Plant Factory – Mini, City, Container Farm LED grow lightinggrowlight.co.kr/en/surpport/data/PLANT...

Plant Factory – Mini, City, Container FarmLED grow lighting

PARUS Co., Ltd

Proposal contents (Plant Factory)LED grow lightingProposal- PARUS

I. Details of plant factory system- City farm, Café (mini) farm, Container farm

II. Experiments and applied technology

Structure of City farm plant factory system(Plant Factory)

LED grow lightingProposal- PARUS

LED light BoxLED light

Aeroponic growing tray

LED Heat sink Pipe

Wireless controller

Aluminum profile

Control system & nutrient supplier system

We can customize the size to fit in the area

Structure of City farm plant factory system

Back-Side View

Nutrient Input Tube

Wireless Aeroponic & HeatsinkControl

Nutrient Output Tube

Plant FactoryLED grow lightingProposal- PARUS

Modular structure(Width 1250mm X Length 600mm X Height 2300mm)- easy assembling

Structure of City farm plant factory system

430nm + 450nm On

Full Power 255umol m-2 s-1430nm+450nm+630nm+660nm


Structure of City farm plant factory system Plant FactoryLED grow lighting

Proposal- PARUS

Case – Floor plan (Plant Factory)


Example floor plan (20m2)

Shelf 1

Shelf 2-1

Shelf 2-2

Corridor

EnteranceAir shower

Area report

Plant factoryPlant factoryPlant factoryAir shower

CorridorShelf 1Shelf 2-1Shelf 2-2Entrance

Name Usage Area

Total

Proposal contents - Structure drawing (Front view) (Plant Factory)


Example structure drawing – front view

Plant growing shelf 3



Aeroponic system &

Controller

Proposal contents - Structure drawing (Side view) (Plant Factory)


Example structure drawing – side view




Aeroponic system&

ControllerAeroponic system

&Controller

Proposal contents-Growing Tray (Plant Factory)


Growing Tray

Example structure drawing

Proposal contents (Plant Factory)


Plant factory - Income statement

Scale of the plant factory 20m2 (6,300mm x 3400mm)

Numbers of Growing Tray 39tray (1200mmx600mm)

Plant density 55pot (120mm range of the gap)

S u b j e c t Daily Monthly Annually Note

Ⅰ. G R O S S P R O F I T USD $ 240 USD $ 7195 USD $ 87,536

OUTPUT107

PLANT 3,218 PLANT

39,146 PLANT

SELLING PRICE PER PLANT USD $ 2.24 USD $ 2.24 USD $ 2.24 AVERAGE PRICE

Ⅱ. C O S T O F S A L E S $1.36 $40.9 $495

NUTRIENT SOLUTION 500 15,000 182,000

SEEDS 330 10,000 120,000 pot, sponge, seed

OTHERS 670 20,000 243,000 ph, Co2, other expenses

Ⅲ. N E T P R O F I T 266,625 7,998,750 97,320,625

Ⅳ. F I X E D C O S T 65,700 1,979,000 23,945,500

LABOUR COST -

MANAGER 50,000 1,500,000 18,250,000 employment

SALES

ELECTRICITY / WATER USE

ELECTRICITY COST 10,000 310,000 3,650,000 Home use

WATER COST 500 15,000 182,500 Aeroponic

OTHERS

MAINTANANCE COST

MAINTANANCE 3,000 90,000 1,095,000

PACKING / SALES COST 2,200 64,000 768,000

Ⅴ. R E T U R N O N S A L E S 200,925 6,019,750 73,375,125

Electricity expenses list Electricity cost = Used amount x time x cost x days

1. LED light : 5.85Kw USD $224.64 = 5.85Kw x 16hrs x $0.08 x 30 days

2. Air conditioning system : 0.6Kw USD $34.56 = 0.6Kw x 24hrs x $0.08 x 30days

3. Aeroponic and other devices : 0.3Kw USD $8.64 = 0.3Kw x 12hrs x $0.08 x 30days

Check PointPARUS

(Plants Factory)LED grow lightingProposal- PARUS

I. Are those components(LED, water, air-conditioner, controller) equipped systemically ?Do they produce the plant factory components by themselves?Wavelength, heat-sink, water supply, auto control system are linked well with their own technical skills?

II. Completely differentiated compare to the normal cultivation?Antioxidants increase x 3, Production cycle within 20days, Possible to produce every kind of vegetables.

III. As a plant factory, the efficiency is guaranteed?Efficiency more than 95% , right timing, right amount, right quality

IV. Is it extendable afterward?Whether if it’s possible to produce any other vegetables, not only the lettuce. Easy maintenance and up grade.

V. Is investment cost acceptable?Produce efficiency is returnable in two years contradistinction to the investment depreciation. Investment cost per space : Output per space

VI. Is systematic and consistent R&D on going ?Experiment system for high value plant. Intellectual property holding and consistent R&D with numerous of technicians. Co-operating relationship with the developed countries.

Construction of a Plant Factory

System Comparison DataPlant Factory


Items PARUS Other Companies

A. LED lighting 1. LED to be used Hi-Power 3rd Generation LED usedMixed use of 2nd-generation LED and fluorescent lamps as the middle power

2. PPFD ≥ 250 umol m-2 s-1 ≥ 70 umol m-2 s-1

3. WavelengthIncreased antioxidants by 30% or more with use of full spectrum (application of patented technology))

Simple mix of red-blue (infringement of the patent of PARUS)

4. Heat-sink system The heat generated by LED is used to heat the room in winter season and is exhausted outside in summer season in order to improve the stability of lighting system and save the electric charges of air conditioner (application of patented technology)

NoneSimple convection heat-radiation

5. Lifetime Guarantee of 70,000 hours with application of patented technology 30,000 hours

6. Pulse Irradiation ○ X

7. Control system Wavelength control, light intensity control for each plant, control of nutrient solution and environment, and remote control, etc.

X

8. Patent LED lighting for plant culture and LED lighting system, etc. of plant factory X

B. Aquaculture 1. Method of use Aeroponic (spray type), 97% of efficiency Hydroponic (drop type), 75% of efficiency, no use in Netherlands

2. Culture tray Specially-treated aluminum (permanent use without corrosion) Styrofoam (frequent replacement)

3. Culture shelf frame Specially-treated aluminum (no corrosion) Steel angle type (corrosion after long-time use)

4. Disinfection function Disinfection of nutrient solution using UV light (against e. coli and harmful bacteria)

X

5. Organic culture Possible organic culture using organic nutrient solution without any chemical fertilizer (optional)

X

C. Control system1. Lighting control Advanced setting, wavelength, pulse, and duty rate X

2. Advanced control Light intensity control for each plant for germination, growth, and promoted growth periods

X

3. Emergency control Automatic notification of the abnormality of the plant factory to the manager X

4. Environment control Control of temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and nutrient solution X

5. Remote control Possible remote control at home and during business trip X

Provision of total solution

A stable plant factory is rapidly constructed based on the non-stop total solutionsfor the know-how, technology, and procedure of PlanningDesigningConstructionOperation. The company dispatches the plant culture professionalsto support the selection of plant and control and operation of the plant factory.You can construct the most adequate plant factory with application of thecompany's long experiences, know-how, and advanced technology.

Guarantee of efficiency The largest barrier of the plant factory is that initial investment is large.In case of PARUS, LED lighting systems, profiles, nutrient solution supply systems,and control systems, etc. are directly generated without depending upon outsideand the initial investment may be significantly reduced.The plant factory system of PARUS guarantees the efficiency.

Provision of original patented technology

The company gives a patent license with application of the original patentedtechnology for LED plant culture of PARUS.

Application of foreign-verified technology

The technology of PARUS was first applied and verified in Netherlands, Canada,Japan, and USA, etc. which are advanced agricultural countries and stable and themost efficient plant factory may be guaranteed.


Detailed plan and adequacy analysis on the construction and operation of the plant factory (1 week0

- Place to construct the plant factory- Area for operation- Selection of the plant to be applied- Establishment of a sales plan- Calculation of investment- Analysis of operation costs and earning rate

Procedure to construct a plant factory

Designing the details of the plant factory by plan (1 week)

- Design of multi-layer nutrient solution culture- Design of LED lighting- Design of ventilation systems- Design of automatic control apparatus-

Construction by design and test operation(2 weeks)

- Configuration of the rooms for raising seedlings, supply of nutrient solution, lighting, and ventilation, etc.- Construction of multi-layer profiles- Construction of pipes and electric apparatus- Construction of lighting systems-

Education on checking stability and operation (4 weeks)

- Education on operation of plant factory facilities- Education on plant control- Education on theory and application of lighting-

PARUS

Plant Factory


Table of contents1. LED plant culture lighting system

2. Nutrient Culture System

3. Control system

4. Culture Technology

5. Company Overview

Technology to apply the plant factory

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting System

o Selection and adjustment of the wavelength

to be applied to each plant

- Kinds and selection of wavelengths

- Fluorescent lamp, CCFL, and EEFL (HEFL) lighting

- Effect of applied wavelengths

o Heat radiation structure and lifetime

- Necessity for heat radiation structure

- Specific features and effect of heat radiation structure

o Light intensity and uniformity of LED lighting

- Light intensity to be applied to each plant

- Method to maintain optimum light intensity and

uniformity

o Light intensity maintenance and pulse

irradiation

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting SystemSelection of the wavelength to be applied to each plant (kinds and selection of wavelengths)

Range of peak wavelength to be applied Wavelength absorbed by the plant: chlorophyll (440nm, 655nm) and photosynthesis (430nm, 670nm)Wavelength perceived by insects: 280nm ~ 580nm / wavelength perceived by fishes: 480nm ~ 510nm

Wavelength (nm) Action and effect

Infrared ray

IR-A 1400~1000 No action to the plant, Influence of heat

780 Promotion of special growth of the plant

Visible ray

Red

Reddish yellow

Greenish yellow

Blue

700 Suppression of germination (730) and maximum photosynthetic action (670)

660Maximum chlorophyll action (655) and germination and formation of leaves, germinal vesicles, and flower buds (660)

610 Not-disadvantageous to photosynthesis, Vermin extermination (580~650)

510 Partial absorption by yellow pigment and fish luring (485)

430~440 Maximum photosynthesis (430), maximum chlorophyll action (440), and vermin allurement

UV light

UV-A 400 ~ 315 In general, thickening the plant leaves, Promotion of coloring of pigments, Vermin allurement

UV-B 280 Important action for many synthetic actions (formation of antibodies), Harmful if strong

UV-C 100 Action to rapidly wither the plant

The action and effect of wavelength to the plant

200 800400 700Wavelength(nm)

500 600PARUS

Difference between traditional lighting and LED lighting that influences the plant

Artificial lighting may be perceived by the man to be the same intensity but the lighting is perceived by the plant quite different depending upon the kind of lighting. In case of 10,000 lux light in the same condition, LED plant culture lighting can show several times of efficiency compared common bulbs or fluorescent lamps due to the absorption rate by the plant. LED generates narrow peak wavelength for plant’s photosynthesis and shows the highest efficiency.LED irradiates light to meet the plant.

태양 백열등 형광등 메탈등 LED-RB LED-R LED-B LED-G LED-Y

PRFD(W m-2)

광합성방사선밀도42 45 31 36 210 195 228 26 26

PPFD(µmol m-2 s-1)

광합성광양자밀도168 200 121 155 930 870 760 99 110

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

PPFD and PRFD by each lightingIrradiation of 10,000 lux in the same condition

BulbFluorescent lampSun

Metallic lamp

Density of radiation for photosynthesis

Density of photons for photosynthesis

100

50

0

PARUS

300 700400 600500250

PARUS LED Glow LightWavelength

LED

100

50

0

Fluorescent wavelength

PARUS

300 700400 600500250

Fluorescent lamp

PARUS

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting SystemSelection of the wavelength to be applied to each plant

(kinds and selection of wavelengths)

Wavelength for the photosynthesis for plant’s growthPossible adjustment to each wavelength, possible adjustment of irradiation intensity, and possible selection of the wavelength for each plant.

Improvement of the efficiency with combination of wavelengths- Configuration of the optimum condition for growth, height, blooming, germination, germinal vesicle, flower bud, and immunity- Vermin extermination with growth of the plant (mosquitoes, flies, and aphids, etc.- Prevention of crop damage with growth of the plant (strawberry mildew, etc.)- Provision of custom-made wavelength to the plant

Chlorophyll a,b

Β-Carotene, PhycoerythrinPhycocyanin

PARUS Wavelength

Wavelength(nm)

Abs

orpt

ion

spec

trum

100

50

0

Wavelength(nm)

Visible raysUltraviolet Infrared rays

PARUS

PARUS LED Glow LightFull Spectrum Wavelength

300 700

400 600500400 700550450 500 600 650

Use of the peak wavelength for maximum photosynthesisPeak wavelength absorbed by the plant: chlorophyll (440nm, 655nm) and photosynthesis (430nm, 670nm)Wavelength perceived by the insects: 280nm ~ 580nmWavelength perceived by the fishes: 480nm ~ 510nm

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting SystemSelection of wavelength to be applied to each plant

ItemsPARUS plant grow

LED lightingCommon LED lighting Fluorescent lamp Halogen lamp Bulb

Plant growth efficiency

Maximum efficiency(use of optimum wavelength)

Very small Very small Very small Very small

Power consumption (W)

3W ~ 300W 3~60W 32-40W 50W 60~100W

Lifetime (hours) ≥ 70,000 hours ≥ 30,000 hours 3,000~8,000 hours 2,000 hours 1,000 hours

Direction of irradiation

Uniform irradiation to wide area Cross-section area Small area Cross-section area Wide area

Pulse irradiation Application of pulse irradiation ＸＸＸＸ

Radiation intensity maintenance rate

Small fluctuation in radiation intensity(semiconductor light source)

Reduction by 30% of more depending upon heat generation

Reduction with elapse of time (rapid)

Reduction with elapse of time(rapid)

Reduction with elapse of time(rapid)

Heat generation by lamp

Patented heat generation technology

Ordinary temperature +15℃72℃ 100℃ ~ 300℃~ 150℃

Risk of fire and explosion

No risk of explosion No risk of explosion ○ ○ ○

Properties of spectrum

Continuous red, blue, and purple White and yellow White Light red Single color, red

Mercury content(environmental contamination)

ＸＸ ○ ○ ○

Risk of electric shock No risk of electric shock No risk of electric shockCircuit breaker is required against electric leak

Circuit breaker is required against electric leak

Circuit breaker is required against electric leak

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting SystemSelection of the wavelength for each plant ‐ fluorescent lamp, CCFL, and EEFL (HEFL) lighting

- Comparison of traditional lighting and LED plant culture lighting

8,000 hoursLifetime of lighting

30,000 hours 35,000 hours 100,000 hours

Comparison and specific features of each kindFluorescent lamp : The price is low but the application is limited to lettuces and leafy vegetables and heat generation and lifetime is problematic.CCFL : The efficiency is higher compared with fluorescent lamp but radiation intensity is small due to small size and high-voltage inverter is dangerous.EEFL(HEFL) : The efficiency is higher compared with CCFL but the application is inadequate due to frequent trouble of high-voltage inverter andthe risk of fire. Actual lifetime is similar with the lifetime of fluorescent lamps due to the problem of inverter.LED : The price is relatively high but the efficiency is very high and short wavelength increases the antioxidative materials to 3 times or more.

Specific features

(Energy conversion efficiency of long wavelength by mercury and electronic discharge lighting is 40%)

Lighting by semiconductor

Energy conversion efficiency of short wavelength is 90%.

PARUS completed the tests and verification for application of CCFL and EEFL to plant culture lighting five years ago and has the corresponding technology.As fluorescent lamps and CCFL/EEFL have long wavelengths, it is difficult to configure the wavelength that is suitable to the plant for growth and, as mercury discharge method is used, the risk of mercury poisoning is very high when they are broken and the mercury flows into the culture solution.

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting SystemSelection of the wavelength for each plant ‐ fluorescent lamp, CCFL, and EEFL (HEFL) lighting

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting SystemCombination of the optimum wavelengths for growth of plant / Effect of applied wavelength

(LED plant cultivation lighting)

Combination of the optimum wavelengths for growth of plant “660nm + 640nm + 430nm + 450nm”Maximum efficiency is guaranteed with configuration of short wavelengths only which are the most suitable to plant for growthThe technology was verified through various plant tests.

Antioxidative materials are increased.The plant produced in the plant factory should have high quality.Antioxidative materials (vitamins A, B, C, and D, etc.) are increased to three or more times when PARUS wavelengths are used.(When fluorescent lamps or white LED are used, the antioxidative materials are not increased and the condition is same with the condition of open land culture.)

Possible application to various kinds of plantsAs each wavelength of PARUS LED lighting may be controlled, the plant may grow at the optimum wavelengths.(Fluorescent lamps and CCFL/EEFL may be used for lettuces and some leafy vegetables that grows well at blue-class wavelengths but cannot be applied special plants that have high added values.) Based on lettuces, the early shipment is possible by 10 days.

Application of patented technology

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting SystemHeat radiation structure and lifetime

(Necessity for heat‐radiation structure)

100% of Energy

Energy conversion rate to lightLighting efficiency

Fluorescent lamp, 40%LED 90%

Conversion into heat Quantity of heat ratiation

Fluorescent lamp, 60%LED 10%

It is good lighting that the conversion efficiency from inputted energy to light is high.When a 40W fluorescent lamp is used, about 16W of energy is converted into light and about 24W of remaining energy is converted into heat.

As many lighting facilities are installed in the narrow space of the plant factory, inefficiency is resulted if the problem of heat radiation is not solved.


(Necessity for heat‐radiation structure)

Heat radiation in case of a 3,000-pyeong (1 Ha) plant factory – based on LED lighting

Heat generation (344,450Watt) = 6,889 (culture shelves) x 5 (stories) x 10 (watt)

- If a 5-layer plant factory is constructed on 100m2

- About 6,889 culture shelves (1,200mm x 600mm) are configured and, in case of five layers, 34,455 culture shelves are configured.- In order to configure the luminous intensity (PPF) suitable to one culture shelf, at least 100W of LED plant-culture lighting is required.- The efficiency of LED lighting is 90% and remaining 10% is converted into heat generating 10W of heat in each culture shelf.

The 344,450W of generated heat exists in the plant factory shortening the lifetime of lighting and interfering with plant growth.This is same with the condition that 344KW of electric heater is operated.. In order to cool the factory and maintain adequate temperature, a larger air conditioner should be operated.If fluorescent lamps are used, more heat is generated.


(Specific features and effect of heat‐radiation structure)

LED Lighting Box LED , Heat Sink

Air Exhaust Port

11

Air Suction Port

Nutrient Solution Chamber (Aeroponic System)



Inside of a plant factory

Air Pipe

Problems in use of LED lighting in the plant factoryAs many lighting facilities are installed in the narrow space of the plant factory, if the heat irradiated by LED is not processed, the temperature in the plant factory elevates resulting in growth difficulties of plant, elevation of energy costs, and reduced lifetime and efficiency of LED lighting.

Solutions of PARUS (Patented Technology)1. LED lighting is configured with unit LED lighting

boxes and the heat generated by LED through air pipe is gathered and is exhausted outside.

2. In winter season, the generated heat is used for heating the inside and, in summer season, the heat is exhausted outside (automatic control by an automatic controller).

Advantages of PARUS heat-radiation system1. Extension of LED lifetime (30,000 hours in common

→ 70,000 hours)2. Improvement of LED efficiency (improvement of

efficiency by 30% at least)3. Energy saving (saving the operation costs of

heaters/coolers)4. Improvement of plant growth difficulties caused by

LED heat5. As the power cables and control cables are

configured in the air pipes, the structure is simple and possible accidents by electric leak or electric shock may be prevented.

Specific features of the Led lighting heat-radiation system of PARUS plant factory

Application of patented technology

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting SystemLight intensity and uniformity of LED lighting

(Lighting intensity to be applied to each plant)

As lighting was mostly developed for the man, the units based on the visibility of the man have been used but photosynthesis is not related with the visible sense of the man. For example, the relative luminous efficiency of blue light (450nm) is 0.038 and it means that the human feels only 4% when compared with green light (555nm) having the same energy. It is required to use the units that meet the properties of photosynthesis in order to configure the light intensity required for the plant to grow.

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) : Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density

Light compensation points and light saturation point of various kinds of plants –based on fluorescent lamps

Cultivating PlantLight Saturation lux

(PPFD) Light compensation lux

(PPFD)

Tomatoes and watermelons 70,000 lx (847) 3,000 lx (36)

cucumbers 55,000 lx (665) 2,000 lx (24)

Peas 40,000 lx (484) 2,000 lx (24)

Lettuces and pimientos 25,000 lx (302) 1,500 lx (18)

Grapes 40,000 lx (484) 400 lx (5)

Oranges 40,000 lx (484) 200 lx (2.5)

Pears 40,000 lx (484) 300 lx (3.6)

Peaches 40,000 lx (484) 400 lx (5)

Figs 40,000 lx (484) 1,000 lx (12)

Saint paulia 5,000 lx (60) 500 lx (6)

Orchids 10,000 lx (121) 300 lx (3.6)

Cyclamen 15,000 lx (181) 300 lx (3.6)

Ginseng 12,000 lx (145) 500 lx (6)

Brightness of the light suitable to plant


(Lighting intensity to be applied to each plant)

The light intensity standards of PARUS plant factory system

PPFD 0 ~ 255 µmol m-2s-1

- Under the light at 200mm, 255 µmol m-2s-1- 0 ~ 255 µmol m-2s-1 automatic control is possible.- Required LED Hi-Power 3Watt 660nm, 450nm- LED angle : 180º- Automatic adjustment of wavelengths and luminous intensity for each plant and each time


(Lighting uniformity)

120 °

LED lighting

Nutrient Solution CultureGrowing tray

LED lighting

Nutrient Solution CultureGrowing tray

Inefficient UseLoss of Light

An example of wrong LED lighting


(Lighting uniformity)

An example of PARUS lighting (within 5% of loss rate and 10% of lighting uniformity)The lighting efficiency may be improved when the light is installed vertical to the culture shelves.

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting SystemLight intensity maintenance and pulse irradiation

Luminous intensity maintenance rate- The luminous intensity of the light is reduced with elapse of time.- Especially, if heat radiation is imperfect, the luminous intensity is rapidly reduced and lighting does not perform the function.In case of common lighting, the light may be replaced based on brightness determined by human eyesight; however, in case of plant culture lighting, the productivity is changed by depending upon the luminous intensity, the lighting system should be strictly controlled.- If the luminous is reduced to 70% of lower level compared with initial brightness, the lighting system should be deemed to be expired.

PARUS plant culture lighting system has a perfect double heat-radiation & processing structure, this system shows two times of lifetime and smaller light reduction compared with other LED lighting systems.

100%

70%

Hour

Fluorescent lamp5,000 hours

100%

70%

HourLED 50,000 hours

Luminous intensityLuminous intensity

1. LED Plant Culture Lighting SystemLight intensity maintenance and pulse irradiation

Pulse irradiationPARUS plant factory lighting system is designed so that the conditions for light intensity, applied wavelengths, and pulse irradiation are automatically designed and applied to meet the germination period, promotion period, and growth period, etc. of each plant.

o PPFD : 1 ~ 255 umol m-2 s-1o Pulse Control : 1hz ~ 25Khzo Duty rate : 1% ~ 100%o On/Off Time : 0.1(sec) ~ 99.9(sec)o Intensity : 10% ~ 100%

100%

HourGermination period

Growth

Promotion period Growth period

PARUS LED lighting control range

2. Nutrient Solution Culture System -Aeroponics

o Method of nutrient solution culture

- Importance of selection of a nutrient

solution culture system for a plant factory

- Kinds of Nutrient Solution Culture Systems

o Aeroponic System ?

- Specific features of Aeroponic System

o Aeroponic Control System

Aeroponic

Proposal- PARUS

In configuration of a plant factory,

nutrient solution culture method is one of

very important constituents.

In general, nutrient solution culture is not

popularized and is recognized to be

simple aquaculture; however, as the

growth is significantly different depending

upon the methods of application, the

selection of the system determines the

success or failure of a plant factory.

PARUS adopts Aeroponic System.

Nutrient Solution Culture

2. Nutrient Solution Culture SystemImportance of selection of a nutrient solution culture system for a plant factory

Aeroponic(Plant Factory)

Proposal- PARUS

1st Generation (deep flow culture type)

2nd Generation (N.F.T type)

3rd Generation (Aeroponic type)

Traditional nutrient solution culture by water-floating method using Styrofoam (most commonly used for lettuce culture

Specific feature is low costGrowth efficiency: 75%

This method is not recommended in Europe due to low efficiency and environmental contamination.

Nutrient solution is supplied with dropping.Specific feature is lost cost but this method is limited to leafy vegetables.

Growth efficiency: 85%

This method is not recommended in Europe due to low efficiency and environmental contamination.

Nutrient solution is supplied with fine spraying.In case of NASA, Aeroponic is used in the plant factory system in the universe space.

Growth efficiency: 98%

This method can be applied regardless of the kinds of plants. The plants sensitive to water can also be cultivated.

2. Nutrient Solution Culture SystemKinds and specific features of nutrient solution culture systems

Aeroponic

Proposal- PARUS

2. Nutrient Solution Culture SystemAeroponic System ?

Specific features and advantages of Aeroponic System- Fine spray of nutrient solution elevates the growth efficiency to 98%.(Growth efficiency higher than deep flow culture by 30% or more)- As small quantity of water is used, the capacity of nutrient solution tank is small (1/10).- The cost of water and the processing cost of waste nutrient solution are small.- As the roots float in the space, oxygen is well supplied.- As the quantity of nutrient solution is small, preparation and modification of nutrient solution is easy.- It is easy to control the temperature of nutrient solution.- Disinfection is easy.- It is possible to cultivate diverse and many kinds of plants at a time.(Each nutrient solution and temperature, etc. can be controlled.)- Plantation density may be elevated.- Any kind of plant may be cultivated. Especially, the kind that is weak to water can also be cultivated. - As no pump is used, energy is saved and growth control is easy.-As the system has no unnecessary pipe or the plants may be simply cultivated without minor trouble.

Aeroponic System was developed by PARUS and is exported to Netherlands and Ultraponic System, which is a more advanced system than Aeroponic system, has been developed and is under tests.

Aeroponic

Proposal- PARUS

Open (soil) culture: 63%

Aquaculture (common, Hydroponic) : 78%

PARUS Aeroponic system : 98%

Aeroponic System

Growth efficiency of nutrient solution culture

When oxygen is sufficiently supplied to the roots during nutrient solution culture, the growth efficiency of plants may be improved. In case of common aquaculture (Hydroponic type), as the roots are immersed in the water, oxygen is not sufficiently supplied and nutrients are not efficiently absorbed; Aeroponic type is the most ideal and the most efficient nutrient culture method because oxygen and nutrients are sufficiently supplied to roots.

2. Nutrient Solution Culture System Aeroponic System ?

Soil culture Common aquaculture

PARUSAeroponic

Total weight 24.2g 35.9g 93.6g

Weight after drying 2g 2.7g 5.5g

Root weight 6.6g 6.5g 33.8g

Root length 16cm 15cm 90cm

Stem length 16cm 25cm 33cm

Soil cultureCommon aquaculture

PARUSAeroponic

PARUS

Culture comparison data


PARUS

Comparison of culture types

PARUSAeroponic

Common AquacultureHydroponic

2. Nutrient Solution Culture System Aeroponic System ?

PARUS Aeroponic system is designed in 3-D culture type and shows higher efficiency compared with common aquaculture systems.

P A R U SEfficiency of Aeroponic type


2. Nutrient Solution Culture System Aeroponic Control System ?

Nutrient solution system-Nutrient, water, and acidity control-All the matters are automatically controlled through sensors and a PC and may be controlled at a remote place.-The details of control and the state of nutrient solution are automatically monitored and saved in the PC to be uses as a culture history.

Concentrated liquefied fertilizer tanks are divided into A and B.-The precipitation by combination of ions can be prevented.Ex) * Calcium ions and sulfate groups combine.

(White precipitation is generated) - CaSO4* Calcium ions and phosphate groups combine.(Invisible precipitation is generarted) Ca(H2PO4), Ca3(PO4)2* Iron ions and phosphate groups combine.(Precipitation is generated) - FePO4


Nutrient solution temperature control system-The temperature of nutrient solution is controlled for optimum growth of plants.

-Control methodWarming : When the temperature is out of the temperature inputted in the PC, the system is automatically warmed to recover the normal temperature.

Aeroponic system has small nutrient solution tanks and the tanks may be individually controlled.

The most specific features of Aeroponic system is that the quantity of nutrient solution is 1/10 of the nutrient solution of other common type and that the modification of the system and control of the nutrient solution temperature is easy.


Nutrient solution disinfection system-UV-C wavelength is used in disinfecting the nutrient solution in order to maintain the nutrient solution in good quality.-Specific featuresIt is possible to disinfect e. coli and harmful bacteria and to maintain the nutrient solution at purified drinking water level with removal of impurities.

3. Plant Factory Control System

o Total system control- Wireless control system (zigbee)

- Remote management and control (remote PC and

smart phone)

- Emergency control system (mobile)

- Cultivation history control (PC)

o Lighting control (LED Grow Lighting

Control)

o Nutrient solution control (Aeroponic

Control System)

o Environmental control

o Plant control

3. Plnat Factory Control SystemTotal system control

INTERNET

Lighting control

Environment control

Control of nutrient solution

o LED Wavelength : 430nm,450nm,640nm,660nmo PPFD : 1 ~ 255 umol m-2 s-1

o Pulse Control : 1hz ~ 25Khzo Duty rate : 1% ~ 100%o On/Off Time : 0.1(sec) ~ 99.9(sec)o Intensity : 10% ~ 100%o Control of radiant heat (temperature)

o Temperature(°C)o CO2(%)o Humidity(%)o Fan Controlo Asepsis Management Control

o pHo ECo Water temperatureo Supply and concentration of nutrient solution (Aeroponic System)o Disinfection of nutrient solution pH

Control of plants

o Total control for optimum growth of each planto Control of shipping timeo Control of nutrient ingredientso Prevention and control of disease damage to crops

Main Control Computer

Home & Office

PARUS Plant FactoryControl System

3. Plant Factory Control SystemTotal system control

PARUS Plant FactoryControl System

The plant factory can be controlled by wireless communication

(zigbee) at a remote place (at a house, in an office, or during business

trip)

Automatic alarming function at generation of system abnormality

(transmission of the information to the cellular phone of the

controller)

The data on the light control, environment control, nutrient solution

control, and plant control, etc. is automatically recorded at real time

for control and analysis of the history of culture.

Preset control function may apply diverse light environments for

each lighting, plant, wavelength, pulse, and duty rate, etc.

When the data on the culture of the plants is inputted in the PC,

the control automatically configure and apply the lighting, nutrient

solution, and environment, etc. (optimum culture data may be downloaded

through PARUS Online System).

3. Plant Factory Control SystemLighting Control (LED Grow Lighting Control)

Separated control type : The culture shelves (row and layer) may be separately controlled(Ex : When different plants are cultivated on different culture shelves, the wavelengths, light intensities, and pulses may be controlled as custom-made type and the plants may be controlled for each of germination, planting, promotion, and growth steps, etc.)

Wavelength control : Optimum growth wavelength and ingredients, disease damage to crops, and shipment may be controlled for each plant.

Lighting intensity : The irradiation intensity of lighting may be controlled for each period of the plant. (Ex : Germination, plantation, promotion, and growth)

Pulse and duty ratio control t : The types of pulses and duty ratios may be controlled.

On/Off control : On/Off control of time is possible to meet the requirements by each plant.

Lighting and heat-radiation control : The heat radiation of lighting is detected and is automatically controlled for optimum performances.

Specific features of LED lighting control

3. Plant Factory Control SystemLighting Control (LED Grow Lighting Control)

Wireless control and reception apparatus

LED lighting boxes

Heat-radiation and processing pipe

Wireless detection of temperature, moisture, and carbon

3. Plnat Factory Control SystemAeroponic Control (Aeroponic Control System)

Control of each section (plant) : Separate control is possible for each culture shelf (row and layer).(Ex : When different plants are cultivated on each culture shelf, the concentration, pH, and EC, etc. of the nutrient solution may be controlled as custom-made type to meet each plant.)

Linked control : The concentration of nutrient solution is controlled with linking proportional to the lighting intensity.

Preset control for each period : The concentration of nutrient solution may be controlled to meet each period of the plant. (Ex : Germination, plantation, promotion, and growth)

Culture of special plants with control of nutrition solution temperature : The nutrient solution temperature is rapidly controlled to constant level for culture of high-temperature and low-temperature plants. (Ex : In case of low-temperature plants, the environmental temperature in the plant factory is not reduced and the temperature and lighting for nutrient solution is controlled for optimum growth. – Energy saving and cultivation of many plants at a time is possible. This method is possible in case of Aeroponic system only.)

Disinfection control : The beneficial bacteria to the growth of the plant and harmful bacteria and e. coli, etc. are separated and controlled by UV-C lighting; the loss of Fe and Mn, etc. are automatically compensated.

Specific features of Aeroponic control

3. Plant Factory Control SystemEnvironmental control

3-D sensor control type : Wireless sensors are installed for the temperature, moisture, and CO2 level of each culture shelf (row and layer). The information is automatically transmitted to the central PC in order to form constant condition.(When PARUS plant culture system is used, heat radiation of lighting is stabilized and lighting may be maintained in stable and uniform state without heat stay among the culture shelves.)

Control for each growth period of the plant : The environmental condition may be automatically controlled for each growth period of the plant such as germination, plantation, promotion, and growth periods.

Linked control : Lots of energy costs are required to provide the environmental condition for the plant in each season but, when PARUS linked control system is used, the energy may be saved by 30% at least.(Ex : In case of winter season, if the temperature of nutrient solution is elevated and the wavelength and intensity of lighting are controlled, normal culture is possible although the environmental temperature is reduced by about 2℃.)

Specific features of environmental control

PARUS

3. Plant Factory Control System(Plant control)

Lifecycle control for each plant : The plants are controlled as custom-made type based on the data on germination, plantation, promotion, growth, and culture of each plant of the plant factory. The conditions for lighting, nutrient solution, and environment, etc. for each period are inputted in the PC in advance and, based on the inputted data, the control system automatically operates the life cycle.

Control of plant functions : The nutrient ingredients of plants are controlled, the lighting wavelengths are controlled to prevent the disease damage to crops, and the environment and lighting wavelengths are controlled for shipment.Such control consists of the linked functions of LED Lighting + Aeroponic System + Control System.

Specific features of culture plants

PARUS

4. Culture Technology

o Carriers and performances related with

culture

o Culture-related data

o Situation of research manpower and

facilities

o Application method of culture

standards for each plant

4. Culture TechnologyCarriers and performances related with culture

Self studies and performances : PARUS started the study on closed artificial lighting (CCFL, EEFL, and LED lighting) in 2006 and has the data and know-how on self studies on Blooming control, function, and supplementary lighting for leafy vegetables, fruits, garden plants, and special plants.The company is conducting self studies on special plants (small blueberry, fruits and vegetables, and ice plant, etc.) which may be applied in the plant factory.

External performances and cooperation : Three professional agricultural companies (M-Plus, Condarmatic, and Flowmagic) of Netherlands that is an advanced agricultural country are registered as the agencies of PARUS, sell the technology of PARUS products, and share the know-how on plant cultivation. Also, PARUS products are applied to Burnaby Lake that is the largest farm in Canada and the products and cultivation technology was sold to the companies of Germany, Greek, New Zealand, and USA, etc.

Culture-related performances

PARUS


PARUSPGL-PFL 600

CANADA Burnaby Lake

FarmPansy

PARUSLED

Lighting

Garden Plantation


PARUS

NetherlandsCultivation of

medical cannabis

4. Culture TechnologyCulture‐related data

This is the data on comparison tests using PARUS LED and common plant culture LED in order to expand and verify the efficiency of the export-specification products of paprika cultivated to be exported.

For the fairness of the tests, the professionals of culture farms and the Rural Development Administration shared the roles and all the measurements were recorded in the PC using the automatic sensors (leaf thickness sensor, internode sensor, height sensor, nutrient solution sensor, and temperature sensor, etc.).

Control of tests : The Rural Development Administration (Gangwon)Place of application : Gangneung Songjeong FarmApplied LED : PARUS PFL-600 2-line

Paprika culture test


PARUS – Agricultural LED comparison test (Paprika)

Comparison test for common LED plant culture lighting and PARUS plant culture lighting

The plant culture lighting by common LED fluorescent lamp type and PARUS plant culture lighting were compared in the tests and the effects of each kind of LED lighting was identified for the first time.

Plant: Paprika (to be exported to Japan)Area : Songjeong Farm, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea (Representative : Lee Sang-hyeon)Control of tests : The Rural Development Administration (Gangwon)

Team manager : Bok U-geun (Grade 3)Team members : Kim Dal-lyong (Branch Manager), Kim Gyeong-bae (Deputy

Manger), Kim Tae-sik (Section Manger), Lee Ju-yong (Senior Staff), Choi Tae-eun (Grade 5), and Choe Yong-seok (Junior Staff)

LED lighting : PARUS PFL-600 2-line


PARUSLED grow light

D companyLED grow light

1. Shape

2. LED type Hi-Power 2~3Watt 700mA Middle Power SMD 5050 0.2W 60mA

3.Wavelength(Applied wavelength)

430nm, 450nm, 640nm, 660nm 450nm, 660nm

4. PPFD 450 µmol m-2s-1（within 100mm） 70 µmol m-2s-1（within 100mm）

5. Waterproofing condition

IP 66 (Perfect waterproof) IP 64 (Life waterproof)

6. Irradiation angle 45° ~ 185° 120°

7. Pulse irradiation Pulse 400us, Duty late 50% No


Times of surveys

Date of survey

Height Fruits Harvested fruits Quantity of harvest(kg)

Generation of disease damage

Comparison of growth and fruits

Quantity of harvestRate of

increment(%)

Common PARUS Common PARUS Common PARUS Common PARUS Common PARUS Height Fruits -

Week 1 ‘10.5.11 127 87 3 8 - - - -Generation of powder mildew

Same as left

40cm 5 -

Week 2 ‘10.5.17 130 90 4 9 1 2 0.2 0.4Under

treatment of powder mildew

Same as left

40cm 5 100%

Week 3 ‘10.5.24 137 100 5 10 1 5 0.2 1Under

treatment of powder mildew

Same as left

37cm 5 400%

Week 4 ‘10.5.31 143 105 7 12 2 5 0.4 1

Under treatment of powder mildew(90%완료)

Same as left

38cm 5 150%

Total 4 12 0.8 2.4

Survey of growth process(Result of culture)

Common : Common LED plant culture lighting (fluorescent lamp type) was used.PARUS : PARUS plant culture LED lighting was used.

This data is based on the survey on the growth process conducted by the Rural Development Administration (Gangwon) and you can confirm the data in the SongjeongFarm in Gangneung.


PARUS

Photograph showing culture

For detailed information, see PARUS homepage, www.growlight.co.kr.

4. Culture TechnologySituation of research manpower and facilities

Chief investigator : Kim Bong-su, Head of technology institute

Academic background-Bachelor of computer engineering, Daejin University-Master of electronic engineering, Graduate School of Kwangwoon University-Doctor of electronic engineering, Graduate School of Kwangwoon University

Career-Technical Director of Kwangwoon Display Technology-Adjunct Professor of Department of Electronics, InhaTechnical College-Representative Director, LDT Co., Ltd (manufacture of EEFL)- Head of technology institute of PARUS

Social activities-Electricity/Electronics/Information section head of Seoul Vocational Training Competition-Head of industrial electronic device review team of Korea Vocational Training Competition-Member of electronic device review team of International Vocational Training Competition

• Senior investigator : Song Chang-yeong• Academic background- Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of the Department of

Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University (wireless sensor network)

• Career- Dacom International, Co., Ltd

- Situation of research manpower

• Senior investigator : Sim Gyu-man • Academic background- Master of Agriculture, Konkuk University- Master of Agriculture, Graduate School of Chungbuk

University (plant tissue cultivation)

• Senior investigator : Cha So-yeong• Academic background

Bachelor of Biology, Kyungsung UniversityMaster of Biology, Kyungsung University

- Career National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration


- Situation of research facilities (closed plant factory)

Optical property laboratoryFor closed each wavelength and each lighting intensity, 65 processing sectionsAnalysis of optimum wavelengths and lighting intensities for plants



Mushroom laboratoryFor closed each wavelength and each lighting intensity, 32 processing sectionsAnalysis of optimum wavelengths and lighting intensities for mushrooms



N.F.T nutrient culture research laboratory

Aeroponic nutrient culture research laboratory



Container type plant factory system, (small) plant factory system for companies, home plant factory system, Ultraponic nutrient solution system, germination and plantation, and sprout culture, etc.

LED lighting photometric testers and color rendering equipment, etc.

Wavelength analyzer : Analysis of plant culture LED wavelengths

Electric-shock protective tester

On/Off durability tester

Push-pull gauge

Impact hammer

Torque gauge

Electronic balance

High-frequency spark generator

PPFD measuring instrument

Lux meter

AC voltage controller

Bulb (E27) aging device

Fluorescent lamp (G13) aging device

Time controlling timer & temperature change measuring instrument

- Situation of research facilities (available equipments)

4. Culture TechnologyMethod to apply culture standards to each plant

Configuration of the optimum LED wavelength for each plant

Application test for each plant

Application to a plant factory

The data is calculated with application of data in the wavelength analysis system in order to identify optimum growth wavelengths, lighting intensities, pulses, and duty rates, etc.

20~30 days are taken.

Based on the obtained data, the culture test is conducted in order to configure other data related with culture.

20~40 days are taken.

Automatic culture is performed by the control system when the configuration data is formatted and inputted in the control PC.

The Leading Company with the Best Technology!

About usA professional LED plant culture company

Since 2003PARUS knows the temporal flow of the world focused in environment andenergy saving and conducted the researches and development based on LEDand solar systems. Starting with super-energy-saving electrodeless lamps, thecompany produced LED Light Box and LED Lighting, etc. and has exportedthem to 27 countries. Based on development of such technology, thecompany solely supplied the entire LED lighting and advertisement systemsto Singapore Changi International Airport that was selected as the firstairport in the world in 2007 and the company’s technology was acceptedwith supply and installation of railway station advertisement and lightingsystems in Beijing, China, just before Olympic in 2008.

Until Now…..Based on the accumulated technology and know-how, the company hasdeveloped and produced plant culture lighting, etc. using LED and, as theresult of the attitudes of long-term studies, the company acquired theoriginal patents of plant culture lighting apparatus and produces convenientproducts.

To the futureThe company will not stop at present stage but will be born as a leadingcompany to create the future with the subject, “environment-friendly energysaving,” through prepared technology, trained basic technology, and the bestteamwork.

5. Company Overview

2003 2005 20072006 20092008

Establishment of PARUS

Construction of an R&D manufacturing factory in Shanghai, China

Conclusion of a product supply agreement with Japanese Bonheur

Group

Strategic cooperation and conclusion of a product

supply agreement with BMC, a multinational company

Development of LED Super Slim Light Box

Start of domestic sales of LED and solar products

Development of LED light POL Series

(Flat plate lighting)

Acquisition of CE

certificates for the entire products

Establishment of an LED technology development

institute(LED components and

materials)

Development of super-energy-saving electrodeless lighting

Development of LED movie and mirror light

Development of solar systems using LED

Development of LED plant culture lighting

Development of 60W LED streetlamps

Development of alternative LED

lighting for halogen, fluorescent, and glow lamps

PARUSA professional LED plant culture company

History

Registration of LED heat-radiation and processing technology

Patent registration for plant culture LED lighting devices

Establishment of a Korea Factory

Cheonan, ChungnamPARUS LED, Co., Ltd

Establishment of Northern American CorporationPARUS Canada(Vancouver)

Development of container-type plant

factories

Development of a plant factory system

(Profile and aquaculture remote-control)

PARUS

Management Support Sales

Domestic Sales

Foreign Sales(China)

Production 1(China Shanghai Factory)

LED Source

Heat Sink

Lamp Housing

Production 2

(Korea Cheonan Factory)

Plant culture Led lighting

LED lighting street lamp and tunnel, etc.

Plant Factory System

Planning/ Marketing

Part & Material R&D Center(Shanghai, China)

PARUS InstituteResearches on plant culture

PARUS means sail.The sail of the ship directing far oceans means the spirit and hope toward the a wider world and the sail may help information surfing in the large internet sea.

PARUS was originated from ‘napyc’, a Russian word, and is an English expression. PARUS has been frequently used by famous Russian poets and symbolizes the poets' mind hoping the white sail and freedom in the wind on the blue oceans.

PARUS was the symbol of free wills shown by poets

Meaning of PARUS

Possessed patents and technology

- LED lighting : Invention patent for plant culture LED lighting, patent for LED heat-radiation and processing structure technology, patent for lighting intensity improvement, patent for installation structure, and registration of the designs of the entire products

- Solar area : Patent for slim both-side structure

- LED Light Box : Patent for full opening type, Patent for LED light box solid digital lighting frames, Patent for both-side light box installation structure

- Electrodeless lighting : Patent for outdoor inverter waterproofing treatment

Products

PGL-M03

PGL-E03

PGL-E06

PGL-B07

PGL-E15

PGL-B03 PGL-P300

PGL-PFL PGL-PFL

PGL-B12

PGL-P30

PGL-PFL

PGL-F25

PGL-BOX

PGL-PS30

PGL-B07 PGL-B03

Home & Office家庭・オフィス用

Green house施設ハウス用

Plant Factory植物工場用

PGL-B15

PARUS LED Grow light

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry – Green House

Green House

Antarctic base (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 2009, Container Base Plant factory)

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Container Base Plant factory

POSCO Apartment – 2010

Hyundai Department store (restaurant)

LOTTE Mart – Korea, Seoul Station

Subway ‐ 2009

1. Company Overview

Export to 27 countries- Export of LED lighting and related products to the USA, Europe, South America, Asia, and Africa, etc.- 27 countries as of 2009

China Beijing Railway Office- Replacement of lighting facilities of the entire Beijing stations with PARUS products in 2006 and 2007- Completion of construction before 2008 Olympic

Japan Bonheur Group- Replacement of the scenery lighting systems of the entire six buildings with PARUS products (Osaka, Japan)- Osaka Chance building in 2003 and Osaka Mirage building in 2004

Singapore Changi Airport- Delivery of the entire light boxes to Singapore Changi Internal Airport in 2007- Application of the entire products of PARUS with recognition of the technology and stability for super-energy-saving and long lifetime- Singapore Changi Internal Airport was selected as the first airport in 2007.

Japan Osaka Chance Building

Beijing West Station

Singapore Changi Internal Airport

Major Performances

Application of LED plant culture lighting in Netherlands and Canada- Professional gardening companies of NetherlandsRegistration of Flowmagic, M-Plus, and Condarmatic as the agencies of PARUS- Application of PARUS plant culture lighting to Burnaby Lake Farm, the largest gardening farm in the Northern America

Burnaby Lake Farm, Canada

Sales Network

®

[email protected]

KOREA (Factory) : 112 Whasung-ri, Sungnam-myun, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan city, Korea T +82-41-5665323 F +82-41-5675323CHINA (R&D) : Shimao Bldg 7F 717, 1197 WuZhong Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, China T 86.21.6405.3510 F 86.21.6405.3520CHINA (Factory) : 260 Puting Rd, Yexie, Songjang Dist, Shanghai , China T 86.21.57887071 F 86.21.57887078

PARUS Factory : S-Korea, Shanghai China

Dealer

PARUS Co., Ltd.

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