PLANT BREEDING

(Science, Art and Business)

BASIC PROBLEM

IDENTIFY THE BEST GENOTYPE

KNOWING ONLY ITS PHENOTYPE

Benvindo Maçãs

INRB I.P./INIA

VARIABILITY IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

VARIATION IN

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

GENETIC (G)

ENVIRONMENT (E)

P = G + E+ (GXE)2

VARIATION DUE TO ENVIRONMENT

Adequate understanding of the environment in whichthe crop is to be grown must be reflected in decisions ongenotype measurement and interpretation of results

VARIATION DUE TO GENOTYPE

Qualitative Quantitative inheritance

(Many economically important plant traits show quantitative inheritance)

3

Genótipo

N=180 P=120 K=120 +

C/Fungicida

N=180 P=120 K=120 +

S/Fungicida

N=180 P=0 K=0

N=0 P=120 K=120

N=0 P=0 K=0 +

S/Fungicida

Pirana 4251 abc1 3692 ab 3471 abc 2424 abc 1872 a

M.Espiga Ruiva 1800 d 1530 c 1714 d 1728 c 1444 a TE 9406 5310 a 3936 ab 3752 ab 2174 bc 1721 a

Côa 4518 abc 4205 a 3807 ab 2232 bc 2239 a Almansor 5015 ab 4876 a 4222 a 2592 ab 2318 a Guadalupe 3605 bc 3204 ab 2399 cd 3117 a 2034 a

Sorraia 4750 abc 4713 a 4216 a 2702 ab 2254 a Golia 3659 bc 3455 ab 3586 abc 2454 abc 2198 a TE 9712 4187 abc 3577 ab 3359 abc 2147 bc 1353 a

TE 9713 3278 c 2375 bc 2660 bcd 1754 c 1396 a TE 9714 5562 a 4946 a 4026 a 2214 bc 1811 a TE 9715 5257 a 4842 a 4393 a 2325 bc 2466 a

Produção de grão (kg/ha) dos 12 genótipos de trigo mole em 5 situações de adubação

1- valores seguidos da mesma letra não são estatisticamente diferentes para p =>0.01

4

Genótipo

N=180 P=120 K=120 +

C/Fungicida

N=180 P=120 K=120 +

S/Fungicida

N=180 P=0 K=0

N=0 P=120 K=120

N=0 P=0 K=0 +

S/Fungicida

Lobeiro 1965 b1 1833 b 1564 c 2207 ab 2026 a

Amarelejo 1651 b 1968 b 1310 c 1438 b 604 b

Colosseo 4508 a 4271 a 4215 ab 2605 a 2058 a

Iride 5413 a 5338 a 5041 a 2047 ab 1946 a

Celta 4860 a 3933 a 4666 ab 2148 ab 2295 a

Marialva 5208 a 4590 a 3560 b 2014 ab 1815 a

Preco 5495 a 4657 a 4779 ab 2370 a 2098 a

Silver14/ Moewe 4282 a 4973 a 3414 b 2009 ab 1695 a

Produção de grão (kg/ha) dos 9 genótipos de trigo rijo em 5 situações de adubação

5

2552

5425

3124

2553

4422

2375

2982

2700

5773

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

89/90

90/91

91/92

92/93

93/94

94/95

96/97

97/98

99/00

Yield (kg/ha)

VARIAÇÃO ANUAL DA PRODUÇÃO DE TRIGO

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HERITABILITY

The proportion of total variation due to genotype:

h = Vg / (Vg+Ve) (0-1)

The most frustrating thing about heritability is that grain yield, certain types of

disease resistance, or quality traits are often in the low heritability category.

This means that there is a great amount of environmental influence on their

expression: “genetic gain could be reduced”.

7

89/90 97/98 94/95 98/99

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

sep mar julsep mar julsep mar julsep mar jul

mm

PRECIPITAÇÃO – DISTRIBUIÇÃO ANUAL

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0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

0 1 / M a r 1 6 / M a r 3 1 / M a r 1 5 A p r 3 0 A p r 1 5 M a y 3 0 M a y 1 4 / J u n 2 9 / J u n 1 4 / J u l 2 9 / J u l

º C

M a x . t e m p . 1 9 9 5 M a x . t e m p . 1 9 9 8 M a x . t e m p . 2 0 0 0

Ocorrência de temperatura acima de 30ºC durante o período de

enchimento do grão

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0 2000 4000 6000 8000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Mondego

Cno...

Av

erag

eg

rain

yie

ldo

fg

eno

typ

es(k

g/h

a)

Environmental index (kg/ha)

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PLANT REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL

SEXUAL

CLONES

PURE LINES

HYBRIDS

SYNTHETIC VARIETIES

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12

An example of hybrid vigour in maize

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DEVELOPMENT OF NEW GENETIC VARIATION

TRANSGRESSIVE SEGREGATION(segregants that are better (or worse) than parents)

OVERDOMINANCE(associated with hybrid vigor – because of theheterozygosity, cannot be fixed in ahomozygous condition)

HYBRIDAZATION

GENOME RECOMBINATION

CHROMOSOME NUMBER MANIPULATION Polyploids - Triticale

TRANSFORMATION Introduction of alien genes – GMO(DNA recombination) 14

INDUCED MUTATION Making new alleles

…..

15CROSSING BLOCK PLOTS

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Increasing productivity

(secure enough food to meet demand)

Meeting quality requirements

(improve human health and well-being)

Protecting the environment

(conserve biodiversity & manage natural resources)

GLOBAL CHALLENGE

22

GLOBAL THREATS

Water shortage

(in developing countries, more than 80% of freshwater is used

for agriculture)

Global warming

(influencing the type of crops that can grow)

Tremendous increase in food consumption

nb people

(Projected to exceed 9 billion in 2050)

better economic conditions

(in 2007, the urban population exceeded the

rural population)

Shifting consumer patterns

(more diverse diet - meat and milk - requires

more cereals)23

1955 – 2 781 183 648 (2,78 bilions) 2005 – 6 451 058 790 (6,45 bilions)

Mid XXI Century - ~10.000.000.000 (~10 bilions)

GREEN REVOLUTION

New high yield cultivars

Semi dwarf rice and wheat

Highly responsive to fertilizer and water

Earlier maturity

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BEFORE GREEN REVOLUTION

Little fertilizer

Little irrigation

Subsistence farming

Land races of cultivated species

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AGRONOMY

Irrigation

Pesticides (decreased crop loss by pests

Increased food quality)

Mechanization

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SOCIAL BENEFITS FROM GREEN REVOLUTION

Food production increased over 1000 % from

1960 to 1990

Hunger decreased 20% on the same period

Caloric consumption per capita increased 25%

Better standards of living

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Ano

Produção

(kg/ha)

Grãos/m2

Peso de

1000 grãos

(g)

Dias

ao

Espigamento

Pirana 1 (Rht) 1950 164-3266 6184-7851 39.45-51.41 98-127

2814 6292 44.72 125

Restauração 2(Rht) 1960 2102-5100 4910-11767 34.52-43.34 107-143

3109 7732 40.21 125

Chaimite 2 (Rht 1S) 1960 2660-5983 6320-14002 35.16-43.46 82-114

3940 9770 39.96 99

Mexicano 1481 (Rht2) 1970 2526-6613 5419-15824 33.76-43.15 99-132

4006 9950 40.26 111

Alva 3 (Rht2) 1990 2430-6041 5691-14869 30.23-42.70 77-100

4508 11381 39.61 90

Evolução da produção e componentes da produção em variedades de trigo mole

Variedades

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Variedades

Produção

(kg/ha)

Nº Grãos/m2

Peso de 1000

grão (g)

Massa do

Hectolitro

(kg/hl)

Dias ao

Espigamento

Arabian 2570-7027 7637-14397 33.65-49.74 65.32-72.15 19-31

4296 10039 42.15 68.60 25

Bacum 2784-7308 8926-14222 31.19-52.91 65.68-75.45 16-32

4686 11088 41.86 69.32 26

Beagle 3309-6539 8768-14169 34.59-52.45 64.15-68.75 25-32

4435 10218 43.14 66.58 29

Alter 3473-10092 9227-20504 35.20-59.01 70.55-79.00 22-36

5890 13007 44.49 75.32 30

Evolução da produção e componentes da produção em variedades de triticale

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Plant height, Grain yield, Biomass production and Harvest

index

for two bread wheat varieties.

Data from 4 years at Elvas

Production (kg/ha)

Variety Plant height GrainBiomass to

antesis

Biomass to

maturation

Harvest

index

Restauração 108 2673 9480 13597 23,82

Mondego 88 4358 10400 15090 31,89

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ACTUAL SITUATION

Growth rate of population still increasing and raising

percentage of old people

Rate of production slowing down

Crop land no longer increasing without causing negative

environmental impact

Urbanization – loosing crop land

Increasing meat consumption demanding more grains

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The adoption of HYVs occurred quickly: 1970 – 20% of wheat area

and 30% of rice area in developing countries were planted to HYVs

– 1990 – 70% for both crops -

Impacts in Asia and Latin America were significant, but in Sub-Sahara Africa the impact was much more modest

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REDUÇÃO DA TAXA DE CRESCIMENTO DA PRODUTIVIDADE DO ARROZ

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WHAT IS THE NEXT STEP?

Fertile crop land become scarce

Water scarcity

Climatic changes scenarios

(requires more heat tolerant varieties with improved water use efficiency)

REINVENTION

NEED TO KEEP AN EYE ON THE FUTURE NOT ASSUMING THINGS WILL STAY THE SAME

(AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH – HOLLISTIC APPROACH)

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ASSUMING NEW PARADIGMS FOR AGRICULTURE

Genetic solution – Plant Breeding

Water use efficiency

Better adapted varieties

Heat and drought tolerance

GMO

Agronomic Solution – Conservation farming, carbon sequestration, irrigation

technologies, water saving

Management solution – crop rotation

Diseases

Nutrition35

Green Revolution was the result of public research supported by public funds

NOW

Molecular technologies in contrast, are mainly developedby private sectors and can be under monopolistic control

This is a problem which need to be addressed?

36

Concerns relating to Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

Risk – Benefit analysis to achieve Public Confidence

Expansion of Proprietary Science controlled by INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)

- Or should we fight to have more public funding for

public research.

37

IRRIGATION – USE OF WATER

Small % of all crops are irrigated (~17%)

But Irrigated crops provide 30-40% of the world food production

More than 60% of the world’s irrigated area is in Asia, being in

majority devoted to rice

38

IMPROVING WATER USE EFFICIENCY

1. Improve water use efficiency of crops and varieties

2. Design new irrigation systems more efficient (drip irrigation)

3. Improve agriculture management – precision agriculture

– conservation agriculture

39

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0 2000 4000 6000 8000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Mondego

Cno...

Pro

du

ção

méd

ia d

os

gen

óti

pos

( kg

/ha)

Índice ambiental ( kg/ha)

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1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 Precipitaçã

Méd.32.61

Méd.62.92

Pre

cip

itaç

ão, m

m

Anos

Fig.2.3 - Variabilidade da média da quantidade de precipitação da Primavera no Alentejo no período 1932-1992

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43

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Produção de grão (kg/ha) Peso de 1000 grãos (g) Nº de grãos por m2

S.N. S.T. Red.

(%). S.N. S.T.

Red.

(%). S.N. S.T.

Red.

(%).

Trigo mole Anza 5516 a 3060 de 45 38,4 d 29,9 c 24 16455 a 8388 d 49

Mondego 5711 a 3496 cd 39 34,7 e 28,2 c 19 15848 ab 10734 abc 32

Cno/Prl 5302 a 4220 a 20 42,4 c 34,3 b 19 11034 e 11855 a -7

Sever 4978 a 3634 bc 27 45,3 ab 37,0 a 18 12072 de 9574 bcd 21

TE 9111 5597 a 4262 a 24 42,1 c 34,0 b 20 14322 bc 11312 ab 21

TE 9114 5574 a 4126 ab 26 43,5 bc 38,0 a 13 12696 d 10640 abc 16

TE 9113 5345 a 2835 e 47 45,5 a 34,0 b 26 13664 cd 8812 cd 36

Golia 5292 a 3034 43 36,0 e 27,2 c 24 16007 a 9922 abcd 38

Média 5414 3583 34 41,0 33,0 20 14012 10154 28

d.m.s. 647 544 1,97 2,5 1549 1962

significância n.s. ** *** *** *** **

Trigo rijo Celta 5666 a 3985 abc 30 45,4 c 37,3 c 18 13180 a 10338 ab 22

Castiço 4745 bc 3568 bcd 25 49,5 b 43,3 a 13 10173 de 7895 cde 22

TE 9007 4732 bc 3745 bcd 21 41,7 d 39,6 abc 5 11723 abcd 8826 bc 25

TE 9204 4994 abc 3768 bcd 25 45,1 c 38,4 bc 15 11326 bcd 9230 bc 19

TE 9006 5382 ab 4590 a 15 46,1 c 37,8 c 18 12561 abc 11453 a 9

Acalou 4505 c 3317 cd 26 52,5 a 43,8 a 17 9211 c 6773 de 26

TE 9306 5080 abc 3643 bcd 28 48,4 b 41,4 abc 15 12850 ab 8314 cd 35

TE 9307 4983 abc 3117 d 37 45,9 c 41,1 abc 10 12311 abc 6554 e 47

TE 9110 5148 abc 4124 ab 20 50,2 b 42,5 ab 15 11068 cd 9566 bc 14

Média 5026 3762 25 47,3 40,6 14 11600 8772 24

d.m.s. 640 710 1,95 3,8 1531 1627

significância *** ** *** ** * ***

Efeito do stress térmico

45

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Parâmetros de qualidade do Trigo Mole

2004/05

P (mmH2O) L (mm) P/L W (E-4J)

ORZAL 126,5 56,5 2,36 349,5

PATA-NEGRA 138,0 86,2 1,67 515,0

51 3 120,1 81,5 1,66 500,0

51 8 93,0 85,4 1,32 360,4

51 9 93,0 73,6 1,39 315,6

ALMANSOR 117,9 96,9 1,32 435,2

GENIO 121,7 86 1,67 446,2

51 28 111,1 98,6 1,15 391,2

48

Nº P (mmH2O) L (mm) P/L W (E-4J)

940 103,4 136,8 0,78 481,0

943 111,0 142,9 0,79 616,4

950 87,3 146,7 0,60 495,8

951 89,2 157,6 0,57 487,8

952 107,3 128,9 0,83 549,2

955 93,5 128,1 0,74 462,0

962 90,9 157,8 0,58 571,8

963 91,6 113,2 0,81 406,4

Parâmetros de qualidade do Trigo Mole – Exigência Futura

2004/05

49

Modelo de curvas de produção de pastagem nas zonas mediterrânicas de acordo com a distribuição das chuvas

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