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Plant Genetic Resources: Their conservation, manipulation and history of formation
By
Nagib M. A. Nassar
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First: Theory and Principles
1. Definition of the term genetic resources
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2. History of the movement and the pioneers
2.1 Vavilov 1920’s
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2.2 Bennett, Frankel
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2.2 Harlan and Swaminathan movement, 1969
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2.3 Unit on genetic resources, FAO, 1970’s
2.4 International Agricultural Centers, late 1970’s
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3. Centers of Diversity: 3.1 Vavilovian concept and map of the centers
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4. Centers of Origin and centers of Diversity in details
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1. The Chinese Center
-SoybeanGlycine hispida
- BeanPhaseolus vulgaris
-ApricotPrunus armeniaca
-PeachPrunus persica
- OrangeCitrus sinensis
-SesameSesamum indicum
-TeaCamellia sinensis
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2. The Indian Center
-RiceOryza sativa
-African milletEleusine coracana
-Chick peaCicer arietinum
-Egg plantSolanum melongena
-Taro yamColocasia antiquorum
-CucumberCucumis sativus
-Tree cottonGossypium arboreum
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2a. The Indo-Malayan Center
-YamDioscorea spp.
-PomeloCitrus maxima
-BananaMusa spp.
-CoconutCocos nucifera
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3. The Central Asiatic Center
-Bread wheatTriticum aestivum
-PeaPisum salivum
-LentilLens esculenta
-Chick PeaCicer arietinum
-SafflowerCarthamus tinctorius
-RadishRaphanus sativus
-PearPyrus communis
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4. The Near Eastern Center (Asia Mener)
-Durum wheatTriticum durum
-Bread wheatTriticum aestivum
-Chick peaCicer arietinum
-LentilLens esculenta
-PeaPisum sativum
-Blue AlfalfaMedicago sativa
-MelonCucumis melo
-FigFicus carica
-GrapeVitis vinifera
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5. The Mediterranean Center
-Broad beanVicia faba
-OliveOlea europea
-CabbageBrassica oleracea
-Durum wheatTriticum durum
-LettuceLactuca sativa
-OatsAvena strigosa
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6. The Abyssinian Center
-Durum wheatTriticum durum
-BarleyHordeum vulgare
-Chick peaCicer arietinum
-TeffEragrostis abyssinica
-PeaPisum sativum
-Poulard wheatTriticum turgidum
-SesameSesamum indicum
-Castor beanRicinius communis
-CoffeCoffea Arabica
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7. The South Mexican and Central American Center
-CornZea mays
-Common beansPhaseolus vulgaris
-PepperCapsicum annum
-Upland cottonGossypium hirsutum
-Sisal hempAgave sisalana
-SquashCucurbita spp.
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8. South American (Peruvian-Ecuadorean-Bolivian) Center
-Sweet PotatoIpomoea batatas
-PotatoSolanum tuberosum
-Lima beanPhaseolus lunatus
-TomatoLycopersicum esculentum
-Sea Island CottonGossypium barbadense
-PapayaCarica papaya
-TobaccoNicotiana tabacum
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8a, 8b The Chiloe and the Brazilian-Paraguayan Center
-PotatoSolanum tubersum(The Chiloe Center)
-ManiocManihot esculenta
-CacaoTheobroma cacao
-Rubber treeHevea brasiliensis
-PineappleAnanas comosa
-Purple granadillaPassiflora edulis
-PeannutArachis hypogaea
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3.2 Vavilov Revised
Noncenters Concept (Harlan, 1971)
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3.3 Dynamic of diversity
3.3.1 Hybridazation
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3.3.2 Topography and Population Fragmentation
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3.3.3 Introgression
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3.3.4 Polyploidy
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Genetic Resources Conservation
1. Conservation in situ
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2. Conservation ex situ
2.1 Living Collection
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2.2 On-farm conservation
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2.3 Seed Bank
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2.4 Tissue culture
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Genetic Resources Manipulation
1. Gene Transference by InterspecificHybridization
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1.1 Breaking interspecific barriers
A- Reciprocal crosses Malus pumila and M. baccata
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Or Manihot esculenta x M. glaziovii
x
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B- Environmental conditions
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Prunus dulcis
Prumus persica
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B- Environmental conditions
In cassava
x
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x
In cassava
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C- Mentor Effect
The case of manihot pohlii x cassava
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D- The use of male steril cultivars as maternal
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E- Gametic diversity
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F- Embryo Culture
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G- Bridge hybrid
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H- Chromosome Duplication
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Contin... Genetic Resources Manipulation
2. Interespecific Hybrids Polyploidization
a. Method
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b. polyploid production
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c. Chimera types
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d. Detection of polyploidy
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V- Origen of Agriculture
1. Domestication for religious reasons
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2. Domestication due to change of climate (Childe)
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3. Agriculture as a discovery (Sauer theory)
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4. Agriculture as an extension of gathering (Binford theory)
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VI- Classification of cultivated plants
a. Objectives and utilization of this type classification
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b. Pattern of variation in cultivated plants
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c.The Gene Pool system
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VII- The Dynamic of Domestication
a. What means domesticate
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b. Intermediate forms of domestication
- example of boabab, Adansonia spp.
- Acacia albida
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c. Modified characters by domestication
c. 1. Apical Dormency
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c. 2. Sensibility to Fotoperiodism and Maturation Uniformity
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c. 3. Increase of seed size
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c. 4. Reduction of germination inhibitors
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c. 5. Protein and Carbohidrate Content
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d. Mechanisms of selection for domestication
d.1. Competition of seedlings
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d.2. Interaction crop - weed
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-Patterns of variation in cultivated plants
1. Causes of variation
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2. Geographic pattern