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CHAPTER 6 IGCSE
PLANT NUTRITION
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THE EQUATION FORPHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesisis the fundamenta !"#$ess %&!ants manufa$tu"e f##d m#e$ues (carbohydrf"#m "a' mate"ias(CO2and H2O) usin* energyf"#m light+
The "a' mate"ias a"e Ci*ht ene"*&+
The !"#du$ts a"e *u$#s
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THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTH
G"een !ants ta.e in CO2th"#u*h thei" ea/es (%& difusion H2Ois a%s#"%ed th"#u*h !ants0 "##ts (%& osmosis)- and
t"ans!#"ted t# the eaf th"#u*h xylem/esses+
Chlorophyll t"a!s light energyand a%s#"%s it+
This ene"*& is used t# %"ea. u! H,O m#e$ues- than t# %#nh&d"#*en and CO, t# f#"m glucose+
Gu$#se is usua& $han*ed t# sucrose f#" t"ans!#"t a"#un!ant- #" t# starchf#" st#"a*e+
O2is "eeased as a 'aste !"#du$t- #" used %& !ant f#" "es!
In this !"#$ess- light energy is $#n/e"ted t# chemical enthe f#"mati#n #f *u$#se and its su%se1uent st#"a*e+
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN2ESTIGATIOPRINCIPLE AN3 STARCH TEST
E4!e"iments $an %e used t# 5nd #ut 'hat fa$t#"i*ht- $h##"#!h&) a"e needed f#" !h#t#s&nthesthe !ant need t# %e destarch+ T# %e $e"tain thaeafs a"e th#"#u*h& desta"$hed- testa eaff#" starch %ef#"e %e*in the in/esti*ati#n+
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PRINCIPLE OF IN2ESTIGATION
1.Inestigations need controls Control!ant (#" ea/e) has a su%stan$es it needs+
!est!ant a$.s #ne su%stan$e (i*ht$h#"#!h&CO,)
2. Plants must be destarched
It is /e"& im!#"tant that the ea/es u a"e testin* sh#udan& starchin them at the %e*innin* #f the e4!e"iment+
S#- 5"st #f a- u must desta"$h the !ants+ Lea/e them inthe dar"f#" 78 h#u"s+ The !ants use u! a st#"es #f sta"$ea/es+
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#. $tarch test %ith Iodine solution
Afte" a fe' h#u"s- $a""& #ut the sta"$h test #n %#th!ants9Iodine solutionis used: a %ue;%a$. $##u" #
ea/e is !#siti/e+ &oil the lea' in %ater f#" %"ea. d#'n the mem%"ane > i#dine s#uti#n *eth"#u*h $e mem%"ane t# "ea$hstarchinside the $hand "ea$t 'ith them+
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&oil the lea' in alcohol (ethan#) in a 'ate"%ath9The green colour#f the eaf and the %"#'i#dine s#uti#n $an ##. %a$. t#*ethe"- s# u n
"em#/e chlorophyll%& dissolingit #ut 'ith aLea/e it unti a the $h#"#!h& has $#me #ut #f eaf+
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(inse the lea' in %ater9 ?#iin* the eaf in ethma.es it %"itte- the 'ate" s#ftens it+
S!"ead the eaf #ut #n a %hitetie > eas& t# see
"esut+ dd iodine solutiont# the eaf > %ue; %a$. $#
!#siti/e- sta"$h is !"esent+
A leaf before (on the left) and after (on the right) starch test
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN2ESTIGATIO(CH*O(OPH+**, CO2 AN3 *I-
TESTS)
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CHLOROPHYLL
ProcessTa.e a !#tted !ant 'ith ariegated (*"een and
ea/es+
estarch the !ant %& .ee!in* it in $#m!ete daf#" a%#ut 78 h#u"s+
E4!#se the !ant t# the sunlightf#" a fe' da&sTest #ne #f the ea/es f#" starch 'ith i#dine s#
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Obserations; A"eas 'ith !"e/i#us& green!at$hes test positi%ue %a$.)+
; A"eas 'ith !"e/i#us& !ae yello% !at$hestest negatie ("emain %"#'n)+ Conclusion
- Photosynthesis takes plapatches because of the preof chlorophyll.
- The pale yellow patches d
photosynthesis because of chlorophyll.
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*I-H!ProcessTa.e a !#tted !ant+
estarch the !ant %& .ee!in* it in $#m!ete da"a%#ut 78 h#u"s+Test #ne #f it ea/es f#" sta"$h- t# $he$. that is d#$#ntain an&+Fi4 a eaf #f this !ant in %et'een t'# st"i!s #f a t
#n eaf+Pa$e the !ant in i*ht f#" a fe' da&s+Rem#/e the $#/e" f"#m the eaf and test it f#" sta
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ObserationsP#siti/e sta"$h test 'i %e #%tained #n& in the !#"the eaf e4!#sed t# i*ht and ne*ati/e test in !a"ts!a!e" st"i!+
Conclusion
Light is necessary fophotosynthesis.
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C(&O/ IO0IProcessTa.e t'# desta"$hed !#tted !ants+C#/e" %#th the !ants 'ith %e @a"s and a%e them
and ?+Inside Set;u! A- .ee! /aHCO#(s#dium %i$a"%#na
!"#du$es CO,+
Inside Set;u! ?- .ee! /aOH(S#dium h&d"#4ide)+
a%s#"%s CO,+ee! %#th the set;u!s in the suni*ht at east f#" 6h#u"s+Pe"f#"m the sta"$h test #n %#th #f the !ants+
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Obserations
Leaf f"#m the !ant in 'hi$h /aHCO#has %een !a$ed*i/es positietest+Leaf f"#m the !ant in 'hi$h /aOH has %een .e!t*i/e negati' test+ConclusionPant in Set u! A *ets CO
,'he"eas !ant in Set;u! ? d#e
n#t *et CO,+
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C! O *I-H! I/!/$I!+ O/ !H (! OPHO!O$+/!H$I$
Pants need i*ht ene"*&
t# ma.e the $hemi$aene"*& needed t# $"eate$a"%#h&d"ates+
In$"easin* the i*htintensit& 'i %##st thes!eed #f !h#t#s&nthesis+
H#'e/e"- at hi*h i*htintensities the "ate%e$#mes $#nstant+
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xplanation
*ight energy absorbed by chlorophyll is conerted to
At /e"& #' i*ht e/es the !ant 'i %e "es!i"in* #n& n#t!h#t#s&nthesiBin*+
As the light intensity increases, the rate o' !h#t#s&ntheincreases.
Ho%eer, the rate %ill not increase beyond a $e"tain e/intensit&+
At hi*h i*ht intensities the "ate %e$#mes constant, een %in$"eases in i*ht intensit&- the"e a"e n# in$"eases in the "ate
The !ant is una%e t# ha"/est the i*ht at these hi*h intensit$h#"#!h& s&stem $an %e dama*ed %& /e"& intense i*ht e/
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EFFECT OF !4P(!5(ON THE RATE OFPHOTOSYNTHESIS
hen the temperaturerises the rate o'photosynthesis risesalso. !here is
an optimumtemperature at %hichthe rate o'photosynthesis ismaximum.
?end this tem!e"atu"e-the "ea$ti#n 1ui$.&$#mes t# a hat+
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xplanation
! *O6 !4P(!5(- the enB&me does not have enouenergyt# meet man& su%st"ate m#e$ues- s# the "ea$ti#n
hen the tem!e"atu"e "ises- the !a"ti$es in the "ea$ti#n moquicker and collide more- s# the "ate #f !h#t#s&nthesis "is
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! !H OP!I454 !4P(!5(- the enB&meefcient and the "ate if ma4imum+
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t !4P(!5($ &O7 89:C the rate slo%do%n.
This is %e$ause the enB&mes in/#/ed in the $he"ea$ti#ns #f !h#t#s&nthesis a"e tem!e"atu"e sen
and destroyed (denatured) at higher
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fect o' Carbon Dioxide on the (ate o'Photosynthesis
hen the $#n$ent"ati#n #fCO, is #' the "ate #f!h#t#s&nthesis is as# #'+(the !ant has t# s!end time'aitin* f#" m#"e CO, t#
a""i/e)+ In$"easin* the $#n$ent"ati#n#f CO in$"eases the "ate #f!h#t#s&nthesis+
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xplanation
The "ate #f !h#t#s&nthesis
increases linearly %ithin$"easin* CO,$#n$ent"ati#n (f"#m !#int At# ? )+
The "ate fas *"adua&-
and at a $e"tain CO,$#n$ent"ati#n it sta&s$#nstant (f"#m !#int ? t#C)+
He"e a "ise in CO, e/es
has no efect as the
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Limitin* fa$t#"s in !h#t#s&nthes
*imiting 'actoris s#methin* !"esent in the
en/i"#nment in su$h short supply that it "est"i$t!"#$esses+
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$unlight
O/e" the 5"st !a"t #f the $u"/e(between A and )- i*ht is alimiting 'actor+ The !ant isimited in h#' fast it $an!h#t#s&nthesise %e$ause it
d#es n#t ha/e en#u*h i*ht+ etween and C- i*ht is n#t
a imitin* fa$t#"+ E/en if m#"ei*ht is sh#ne #n the !ant- itsti $ann#t !h#t#s&nthesise
an& faste"+
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Carbon dioxide
In !h#t#s&nthesis CO,is a .e&imitin* fa$t#"+ The usuaatm#s!he"i$ e/e #f CO,is =+=
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Tem!e"atu"e
The $hemi$a "ea$ti#ns #f !h#ts&nthe$an #n& ta.e !a$e /e"& s#'& at #'tem!e"atu"e- s# a !ant $an!h#t#s&nthesise faste" #n a 'a"m dan a $#d #ne+
i di i f h h i
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O!timum $#nditi#ns f#" !h#t#s&nthesis G"een h#use
if $"#!s a"e *"#'n in*assh#uses- it is !#ssi%et# $#nt"# $#nditi#ns s# thatthe& a"e !h#t#s&nthesisin*as fast as !#ssi%e+
CO i h t
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CO2enrichment
In a $#sed *assh#use- it is !#ssi%e t# !"#/ide CO,f#" the !ants- e+*+ %& %u"nin* f#ssi fues #""eeasin* !u"e CO,f"#m a *as $&inde"+
Optimum light
In $#ud& #" da". $#nditi#ns- e4t"a a"ti5$ia i*ht%e !"#/ided- s# that i*ht is n#t imitin* the "ate !h#t#s&nthesis+
Optimum temperature
The tem!e"atu"e $an %e "aised %& usin* a heatis&stem+ If f#ssi fues a"e %u"ned- the"e is as# a f"#m the CO2!"#du$ed+
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Leaf st"u$tu"e
The eaf $#nsist #f a%"#ad- at !a"t $aedthe lamina- 'hi$h is
@#ined t# the "est #f the!ant %& a eaf sta.#" petiole+ Runnin*th"#u*h the !eti#e
a"e ascular bundles-'hi$h then f#"mthe einsin the eaf+
Ath#u*h a eaf ##.s thin its is made u! #f see
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Ath#u*h a eaf ##.s thin- its is made u! #f seelayers#f $es+ Y#u $an see these if u ##. at at"ans/e"se se$ti#n ($"#ss;se$ti#n) #f a eaf unde"mi$"#s$#!e+
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!"omework
3"a' $"#ss se$ti#n #f eaf 'ith a%La%e 'ith fun$ti#n (use #C$)/ame- Cha"a$te"isti$- un$ti#n+
E4!ain %"ie& theADA%&A&'#s#finte"na st"u$tu"e #f eaf f#" !h#t#s&n
E4am!e
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E4am!e
5PP( PI(4I$ thin and transparent ;
allo%s light to passthrough
no chloroplasts arepresent
act as a barrier todisease organisms
Cuticle
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Lower
epiderm
Upper
epiderm
Cuticle
Palisade
mesophyll
Vascular
bundle
Xylem
Phloem
Spong
mesoph
Airspace
stoma
CUTICLE
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CUTICLE
eatures !
characteristics Co"ersthe
epidermis
A transparent layer
o# cutin $a%yco"ering&
waterproo#
unction
'( Protectthe lea#)( Allow lightto enter the lea#
*( Pre"ente%cessi"e water loss
UPPE+ EPI,E+-IS
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UPPE+ EPI,E+-IS
eatures !
characteristics A single layero#
#lattenedcells
,oes notcontain
chloroplast Transparent
unction
'( Allow lightto penetrate the lea# andthe mesophyll layer
PALISA,E -ES.P/0LL
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PALISA,E -ES.P/0LL
eatures !
characteristics .ne or #ew rows o#
"erticallyorientedclosely pac1edcolumn2shapedcells
/a"e a highdensity o#chloroplast
unction
'( Trap most o# the incoming light
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SP.340 -ES.P/0L
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SP.340 -ES.P/0L
eatures !
characteristics Loosely pac1ed
irregularly shapedcells
/a"e#ewerchloroplast
unction
'( Increase the internal sur#acearea #gaseous e%change
)( Trape%cessi"e light #rom palisademesophyll
VASCULA+ 5U3,LE
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VASCULA+ 5U3,LE
eatures !
characteristics Consists o#%ylem
and phloem
unction
'( Xylem 6 transports mineral ions a
waterto the lea#)( Phloem2 transport products o#
photosynthesisaway #rom the lea#
AI+ SPACE
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AI+ SPACE
eatures !
characteristics Spaces between
spongy mesophyll
unction
'( Allowdi##usion o# gases betweentatmosphere and the mesophyll(
L.$E+ EPI,E+-IS
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L.$E+ EPI,E+-IS
eatures !
characteristics Layer o# epidermal
cells
,oes not contain
chloroplast e%cept#or the guard cells
unction
'( Protectthe lea#)( Allow gaseous e%change through
stomata
4UA+, CELLS !ST.-A
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4UA+, CELLS !ST.-A
eatures !
characteristics Thinner outerwalls
Thic1er innerwalls
-odi#iedlower
epidermis
7 Each stomata is
#lan1ed by two guard
cells which regulate
the si8e o# the pores
unction'( +egulatethe
opening and clos
o# the stomatal po
Pants mine"a "e1ui"ements an
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fe"tiiBe"s Pant is in need f#" mineral ions t# $#nt"# $hem
a$ti/ities- *"#'- and !"#du$e mate"ias+ The m#s
im!#"tant mine"as a"e 4agnesiumi#ns and /
+Im!#"tan$e #f nit"ate andi i
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ma*nesium i#ns
. /itrates
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. /itrates
plants absorb nitrate ions from the
soil, through their root hairs nitrate ions combine with glucose
----- amino acids
amino acids bond together----- protein
deficiencycauses poor growth,especially of lea!es. The stembecomes weak, lower lea!es becomeyellow and die, while upper lea!esturn pale green
% a*nesium
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%+a*nesium
plants absorb magnesium ions
from the soil solution used for the manufacture
of chlorophyll
each chlorophyll contains onemagnesium atom
deficiencymakes lea!es turnyellow from the bottom of the stem
upwards and e!entually stopsphotosynthesis