PLANNING SRATEGIES Presented by : THELMA L. GESTOPA MS. MARJORIE R. ROLA, Ph.D. Professor/Instructor...

PLANNING SRATEGIES

Presented by :

THELMA L. GESTOPA

MS. MARJORIE R. ROLA, Ph.D. Professor/Instructor

Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola

http://www.plm.edu.ph/index.html

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

•Planning Strategies versus Strategic Planning

•Historic Growth and Contemporary Development: Lessons and Controversies•Sources of Economic Growth



PLANNING STRATEGIES

•Used to define the planning steps that a system is to perform and the sequence in which to perform them.•Each comprises one or more methods that represent the individual planning steps. •Example : Awareness on Reproductive Health



STRATEGIC PLANNING

•A process; defining the strategy, direction and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. •Understand the current position of the organization: ask “What do we do?” “For whom do we do it?” “How do we excel?” vision, mission•Example : 1987 power shortage; 1998 Asian Crisis



ECONOMIC GROWTH

•Steady process; productive capacity of the economy increased overtime to bring about rising levels of national output and income.



Historic Growth and Contemporary Development

•Sources of Economic Growth


Capital Accumulation: • physical capital stock, • infrastructure,• human capital

Population and Labor Force Growth:

•productive workers

Technology: • new and improved ways of accomplishing production processes



•Production Possibility Curve (for a given amount of capital, labor and technology) maximum attainable output combination of any two bundles of commodities when all resources are fully and efficiently employed.




•When does PP curve shift?


Parallel Shift:For given technology, both capital and labor

double

Biased Shift: for given technology, only capital or only labor double


Types of Technological Progress

•Neutral : when higher output levels are achieved with the same quantity and combinations of factor inputs•Saving : when a given level of output can be achieved with less quantity of labor or capital (labor saving; capital saving)•Augmenting : When the quality of capital or labor is upgraded (embodied technological progress – labor or capital augmenting



KUZNET’s Six Characteristics of Modern Growth

1.High rates of growth of per capita output and population;2.High rates of increase in total factor productivity (TFP);

3.High rates of structural transformation in the economy;

4.High rates of social and ideological transformation



KUZNET’s Six Characteristics of Modern Growth

5. Propensity of developed countries to reach out to the rest of the world for markets and raw materials;

6. Limited spread of economic to only a third of world’s total factor productivity (TFP);



Modern GrowthOn average between 1770 and 2000, countries

that are now industrialized have:


real GNP growth of 3 % per yearpopulation growth of 1 % per yearPer capita output of 2 % per year

The number of years it takes to double:real GNP . . . 23 yrspopulation . . . 70 yrs

per capita output . . . 35 yrs


TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY (TFP) Why so IMPORTANT?

•Output per unit of all inputs;•Measures efficiency within which all inputs are used;•Represents TECHNOLOGY•So important it accounts for about 50 % to 75 %of historical growth per capita in industrialized economies



SOCIAL AND IDEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION INVOLVES

• Rationality - opinions about economic strategies and policies should be logical inferences based on the knowledge of relevant facts.•Economic Planning. Search for a rationally coordinated system of policy measures that can bring abut development .



SOCIAL AND IDEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION INVOLVES

• Social and Economic Equalization - promotion of equality of opportunities. • Improved Institutions and Attitudes - enhanced systems of administration and law; finding value in efficiency, integrity, etc.



COMPARISON : INITIAL CONDITIONS


Poor Countries Today Rich Countries Today When they were Poor

Different Initial Conditions


Graduate School of Management Development Planning Doctor in Public Management Professor /Instructor - Dr. Marjorie Rola If poor and rich countries had similar initial

conditions, then there would be conditional convergence in their income developing countries would be catching up

What allows catching up?

Leapfrogging/transfer and use of already invented technology

Marginal decreasing returns in capital/higher rate of accumulation of physical capital

Developing countries are not catching up


MALAYSIA’s CONDITION IN 2000

•2020 Vision Entry to the Millennium•One of the top performing developing country since 1960s•GNI per capita $8,360 •GNP per capita growth rate 4.5%•Agriculture GDP 12%•Exports GDP 110%



•Female labor force share 37 %•Illiteracy rate 13 %•Mortality under age 5: 10 per 10,000 live births•Child malnutrition 20 %•Human Development Index 0.774 (high)•Population 23.5 M•Annual Population growth rate 2.5%



•High diverse ethnicity Malay 50 %, Chinese 33 %, Hindu, etc 17 %•POLITICALLY STABLE; FLEXIBLE INSTITUTIONS•Econ dev strategy: EduHealthEmp•Rich in resources; land•Well-educated workforce•British colony until 1957


CONCLUSION

The economic growth of a nation has significant relation with the leaders’ political will, strength and experties and sincere governance. The strategies for which the country is striving and the means it is seeking to get there depends likewise on how the branches of the government are performing.


CONCLUSION

Unity among the leaders and the citizenry will show the determination of all in aiming for true economic development.

Copying or replicating strategies of other countries, if feasible, and for as long as it will truly justify and serve the purpose can be a priority or a main option.


End of presentation . . .


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PLANNING SRATEGIES Presented by : THELMA L. GESTOPA MS. MARJORIE R. ROLA, Ph.D. Professor/Instructor...

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