Plant and Animal Cell Structures

Nucleus

Found in almost all _______________________ cells. Contains most of the __________ (genetic information).

_____________________ and controls ___________________ to the DNA, which is stored as _________________________

(long strands of DNA tightly wrapped around packaging proteins called ________________________)

Nucleolus (plural: nucleoli)

Dense structure(s) suspended in the _________________________

Site where __________________________ subunits are assembled from ____________________ and ____________

Nuclear Envelope

A _______________________________________ (two ____________________ – the cell membrane is a single lipid bilayer)

___________________________________________ (embedded with _________________________ proteins and _______________

__________________ which regulate the movement of materials)

____________________ membrane is fused with the __________________________________________

Endomembrane System

The endomembrane system is a highly interconnected network of several organelles spanning the ______________

and the ____________________________________.

Its exact structure varies among cell types as does its function, but generally it is responsible for

__________________________ and ________________________ lipids, proteins, and enzymes around the cell, as well

as _________________________________ and _______________________ toxins and wastes.

Important organelles of the endomembrane system include the endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, and golgi

bodies

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A continuous, densely folded network of _______________ which is a direct extension of the __________________________

When the outer surface is covered in ______________________, it is called the _______________________. The ribosomes

synthesize ___________________________ (immature ___________________) which are then released to the interior of the

_______ where they are ____________________ into their mature structure.

The _____________________ is named so because it is not covered in _________________________, therefore _________________

_______________________ does not occur here. Much of the cell’s _______________ synthesis and digestion occurs inside

the smooth ER. This is accomplished by ____________________ that were made in the ______________________.

Vesicles

A general term for any _______________________________ saclike organelles. There are many types, each with specific

functions.

Vacuoles – the site of ____________, ____________, and ____________ storage. Appear as _______ spaces in the cells.

Particularly large in plant cells where they are responsible for maintaining cell _______________ (firmness)

Lysosomes – small _____________ containing digestive __________. Lysosomes fuse with vacuoles that contain

cell waste or pathogens (i.e. viruses/bacteria) and deliver their enzymes so the unwanted substance

can be broken down. Lysosomes are characteristically __________ because of the substances they contain.

Golgi Bodies (synonym: Golgi Apparatus)

A stack of _________________________ membrane-bound organelles where proteins from the _______ are collected,

______________________, and dispatched.

Many proteins are transported here in ______________ from the _________ for specialized modification (i.e.

trimming, attachment of ________________________ groups or ______________) prior to being used in the cell or

secreted from the cell.

Summary of the interrelated processes of the endomembrane system.

Other Organelles

Mitochondria

Makes _______ via _____________________________________________ (extraction of energy from _________________ using

oxygen). The number of mitochondria in a given cell is related to its energy requirements.

Rod-shaped with a many folds (________________) along the inner inner

membrane, surrounded by another outer membrane.

Mitochondria have their own ______, __________________, and ____________

independently of the cell leading scientists to think that they were once

______________________ prokaryotes that were engulfed and began a

____________________ relationship with primitive eukaryotic cells.

Chloroplasts

Site of ______________________, where light energy is converted to _________________ energy (_________________)

Oval or disk-shaped ___________________-membrane bound organelle containing stacks of flattened sacs

called _______________________.

Found in ________________ and many photosynthetic ________________. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts may

have originated by _____________________ hundreds of millions of years ago.

Ribosomes

Tiny spherical organelles made of folded __________ (a single-stranded variant of

________) and _________________. Found ___________________________ in the cytoplasm and

bound to the _______________________.

Responsible for reading ________ and translating it into strings of __________________

(polypeptides) which eventually become mature __________________.

Components of the Cytoskeleton

The _____________________ is a dynamic system of ____________________ that gives the cell _________________ and controls

the movement of the ____________ and the _____________________ within it.

Microtubules & Microfilaments

_______________________ are long, hollow tubes that can rapidly ______________________ and ___________________ to provide

scaffolding within the cell, for example – to control the separation of the _____________________ during cell division

________________________can change the shape of a ___________ to extend it or drag it along in certain directions

Flagella & Cilia

______________ are long ______________ structures that work like a propeller, moving cells like sperm through a fluid.

____________ are _________________ and much more ___________________ on the cell surface

than flagella. They can be used to _________________ the cell or to _________________ the

fluid outside of the cell (i.e. lining of the trachea).

An illustration of a ribosome “reading” the RNA code and translating it into a string of amino acids

The Cell Surface

Cell Membrane

Made of a fluid ______________________________________ (a double layer of ____________ embedded with ______________).

Separates the cell from its __________________________ and _________________ what enters/exits the cell.

Cell Wall

Thick, rigid wall ___________________ of the cell membrane which is primarily made of _____________ fibres. It gives

_____________________ to the cell and ultimately the entire organism.

Found in many _______________________ (plants, fungi, many protists) and most _______________________