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Plant Immune System Presentation.pptx (Read-Only) · IntroducBon$ $$ • Pathogens( bacteria,...

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The plant immune system Jonathan D. G. Jones and Jeffery L. Dangl Nature, 2006 Lea Stauber
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The  plant  immune  system  

Jonathan  D.  G.  Jones  and  Jeffery  L.  Dangl  Nature,  2006  

   

Lea  Stauber  

IntroducBon  

   •  Pathogens  (bacteria,  nematodes,  aphids,  fungi,...)  have  different  life  strategies.    

•  Usage  of  effectors  to  enhance  microbial  fitness  

   •  Plants  rely  on  innate  immunity  of  each  cell    

•  2-­‐layered  plant  immune  system:  –   PRRs  outside  the  cell  –  NB-­‐LRRs  inside  the  cell  à  R-­‐Proteins  

The  ZIGZAG  Model  

Flagellin  and  other  MAMPs  •  Flagellin  is  important  for  pathogenicity  in  plants  

•  flg22  induces  many  cellular  responses  

•  FLS2  binds  flg22      –  acts  against  early  pathogen  invasion  

•  Others:  –  Bacterial  cold  shock  proteins  –  ElongaBon  factor  Tu  EF-­‐Tu  –  recognized  by  EFR  

 

MAMP/PAMP  Response  

•  Limited  MAMP/PAMP  responsiveness  within  plant  species  –  Individual  species  recognize  a  subset  of  PAMPs  

•  Over  200  LRR-­‐kinases  in  Arabidopsis  genome  

Effectors  

•  Structural  roles  – extrahaustorial  matrix  

•  Promote  nutrient  leakage  •  Pathogen  dispersal  •  Mimic  or  inhibit  eucaryoBc  cell  funcBons  •  Bacteria  deliver  15-­‐30/strain  into  the  host  cell  via  Type  III  secreBon  system  TTSS  

•  Contribute  to  PTI/ETI  suppression  

Pseudomonas  syringae  

ManipulaBon  of  host  is  important  for  successful  colonisaBon  

Fungal  and  oomycete  effectors  

•  Act  either  in  the  extracellular  matrix  or  in  the  host  

•  Are  recognized  by  RLPs  or  NB-­‐LRRs  •  Huge  effector-­‐diversity    •  How  fungal  and  oomycete  effectors  are  delivered  into  the  cell  and  how  they  contribute  to  virulence  is  unknown!  

Pathogens  and  Plant  Hormones  

•  Pathogen  effectors  mimic  plant  hormones      

Pseudomonas  syringae:  corona9ne                    

   

Ø Suppresses  defence  to  biotrophs  Ø Opens  stomata  –  access  for  bacteria  

Host  RecogniBon  of  Pathogen  Effectors  

•  Effectors  overcoming  PTI  are  recognized  by  NB-­‐LRR  à  ETI  •  Recognized  effector  =  avirulence  protein  Avr  •  ETI  is  faster  and  stronger  than  PTI  –  o`en  leads  to  HR  

Guard  Hypothesis  

1.  An  effector  has  a  target(s)  in  the  host  2. ManipulaBng/altering  this  target  

contributes  to  pathogen  success  in  suscepBble  hosts  

3.  A  “pathogen  induced  modified  self“  acBvates  the  corresponding  NB-­‐LRR,  leading  to  ETI  

   

Signalling  

•  NB-­‐LRR  folded  in  a  signal  competent  state    •  LRRs  block  inappropriate  NB  acBvaBon  •  Cross-­‐talk  to  differenBate  biotrophs  from  necrotrophs  – Biotrophs:  salicylic  acid  – Necrotrophs:  jasmonic  acid  &  ethylene  

•  AddiBonal  plant  hormones  involved  

 

2  Types  of  Non-­‐Host  Resistance  

Dodge  surveillance  

Challenges  and  OpportuniBes  

•  Define  effector-­‐repertoire  and  modes  of  acBon    

•  Understanding  of  PTI  and  ETI  and  what  causes  pathogen  growth  arrest?    

•  Understanding  the  populaBon  biology  of  effectors  and  NB-­‐LRR-­‐genes  

Innate  Immunity  in  Plants:  An  Arms  Race  Between  Paeern  RecogniBon  Receptors  in  Plants  and  Effectors  in  

Microbial  Pathogens  Thomas  Boller  and  Sheng  Yang  He  

Science  2009    

Lea  Stauber  

PTI  –  the  First  Defence  Layer  

•  High  specificity  and  sensiBvity  of  PRRs    

•  MAMP  is  recognized  through  conserved  epitope    (e.g.  flg22)  

•  PRR  focuses  on  highly  conserved  MAMP-­‐domain  

Suppression  of  PTI  (2)  

•  Bacterial  virulence  factors  supress  PTI    

•  Effectors  AvrPto  and  AvrPtoB  physically  interact  with  PRR-­‐kinases  (e.g.  FLS2,  EFR)    

•  Physical  interacBon  inhibits  PRRs    

•  AvrPtoB  –domain  degrades    PRRs  and  may  defeat  PTI  

 

Conclusion      

•  Effectors  might  help  to  idenBfy  unknown  components    

•  More  research  on  different  species  and  strains    

•  Further  research  might  challenge  current  models    


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