

avenues or innovative approaches

taken by American planners in res

these challenges?


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Romanticsvs

Progressives

• Romantics were utopians who wanted to

into the city; had large-scale, sprawling v

believed that their overhauling transform

fix problems

• Progressives were activists, who wanted

poverty and its negative effects through

often at a small scale


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Other Antecedents:

GardenCities

•

Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities of To-morrow ,1902


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The City Beautiful

Movement

Daniel Burnham, 1893 Chicago World’s Fair


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LeCorbusier

originally Charles-EdouardJeanneret

1887-1965

a founding father of themodernist movement

“social engineering”


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Frank Lloyd Wrig

• 1867-1959

• 532 architectural designs built

• (twice as many drawn)

• designed houses, office buildings

and a kind of suburban layout he

called “Broadacre City”


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BroadacreCity


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Origins ofthe

Planning Professionin the U.S.

– emerges during the first third of the 20th c.

– adopts less critical stance relative to modernity

– first national conference on city planning in Washin

– shifts slowly from concern with aesthetics (city bea

efficiency and scientific management

– patriarchal attitude

– naïve faith in social engineering

– left-leaning political bias almost disappears, esp. w


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Giants of Planning in

the U.S.

– concept of the “master plan”: Edward Basseincluded:

• infrastructure layout

• zoning

– Patrick Geddes (1904, 1915) called for urban

into account the ecosystem and history of a social surveys

– a protégé of Geddes, Lewis Mumford (1895-first notable critic of sprawl and the main figRegional Plan Association of America, which in NJ & NY


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The ThreeHistoric

Currents ofCity

Planning

(Marcuse)

• 1) Technical

• 2) Social reform

• 3) Social justice

•

Often all at the same time, but not alway• Mix a lot; rarely pure


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Technical(deferential)

approach

• Related to engineering

• Answers to authority

• In modern world, worried about efficien

promote growth

• Does not question status quo


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Socialreform

approach

• Worried about social welfare effects of

industrialization: health, crime, sanitary

unrest (not economics)

• Tried to fix these problems with “spirit o

– Means staying within existing power structur

• Generally worried about how people ben

status quo would be affected—what will

people do to society!

• Measured success by if needs are met an

not efficiency• Focused on helping poor/weak/margina

were—not questioning larger structures

power that produced their poverty


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Social justice

approach

• Worried about human cost to those nega

by urbanization and industrialization, es

situations like slums

• Critical of existing urban social and instit

relationships

• Proposed sweeping alternatives

• Changing physical environment is only s

broader change

• Saw problems from point of view of the

society


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Some Facts • In the US, ‘spatial planning’ is rare• US government divided into: Federal, St

(counties & cities OR towns)

• Land use governed by States & usually g

level (except the Takings Cause)

• State-level plans mostly aspatial

• Local level ‘spatial planning’ limited

• Limited by local revenues and private ca

with feet’

– What government planners can do is very d

different places


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So, wait,then what

do plannersdo in

America?

• No! Planners do A LOT OF STUFF, mayb

in Indonesia!

• Many planners who make plans work in

• Comprehensive plans: non-binding spa

city or town

• Zoning plans: land use plans

• Master plans: plans that cover one distr

– Parks, schools, a specific university

– [The differences between these types of pl

fixed]


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Zoning Plan • Can be a subset of a comprehensive plan• Determines the land use patterns of an a


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The Birth ofLand Use

Zoning

– 1886 Chinese Laundries

– 5th Avenue


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Type 1:Euclidean

• Named after town of Euclid Ohio

• Standard vs Euclidean 2


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Type 2: Performance

• I couldn’t find a good picture


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Type 3:Incentive


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Type 4:Form-based


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Master Plans


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PrivateSector

Planners

• Many government plans are done by priv

companies, because the city does not ha

large full-time planning staff

• Planning, urban design, or landscape arc

firms; consulting; real estate developme


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CHALLENGES


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Challenge 1:Suburbanization


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Context: theNorth

AmericanColonial Project

• European settlement in North America w

agrarian

– Independent, small farms

– Until Industrial Revolution, cities were usuall

and trade hubs (especially ports)

US Liberalism


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US Liberalismand Land Use

• The US Constitution enshrined a very

liberal view of land and property– Independent

– Exclusive

– Private

• Example: The Land Ordinance of 1785.Federal land surveyed by the Public LandSurvey System, divided into square

townships, 6 miles (9.5 km) per side, andsold to farmers. Goal was to create a‘nation of yeoman farmers’.

• Later, Homestead Acts: land given to‘homesteaders’ with few requirements.


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Slid b


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Slide abouthow the

planningorigins

contributed

First Suburbs


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• Levittowns: mass produced towns in New York

periphery; became the model for suburban

development

Critical Mass


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Growing Homes

Average house size in Levittown after WWII:750 sq feet (70 m2)1950: 9501960: 1,100

1970: 1,5001980: 2,0001990: 2,3002000: 2,500 (232 m2)

Growing Populations


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Ch ll g 2


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Challenge 2: Deindustrialization

Wh ?


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Why?

• Neoliberalism has led to a transformation of the global

economy


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Negative • Regional unemployment


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Negativeeffects

g p y

• Urban shrinkage

• Decreasing revenues:

– Urban decay

– Decline in services


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Challenge 3:


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Challenge 3:Environmental

& SocialJustice

Environmental • Many environmental problems result fro


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Environmental suburbanization and sprawl• Sprawl:

– National Trust for Historic Preservation, Ru

Program: “Sprawl is dispersed, low-densitythat is generally located at the fringe of an

settlement and over large areas of previou

landscape. It is characterized by segregate

dominated by the automobile.”


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http://www.newsweek.com/female-frogs-estrogen-hermaphrodites-suburban-waste-369553

Social • A lot of planning in the US has had “dispff t diff t i diff t


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Social affects different groups in different way• Social justice issues are present around t

the US the largest social justice challeng

Example: Detroit r


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Example: Detroit r


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Social Justic


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OPPORTUNITIES


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Generational • ‘Millenials’ are more likely to live in citiesown cars and prefer mass transit or bike


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shiftsown cars and prefer mass transit or bike

to want urban lives

Big Data


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g

Smart • Limit outward expansion• Encourage higher density development


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Growth• Encourage higher density development

• Mixed-use zoning

• Reduce private vehicle travel

• Revitalize older areas

• Preserve open space

Self-driving


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f gcars


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Compact Urban Development


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Walkability


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Green Infrastr


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Sustainable Transit


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TERIMA KASIH


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TERIMA KASIH

ATAS PERHATIANNYA

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