NEW AND RESTRUCTURED POST-GRADUATE CURRICULA & SYLLABI

Education Division Indian Council of Agricultural Research

New Delhi

April 2009

PLANT PROTECTION Entomology Nematology

Plant Pathology

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Contents

Page(s)

Executive Summary 3-4

BSMAC Composition 5

Preamble 6-8

Organization of Course Contents & Credit Requirements 9

Entomology 10-45

Course Structure – At a Glance 10 Course Contents 11 List of Journals 42 e-Resources 43 Suggested Broad Topics for Master’s and Doctoral Research 44

Nematology 46-64 Course Structure – At a Glance 46 Course Contents 47 List of Journals 63 e-Resources 64 Suggested Broad Topics for Master’s and Doctoral Research 64

Plant Pathology 65-87 Course Structure – At a Glance 65 Course Contents 66 List of Journals 87 e-Resources 87 Suggested Broad Topics for Master’s and Doctoral Research 87

Compulsory Non Credit Courses 88-92

Acknowledgements 93

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The new and restructured post-graduate academic programme for plant protection

sciences includes many new aspects/features, some of them are as follows.

Entomology

A detailed treatise on post-harvest losses due to insects, mites, rodents, birds and microorganisms in stored grains and methods of their control

Role of soil arthropods in detritus feeding, litter breakdown and humus

formation

Acarology: Economic importance of mites to different crops, poly-houses, stored products and honey bees

Commercial Entomology: Apiculture; sericulture; lac insects; insect pests of

public health importance, cattle, poultry and pet animals; termite proofing of buildings; rodent control; organic methods of domestic pest management

Agricultural Ornithology: Pestiferous and beneficial birds associated with

different crops

Immature stages of insects: Their identification and significance for pest management

DNA-based diagnostic and DNA finger-printing for taxonomy and

phylogeny

Marker-aided selection in resistance breeding

Resistance management strategies in transgenic crops

Scope of genetically engineered microbes and parasitoids in biological control

Dynamism of IPM under changing cropping systems and climate

IPM under protected cultivation

Nematology

Entomopathogenic nematodes: Mass multiplication techniques, formulations, field application and efficacy

Nematodes as biological model systems

Nematodes as indicators of pollution and their role in organic matter

recycling

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Development of computer-based identification programmes

Nematode management options for organic farming and precision farming

Application of GIS and GPS technology for surveillance and management

Resistance genes and RNAi technology

Plant Pathology

Integrated approach in controlling post harvest diseases and improving shelf-life of produce; knowledge of Codex Alimentarious for each product and commodity

Plant Bio-security and Bio-safety: Invasive alien species, Bio-warfare,

National Regulatory Mechanism and International Agreements/Conventions; issues related to GM crops; strategies for combating risks and costs associated with agro-terrorism

Seed Health Technology: Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary issues under WTO

Mushroom Production Technology: Complete package for entrepreneurial

skills

Principles and Procedures of Certification: Role of international agencies in certification and quality control, fixing tolerance limits for diseases and insect pests in certification, accreditation of seed testing laboratories, role of seed/planting material health certification in national and international trade

General

Introduction of compulsory non-credit courses on: o Library and Information Services o Technical Writing and Communication Skills o Intellectual Property and its Management in Agriculture o Basic Concepts in Laboratory Techniques o Agricultural Research, Research Ethics and Rural Development

Programmes o Disaster Management

Provision of budgetary estimates to the extent of Rs 50 crores for implementation of revised curriculum in Plant Protection recommended.

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BSMA Committee on Plant Protection

(Entomology/Plant Pathology/Nematology/Apiculture/Sericulture)

(Constituted by ICAR vide Office order No. F. No. 13 (1)/2007- EQR dated January 14, 2008)

Name Address Specialization

Dr B. L. Jalali Former Director of Research, CCS HAU Convener

10/95, HAU Campus, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Pl. Pathology

Dr H. S. Gaur Dean & Joint Director (Edu.)

IARI, New Delhi Nematology

Dr. R. Govindan Director of Instructions (Agri)

Agricultural College, UAS, Bangalore

Entomology

Dr. R.K. Jain Head

Division of Plant Pathology IARI New Delhi

Pl. Pathology

Dr H. S. Rewal Prof. & Head

Dept. of Plant Pathology, PAU, Ludhiana

Pl. Pathology

Dr. H.N. Gour Prof. & Head

Department of Plant Pathology, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur

Pl. Pathology

Dr Hari Mohan Singh Prof. & Head

Dept. of Entomology, NDUA & T, Kumargunj, Faizabad

Entomology

Dr Ashok Sharma Prof. & Head

Dept of Entomology, SKN College of Agriculture, Rajasthan Agriculture University, Jobner Campus, Bikaner

Entomology

Dr. R.K. Walia Professor Member Secretary

Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agicultural University, Hisar

Nematology

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PREAMBLE

Indian agricultural scenario has witnessed phenomenal strides over the last fifty

years, from acute food shortages to the ushering in of green revolution leading to food

stocks bulging to the seams. However, during the past few years, there has been a steady

decline in the overall agricultural growth rate, causing depletion in reserve food stocks,

with resultant emergent imports to keep the food stocks at desired levels.

The stagnation in agricultural growth has been a topic of debate among the planners

and decision makers of agricultural policies. Among the several contributing factors, the

role of pests and diseases has cut more ice than before. The importance of pests and

diseases is coming under scanner, particularly with the liberalization of global agricultural

trade. The WTO regulations facilitate the trade of agricultural commodities, but riddance

from pests and diseases in export-import oriented agricultural produce is required to be

strictly monitored and regulated by Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary certifications. Demand for

improvement in the qualitative traits of agricultural produce and their value addition, has

also contributed to the importance of plant protection measures.

The increasing application of biotechnology and nano-technology in agricultural

research, including plant protection, warrants thorough revision of our human resource

development strategies to meet the growing challenges. Consequently, restructuring the

curricula content and delivery systems and their recasting to produce globally competitive

manpower has gained primacy. Further, the shrinking job opportunities in National

Agricultural Research System (ICAR/SAUs) have put additional pressure on our education

system to prepare students in tune with the demands of the private sector.

To fulfill these objectives, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) over

the years has developed strong academic linkages with various institutions and

professionals of the country to induce vital reforms in agricultural education for improving

its quality, relevance and uniformity across the country. Under this process, the Council

has recently revised course curricula and syllabi of UG programmes through IV Deans’

Committee. For restructuring of PG academic programme, a National Core Group (NCG)

constituted by the ICAR has now been mandated to revise the curricula and syllabi of

Masters and Doctoral programmes in all the disciplines of agriculture. The NCG further

constituted 18 Broad Subject Matter Area (BSMA) Committees to undertake this exercise

in their respective subject matter domains.

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The BSMA Committee on Plant Protection seriously deliberated upon the issues

concerning agricultural education in general, and plant protection in particular. The

proposed academic resolutions, as applicable to most of the disciplines, were passed in a

combined meeting of Conveners and Member Secretaries of all the 18 BSMA Committees.

The curricula and syllabi of the three disciplines, viz., Entomology, Plant Pathology and

Nematology, were discussed at length in the meetings and workshop convened by the

BSMA Committee on Plant Protection. The opinions and suggestions invited from

institutions, eminent scientists, and other stakeholders (private entrepreneurs) were

reviewed by the BSMA Committee. This document was given a final shape after

presentation and discussion of the salient features of each discipline in a combined meeting

held on 23-24 June, 2008 at NAAS Complex, New Delhi. The new look and restructured

PG programme in Plant Protection has been designed in considerations based on: demands

of private sector harnessing commercial aspects, modern research tools and their

applications, supplementary skills required, and to enhance the global competitiveness and

employability of our students. Considerable efforts have, therefore, gone in for the

preparation of this final document.

While the restructured programme retains the classical contents of the subjects e.g.,

morphology, taxonomy, pest and disease spectrum of specific crops, biology/bionomics

etc.; the current issues and modern approaches have been given new thrust. Some of the

salient features of the revised curriculum are – application of biotechnological tools in

systematics and breeding of pest/disease resistant crop cultivars and biological control;

inclusion of sericulture, apiculture to encourage self-employment through cottage industry;

detailed treatise on stored grain pests to alleviate post-harvest losses; pest control

techniques for house-hold and pet animals etc. The curriculum also addresses aspects of

mushroom production technology to facilitate establishment of commercial units in peri-

urban areas and employment generation. Certification of planting material has gained

utmost importance in the wake of global trade regimes, therefore, a full course on

Principles and Procedures of Certification is proposed. Use of beneficial nematodes for the

biological control of insect pests of crops; nematodes as indicator of pollution; role of

nematodes in organic matter recycling, and their application as biological models - are

some other modern approaches incorporated in the syllabus. A list of relevant and latest

books has been provided for each course. Commonly used journals and web-sites pertaining

to the three subjects have been added for the benefit of students. Some contemporary broad

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suggestive research topics are also listed for each subject to facilitate the students and their

supervisors in the selection of appropriate topics for theses/dissertations.

Another novel feature of new curriculum is the proposal for introduction of

compulsory non-credit courses on: i) Library and Information Services – to apprise the

students with the modern tools of information search and knowledge resources; ii)

Technical Writing and Communication Skills – to improve the thesis/research paper writing

skills and communication skills of students; iii) Intellectual Property and its Management

in Agriculture – to impart knowledge on the use of IPR as tool for wealth and value

creation in a knowledge-based society; iv) Basic Concepts in Laboratory Techniques – to

impart fundamental knowledge on the safety aspects and use of routine laboratory

techniques; v) Agricultural Research, Research Ethics and Rural Development

Programmes – to enlighten the students about the organization and functioning of

agricultural research systems at national and international levels, research ethics and rural

development programmes and policies of Government; iv) Disaster Management - to

introduce learners to the key concepts and practices of natural/man-made disaster

management, to equip them to conduct thorough assessment of hazards, and capacity

building.

It is the belief of BSMA Committee on Plant Protection that the restructured PG

academic programme, with an appropriate blend of classical and modern components,

would prove ideal for generating human resource competent to meet global challenges and

competitiveness, handling plant protection problems of farmers and farming needs leading

to higher productivity and profitability, security of the environment, besides enhancing their

employability both in public and private sectors.

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ORGANIZATION OF COURSE CONTENTS &

CREDIT REQUIREMENTS

Code Numbers • All courses are divided into two series: 500-series courses pertain to Master’s level, and

600-series to Doctoral level. A Ph. D. student must take a minimum of two 600 series courses, but may also take 500-series courses if not studied during Master’s programme.

• Credit seminar for Master’s level is designated by code no. 591, and the two seminars for Doctoral level are coded as 691 and 692, respectively.

• Similarly, 599 and 699 codes have been given for Master’s research and Doctoral research, respectively.

Course Contents The contents of each course have been organized into: • Objective – to elucidate the basic purpose. • Theory units – to facilitate uniform coverage of syllabus for paper setting. • Suggested Readings – to recommend some standard books as reference material. This

does not unequivocally exclude other such reference material that may be recommended according to the advancements and local requirements.

• A list of journals pertaining to the discipline is provided at the end which may be useful as study material for 600-series courses as well as research topics.

• E-Resources - for quick update on specific topics/events pertaining to the subject. • Broad research topics provided at the end would facilitate the advisors for appropriate

research directions to the PG students.

Minimum Credit Requirements

Major subject: The subject (department) in which the students takes admission Minor subject: The subject closely related to students major subject (e.g., if the major subject is Entomology, the appropriate minor subjects should be Plant Pathology & Nematology). Supporting subject: The subject not related to the major subject. It could be any subject considered relevant for student’s research work. Non-Credit Compulsory Courses: Please see the relevant section for details. Six courses (PGS 501-PGS 506) are of general nature and are compulsory for Master’s programme. Ph. D. students may be exempted from these courses if already studied during Master’s degree.

Subject Master’s programme Doctoral programmeMajor 20 15 Minor 09 08 Supporting 05 05 Seminar 01 02 Research 20 45 Total Credits 55 75 Compulsory Non Credit Courses See relevant section

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ENTOMOLOGY Course Structure – at a Glance

*Compulsory for Master’s programme; ** Compulsory for Ph.D. programme #One out of 511 or 512 is compulsory; $ Cross-listed with Plant Pathology

CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS ENT 501* INSECT MORPHOLOGY 1+1

ENT 502* INSECT ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION 2+1

ENT 503 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 2+0

ENT 504* CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 2+1

ENT 505* INSECT ECOLOGY 1+1

ENT 506 INSECT PATHOLOGY 1+1

ENT 507* BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CROP PESTS AND WEEDS 1+1

ENT 508* TOXICOLOGY OF INSECTICIDES 2+1

ENT 509 PLANT RESISTANCE TO INSECTS 1+1

ENT 510* PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1

ENT 511*# PESTS OF FIELD CROPS 1+1

ENT 512*# PESTS OF HORTICULTURAL AND PLANTATION CROPS 1+1

ENT 513 STORAGE ENTOMOLOGY 1+1

ENT 514 INSECT VECTORS OF PLANT VIRUSES AND OTHER PATHOGENS 1+1

ENT 515 GENERAL ACAROLOGY 1+1

ENT 516 SOIL ARTHROPODS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 1+1

ENT 517 VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1

ENT 518* TECHNIQUES IN PLANT PROTECTION 0+1

ENT 519 COMMERCIAL ENTOMOLOGY 1+1

ENT 520 PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0

ENT 591 MASTER’S SEMINAR 1+0

ENT 599 MASTER’S RESEARCH 20

ENT 601 ADVANCED INSECT SYSTEMATICS 1+2

ENT 602 IMMATURE STAGES OF INSECTS 1+1

ENT 603 ADVANCED INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2+0

ENT 604 ADVANCED INSECT ECOLOGY 1+1

ENT 605 INSECT BEHAVIOUR 1+1

ENT 606 RECENT TRENDS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1+1

ENT 607 ADVANCED INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY 2+1

ENT 608 ADVANCED HOST PLANT RESISTANCE 1+1

ENT 609 ADVANCED ACAROLOGY 1+1

ENT 610 AGRICULTURAL ORNITHOLOGY 1+1

ENT 611** MOLECULAR APPROACHES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1+1

ENT 612** ADVANCED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 2+0

ENT 613/ PL PATH 606$

PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0

ENT 691 DOCTORAL SEMINAR 1 1+0

ENT 692 DOCTORAL SEMINAR II 1+0

ENT 699 DOCTORAL RESEARCH 45

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ENTOMOLOGY Course Contents

ENT 501 INSECT MORPHOLOGY 1+1 Objective

To acquaint the students with external morphology of the insect’s body i.e., head, thorax and abdomen, their appendages and functions.

Theory UNIT I Principles, utility and relevance: insect body wall structure, cuticular outgrowths, colouration and special integumentary structures in insects, body tagmata, sclerites and segmentation. UNIT II Head- Origin, structure and modification; types of mouthparts and antennae, tentorium and neck sclerites. UNIT III Thorax- Areas and sutures of tergum, sternum and pleuron, pterothorax; Wings: structure and modifications, venation, wing coupling apparatus and mechanism of flight; Legs: structure and modifications. UNIT IV Abdomen- Segmentation and appendages; Genitalia and their modifications; Embryonic and post-embryonic development; Types of metamorphosis. Insect sense organs (mechano-, photo- and chemo-receptors).

Practical Study of insect segmentation, various tagmata and their appendages; preparation of permanent mounts of different body parts and their appendages of taxonomic importance including male and female genitalia. Sense organs.

Suggested Readings Chapman RF. 1998. The Insects: Structure and Function. Cambridge

Univ. Press, Cambridge. David BV & Ananthkrishnan TN. 2004. General and Applied Entomology.

Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Duntson PA. 2004. The Insects: Structure, Function and Biodiversity.

Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Evans JW. 2004. Outlines of Agricultural Entomology. Asiatic Publ., New

Delhi. Richards OW & Davies RG. 1977. Imm’s General Text Book of

Entomology. 10th Ed. Chapman & Hall, London. Saxena RC & Srivastava RC. 2007. Entomology: At a Glance. Agrotech

Publ. Academy, Jodhpur. Snodgross RE. 1993. Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell Univ. Press,

Ithaca.

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ENT 502 INSECT ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND 2+1 NUTRITION

Objective To impart knowledge to the students on basic aspects of anatomy of different systems, elementary physiology, nutritional physiology and their application in entomology.

Theory UNIT I Scope and importance of insect anatomy and physiology. UNIT II Structure, modification and physiology of different systems- digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, sensory, reproductive, musculature, endocrine and exocrine glands. UNIT III Thermodynamics; physiology of integument, moulting; growth, metamorphosis and diapause. UNIT IV Insect nutrition- role of vitamins, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and other food constituents; extra and intra-cellular micro-organisms and their role in physiology; artificial diets.

Practical Dissection of different insects to study comparative anatomical details of different systems; preparation of permanent mounts of internal systems; chromatographic analysis of free amino acids of haemolymph; determination of chitin in insect cuticle; examination of insect haemocytes; determination of respiratory quotient; preparation and evaluation of various diets; consumption, utilization and digestion of natural and artificial diets.

Suggested Readings Chapman RF.1998. Insects: Structure and Function. ELBS Ed., London. Duntson PA. 2004. The Insects: Structure, Function and Biodiversity.

Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Kerkut GA & Gilbert LI. 1985. Comprehensive Insect Physiology,

Biochemistry and Pharmacology. Vols. I-XIII. Pergamon Press, New York.

Patnaik BD. 2002. Physiology of Insects. Dominant, New Delhi. Richards OW & Davies RG. 1977. Imm’s General Text Book of

Entomology. 10th Ed. Vol. 1. Structure, Physiology and Development. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Saxena RC & Srivastava RC. 2007. Entomology at a Glance. Agrotech Publ. Academy, Jodhpur.

Wigglesworth VB.1984. Insect Physiology. 8th Ed. Chapman & Hall, New York.

ENT 503 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 2+0

Objective To sensitize the students on the theory and practice of classifying organisms and the rules governing the same.

Theory

UNIT I

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Introduction to history and principles of systematics and importance. Levels and functions of systematics. Identification, purpose, methods- character matrix, taxonomic keys. Descriptions- subjects of descriptions, characters, nature of characters, analogy vs homology, parallel vs convergent evolution, intraspecific variation in characters, polythetic and polymorphic taxa, sexual dimorphism. UNIT II Classification of animals: Schools of classification- Phenetics, Cladistics and Evolutionary classification. Components of Biological Classification: Hierarchy, Rank, Category and Taxon. Species concepts, cryptic, sibling and etho-species, infra-specific categories. Introduction to numerical, biological and cytogenetical taxonomy. UNIT III Nomenclature: Common vs Scientific names. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, criteria for availability of names, validity of names. Categories of names under consideration of ICZN. Publications, Principles of priority, and homonymy, synonymy, type concept in zoological nomenclature. Speciation, anagenesis vs cladogenesis, allopatric, sympatric and parapatric processes.

Suggested Readings Blackwelder RE. 1967. Taxonomy - A Text and Reference Book. John

Wiley & Sons, New York. Kapoor VC. 1983. Theory and Practice in Animal Taxonomy. Oxford &

IBH, New Delhi. Mayr E. 1971. Principles of Systematic Zoology. Tata McGraw-Hill, New

Delhi. Quicke DLJ. 1993. Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy.

Blackie, London. ENT 504 CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 2+1

Objective To introduce the students to the classification of insects up to the level of families with hands-on experience in identifying the families of insects.

Theory UNIT I Brief evolutionary history of Insects- introduction to phylogeny of insects and Major Classification of Superclass Hexapoda – Classes – Ellipura (Collembola, Protura), Diplura and Insecta- Orders contained. UNIT II Distinguishing characters, general biology, habits and habitats of Insect orders and economically important families contained in them. Collembola, Protura, Diplura. Class Insecta: Subclass Apterygota – Archaeognatha, Thysanura. Subclass: Pterygota, Division Palaeoptera – Odonata and Ephemeroptera. Division: Neoptera: Subdivision: Orthopteroid and Blattoid Orders (=Oligoneoptera: Plecoptera, Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Grylloblattodea, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Mantophasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera), Subdivision: Hemipteroid Orders (=Paraneoptera): Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera and Hemiptera. UNIT III

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Distinguishing characters, general biology, habits and habitats of Insect orders and economically important families contained in them (Continued). Division Neoptera – Subdivision Endopterygota, Section Neuropteroid-Coleopteroid Orders: Strepsiptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera and Coleoptera, Section Panorpoid Orders Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, and Section Hymenopteroid Orders: Hymenoptera.

Practical Study of Orders of insects and their identification using taxonomic keys. Keying out families of insects of different major Orders: Odonata, Orthoptera, Blattodea, Mantodea, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Phthiraptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Field visits to collect insects of different orders.

Suggested Readings CSIRO 1990. The Insects of Australia: A Text Book for Students and

Researchers. 2nd Ed. Vols. I & II, CSIRO. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca.

Freeman S & Herron JC. 1998. Evolutionary Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

Richards OW & Davies RG. 1977. Imm’s General Text Book of Entomology. 10th Ed. Chapman & Hall, London.

Ross HH.1974. Biological Systematics. Addison Wesley Publ. Co. Triplehorn CA & Johnson NF. 1998. Borror and DeLong’s Introduction to

the Study of Insects. 7th Ed. Thomson/ Brooks/ Cole, USA/Australia.

ENT 505 INSECT ECOLOGY 1+1 Objective

To teach the students the concepts of ecology, basic principles of distribution and abundance of organisms and their causes. Study life tables, organization of communities, diversity indicies. Train students in sampling methodology, calculation of diversity indicies, constructing life tables, relating insect population fluctuations to biotic and/or abiotic causes.

Theory UNIT I History and Definition. Basic Concepts. Organisation of the Biological world. Plato’s Natural Balance vs Ecological Dynamics as the modern view. Abundance and diversity of insects, Estimates and Causal factors. Study of abundance and distribution and relation between the two. Basic principles of abiotic factors and their generalised action on insects. Implications for abundance and distribution of organisms including insects- Law of the Minimum, Law of Tolerance, and biocoenosis, Systems approach to ecology. UNIT II Basic concepts of abundance- Model vs Real world. Population growth- basic models – Exponential vs Logistic models. Discrete vs Continuous growth models. Concepts of Carrying capacity, Environmental Resistance and Optimal yield. Vital Statistics- Life Tables and their application to insect biology. Survivorship curves. Case studies of insect life tables. Population dynamics- Factors affecting abundance- Environmental factors,

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dispersal and migration, Seasonality in insects. Classification and mechanisms of achieving different seasonality- Diapause (Quiescence) - aestivation, hibernation. UNIT III Biotic factors- Food as a limiting factor for distribution and abundance, Nutritional Ecology. Food chain- web and ecological succession. Interspecific interactions- Basic factors governing the interspecific interactions- Classification of interspecific interactions - The argument of cost-benefit ratios. Competition- Lotka-Volterra model, Concept of niche- ecological homologues, competitive exclusion. Prey-predator interactions- Basic model- Lotka-Volterra Model, Volterra’s principle. Functional and numerical response. Defense mechanisms against predators/parasitoids- Evolution of mimicry, colouration, concept of predator satiation; evolution of life history strategies. UNIT IV Community ecology- Concept of guild, Organisation of communities- Hutchinson Ratio, May’s d/w, Relation between the two and their association with Dyar’s Law and Przibram's law. Relative distribution of organisms, Concept of diversity- the Wallacian view. Assessment of diversity. Diversity- stability debate, relevance to pest management. Pest management as applied ecology.

Practical Types of distributions of organisms. Methods of sampling insects, estimation of densities of insects and understanding the distribution parameters- Measures of central tendencies, Poisson Distribution, Negative Binomial Distribution. Determination of optimal sample size. Learning to fit basic population growth models and testing the goodness of fit. Fitting Holling’s Disc equation, Assessment of prey-predator densities from natural systems and understanding the correlation between the two. Assessing and describing niche of some insects of a single guild. Calculation of niche breadth, activity breadth and diagramatic representation of niches of organisms. Calculation of some diversity indices- Shannon’s, Simpson’s and Avalanche Index and understanding their associations and parameters that affect their values. Problem solving in ecology. Field visits to understand different ecosystems and to study insect occurrence in these systems.

Suggested Readings Chapman JL & Reiss MJ. 2006. Ecology: Principles & Applications. 2nd

Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Gotelli NJ & Ellison AM. 2004. A Primer of Ecological Statistics. Sinauer

Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA. Gotelli NJ. 2001. A Primer of Ecology. 3rd Ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc.,

Sunderland, MA Gupta RK. 2004. Advances in Insect Biodiversity. Agrobios, Jodhpur. Krebs CJ. 1998. Ecological Methodology. 2nd Ed. Benjamin-Cummings

Publ. Co., New York.

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Krebs CJ. 2001. Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. 5th Ed. Benjamin-Cummings Publ. Co., New York.

Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.

Price PW. 1997. Insect Ecology. 3rd Ed. John Wiley, New York. Real LA & Brown JH. (Eds). 1991. Foundations of Ecology: Classic

Papers with Commentaries. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Southwood TRE & Henderson PA. 2000. Ecological Methods. 3rd Ed.

Methuen & Co. Ltd., London. Speight MR, Hunta MD & Watt AD. 2006. Ecology of Insects: Concepts

and Application. Elsevier Science Publ., The Netherlands. Wilson EO & William H Bossert WH. 1971. A Primer of Population

Biology. Harvard University, USA. Wratten SD & Fry GLA.1980. Field and Laboratory Exercises in Ecology.

Arnold, London. ENT 506 INSECT PATHOLOGY 1+1

Objective To teach the students about various microbes that are pathogenic to insects, factors that affect their virulence; provide hands-on training in identification, isolation, culturing various pathogens and assessing pathogenicity.

Theory UNIT I History of insect pathology, infection of insects by bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, rickettsiae, spiroplasma and nematodes. UNIT II Epizootiology, symptomatology and etiology of diseases caused by the above and the factors controlling these. Defense mechanisms in insects against pathogens. UNIT III Examples of successful instances of exploitation of pathogens for pest management and mass production techniques of pathogens. Safety and registration of microbial pesticides. Use of insect pathogens in integrated management of insect pests.

Practical Familiarization with equipment used in insect pathology laboratory. Identification of different groups of insect pathogens and symptoms of infection. Isolation, culturing and testing pathogenicity of different groups of pathogens. Testing Koch’s postulates. Estimation of pathogen load. Extraction of pathogens from live organisms and soil. Bioassays to determine median lethal doses.

Suggested Readings Boucias DG & Pendland JC. 1998. Principles of Insect Pathology. Kluwer

Academic Publisher, Norwel. Burges HD & Hussey NW. (Eds). 1971. Microbial Control of Insects and

Mites. Academic Press, London. Steinhaus EA. 1984. Principles of Insect Pathology. Academic Press,

London.

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ENT 507 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CROP PESTS AND WEEDS 1+1 Objective

To train the students with theory and practice of biological control, mass production techniques and field evaluation of various biological control agents like parasitoids, predators and various entomopathogenic microorganisms.

Theory UNIT I History, principles and scope of biological control; important groups of parasitoids, predators and pathogens; principles of classical biological control- importation, augmentation and conservation. UNIT II Biology, adaptation, host seeking behaviour of predatory and parasitic groups of insects. Role of insect pathogenic nematodes, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa etc., their mode of action. Biological control of weeds using insects. UNIT III Mass production of quality biocontrol agents- techniques, formulations, economics, field release/application and evaluation. UNIT IV Successful biological control projects, analysis, trends and future possibilities of biological control. Importation of natural enemies- Quarantine regulations, biotechnology in biological control. Semiochemicals in biological control.

Practical Identification of common natural enemies of crop pests (parasitoids, predators, microbes) and weed killers. Visits (only where logistically feasible) to bio-control laboratories to learn rearing and mass production of egg, egg-larval, larval, larval-pupal and pupal parasitoids, common predators, microbes and their laboratory hosts, phytophagous natural enemies of weeds. Field collection of parasitoids and predators. Hands-on training in culturing, identification of common insect pathogens. Quality control and registration standards for biocontrol agents.

Suggested Readings Burges HD & Hussey NW. (Eds). 1971. Microbial Control of Insects and

Mites. Academic Press, London. De Bach P. 1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Chapman

& Hall, New York. Dhaliwal GS & Arora R. 2001. Integrated Pest Management: Concepts and

Approaches. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Gerson H & Smiley RL. 1990. Acarine Biocontrol Agents – An Illustrated

Key and Manual. Chapman & Hall, New York. Huffaker CB & Messenger PS. 1976. Theory and Practices of Biological

Control. Academic Press, London. Ignacimuthu SS & Jayaraj S. 2003. Biological Control of Insect Pests.

Phoenix Publ., New Delhi. Saxena AB. 2003. Biological Control of Insect Pests. Anmol Publ., New

Delhi. Van Driesche & Bellows TS. Jr. 1996. Biological Control. Chapman &

Hall, New York.

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ENT 508 TOXICOLOGY OF INSECTICIDES 2+1 Objective

To orient the students with structure and mode of action of important insecticides belonging to different groups, development of resistance to insecticides by insects, environmental pollution caused by toxic insecticides and their toxicological aspects.

Theory UNIT I Definition and scope of insecticide toxicology; history of chemical control; pesticide use and pesticide industry in India. UNIT II Classification of insecticides and acaricides based on mode of entry, mode of action and chemical nature. Structure and mode of action of organo-chlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, tertiary amines, neonicotinoids, oxadiazines, phenyl pyrozoles, insect growth regulators, microbials, botanicals, new promising compounds, etc. UNIT III Principles of toxicology; evaluation of insecticide toxicity; joint action of insecticides- synergism, potentiation and antagonism; factors affecting toxicity of insecticides; insecticide compatibility, selectivity and phytotoxicity. UNIT IV Insecticide metabolism; pest resistance to insecticides; mechanisms and types of resistance; insecticide resistance management and pest resurgence. UNIT V Insecticide residues, their significance and environmental implications. Insecticide Act, registration and quality control of insecticides; safe use of insecticides; diagnosis and treatment of insecticide poisoning.

Practical Insecticide formulations and mixtures; quality control of pesticide formulations; laboratory and field evaluation of bioefficacy of insecticides; bioassay techniques; probit analysis; evaluation of insecticide toxicity and joint action. Toxicity to beneficial insects. Pesticide appliances. Working out doses and concentrations of pesticides; visit to toxicology laboratories. Good laboratory practices.

Suggested Readings Chattopadhyay SB. 1985. Principles and Procedures of Plant Protection.

Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Gupta HCL.1999. Insecticides: Toxicology and Uses. Agrotech Publ.,

Udaipur. Ishaaya I & Degheele (Eds.). 1998. Insecticides with Novel Modes of

Action. Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi. Matsumura F. 1985. Toxicology of Insecticides. Plenum Press, New York. Perry AS, Yamamoto I, Ishaaya I & Perry R. 1998. Insecticides in

Agriculture and Environment. Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi. Prakash A & Rao J. 1997. Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture. Lewis Publ.,

New York.

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ENT 509 PLANT RESISTANCE TO INSECTS 1+1

Objective To familiarize the students with types, basis, mechanisms and genetics of resistance in plants to insects and role of plant resistance in pest management.

Theory UNIT I History and importance of resistance, principles, classification, components, types and mechanisms of resistance. UNIT II Insect-host plant relationships; theories and basis of host plant selection in phytophagous insects. UNIT III Chemical ecology, tritrophic relations, volatiles and secondary plant substances; basis of resistance. Induced resistance - acquired and induced systemic resistance. UNIT IV Factors affecting plant resistance including biotypes and measures to combat them. UNIT V Screening techniques; breeding for insect resistance in crop plants; exploitation of wild plant species; gene transfer, successful examples of resistant crop varieties in India and world. UNIT VI Role of biotechnology in plant resistance to insects.

Practical Screening techniques for measuring resistance; measurement of plant characters and working out their correlations with plant resistance; testing of resistance in important crops; bioassay of plant extracts of susceptible/resistant varieties; demonstration of antibiosis, tolerance and antixenosis.

Suggested Readings Dhaliwal GS & Singh R. (Eds). 2004. Host Plant Resistance to Insects -

Concepts and Applications. Panima Publ., New Delhi. Maxwell FG & Jennings PR. (Eds). 1980. Breeding Plants Resistant to

Insects. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Painter RH.1951. Insect Resistance in Crop Plants. MacMillan, London. Panda N & Khush GS. 1995. Plant Resistance to Insects. CABI, London. Smith CM. 2005. Plant Resistance to Arthropods – Molecular and

Conventional Approaches. Springer, Berlin.

ENT 510 PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1 Objective

To familiarize the students with principles of insect pest management, including concept and philosophy of IPM. Train students in computation of ETL, implementing IPM programmes.

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Theory UNIT I History and origin, definition and evolution of various related terminologies. UNIT II Concept and philosophy, ecological principles, economic threshold concept, and economic consideration. UNIT III Tools of pest management and their integration- legislative, cultural, physical and mechanical methods; pest survey and surveillance, forecasting, types of surveys including remote sensing methods, factors affecting surveys; political, social and legal implications of IPM; pest risk analysis; pesticide risk analysis; cost-benefit ratios and partial budgeting; case studies of successful IPM programmes.

Practical Characterization of agro-ecosystems; sampling methods and factors affecting sampling; population estimation methods; crop loss assessment- direct losses, indirect losses, potential losses, avoidable losses, unavoidable losses. Computation of EIL and ETL; crop modeling; designing and implementing IPM system.

Suggested Readings Dhaliwal GS & Arora R. 2003. Integrated Pest Management – Concepts

and Approaches. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Dhaliwal GS, Singh R & Chhillar BS. 2006. Essentials of Agricultural

Entomology. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Flint MC & Bosch RV. 1981. Introduction to Integrated Pest Management.

1st Ed., Springer, New York. Horowitz AR & Ishaaya I. 2004. Insect Pest Management: Field and

Protected Crops. Springer, New Delhi. Ignacimuthu SS & Jayaraj S. 2007. Biotechnology and Insect Pest

Management. Elite Publ., New Delhi. Metcalf RL & Luckman WH. 1982. Introduction of Insect Pest

Management. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Pedigo RL. 2002. Entomology and Pest Management. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall,

New Delhi. Norris RF, Caswell-Chen EP & Kogan M. 2002. Concepts in Integrated

Pest Management. Prentice Hall, New Delhi. Subramanyam B & Hagstrum DW. 1995. Integrated Management of

Insects in Stored Products. Marcel Dekker, New York. ENT 511 PESTS OF FIELD CROPS 1+1

Objective To familiarize the students about nature of damage and seasonal incidence of insect pests that cause loss to major field crops and their effective management by different methods.

Theory Systematic position, identification, distribution, host-range, bionomics, nature and extent of damage, seasonal abundance and management of insect and mite pests and vectors.

21

UNIT I Insect pests of cereals and millets and their management. Polyphagous pests: grasshoppers, locusts, termites, white grubs, hairy caterpillars, and non-insect pests (mites, birds, rodents, snails, slugs etc.). UNIT II

Insect pests of pulses, tobacco, oilseeds and their management. UNIT III Insect pests of fibre crops, forages, sugarcane and their management.

Practical Field visits, collection and identification of important pests and their natural enemies; detection and estimation of infestation and losses in different crops; study of life history of important insect pests.

Suggested Readings Atwal AS, Dhaliwal GS & David BV. 2001. Elements of Economic

Entomology. Popular Book Depot, Chennai. Dhaliwal GS, Singh R & Chhillar BS. 2006. Essentials of Agricultural

Entomology. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Dunston AP. 2007. The Insects: Beneficial and Harmful Aspects. Kalyani

Publ., New Delhi Evans JW. 2005. Insect Pests and their Control. Asiatic Publ., New Delhi. Nair MRGK. 1986. Insect and Mites of Crops in India. ICAR, New Delhi. Prakash I & Mathur RP. 1987. Management of Rodent Pests. ICAR, New

Delhi. Saxena RC & Srivastava RC. 2007. Entomology at a Glance. Agrotech

Publ. Academy, Jodhpur.

ENT 512 PESTS OF HORTICULTURAL AND PLANTATION CROPS 1+1 Objective

To impart knowledge on major pests of horticultural and plantation crops regarding the extent and nature of loss, seasonal history, their integrated management.

Theory Systematic position, identification, distribution, host range, bionomics and seasonal abundance, nature and extent of damage and management of insect pests of various crops. UNIT I Fruit Crops- mango, guava, banana, jack, papaya, pomegranate, litchi, grapes, ber, fig, citrus, aonla, pineapple, apple, peach and other temperate fruits. UNIT II Vegetable crops- tomato, potato, radish, carrot, beetroot, cole crops, french beans, chow-chow, brinjal, okra, all gourds, gherkin, drumstick, leafy vegetables etc. UNIT III Plantation crop- coffee, tea, rubber, coconut, arecanut, cashew, cocoa etc.; Spices and Condiments- pepper, cardamom, clove, nutmeg, chillies, turmeric, ginger, beetlevine etc. UNIT IV Ornamental, medicinal and aromatic plants and pests in polyhouses/protected cultivation.

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Practical Collection and identification of important pests and their natural enemies on different crops; study of life history of important insect pests and non-insect pests.

Suggested Readings Atwal AS & Dhaliwal GS. 2002. Agricultural Pests of South Asia and their

Management. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Butani DK & Jotwani MG. 1984. Insects and Vegetables. Periodical Expert

Book Agency, New Delhi. Dhaliwal GS, Singh R & Chhillar BS. 2006. Essential of Agricultural

Entomology. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Srivastava RP.1997. Mango Insect Pest Management. International Book

Distr., Dehra Dun. Verma LR, Verma AK & Goutham DC. 2004. Pest Management in

Horticulture Crops : Principles and Practices. Asiatech Publ., New Delhi.

ENT 513 STORAGE ENTOMOLOGY 1+1

Objective To focus on requirement and importance of grain and grain storage, to understand the role of stored grain pests and to acquaint with various stored grain pest management techniques for avoiding losses in storage.

Theory UNIT I Introduction, history of storage entomology, concepts of storage entomology and significance of insect pests. Post-harvest losses in toto vis-à-vis total production of food grains in India. Scientific and socio-economic factors responsible for grain losses. UNIT II Important pests namely insects, mites, rodents, birds and microorganisms associated with stored grain and field conditions including agricultural products; traditional storage structures; association of stored grain insects with fungi and mites, their systematic position, identification, distribution, host range, biology, nature and extent of damage, role of field and cross infestations and natural enemies, type of losses in stored grains and their effect on quality including biochemical changes. UNIT III Ecology of insect pests of stored commodities/grains with special emphasis on role of moisture, temperature and humidity in safe storage of food grains and commodities. Stored grain deterioration process, physical and biochemical changes and consequences. Grain storage- types of storage structures i.e., traditional, improved and modern storage structures in current usage. Ideal seeds and commodities’ storage conditions. UNIT IV Important rodent pests associated with stored grains and their non-chemical and chemical control including fumigation of rat burrows. Role of bird pests and their management. Control of infestation by insect pests, mites and microorganisms. Preventive measures- Hygiene/sanitation, disinfestations of stores/receptacles, legal methods. Curative measures- Non-chemical control measures- ecological, mechanical, physical, cultural,

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biological and engineering. Chemical control- prophylactic and curative- Characteristics of pesticides, their use and precautions in their handling with special emphasis on fumigants. Integrated approaches to stored grain pest management.

Practical Collection, identification and familiarization with the stored grains/seed insect pests and nature of damage caused by them; detection of insect infestation in stored food grains; estimation of losses in stored food grains; determination of moisture content in stored food grains; familiarization of storage structures, demonstration of preventive and curative measures including fumigation techniques; treatment of packing materials and their effect on seed quality. Field visits to save grain campaign, central warehouse and FCI warehouses and institutions engaged in research or practice of grain storage like CFTRI, IGSMRI, Hapur etc. (only where logistically feasible).

Suggesting Readings Hall DW. 1970. Handling and Storage of Food Grains in Tropical and

Subtropical Areas. FAO. Agricultural Development Paper No. 90 and FAO, Plant Production and Protection Series No. 19, FAO, Rome.

Jayas DV, White NDG & Muir WE. 1995. Stored Grain Ecosystem. Marcel Dekker, New York.

Khader V. 2004. Textbook on Food Storage and Preservation. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.

Khare BP. 1994. Stored Grain Pests and Their Management. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.

Subramanyam B & Hagstrum DW. 1995. Interrelated Management of Insects in Stored Products. Marcel Dekker, New York.

ENT 514 INSECT VECTORS OF PLANT VIRUSES AND 1+1 OTHER PATHOGENS

Objective To teach the students about the different groups of insects that vector plant pathogens, vector-plant pathogen interaction, management of vectors for controlling diseases.

Theory UNIT I History of developments in the area of insects as vectors of plant pathogens. Important insect vectors and their characteristics; mouth parts and feeding processes of important insect vectors. Efficiency of transmission. UNIT II Transmission of plant viruses and fungal pathogens. Relation between viruses and their vectors. UNIT III Transmission of plant viruses by aphids, whiteflies, mealy bugs and thrips. UNIT IV Transmission of mycoplasma and bacteria by leaf hoppers and plant hoppers.

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UNIT V Transmission of plant viruses by psyllids, beetles and mites. Epidemiology and management of insect transmitted diseases through vector management.

Practical Identification of common vectors of plant pathogens- aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, thrips, beetles, nematodes; culturing and handling of vectors; demonstration of virus transmission through vectors- aphids, leafhoppers and whiteflies.

Suggested Readings Basu AN. 1995. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) - Crop Pest and Principal

Whitefly Vector of Plant Viruses. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Harris KF & Maramarosh K. (Eds.).1980. Vectors of Plant Pathogens.

Academic Press, London. Maramorosch K & Harris KF. (Eds.). 1979. Leafhopper Vectors and Plant

Disease Agents. Academic Press, London. Youdeovei A & Service MW. 1983. Pest and Vector Management in the

Tropics. English Language Books Series, Longman, London.

ENT 515 GENERAL ACAROLOGY 1+1

Objective To aquaint the students with external morphology of different groups of mites, train in identification of commonly occurring families of plant associated mites, provide information about important mite pests of crops and their management.

Theory UNIT I History of Acarology; importance of mites as a group; habitat, collection and preservation of mites. UNIT II Introduction to morphology and biology of mites and ticks. Broad classification- major orders and important families of Acari including diagnostic characteristics. UNIT III Economic importance, seasonal occurrence, nature of damage, host range of mite pests of different crops, mite pests in polyhouses, mite pests of stored products and honeybees. Management of mites using acaricides, phytoseiid predators, fungal pathogens etc. Culturing of phytophagous, parasitic and predatory mites.

Practical Collection of mites from plants, soil and animals; extraction of mites from soil, plants and stored products; preparation of mounting media and slide mounts; external morphology of mites; identification of mites up to family level using keys; studying different rearing techniques for mites.

Suggested Readings Chhillar BS, Gulati R & Bhatnagar P. 2007. Agricultural Acarology. Daya

Publ. House, New Delhi. Gerson U & Smiley RL. 1990. Acarine Biocontrol Agents - An Illustrated

Key and Manual. Chapman & Hall, NewYork.

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Gupta SK. 1985. Handbook of Plant Mites of India. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.

Gwilyn O & Evans GO. 1998. Principles of Acarology. CABI, London. Jeppson LR, Keifer HH & Baker EW. 1975. Mites Injurious to Economic

Plants. University of California Press, Berkeley. Krantz GW. 1970. A Manual of Acarology. Oregon State Univ. Book Stores,

Corvallis, Oregon. Qiang Zhiang Z. 2003. Mites of Green Houses- Identification, Biology and

Control. CABI, London. Sadana GL. 1997. False Spider Mites Infesting Crops in India. Kalyani Publ.

House, New Delhi. Walter DE & Proctor HC. 1999. Mites- Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour.

CABI, London. ENT 516 SOIL ARTHROPODS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 1+1

Objective To impart knowledge about the different groups of arthropods found in soil, interaction between the different groups, and role of soil arthropods in humus formation. Hands-on training in sampling and identification of different groups of soil arthropods.

Theory UNIT I Soil arthropods and their classification, habitats and their identification. UNIT II Estimation of populations; sampling and extraction methods. UNIT III Role of soil arthropods in detritus feeding, litter breakdown and humus formation. Soil arthropods as bio-indicators of habitat qualities. Effect of soil arthropod activity on soil properties. UNIT IV Harmful and beneficial soil arthropods and their management, inter-relationship among arthropods and other soil invertebrates and soil microorganisms. Anthropogenic effects on soil arthropods.

Practical Sampling, extraction methods and identification of various types of soil fauna; estimation and assessment of soil arthropod population; techniques and culturing soil invertebrates.

Suggested Readings Anderson JM & Ingram JSI. 1993. Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility: A

Handbook of Methods. CABI, London. Dindal DL. 1990. Soil Biology Guide. A Wiley-InterScience Publ., John

Wiley & Sons, New York. Pankhurst C, Dube B & Gupta, V. 1997. Biological Indicators of Soil

Health. CSIRO, Australia. Veeresh GK & Rajagopal D.1988. Applied Soil Biology and Ecology.

Oxford & IBH Publ., New Delhi. ENT 517 VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1

Objective To impart knowledge on vertebrate pests like birds, rodents, mammals etc.,

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of different crops, their biology, damage they cause and management strategies.

Theory UNIT I Vertebrate pests of different crops; biology of vertebrate pests such as rodents, birds and other mammals. Biology of beneficial birds. UNIT II Population dynamics and assessment, patterns of pest damage and assessment, roosting and nesting systems in birds. UNIT III Management strategies- physical (trapping, acoustics and visual), chemical (poisons, repellents, fumigants and anticoagulants), biological (predators, parasites), cropping practices, alteration of habitats, diversion baiting and other eco-friendly methods- Operational practices- baiting, bioassays (LD50 studies), equipments and educative programmes.

Practical Identification of important rodent and other vertebrate pests of agriculture, food preference and hoarding, social behaviour, damage assessment, field survey, population estimation, control operation and preventive methods.

Suggested Readings Fitzwater WD & Prakash I. 1989. Handbook of Vertebrate Pest Control.

ICAR, New Delhi. Prakash I & Ghosh PK.1997. Rodents in Indian Agriculture. Vol. I. State of

Art Scientific Publ., Jodhpur. Prakash I & Ghosh RP.1987. Management of Rodent Pests. ICAR, New

Delhi. Prater SH. 1971. The Book of Indian Animals. The Bombay Natural History

Society, Bombay. Ali S. 1965. The Book of Indian Birds. The Bombay Natural History

Society, Bombay. ENT 518 TECHNIQUES IN PLANT PROTECTION 0+1

Objective To acquaint the students with appropriate use of plant protection equipments and techniques related to microscopoy, computation, pest forecasting, electrophoresis etc.

Theory UNIT I Pest control equipments, principles, operation, maintenance, selection, application of pesticides and biocontrol agents, seed dressing, soaking, root-dip treatment, dusting, spraying, application through irrigation water. UNIT II Soil sterilization, solarization, deep ploughing, flooding, techniques to check the spread of pests through seed, bulbs, corms, cuttings and cut flowers. UNIT III Use of light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. UNIT IV Protein isolation from the pest and host plant and its quantification using spectrophotometer and molecular weight determination using SDS/PAGE.

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UNIT V Use of tissue culture techniques in plant protection. Computer application for predicting/forecasting pest attack and identification.

Suggested Readings Alford DV. 1999. A Textbook of Agricultural Entomology. Blackwell

Science, London. Crampton JM & Eggleston P. 1992. Insect Molecular Science. Academic

Press, London. ENT 519 COMMERCIAL ENTOMOLOGY 1+1

Objective To familiarize the students with entrepreneurial opportunities in entomology, provide information on productive insects and their products, as well as insect pests of public health and veterinary importance and their management.

Theory UNIT I Bee keeping- General colony management during different seasons. Seasonal management. Managing colonies for honey production and pollination. Artificial queen rearing. Pests and diseases of honey bees. Bee poisoning. Production and marketing of quality honey and value added honey products. Establishment and maintenance of apiaries. UNIT II Study of different species of silkworms, characteristic features, moriculture, silk and its uses, pests and diseases of silkworms, rearing and management of silkworms. Lac insect- natural enemies and their management. UNIT III Economic and public health importance of insect pests in human habitation and habitats, biology, damage and control of mosquitoes, houseflies, bed bugs, ants, termites, cockroaches, flies, silverfish, head and body lice, carpet beetles, cloth moths, crickets, wasps, house dust mites, insect pests of cattle, poultry, pet animals and their management. UNIT IV Principles and methods of pest management in residential places and public buildings, insecticides for domestic use and their safety, pre- and post-construction termite proofing of buildings, appliances for domestic pest control. Rodent control methods. Organic methods of domestic pest management.

Practical Assessing pest status in dwellings (labs, canteen or hostel), implementation of pest control against flies, mosquitoes, bed bugs, cockroaches and rodents. Pre- and post-construction termite proofing methods, control of silverfishes in the library. Visit to poultry units and assessing pest status in poultries. Evaluation of commercially available domestic insect pest control products through bioassays. Identification of honey bee species, bee castes and special adaptations, identification and handling of bee-keeping equipments. Handling of honey bees-hive and frame inspection. Honey extraction and processing methods of hive products extraction. Preparation of bee-keeping projects for funding. Visit to bee nursery and commercial apiaries. Silkworm rearing and management. Lac host and crop

28

management technology and processing of lac. Products and bye-products of lac.

Suggested Readings Aruga H. 1994. Principles of Sericulture. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Atwal AS. 2006. The World of the Honey Bee. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Ganga G. 2003. Comprehensive Sericulture. Vol. II. Silkworm Rearing and

Silk Reeling. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Partiban S & David BV. 2007. Management of Household Pests and Public

Health Pests. Namratha Publ., Chennai. Singh S. 1975. Beekeeping in India. ICAR, New Delhi.

ENT 520 PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0

Objective To acquaint the learners about the principles and the role of Plant Quarantine in containment of pests and diseases, plant quarantine regulations and set-up.

Theory UNIT I Definition of pest, pesticides and transgenics as per Govt. notification; relative importance; quarantine – domestic and international. Quarantine restrictions in the movement of agricultural produce, seeds and planting material; case histories of exotic pests/diseases and their status. UNIT II Plant protection organization in India. Acts related to registration of pesticides and transgenics. History of quarantine legislations, PQ Order 2003. Environmental Acts, Industrial registration; APEDA, Import and Export of bio-control agents. UNIT III Identification of pest/disease free areas; contamination of food with toxigens, microorganisms and their elimination; Symptomatic diagnosis and other techniques to detect pest/pathogen infestations; VHT and other safer techniques of disinfestation/salvaging of infected material. UNIT IV WTO regulations; non-tariff barriers; Pest risk analysis, good laboratory practices for pesticide laboratories; pesticide industry; Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures.

Suggested Readings Rajeev K & Mukherjee RC. 1996. Role of Plant Quarantine in IPM. Aditya

Books. Rhower GG. 1991. Regulatory Plant Pest Management. In: Handbook of

Pest Management in Agriculture. 2nd Ed. Vol. II. (Ed. David Pimental). CRC Press.

ENT 601 ADVANCED INSECT SYSTEMATICS 1+2 Objective

To familiarize the students with different schools of classification, phylogenetics, classical and molecular methods, evolution of different groups of insects. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Ethics and procedure for taxonomic publications.

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Theory UNIT I Detailed study of three schools of classification- numerical, evolutionary and cladistics. Methodologies employed. Development of phenograms, cladograms, molecular approaches for the classification of organisms. Methods in identification of homology. Species concepts and speciation processes and evidences. Zoogeography. UNIT II Study of different views on the evolution of insects- alternative phylogenies of insects: Kukalova Peck and Kristensen. Fossil insects and evolution of insect diversity over geological times. UNIT III Detailed study of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, including appendices to ICZN- Ethics. UNIT IV Concept of Phylocode and alternative naming systems for animals. A detailed study of selected representatives of taxonomic publications - small publications of species descriptions, revisionary works, monographs, check lists, faunal volumes, etc. Websites related to insect taxonomy and databases. Molecular Taxonomy, barcoding species.

Practical Collection, curation and study of one taxon of insects- literature search, compilation of a checklist, study of characters, development of character table, construction of taxonomic keys for the selected group. Development of descriptions, photographing, writing diagrams, and preparation of specimens for “type like” preservation. Submission of the collections made of the group. Multivariate Analysis techniques for clustering specimens into different taxa, and development of phenograms. Rooting and character polarisation for developing cladograms and use of computer programmes to develop cladograms.

Suggested Readings CSIRO 1990. The Insects of Australia: A Text Book for Students and

Researchers. 2nd Ed. Vols. I & II, CSIRO. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca.

Dakeshott J & Whitten MA. 1994. Molecular Approaches to Fundamental and Applied Entomology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Freeman S & Herron JC. 1998. Evolutionary Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

Hennig W. 1960. Phylogenetic Systematics. Urbana Univ. Illinois Press, USA.

Hoy MA. 2003. Insect Molecular Genetics: An Introduction to Principles and Applications. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, New York.

Mayr E & Ashlock PD. 1991. Principles of Systematic Zoology. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill, New York.

Mayr E.1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology. McGraw-Hill, New York. Quicke DLJ. 1993. Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy.

Blackie Academic and Professional, London. Ross HH. 1974. Biological Systematics. Addison Wesley Publ. Co.,

London.

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Wiley EO. 1981. Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practices of Phylogenetic Systematics for Biologists. Columbia Univ. Press, USA.

ENT 602 IMMATURE STAGES OF INSECTS 1+1

Objective To impart knowledge on morphology of immature stages of different groups of insects. Train students in identification of common pest species during their immature stages.

Theory UNIT I Types of immature stages in insect orders, morphology of egg, nymph/larva and pupa, identification of different immature stages of crop pests and stored product insects UNIT II Comparative study of life history strategies in hemi-metabola and holo-metabola, immature stages as ecological and evolutionary adaptations, significance of immature stages for pest management.

Practical Types of immature stages; their collection, rearing and preservation. Identification of immature insects to orders and families, in endopterygote orders viz., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera using key.

Suggested Readings Chu HF. 1992. How to Know Immature Insects. William Brown Publ.,

Iowa. Peterson A. 1962. Larvae of Insects. Ohio University Press, Ohio. Stehr FW. 1998. Immature Insects. Vols. I, II. Kendall Hunt Publ., Iowa.

ENT 603 ADVANCED INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2+0 Objective

To impart knowledge to the students on detailed physiology of various secretory and excretory systems, moulting process, chitin synthesis, physiology of digestion, transmission of nerve impulses, nutrition of insects, pheromones etc.

Theory UNIT I Physiology and biochemistry of insect cuticle and moulting process. Biosynthesis of chitin, chitin-protein interactions in various cuticles, types of sclerotization. UNIT II Digestive enzymes, digestive physiology in phytophagous, wood boring and wool feeding insects, efficiency of digestion and absorption, role of endosymbionts in insect nutrition, nutritional effects on growth and development; physiology of excretion and osmoregulation, water conservation mechanisms. UNIT III Detailed physiology of nervous system, transmission of nerve impulses, neurotransmitters and modulators. Production of receptor potentials in different types of sensilla, pheromones and other semiochemicals in insect life, toxins and defense mechanisms.

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UNIT IV Endocrine system and insect hormones, physiology of insect growth and development- metamorphosis, polyphenism and diapause. Energetics of muscle contractions.

Suggested Readings Kerkut GA & Gilbert LI. 1985. Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and

Pharmacology. Vols. I-XIII. Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York. Muraleedharan K. 1997. Recent Advances in Insect Endocrinology. Assoc.

for Advancement of Entomology, Trivandrum, Kerala. ENT 604 ADVANCED INSECT ECOLOGY 1+1 Objective

To impart advanced practical knowledge of causal factors governing the distribution and abundance of insects and the evolution of ecological characteristics.

Theory UNIT I Characterisation of distribution of insects- Indices of Dispersion, Taylor’s Power law. Island Biogeography. Population dynamics- Life tables, Leslie Matrix, Stable age distribution, Population projections. Predator-Prey Models- Lotka-Volterra and Nicholson-Bailey Model. Crop Modeling- an introduction. UNIT II Insect Plant Interactions. Fig-figwasp mutualism and a quantitative view of types of Associations. Role of insects in the environment. Adaptations to terrestrial habitats. Evolution of Insect diversity and role of phytophagy as an adaptive zone for increased diversity of insects. Evolution of resource harvesting organs, resilience of insect taxa and the sustenance of insect diversity- role of plants. Herbivory, pollination, predation, parasitism. Modes of insect-plant interaction, tri-trophic interactions. Evolution of herbivory, monophagy vs polyphagy. Role of plant secondary metabolites. Host seeking behaviour of parasitoids. Meaning of stress- plant stress and herbivory. Consequences of herbivory to plant fitness and response to stress. Constitutive and induced plant defenses. UNIT III Biodiversity and Conservation- RET species, Ecological Indicators. Principles of Population genetics, Hardy Weinberg Law, Computation of Allelic and Phenotypic frequencies, Fitness under selection, Rates of Evolution under selection. Foraging Ecology- Optimal foraging theory, Marginal Value Theorem, and Patch departure rules, central place foraging, Mean-variance relationship and foraging by pollinators, Nutritional Ecology. UNIT IV Reproductive ecology- Sexual selection, Mating systems, Reproductive strategies - timing, egg number, reproductive effort, sibling rivalry and parent-offspring conflict. Agro-ecological vs Natural Ecosystems – Characterisation, Pest Control as applied ecology- case studies.

Practical Methods of data collection under field conditions. Assessment of distribution parameters, Taylor’s power law, Iwao’s patchiness index,

32

Index of Dispersion, etc. Calculation of sample sizes by different methods. Fitting Poisson and Negative Binomial distributions and working out the data transformation methods. Hardy-Weinberg Law, Computation of Allelic and Phenotypic Frequencies - Calculation of changes under selection, Demonstration of genetic drift. Assessment of Patch Departure rules. Assessment of Resource size by female insects using a suitable insect model, fruit flies/Goniozus/Female Bruchids etc.- A test of reproductive effort and fitness. Construction of Life tables and application of Leslie Matrix – population projections, Stable age distribution. Exercises in development of Algorithms for crop modeling.

Suggested Readings Barbosa P & Letourneau DK. (Eds.). 1988. Novel Aspects of Insect-Plant

Interactions. Wiley, London. Elizabeth BA & Chapman RF. 1994. Host-Plant Selection by

Phytophagous Insects. Chapman & Hall, New York. Freeman S & Herron JC.1998. Evolutionary Analysis. Prentice Hall, New

Delhi. Gotelli NJ & Ellison AM. 2004. A Primer of Ecological Statistics. Sinauer

Associates, Sunderland, MA. Gotelli NJ. 2001. A Primer of Ecology. 3rd Ed., Sinauer Associates,

Sunderland, MA, USA. Krebs C. 1998. Ecological Methodology. 2nd Ed. Benjamin-Cummings

Publ. Co., New York. Krebs CJ. 2001 Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and

Abundance. 5th Ed. Benjamin-Cummings Publ. Co., New York. Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Princeton

University Press, Princeton. Real LA & Brown JH. (Eds.). 1991. Foundations of Ecology: Classic

Papers with Commentaries. University of Chicago Press, USA. Southwood TRE & Henderson PA. 2000. Ecological Methods. 3rd Ed.

Wiley Blackwell, London. Strong DR, Lawton JH & Southwood R. 1984. Insects on Plants:

Community Patterns and Mechanism. Harward University Press, Harward.

Wratten SD & Fry GLA. 1980. Field and Laboratory Exercises in Ecology. Arnold Publ., London.

ENT 605 INSECT BEHAVIOUR 1+1

Objective To acquaint the students with a thorough understanding of how natural selection has led to various survival strategies manifested as behaviour in insects.

Theory UNIT I Defining Behaviour- Concept of umwelt, instinct, fixed action patterns, imprinting, complex behaviour, inducted behaviour, learnt behaviour and motivation. History of Ethology- development of behaviorism and ethology, contribution of Darwin, Frisch, Tinbergen and Lorenz; Studying behaviour- Proximate and Ultimate approaches, behavioural traits under

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natural selection, genetic control of behaviour and behavioural polymorphism. UNIT II Orientation- Forms of primary and secondary orientation including taxes and kinesis; Communication- primary and secondary orientation, responses to environmental stimuli, role of visual, olfactory and auditory signals in inter- and intra-specific communication, use of signals in defense, mimicry, polyphenism; evolution of signals. UNIT III Reproductive behaviour- mate finding, courtship, territoriality, parental care, parental investment, sexual selection and evolution of sex ratios; Social behaviour- kin selection, parental manipulation and mutualism; Self-organization and insect behaviour. UNIT IV Foraging- Role of different signals in host searching (plant and insects) and host acceptance, ovipositional behaviour, pollination behaviour, co-evolution of plants and insect pollinators. Behaviour in IPM- Concept of super-normal stimuli and behavioural manipulation as potential tool in pest management, use of semio-chemicals, auditory stimuli and visual signals in pest management.

Practical Quantitative methods in sampling behaviour; training bees to artificial feeders; sensory adaptation and habituation in a fly or butterfly model, physical cues used in host selection in a phytophagous insect, chemical and odour cues in host selection in phytophagous insect (DBM or gram pod borer), colour discrimination in honey bee or butterfly model, learning and memory in bees, role of self-organization in resource tracking by honeybees. Evaluation of different types of traps against fruit flies with respect to signals; Use of honey bees/Helicoverpa armigera to understand behavioural polymorphism with respect to learning and response to pheromone mixtures, respectively.

Suggested Readings Ananthkrishnan TN. (Ed.). 1994. Functional Dynamics of Phytophagous

Insects. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Awasthi VB. 2001. Principles of Insect Behaviour. Scientific Publ.,

Jodhpur. Bernays EA & Chapman RF. 1994. Host-Plant Selection by Phytophagous

Insects. Chapman & Hall, London. Brown LB. 1999. The Experimental Analysis of Insect Behaviour. Springer,

Berlin. Krebs JR & Davies NB. 1993. An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. 3rd

Ed. Chapman & Hall, London.

Manning A & Dawkins MS. 1992. An Introduction to Animal Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, USA.

Mathews RW & Mathews JR. 1978. Insect Behaviour. A Wiley-InterScience Publ. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

ENT 606 RECENT TRENDS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1+1 Objective

To appraise the students with advanced techniques in handling of different

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bioagents, modern methods of biological control and scope in cropping system-based pest management in agro-ecosystems.

Theory UNIT I Scope of classical biological control and augmentative biocontrol; introduction and handling of natural enemies; nutrition of entomophagous insects and their hosts, dynamics of biocontrol agents vis-à-vis target pest populations. UNIT II Mass culturing techniques, insectary facilities and equipments, basic standards of insectary, viable mass-production unit, designs, precautions, good insectary practices. UNIT III Colonization, techniques of release of natural enemies, recovery evaluation, conservation and augmentation of natural enemies, survivorship analysis and ecological manipulations, large-scale production of biocontrol agents, bankable project preparation. UNIT IV Scope of genetically engineered microbes and parasitoids in biological control, genetics of ideal traits in biocontrol agents for introgressing and for progeny selections, breeding techniques of biocontrol agents.

Practical Mass rearing and release of some commonly occurring indigenous natural enemies; assessment of role of natural enemies in reducing pest populations; testing side effects of pesticides on natural enemies; effect of semiochemicals on natural enemies, breeding of various biocontrol agents, performance of efficiency analyses on target pests; project document preparation for establishing a viable mass-production unit /insectary.

Suggested Readings Burges HD & Hussey NW. (Eds.). 1971. Microbial Control of Insects and

Mites. Academic Press, London. Coppel HC & James WM. 1977. Biological Insect Pest Suppression.

Springer Verlag, Berlin. De Bach P. 1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Chapman

& Hall, London. Dhaliwal, GS & Koul O. 2007. Biopesticides and Pest Management.

Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Gerson H & Smiley RL. 1990. Acarine Biocontrol Agents – An Illustrated

Key and Manual. Chapman & Hall, New York. Huffakar CB & Messenger PS. 1976. Theory and Practices of Biological

Control. Academic Press, London. ENT 607 ADVANCED INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY 2+1

Objective To acquaint the students with the latest advancements in the field of insecticide toxicology, biochemical and physiological target sites of insecticides, and pesticide resistance mechanisms in insects.

Theory UNIT I Penetration and distribution of insecticides in insect systems; insecticide

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selectivity; factors affecting toxicity of insecticides. UNIT II Biochemical and physiological target sites of insecticides in insects; developments in biorationals, biopesticides and newer molecules; their modes of action and structural – activity relationships; advances in metabolism of insecticides. UNIT III Joint action of insecticides; activation, synergism and potentiation. UNIT IV Problems associated with pesticide use in agriculture: pesticide resistance- resistance mechanisms and resistant management strategies; pest resurgence and outbreaks; persistence and pollution; health hazards and other side effects. UNIT V Estimation of insecticidal residues- sampling, extraction, clean-up and estimation by various methods; maximum residue limits (MRLs) and their fixation; insecticide laws and standards, and good agricultural practices.

Practical Sampling, extraction, clean-up and estimation of insecticide residues by

various methods; calculations and interpretation of data; biochemical and biological techniques for detection of insecticide resistance in insects.

Suggested Readings Busvine JR. 1971. A Critical Review on the Techniques for Testing

Insecticides. CABI, London. Dhaliwal GS & Koul O. 2007. Biopesticides and Pest Management.

Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Hayes WJ & Laws ER. 1991. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology.

Academic Press, New York. Ishaaya I & Degheele (Eds.). 1998. Insecticides with Novel Modes of

Action. Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi. Matsumura F. 1985. Toxicology of Insecticides. Plenum Press, New York.

O’ Brien RD. 1974. Insecticides Action and Metabolism. Academic Press, New York.

Perry AS, Yamamoto I, Ishaaya I & Perry R. 1998. Insecticides in Agriculture and Environment. Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi.

Prakash A & Rao J. 1997. Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture. Lewis Publ., New York.

ENT 608 ADVANCED HOST PLANT RESISTANCE 1+1

Objective To familiarize the students with recent advances in resistance of plants to insects and acquaint with the techniques for assessment and evaluation of resistance in crop plants.

Theory UNIT I Importance of plant resistance, historical perspective, desirable morphological, anatomical and biochemical adaptations of resistance; assembly of plant species - gene pool; insect sources – behaviour in relation to host plant factors.

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UNIT II Physical and chemical environment conferring resistance in plants, role of trypsin inhibitors and protease inhibitors in plant resistance; biochemistry of induced resistance – signal transduction pathways, methyl jasmonate pathways, polyphenol oxidase pathways, salicylic acid pathways; effects of induced resistance; exogenous application of elicitors. UNIT III Biotechnological approaches in host plant resistance- genetic manipulation of secondary plant substances; incorporation of resistant gene in crop varieties; marker-aided selection in resistance breeding. UNIT IV Estimation of plant resistance based on plant damage- screening and damage rating; evaluation based on insect responses; techniques and determination of categories of plant resistance; breakdown of resistance in crop varieties.

Practical Understanding mechanisms of resistance for orientation, feeding, oviposition etc., allelochemical bases of insect resistance; macroculturing of test insects like aphids, leaf/plant hoppers, mites and stored grain pests; field screening- microplot techniques, infester row technique, spreader row technique and plant nurseries; determination of antixenosis index, antibiosis index, tolerance index, plant resistance index.

Suggested Readings Panda N. 1979. Principles of Host Plant Resistance to Insects. Allenheld,

Osum & Co., New York. Rosenthal GA & Janzen DH. (Eds.). 1979. Herbivores – their Interactions

with Secondary Plant Metabolites. Vol. I, II. Academic Press, New York.

Sadasivam S & Thayumanavan B. 2003. Molecular Host Plant Resistance to Pests. Marcel Dekker, New York.

Smith CM, Khan ZR & Pathak MD. 1994. Techniques for Evaluating Insect Resistance in Crop Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

ENT 609 ADVANCED ACAROLOGY 1+1

Objective To acquire a good working knowledge of identification of economically important groups of mites up to the species level, a detailed understanding of the newer acaricide molecules and utilization of predators.

Theory UNIT I Comparative morphology of Acari, phylogeny of higher categories in mites, knowledge of commonly occurring orders and families of Acari in India. Diagnostic characteristics of commonly occurring species from families Tetranychidae, Tenuipalpidae, Eriophyidae, Tarsonemidae, Phytoseiidae, Bdellidae, Cunaxidae, Stigmaeidae, Pymotidae, Cheyletidae, Acaridae, Pyroglyphidae, Orthogalumnidae, Argasidae, Ixodidae, Sarcoptidae. Soil mites in India. UNIT II Management of economical important species of mites in agriculture, veterinary and public health; storage acarology.

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UNIT III Mites as vectors of plant pathogens; mode of action, structure-activity relationships of different groups of acaricides; problem of pesticide resistance in mites, resurgence of mites. UNIT IV Predatory mites, their mass production and utilization in managing mite pests, acaropathogenic fungi- identification, isolation and utilization.

Practical Identification of commonly occurring mites up to species, preparation of keys for identification. Collection of specific groups of mites and preparing their identification keys. Rearing phytoseiid mites and studying their role in suppression of spider mites. Management of mite pests of crops using acaricides, phytoseiid predators, fungal pathogens etc.

Suggested Readings Evans GO.1992. Principles of Acarology. CABI, London. Gerson H & Smiley RL. 1990. Acarine Biocontrol Agents- An Illustrated

Key and Manual. Chapman & Hall, New York. Gupta SK. 1985. Handbook of Plant Mites of India. Zoological Survey of

India, Calcutta. Krantz GW. 1970. A Manual of Acarology. Oregon State University Book

Stores, Corvallis, Oregon. Sadana GL. 1997. False Spider Mites Infesting Crops in India. Kalyani

Publ. House, New Delhi. ENT 610 AGRICULTURAL ORNITHOLOGY 1+1

Objective To expose the students to the prevalence of birds in agricultural fields, their habitat associations and the beneficial and harmful role played by birds in crop fields and management of pest situations.

Theory UNIT I Status of agricultural ornithology in India, groups of birds associated with agro-ecosystems. Habitat associations of birds in both wet and dry agricultural systems. Association of birds with different cultivation practices and crop stages, their seasonality and succession. Pestiferous and beneficial birds associated with different crops, their general biology and ecology. Food and feeding habits of birds in crop fields. UNIT II Nature of damage caused by birds in different crops. Foraging ecology of birds in agricultural fields. Birds affecting stored grains in houses and godowns. Beneficial role of birds in agriculture and attracting them to field. Use of bird excreta in agriculture. Management of bird pests in agriculture: physical, cultural, ecological and chemical methods.

Practical Study of different groups of birds associated with agriculture, their morphology and field identification. Field visits to different agro-ecosystems. Study of bird associations with different crop stages. Study of nesting and roosting habits of birds in agricultural habitats. Study of the feeding habits, nature and types of damage caused by birds in selected crops. Visits to godowns. Analysis and study of the use of bird excreta in

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agriculture at a bird sanctuary. Field visits to paddy growing command areas to study birds in crop fields. Assignments on assessing bird damage, estimation of populations etc.

Suggested Readings Dhindsa SR & Parasharya BM. 1998. Birds in Agricultural Ecosystem.

Society for Applied Ornithology, Hyderabad. Mehrotra KN & Bhatnagar RK. 1979. Status of Economic Ornithology in

India- Bird Depredents, Depredations and their Management. ICAR, New Delhi.

Vasudeva Rao & Dubey OP. 2006. Grainivorous Pests and their Management. In: Vertebrate Pests in Agriculture, The Indian Scenario (Ed: Sridhara, S.), Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.

ENT 611 MOLECULAR APPROACHES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL 1+1 RESEARCH

Objective To familiarize the students with DNA recombitant techonology, marker genes, transgenic plants, biotechnology in sericulture and apiculture.

Theory UNIT I

Introduction to molecular biology; techniques used in molecular biology. UNIT II

DNA and RNA analysis in insects- transcription and translocation mechanisms. DNA recombinant technology, identification of genes/nucleotide sequences for characters of interest. Genetic improvement of natural enemies. Cell lines, genetic engineering in baculoviruses, Bt and entomopathogenic fungi.

UNIT III Genes of interest in entomological research- marker genes for sex identification, neuropeptides, JH esterase, St toxins and venoms, chitinase, CPTI; lectins and proteases. Peptides and neuropeptides, JH esterase, St toxins and venoms, chitinase, Bt toxin, CPTI; trypsin inhibitors, lectins and proteases, neuropeptides. Transgenic plants for pest resistance and diseases.

UNIT IV Insect gene transformation; biotechnology in relation to silkworms and honey bees; introduction of lectin genes for pest suppression; DNA finger printing for taxonomy and phylogeny. Genetic improvement of inebriate tolerance of natural enemies.

UNIT V DNA-based diagnostics; insect immune systems in comparison to vertebrates; molecular basis of metamorphosis; Sf transgenic technology and implications; molecular biology of baculoviruses; insecticide resistance. Resistance management strategies in transgenic crops.

Practical Isolation of DNA/RNA; purity determinations; base pair estimation; agarose gel electrophoresis; restriction mapping of DNA; demonstration of PCR, RFLP and RAPD techniques.

Suggested Readings Bhattacharya TK, Kumar P & Sharma A. 2007. Animal Biotehnology. 1st

Ed., Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.

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Hagedon HH, Hilderbrand JG, Kidwell MG & Law JH. 1990. Molecular Insect Science. Plenum Press, New York.

Oakeshott J & Whitten MA.. 1994. Molecular Approaches to Fundamental and Applied Entomology. Springer Verlag.

Rechcigl JE & Rechcigl NA. 1998. Biological and Biotechnological Control of Insect Pests. Lewis Publ., North Carolina.

Roy U & Saxena V. 2007. A Hand Book of Genetic Engineering. 1st Ed., Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.

Singh BD. 2008. Biotechnology (Expanding Horizons). Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.

Singh P. 2007. Introductory to Biotechnology. 2nd Ed. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.

ENT 612 ADVANCED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 2+0 Objective

To acquaint the students with recent concepts of integrated pest management. Surviellance and data base management. Successful national and international case histories of integrated pest management, non conventional tools in pest management.

Theory UNIT I Principles of sampling and surveillance; database management and computer programming, simulation techniques and system analysis and modeling. UNIT II Case histories of national and international programmes, their implementation, adoption and criticisms, global trade and risk of invasive pests. UNIT III Genetic engineering and new technologies- their progress and limitations in IPM programmes, deployment of benevolent alien genes for pest management- case studies; scope and limitations of bio-intensive and ecological based IPM programmes. Application of IPM to farmers’ real-time situations. UNIT IV Challenges, needs and future outlook; dynamism of IPM under changing cropping systems and climate; insect pest management under protected cultivation; strategies for pesticide resistance management.

Suggested Readings Dhaliwal GS & Arora R. 2003. Integrated Pest Management – Concepts

and Approaches. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Dhaliwal GS, Singh R & Chhillar BS. 2006. Essentials of Agricultural

Entomology. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Flint MC & Bosch RV. 1981. Introduction to Integrated Pest Management.

Springer, Berlin. Koul O & Cuperus GW. 2007. Ecologically Based Integrated Pest

Management. CABI, London. Koul O, Dhaliwal GS & Curperus GW. 2004. Integrated Pest Management

-Potential, Constraints and Challenges. CABI, London.

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Maredia KM, Dakouo D & Mota-Sanchez D. 2003. Integrated Pest Management in the Global Arena. CABI, London.

Metcalf RL & Luckman WH. 1982. Introduction of Insect Pest Management. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Norris RF, Caswell-Chen EP & Kogan M. 2002. Concept in Integrated Pest Management. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

Pedigo RL. 1996. Entomology and Pest Management. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

Subramanyam B & Hagstrum DW. 1995. Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products. Marcel Dekker, New York.

ENT 613/ PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0 PL PATH 606 Objective

To facilitate deeper understanding on plant biosecurity and biosafety issues in agriculture.

Theory UNIT I History of biosecurity, Concept of biosecurity, Components of biosecurity, Quarantine, Invasive Alien Species, Biowarfare, Emerging/resurgence of pests and diseases. UNIT II National Regulatory Mechanism and International Agreements/ Conventions viz., Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures/World Trade Organization (WTO), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, pest risk analysis, risk assessment models, pest information system, early warning and forecasting system, use of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for plant biosecurity, pest/disease and epidemic management, strategies for combating risks and costs associated with agroterrorism event, mitigation planning, integrated approach for biosecurity. UNIT III Biosafety, policies and regulatory mechanism, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and its implications, Issues related to release of genetically modified crops.

Suggested Readings FAO Biosecurity Toolkit 2008.

www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1140e/a1140e00.htm Laboratory Biosecurity Guidance.

http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/biosafety/WHO_CDS_EPR_2006.pdf

Grotto Andrew J & Jonathan B Tucker. 2006. Biosecurity: A Comprehensive Action Plan. http://www.americanprogress.org/kf/biosecurity_a_comprehensive_action_plan.pdf

Biosecurity Australia. www.daff.gov.au/ba;www.affa.gov.au/biosecurityaustralia

Biosecurity New Zealand. www.biosecurity.govt.nz DEFRA.www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/control/biosecurity/index.htm

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Randhawa GJ, Khetarpal RK, Tyagi RK & Dhillon. BS (Eds.). 2001. Transgenic Crops and Biosafety Concerns. NBPGR, New Delhi.

Khetarpal RK & Kavita Gupta 2006. Plant Biosecurity in India - Status and Strategy. Asian Biotechnology and Development Review 9(2): 39-63.

Biosecurity for Agriculture and Food Production. http://www.fao.org/biosecurity/

CFIA.http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/fad/biosecure.shtml

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ENTOMOLOGY List of Journals

Agricultural and Forest Entomology- Royal Entomological Society, UK Annual Review of Entomology- Paloatto, California, USA Applied Soil Ecology- Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Biopesticides International- Koul Research Foundation, Jalandhar Bulletin of Entomological Research- CAB International, Wallingford, UK Bulletin of Grain Technology- Food Grain Technologist Res. Association of

India, Hapur Crop Protection- Elsevier’s Science, USA Ecological Entomology -Royal Entomological Society, UK Entomologia Experimentalis Applicata- Kluwer Academic Publishers, The

Netherlands Entomon- Association for Advancement of Entomology, Kerala Environmental Entomology- Entomological Society of America, Maryland,

USA Indian Journal of Applied Entomology- Entomological Research Association,

Udaipur Indian Journal of Entomology- Entomological Society of India, New Delhi Indian Journal of Plant Protection- Plant Protection Society of India,

Hyderabad Indian Journal of Sericulture- Central Silk Board, Bangalore International Journal of Acarology- Indira Acarology Publishing House,

Minessota, USA International Journal of Pest Management- Taylor and Francis, UK Journal of Acarology- Acarological Society of India, UAS, Bangalore Journal of Apiculture Research- IBRA, UK Journal of Applied Entomology- Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK Journal of Biocontrol- Society for Biocontrol Advancement, Bangalore Journal of Economic Entomology- Entomological Society of America,

Maryland, USA Journal of Entomological Research- Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi Journal of Insect Behaviour- Plenum Publishing Corporation, NY, USA Journal of Insect Physiology- Pergamon Press, UK Journal of Insect Science- Indian Society for the Advancement of Insect

Science, Ludhiana Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, Elsevier Publ. Corporation, The

Netherlands Journal of Soil Biology and Ecology, Indian Society of Soil Biology and

Ecology, UAS, Bangalore Journal of Stored Products Research- Elsevier’s Science, USA

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Pesticides Research Journal- Society of Pesticides Science, New Delhi Pesticide Science – Oxford, London Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology- New York, USA Physiological Entomology- Royal Entomological Society, UK Review of Applied Entomology- CAB International, Wallingford, UK Systematic Entomology- Royal Entomological Society, UK

e-Resources http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/ http://www.ent.iastate.edu/list/ http://www.biologybrowser.org/ http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/aussieed/insects.htm http://entomology.si.edu/ http://www.intute.ac.uk/healthandlifesciences/agriculture/ http://www.agriculture.gov.au/ http://www.gbif.org/ http://www.mosquito.org/ http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/fst/faculty/acree/pheronet/index.html http://medent.usyd.edu.au/links/links.htm http://www.ent.iastate.edu/list/ http://www.ento.csiro.au/index.html http://www.biocollections.org/lib/listbycat.php?cat=Entomology http://www.IPMnet.org/DIR/ http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/acarology/ http://www.agnic.org/ http://ars-genome.cornell.edu/ http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/garryfavweb.html http://www.ufsia.ac.be/Arachnology/Arachnology.html http://www.ippc.orst.edu/IPMdefinitions/home.html http://www.ent.iastate.edu/list/ http://www.ippc.orst.edu/cicp/pests/vertpest.htm http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/cicp/IPMnet_NEWS/archives.html http://nematode.unl.edu/wormsite.htm http://www.bmckay.com/ http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/pips.html http://www.ifgb.uni-hannover.de/extern/ppigb/ppigb.htm http://www.ceris.purdue.edu/npirs/npirs.html http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/bluemold/ http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu http://ippc.orst.edu/pestalert/ http://www.orst.edu/Dept/IPPC/wea/ http://www.barc.usda.gov/psi/bpdl/bpdl.html http://www.nalusda.gov/bic/BTTOX/bttoxin.htm http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/ http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/Docs/crops/cropguide00.asp http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/wvufarm6.html

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http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/NHR/lepidoptera.html http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/databaseframe.cfm http://www.orst.edu/dept/infonet/ http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/fruitover.html http://www.ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/index.html http://danpatch.ecn.purdue.edu/~epados/farmstead/pest/src/ http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/otimages.html http://nematode.unl.edu/wormhome.htm http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/ http://hammock.ifas.ufl.edu/en/en.html http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/weeddocuments/index.htm http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/ento/allied1.htm http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/refs.htm http://chrom.tutms.tut.ac.jp/JINNO/PESDATA/00database.html http://agrolink.moa.my/doa/english/croptech/crop.html http://nbo.icipe.org/agriculture/stemborers/default.html http://www.bdt.org.br http://www.bspp.org.uk/fbpp.htm http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/3/5/6/ http://www.hbz-nrw.de/elsevier/00207322/ http://ianrhome.uni.edu/distanceEd/entomology/401_801_insectphysio.shtml www.entsoc.org http://aprtc.org/ http://www.ipmnet.org/news.html http://www.pestnet.org/ www.fruitfly.org www.celera.com www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/drosophila http://sdb.bio.purdue.edu/fly/aimain/links http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/ http://naasindia.org/journals.htm

Suggested Broad Topics for Master’s and Doctoral Research Strengthening of eco-friendly strategies of integrated insect and mite pest

management including: o Biological control o Bio-rational pesticides o Host plant resistance o Transgenic crop protection o Judicious use of pesticides o Molecular biosystematics

Investigations on ecological factors including: o Survey and surveillance of insect and mite pests o Forecasting of insect and mite pest population life-tables and

predictive models

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o Insect and mite biology o Population dynamics as influenced by abiotic and biotic factors

Studies on role of pollination including honeybees in increasing crop yields and production of honey and other allied products and management of honeybee diseases and mites

Pesticide resistance and Insecticide Resistance Management strategies Biotypes of pests Below ground biodiversity- Bio-indicator of soil health, role in decomposition

of litter, soil physico-chemical properties Bioprospecting for protocols, peptides, genes, insecticidal proteins and

antibiotics Climate change and pests IPM in protected cultivation Location specific IPM strategies in different cropping systems Genetic improvement of natural enemies Genetic improvement of silkworms Refinement of silkworm rearing technology for different regions Management of silkworm pests and diseases Crop-pest modeling Insect biochemistry- pheromones, hormones and neuropeptides Insect physiology- metabolism and regulatory mechanisms. Indigenous technology Plants as sources of insecticides Molecular systematics – finger printing of species Insect systematics and phylogeny

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NEMATOLOGY Course Structure – at a Glance

CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS

NEMA 501* PRINCIPLES OF NEMATOLOGY 2+1 NEMA 502$

ENT 503 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 2+0

NEMA 503* STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF NEMATODES 2+1

NEMA 504* CLASSIFICATION OF NEMATODES 2+1

NEMA 505* NEMATOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 1+2

NEMA 506* NEMATODE DISEASES OF CROPS 3+1

NEMA 507 NEMATODE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2+1

NEMA 508 NEMATODE ECOLOGY 2+1

NEMA 509 NEMATODE INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER ORGANISMS 2+1

NEMA 510* NEMATODE MANAGEMENT 2+1

NEMA 511 BENEFICIAL NEMATODES 1+1 NEMA 512/ ENT 510$

PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1

NEMA 513/ PL PATH 513@

DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS 2+0

NEMA 514/ ENT 520$

PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0

NEMA 591 MASTER’S SEMINAR 1+0

NEMA 599 MASTER’S RESEARCH 20

NEMA 601 ADVANCES IN STRUCTURE AND SYSTEMATICS OF NEMATODES

2+1

NEMA 602** CURRENT TOPICS IN NEMATODE DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND HOST RESISTANCE

2+1

NEMA 603** ADVANCES IN NEMATODE MANAGEMENT 2+1

NEMA 604 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR NEMATOLOGY 2+1 NEMA 605/ PL PATH 606@

PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0

NEMA 691 DOCTORAL SEMINAR I 1+0 NEMA 692 DOCTORAL SEMINAR II 1+0

NEMA 699 DOCTORAL RESEARCH 45 * Compulsory for Master’s programme; ** Compulsory for Doctoral programme

@ Cross-listed with Plant Pathology; $ Cross-listed with Entomology

47

NEMATOLOGY Course Contents

NEMA 501 PRINCIPLES OF NEMATOLOGY 2+1 Objective

To project the importance of nematodes in agriculture and impart basic knowledge on all aspects of plant nematology.

Theory UNIT I History and growth of Nematology; nematode habitats and diversity- plant, animal and human parasites; useful nematodes; economic importance of nematodes to agriculture, horticulture and forestry.

UNIT II Gross morphology of plant parasitic nematodes; broad classification, nematode biology, physiology and ecology.

UNIT III Types of parasitism; nature of damage and general symptomatology; interaction of plant parasitic nematodes with other organisms.

UNIT IV Plant nematode relationships, cellular responses to infection by important phytonematodes; physiological specialization among phytonematodes. UNIT V Principles and practices of nematode management; integrated nematode management.

Practical Studies on kinds of nematodes- free-living, animal, insect and plant parasites; nematode extraction from soil; extraction of migratory endoparasites, staining for sedentary endoparasites; examination of different life stages of important plant parasitic nematodes, their symptoms and histopathology.

Suggested Readings Dropkin VH. 1980. An Introduction to Plant Nematology. John Wiley &

Sons, New York. Perry RN & Moens M. 2006. Plant Nematology. CABI, London.

Singh RS & Sitaramaiah K. 1994. Plant Pathogens – Nematodes. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.

Thorne G. 1961. Principles of Nematology. McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Walia RK & Bajaj HK. 2003. Text Book on Introductory Plant

Nematology. ICAR, New Delhi. NEM 502/ PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 2+0 ENT 503

Objective To sensitize the students on the theory and practice of classifying organisms and the rules governing the same.

Theory UNIT I Introduction to history and principles of systematics and importance. Levels and functions of systematics. Identification, purpose, methods- character matrix, taxonomic keys. Descriptions- subjects of descriptions,

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characters, nature of characters, analogy vs homology, parallel vs convergent evolution, intraspecific variation in characters, polythetic and polymorphic taxa, sexual dimorphism. UNIT II Classification of animals: Schools of classification- Phenetics, Cladistics and Evolutionary classification. Components of Biological Classification: Hierarchy, Rank, Category and Taxon. Species concepts, cryptic, sibling and etho-species, infra-specific categories. Introduction to numerical, biological and cytogenetical taxonomy. UNIT III Nomenclature: Common vs Scientific names. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, criteria for availability of names, validity of names. Categories of names under consideration of ICZN. Publications, Principles of priority, and homonymy, synonymy, type concept in zoological nomenclature. Speciation, anagenesis vs cladogenesis, allopatric, sympatric and parapatric processes.

Suggested Readings Blackwelder RE. 1967. Taxonomy - A Text and Reference Book. John

Wiley & Sons, New York. Kapoor VC. 1983. Theory and Practice in Animal Taxonomy. Oxford &

IBH, New Delhi. Mayr E. 1971. Principles of Systematic Zoology. Tata McGraw-Hill, New

Delhi. Quicke DLJ. 1993. Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy.

Blackie, London.

NEMA 503 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL 2+1 ORGANIZATION OF NEMATODES Objective

Familiarization with structural organization of nematode body so as to enable the students to understand biology, physiology and classification of nematodes.

Theory UNIT I Introduction and general organization of nematode body. UNIT II

Morphology and anatomy of nematode cuticle, hypodermis, musculature and pseudocoelom. UNIT III Digestive system- structural variations of stoma, oesophagus, intestine and rectum in nematodes. UNIT IV Reproductive system- terminology and variations in female and male reproductive systems, nemic eggs and sperms, types of reproduction, spermatogenesis and oogenesis. UNIT V Types and structure of excretory-secretory systems; nervous system and associated sense organs.

49

Practical Studies on variations in nematode shapes and sizes, morphological details of cuticle, cuticular markings and ornamentation, variations in stoma, oesophagus, rectum; types and parts of female and male reproductive systems, sense organs, and excretory system.

Suggested Readings Bird AF & Bird J. 1991. The Structure of Nematodes. Academic Press,

New York. Chitwood BG & Chitwood MB. 1950. An Introduction to Nematology.

Univ. Park Press, Baltimore. Maggenti AR. 1981. General Nematology. Springer-Verlag, New York. Malakhov VV. 1994. Nematodes: Structure, Development, Classification

and Phylogeny. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. NEMA 504 CLASSIFICATION OF NEMATODES 2+1 Objective

Development of skills in the identification of plant parasitic nematodes up to genera and species levels.

Theory UNIT I Principles of nematode systematics. UNIT II

Placement of nematodes in Animal Kingdom and comparison with related organisms.

UNIT III Classification of Phylum Nematoda- Orders of Class Adenophorea and Secernentea; Diagnosis of Order Tylenchida- Suborder Tylenchina, Hoplolaimina and Criconematina; Infraorders Tylenchata and Anguinata- their families and genera. UNIT IV Diagnosis of genera and families of Suborders Hoplolaimina and Criconematina. UNIT V Orders Aphelenchida, Dorylaimida, Enoplida, Rhabditida with emphasis on economically important taxa.

Practical Identification of common plant parasitic nematodes belonging to Orders Tylenchida, Dorylaimida, Aphelenchida and Enoplida up to generic level; and up to species level for major nematode pests (root-knot, cyst nematodes etc.) of crops. Identification of EPNs belonging to Order Rhabditida.

Suggested Readings DeCramer W. 1995. The Family Trichodoridae: Stubby Root and Virus

Vector Nematodes. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht. Geraert E. 2006. Tylenchida. Brill. Hunt DJ. 1993. Aphelenchida, Longidoridae and Trichodoridae – their

Systematics and Bionomics. CABI, Wallingford. Siddiqi MR. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. 2nd Ed.

CABI, Wallingford.

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NEMA 505 NEMATOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 1+2 Objective

Understanding the principles, theoretical aspects and developing skills in nematological techniques.

Theory UNIT I Principles and use of light, scanning and transmission electron

microscopes, and other laboratory equipments. UNIT II Survey and surveillance methods; collection of soil and plant samples;

techniques for extraction of nematodes from soil and plant material; estimation of population densities.

UNIT III Killing, fixing, clearing and mounting nematodes; measurements,

preparation of perineal patterns, vulval cones of cyst nematodes, en-face views and body section of nematodes.

UNIT IV In vitro and in vivo culturing techniques of plant parasitic, bacteriophagous,

mycophagus and omnivorous nematodes. UNIT V Staining nematodes in plant tissues; microtomy for histopathological

studies; collection of plant root exudates and their bioassay; preparation of plant materials for exhibition.

UNIT VI Application of molecular techniques in Nematology. Practical Collection of soil and plant samples; extraction of nematodes from soil by

Baermann funnel, sieving and decanting, elutriation and sugar centrifugal methods; extraction of cysts from soil; extraction of nematodes from plant material; estimation of population densities; staining plant material for nematodes; killing and fixing nematodes, clearing nematodes by slow and Seinhorst’s methods; preparation of temporary and permanent mounts; measurements, drawing, microphotography, special preparation of nematodes - perineal patterns, vulval cones, en-face and body sections; collection of root exudates, preparation of exhibits of nematode diseased plant material, in vitro culturing techniques of nematodes- callous culture, excised root and carrot disc techniques.

Suggested Readings Ayoub SM. 1981. Plant Nematology – An Agricultural Training Aid.

NemaAid Publications. Barker KR, Carter CC & Sasser JN 1985. An Advanced Treatise on

Meloidogyne. Vol. II. Methodology. International Meloidogyne Project, NCSU, Raliegh.

Southey JF. 1986. Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes. HMSO, London.

Zuckerman BM, Mai WF & Harrison MB. 1985. Plant Nematology Laboratory Manual. Univ. of Massachusetts.

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NEMA 506 NEMATODE DISEASES OF CROPS 3+1 Objective To impart basic knowledge about the causal organism, nature of damage,

symptoms and control of nematode diseases of agricultural and horticultural crops.

Theory Diagnosis of causal organism, distribution, host range, biology and life

cycle, nature of damage, symptoms, interaction with other organisms, and management of nematode diseases in different crops.

UNIT I Cereal crops- Ear-cockle and tundu diseases of wheat, molya disease of

wheat and barley; rice root nematode, rice root-knot and cyst nematode problems, ufra and white tip diseases of rice; lesion nematodes, cyst nematodes of maize and sorghum.

UNIT II Pulses, Sugar, Fibre, Fodder and Oilseed crops- Pigeon pea cyst nematode,

root knot nematode, reniform nematode, lesion, lance nematode, sugarbeet cyst and soybean cyst nematode problems.

UNIT III Vegetable crops- root-knot disease, reniform nematode, potato cyst

nematode; stem and bulb nematode. Nematode problems of protected cultivation.

UNIT IV Fruit crops- root-knot disease, reniform nematode, slow decline of citrus.

Mushroom- nematode problems. UNIT V Plantation, medicinal and aromatic crops- burrowing nematode problem of

banana, spices and condiments, root-knot and lesion nematode problems of coffee and tea, red ring disease of coconut. Forests- Pine wilt disease.

Practical Diagnosis of causal organisms; identification of different life cycle stages;

study of symptoms and histopathology of nematode damage in different crops, study tours for field diagnosis of nematode problems.

Suggested Readings Bhatti DS & Walia RK. 1992. Nematode Pests of Crops. CBS, New Delhi.

Evans AAF, Trudgill DL & Webster JM. 1994. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agriculture. CABI, Wallingford.

Luc M, Sikora RA & Bridge J. 2005. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. CABI, Wallingford.

Nickle WR. 1991. Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker, New York.

Perry RN & Moens M. 2006. Plant Nematology. CABI, Wallingford. NEMA 507 NEMATODE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2+1 Objective To develop understanding of life cycle patterns, feeding and metabolic

processes in phytonematodes which have implications in their management.

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Theory UNIT I Host finding and invasion, feeding, hatching, moulting; life cycle patterns

in different types of nematodes. UNIT II Types of reproduction, gametogenesis, embryogenesis and post

embryogenesis. UNIT III

Chemical composition of nematodes, hydrolytic enzymes, pseudocoelome and function of transport.

UNIT IV Physiology of digestive system, intermediary metabolism. UNIT V

Osmoregulation, physiology of excretory-secretory and neuromuscular systems.

Practical Studies on embryogenesis and post-embryogenesis, hatching, moulting, life cycle development, feeding, enzymatic assay by electrophoresis.

Suggested Readings Croll NA. 1970. The Behaviour of Nematodes: The Activity, Senses and

Responses. Edward Arnold, London. Croll NA & Mathews BE. 1977. Biology of Nematodes. Blackie, Glasgow. Lee DL. 2002. The Biology of Nematodes. Taylor & Francis, London.

Lee DL & Atkinson H J. 1976. Physiology of Nematodes. MacMillan,

London. Perry RN & Wright DJ. 1998. The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-

living and Plant Parasitic Nematodes. CABI, Wallingford. Wallace HR. 1963. The Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Edward

Arnold, London.

NEMA 508 NEMATODE ECOLOGY 2+1 Objective

To understand the life of plant parasitic nematodes in their environment; their survival strategies, and how to exploit these for their control.

Theory UNIT I

Definition and scope; components of environment; evolution of nematodes; ecological classification, prevalence, distribution and dispersal of nematodes. UNIT II Role of nematodes in the food web; habitat and niche characteristics; community analysis and population estimation models. UNIT III Effects of abiotic and biotic factors on nematodes. UNIT IV Environmental extremes and nematode behaviour- aggregation, swarming, orientation, feeding and reproduction. UNIT IV Survival strategies of nematodes in adverse environment and absence of host.

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UNIT V Modeling population dynamics and relations with crop performance; ecological considerations in nematode management, data interpretation and systems simulation.

Practical Study of nematode fauna in varied agro-ecological systems, community analysis of nematode populations, laboratory exercises on influence of abiotic factors on movement and hatching, green-house experiments on effect of abiotic factors on nematode populations and plant growth.

Suggested Readings Croll NA. 1970. The Behaviour of Nematodes: The Activity, Senses and

Responses. Edward Arnold, London. Croll NA & Mathews BE. 1977. Biology of Nematodes. Blackie, Glasgow. Lee DL. 2002. The Biology of Nematodes. Taylor & Francis, London.

Norton DC. 1978. Ecology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. John Wiley. Poinar G. 1983. Natural History of Nematodes. Prentice Hall, Englewood

Cliffs. Wallace HR. 1973. Nematode Ecology and Plant Disease. Edward Arnold,

London. NEMA 509 NEMATODE INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER 2+1 ORGANISMS Objective

To understand the role of nematodes in disease complexes involving fungal, bacterial, viral and other organisms.

Theory UNIT I

Concept of interaction and its importance in disease complexes and their management involving nematode and other organisms. UNIT II Interaction of plant parasitic nematodes with wilt causing fungal pathogens.

UNIT III Interaction of plant parasitic nematodes with root rot and other fungal pathogens.

UNIT IV Interaction of plant parasitic nematodes with bacterial pathogens, other nematode species and arthropods.

UNIT V Virus transmission by nematodes. Practical

Green-house experiments to study the role of plant parasitic nematodes in wilt/rot causing fungal and bacterial pathogens.

Suggested Readings Khan MW. 1993. Nemic Interactions. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Lamberti F, Taylor CE & Seinhorst JW. 1975. Nematode Vectors of Plant Viruses. Plenum Press, London.

Sasser JN & Jenkins WR. 1960. Nematology: Fundamentals and Recent Advances with Emphasis on Plant Parasitic and Soil Forms. Eurasia Publ. House, New Delhi.

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NEMA 510 NEMATODE MANAGEMENT 2+1 Objective

To impart comprehensive knowledge about the principles and practices of nematode management.

Theory UNIT I

Concepts and history of nematode management; crop loss estimation, ecological and socio-economic aspects, cost-benefit ratios and pest risk analysis.

UNIT II Chemical methods- nematicides, their types, classification, mode of action, applicators and application methods, antidotes, and economizing nematicidal use. UNIT III Cultural practices- crop rotations and cropping sequences, fallowing, flooding, soil solarisation, time of sowing, organic amendments of soil, bio-fumigation, antagonistic and trap crops, sanitation etc. Physical methods- use of heat, hot water treatment and other methods of disinfestations of planting material.

UNIT IV Biological methods- concepts and terminology, use of predators and parasites as biological control agents, their mass multiplication and field use; phytotherapeutic methods – use of antagonistic plants and antinemic plant products. UNIT V Genetic methods- plant resistance; legal methods- quarantine regulations; integrated nematode management- concepts and applications.

Practical In vitro screening of synthetic chemicals and plant products for nematicidal activity, and their application methods; methods for screening of crop germplasm for resistance against nematodes, laboratory exercises on biocontrol potential of fungal, bacterial parasites, and predacious fungi and nematodes.

Suggested Readings Bhatti DS & Walia RK. 1994. Nematode Pest Management in Crops. CBS,

New Delhi. Brown GL. 1977. The Nemtode Destroying Fungi. CBP, Guelph. Brown RH & Kerry BR. 1987. Principles and Practice of Nematode

Control in Crops. Academic Press, Sydney. Chen ZX, Chen SY& Dickson DW. 2004. Nematology: Advances and

Perpectives. Vol. II: Nematode Management and Utilization. CABI, Wallingford.

Perry RN & Moens M. 2006. Plant Nematology. CABI, Wallingford. Starr JL, Cook R & Bridge J. 2002. Plant Resistance to Parasitic

Nematodes. CABI, Wallingford. Whitehead AG. 1997. Plant Nematode Control. CABI, Wallingford.

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NEMA 511 BENEFICIAL NEMATODES 1+1 Objective

To sensitize about the use of nematodes for the biological control of insect pests of crops, and application of some nematodes as biological models and as indicators of environmental pollution.

Theory UNIT I

Beneficial nematode fauna- predators, parasites of insects, molluscs and other pests; Entomophilic nematodes- important groups, types of nematode-insect associations; taxonomic characteristics of nematode parasites of insects. UNIT II Host-parasite relations and life cycle of mermithids, entaphelenchids, thelastomids, sphaerularids and tylenchids. UNIT III Entomopathogenic nematodes- Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, their morphological characteristics, taxonomic status, biology and mode of action. UNIT IV Entomopathogenic nematodes- mass multiplication techniques, formulations, field applications and efficacy, success stories. UNIT V Nematodes as biological models, nematodes as indicators of pollution, role of nematodes in organic matter recycling.

Practical Isolation, identification, mass rearing and application methods of entomopathogenic nematodes.

Suggested Readings Gaugler R & Kaya HK. 1990. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological

Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Gaugler R. 2002. Entomophilic Nematology. CABI, Wallingford. Grewal PS, Ehlars RU & Shapiro DI. 2005. Nematodes as Biocontrol

Agents. CABI, Wallingford. Jairajpuri MS & Khan MS. 1982. Predatory Nematodes (Mononchida).

Associated Publ. Co., New Delhi. Wood WB. 1998. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Cold Spring

Harbor Press. Woodring JL & Kaya HK. 1988. Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid

Nematodes: A Handbook of Techniques. Southern Coop. Bull., Ark. Ag. Ext. Sta.

Zuckerman BM. (Ed.). 1980. Nematodes as Biological Models. Vols. I, II. Academic Press, New York.

www2.oardc.ohio-state.edu/nematodes NEMA 512/ PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1 ENT 510 Objective

To familiarize the students with principles of insect pest management, including concept and philosophy of IPM. Train students in computation of ETL, implementing IPM programmes.

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Theory UNIT I History and origin, definition and evolution of various related terminologies. UNIT II Concept and philosophy, ecological principles, economic threshold concept, and economic consideration. UNIT III Tools of pest management and their integration- legislative, cultural, physical and mechanical methods; pest survey and surveillance, forecasting, types of surveys including remote sensing methods, factors affecting surveys; political, social and legal implications of IPM; pest risk analysis; pesticide risk analysis; cost-benefit ratios and partial budgeting; case studies of successful IPM programmes.

Practical Characterization of agro-ecosystems; sampling methods and factors affecting sampling; population estimation methods; crop loss assessment- direct losses, indirect losses, potential losses, avoidable losses, unavoidable losses. Computation of EIL and ETL; crop modeling; designing and implementing IPM system.

Suggested Readings Dhaliwal GS & Arora R. 2003. Integrated Pest Management – Concepts

and Approaches. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Dhaliwal GS, Ram Singh & Chhillar BS. 2006. Essentials of Agricultural

Entomology. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi. Flint MC & Bosch RV. 1981. Introduction to Integrated Pest Management.

1st Ed., Springer, New York. Horowitz AR & Ishaaya I. 2004. Insect Pest Management: Field and

Protected Crops. Springer, New Delhi. Ignacimuthu SS & Jayaraj S. 2007. Biotechnology and Insect Pest

Management. Elite Publ., New Delhi. Metcalf RL & Luckman WH. 1982. Introduction of Insect Pest

Management. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Pedigo RL. 2002. Entomology and Pest Management. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall,

New Delhi. Norris RF, Caswell-Chen EP & Kogan M. 2002. Concepts in Integrated

Pest Management. Prentice Hall, New Delhi. Subramanyam B & Hagstrum DW. 1995. Integrated Management of

Insects in Stored Products. Marcel Dekker, New York.

NEMA 513/ DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS 2+0 PL PATH 513

Objective To acquaint with disease resistance mechanisms in plants.

Theory UNIT I Introduction and historical development, dynamics of pathogenicity, process of infection, variability in plant pathogens, gene centres as sources of resistance, disease resistance terminology.

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UNIT II Disease escapes, disease tolerance, disease resistance, types of resistance, identification of physiological races of pathogens, disease progression in relation to resistance, stabilizing selection pressure in plant pathogens. UNIT III Host defence system, morphological and anatomical resistance, preformed chemicals in host defence, post infectional chemicals in host defence, phytoalexins, hypersensitivity and its mechanisms. UNIT IV Gene-for-gene concept, protein-for-protein and immunization basis, management of resistance genes. Strategies for gene deployment.

Suggested Readings Dallice M et al.1996. Molecular Aspects of Pathogenicity and Resistance:

Requirement for Signal Transduction. APS, St Paul, Minnesota. Deverall BJ. 1977. Defence Mechanisms in Plants. Cambridge Univ. Press,

Cambridge, New York. Parker J. 2008. Molecular Aspects of Plant Diseases Resistance. Blackwell

Publ. Robinson RA. 1976. Plant Pathosystems. Springer Verlag, New York. Singh BD. 2005. Plant Breeding – Principles and Methods. 7th Ed. Kalyani

Publ., Ludhiana. Van der Plank JE. 1975. Principles of Plant Infection. Academic Press,

New York. Van der Plank JE. 1978. Genetic and Molecular Basis of Plant

Pathogenesis. Springer Verlag, New York. Van der Plank JE. 1982. Host Pathogen Interactions in Plant Disease.

Academic Press, New York. Van der Plank JE. 1984. Disease Resistance in Plants. Academic Press,

New York. NEM 514/ PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0 ENT 520

Objective To acquaint the learners about the principles and the role of Plant Quarantine in containment of pests and diseases, plant quarantine regulations and set-up.

Theory UNIT I Definition of pest, pesticides and transgenics as per Govt. notification; relative importance; quarantine – domestic and international. Quarantine restrictions in the movement of agricultural produce, seeds and planting material; case histories of exotic pests/diseases and their status. UNIT II Plant protection organization in India. Acts related to registration of pesticides and transgenics. History of quarantine legislations, PQ Order 2003. Environmental Acts, Industrial registration; APEDA, Import and Export of bio-control agents. UNIT III Identification of pest/disease free areas; contamination of food with toxigens, microorganisms and their elimination; Symptomatic diagnosis

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and other techniques to detect pest/pathogen infestations; VHT and other safer techniques of disinfestation/salvaging of infected material. UNIT IV WTO regulations; non-tariff barriers; Pest risk analysis, good laboratory practices for pesticide laboratories; pesticide industry; Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures.

Suggested Readings Rajeev K & Mukherjee RC. 1996. Role of Plant Quarantine in IPM. Aditya

Books. Rhower GG. 1991. Regulatory Plant Pest Management. In: Handbook of

Pest Management in Agriculture. 2nd Ed. Vol. II. (Ed. David Pimental). CRC Press.

NEMA 601 ADVANCES IN STRUCTURE AND SYSTEMATICS 2+1

OF NEMATODES Objective

Studies on the ultrastructure of plant parasitic nematodes based on TEM and SEM, and appraisal of recent developments in their classification.

Theory UNIT I

Ultrastructure of nematode body wall- cuticle, hypodermis and muscles; nematode feeding apparatus, and other parts of alimentary canal. UNIT II Ultrastructure of nematode sense organs, reproductive and excretory-secretory systems. UNIT III Principles and rules of nomenclature and classification; preparation of illustrations, keys and compendia for nematode species and other taxa. UNIT IV Non-conventional approaches of nematode identification- molecular, biochemical, immunodiagnostic, molecular characterization and DNA finger-printing techniques. UNIT V Development of computer-based nematode identification programmes.

Practical Detailed studies of morphological structures and identification of plant parasitic nematodes up to species level. Drawing and measurements of nematodes, preparation of compendia and keys. Identification of species/races of root-knot and cyst nematodes using PAGE.

Suggested Readings Barrington EJW. 1967. Invertebrate Structure and Function. Nelson,

Nairobi. Blackwelder RE. 1967. Taxonomy - A Text and Reference Book. John

Wiley & Sons, New York. Chen ZX, Chen SY & Dickson DW. 2004. Nematology: Advances and

Perspectives. Vol. I. Nematode Morphology, Physiology and Ecology. CABI, Wallingford.

Geraert E. 2006. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. Vol. IV. Brill.

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International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 4th Ed. The Natural History Museum, London.

Kapoor VC. 1983. Theory and Practice in Animal Taxonomy. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.

Mayr E. 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

Quicke DLJ. 1993. Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy. Blackie, London.

NEMA 602 CURRENT TOPICS IN NEMATODE DISEASE 2+1 DEVELOPMENT AND HOST RESISTANCE Objective

To update knowledge on the recent research trends in the field of plant nematode relationships at genetic and molecular level.

Theory UNIT I

Mechanisms of pathogenesis, cytological and biochemical changes induced by nematode feeding. UNIT II Plant defense systems, role of phytoalexins etc. against major plant parasitic nematodes. UNIT III Genetic basis of plant resistance to nematodes and identification of resistance genes against economically important nematodes. UNIT IV Application of biotechnological methods in the development of nematode resistant crop cultivars; resistance markers; incorporation of resistance by conventional breeding and transgenic approaches. UNIT V Influence of microorganisms on plant nematode interactions.

Practical

Microtomy for study of histopathological changes induced by important nematodes, screening techniques for assessment of resistance in crop germplasm against nematodes.

Suggested Readings Barker KR, Pederson GA & Windham GL. 1998. Plant and Nematode

Interactions. CABI, Wallingford. Fenoll C, Grundler FMW & Ohl SA. 1997. Cellular and Molecular aspects

of Plant-Nematode Relationships. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht.

Lamberti F, Giorgi C & Bird D. 1994. Advances in Molecular Plant Nematology. Plenum Press.

NEMA 603 ADVANCES IN NEMATODE MANAGEMENT 2+1 Objective

To keep abreast with latest developments and trends in nematode management.

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Theory UNIT I

Isolation, identification, host specificity, mode of action, culturing and field application potential of promising bio-control agents- predacious and parasitic fungi; nematoxic fungal culture filtrates. UNIT II Isolation, identification, host specificity, mode of action, culturing and field application potential of promising bio-control agents- parasitic and nematode antagonistic bacteria; predacious mites and predacious nematodes. UNIT III Mass culturing, formulation, quality control, bio-safety and registration protocols of bio-control agents. UNIT IV Phytoalexins, allelochemicals, phytotherapeutic substances, novel nematicides, deployment of resistant varieties and non-host crops in nematode suppressive cropping systems, emergence of resistance breaking biotypes, recent regulatory provisions and methods, quarantine and disinfection. UNIT V Nematode management modules for integrated pest and disease management in cropping systems. Nematode management options and approaches for organic farming and precision farming. Application of GIS and GPS technology for surveillance and management.

Practical Green-house experiments on the efficacy of fungal and bacterial bio-control agents, botanicals.

Suggested Readings Chen ZX, Chen SY & Dickson DW. 2004. Nematology: Advances and

Perspectives Vol. II. Nematode Management and Utilization. CABI, Wallingford.

Jana BL. 2008. Precision Farming. Reseachco Books & Periodicals Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.

Lillesend TW, Kiefer RW & Chipman JW. 1979. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Poinar GO Jr & Jansson H-B. 1988. Diseases of Nematodes. Vols. I, II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Starr JR, Cook R & Bridge J. 2002. Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes. CABI, Wallingford.

Tarafdar JC, Priputhi KP & Mahesh Kumar 2007. Organic Agriculture. Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.

Upadhyaya RK, Walia RK & Dubey OP. 2004. IPM Systems in Agriculture. Vol. IX. Phytonematology. Aditya Books, New Delhi.

NEMA 604 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR 2+1 NEMATOLOGY Objective

Appraisal on the application of modern biotechnological tools in Nematology.

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Theory UNIT I

Cell biology- Structural and functional aspects; genetics and evolution in plant parasitism in nematodes.

UNIT II Caenorhabditis elegans- a model system for gerontology, cytogenetics, physiology, nutritional, toxicological and pharmacological studies; Heterodera glycines as a model for biology, proteomic and genomic studies. UNIT III Chemoreception, neurobiology, and biochemical basis of communication in nematodes, molecular basis of host recognition. UNIT IV Biochemical, genetical and molecular basis of plant nematode interaction; histopathological, cellular and molecular changes in host feeding cells, resistance genes and RNAi technology. UNIT V Biochemical and molecular basis of survival strategies in nematodes, molecular mechanism of host resistance against plant parasitic nematodes, molecular and novel approaches for nematode management.

Practical Isolation and quantification of proteins from nematode juveniles and eggs; molecular weight determination of nematode protein; β-esterase polymorphism in root-knot nematode; nematode DNA isolation from juveniles and eggs; RFLP of nematode DNA; nematode DNA amplification using PCR for nematode identification, RNAi technology.

Suggested Readings Chen ZX, Chen SY & Dickson DW. 2004. Nematology: Advances and

Perspectives. Vol. I. Nematode Morphology, Physiology and Ecology. CABI, Wallingford.

Fenoll C, Grundler FMW & Ohl SA. 1997. Cellular and Molecular aspects of Plant-Nematode Relationships. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht.

Gommers EJ & Maas PW. 1992. Nematology from Molecule to Ecosystem. European Soc. of Nematologists.

Lamberti F, Giorgi C. & Bird D. 1994. Advances in Molecular Plant Nematology. Plenum Press.

Perry RN & Wright DJ. 1998. The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-living and Plant Parasitic Nematodes. CABI, London.

Riddle DL. 1997. C. elegans II. Cold Spring Harbor Press. Wood WB. 1988. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Cold Spring

Harbor Press. Zuckerman BM. 1980. Nematodes as Biological Models. Vols. I, II.

Academic Press, New York. NEMA 605/ PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0 PL PATH 606 Objective

To facilitate deeper understanding on plant biosecurity and biosafety issues in agriculture.

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Theory UNIT I History of biosecurity, concept of biosecurity, components of biosecurity, Quarantine, Invasive Alien Species, biowarfare, emerging/resurgence of pests and diseases. UNIT II National Regulatory Mechanism and International Agreements/Conventions viz., Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures/World Trade Organization (WTO), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, pest risk analysis, risk assessment models, pest information system, early warning and forecasting system, use of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for plant biosecurity, pest/disease and epidemic management, strategies for combating risks and costs associated with agroterrorism event, mitigation planning, integrated approach for biosecurity. UNIT III Biosafety, policies and regulatory mechanism, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and its implications, issues related to release of genetically modified crops.

Suggested Readings FAO Biosecurity Toolkit 2008. www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1140e/a1140e00.htm

Laboratory Biosecurity Guidance. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/biosafety/WHO_CDS_EPR_2006.pdf

Grotto Andrew J & Jonathan B Tucker. 2006. Biosecurity: A Comprehensive Action Plan. http://www.americanprogress.org/kf/biosecurity_a_comprehensive_action_plan.pdf

Biosecurity Australia. www.daff.gov.au/ba;www.affa.gov.au/biosecurityaustralia

Biosecurity New Zealand. www.biosecurity.govt.nz DEFRA.

www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/control/biosecurity/index.htm Randhawa GJ, Khetarpal RK, Tyagi RK & Dhillon. BS (Eds.). 2001.

Transgenic Crops and Biosafety Concerns. NBPGR, New Delhi. Khetarpal RK & Kavita Gupta 2006. Plant Biosecurity in India - Status and

Strategy. Asian Biotechnology and Development Review 9(2): 39-63.

Biosecurity for Agriculture and Food Production.http://www.fao.org/biosecurity/

CFIA. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/fad/biosecure.shtml

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NEMATOLOGY List of Journals

Annals of Applied Nematology - Society of Nematologists, USA Current Nematology - Bioved Research Society, Allahabad, India Egyptian Journal of Agronematology – Egyptian Society of Agricultural

Nematology Indian Journal of Nematology - Nematological Society of India International Journal of Nematology - Afro-Asian Society of Nematologists, Luton Japanese Journal of Nematology - Japanese Nematological Society Journal of Nematology - Society of Nematologists, USA Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics –Jaen, Universidad de Jaen Nematologia Brasiliera – Brazilian Nematological Society Nematologia Mediterranea – Istituto per la Protezione delle Plante (IPP) – Sect. of

Bari of the CNR, Italy Nematology - Brill Academic Publishers, UK Nematropica - Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America Pakistan Journal of Nematology - Pakistan Society of Nematologists Russian Journal of Nematology - Russian Society of Nematologists

e-Resources

http://www.nematologists.org/ (The Society of Nematologists) http://nematology.ucdavis.edu/ (Deptt. of Nematology, Univ. of California,

Davis) http://www.ifns.org/ (International Federation of Nematology Societies) http://www.inaav.ba.cnr.it/nemmed.html (Nematologia Mediterranea) http://nematode.unl.edu/Nemajob.htm (Nematology Employment Bulletin Board) http://nematode.unl.edu/ (University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nematology) http://nematode.unl.edu/wormsite.htm (Links to Other Nematology Resources) http://nematode.unl.edu/SON/jon.htm (Journal of Nematology) http://www.nematology.ucr.edu/ (Deptt. of Nematology, Univ. of California,

Riverside) http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/ (Univ. of Florida, Entomology & Nematology

Dept.) http://www.brill.nl/m_catalogue_sub6_id8548.htm (Nematology - journal) http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=12752900 (Nematology

Lab., USDA) http://flnem.ifas.ufl.edu/HISTORY/nem_history.htm (Nematology history) http://www.nematology.ugent.be/ (Nematology Unit, Ghent University) http://www.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/ (The Purdue Nematology Lab.) http://www.bspp.org.uk/ppigb/nematolo.htm#a-z (Links to Nematology labs) http://www.nem.wur.nl/UK/ (Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen Univ.) http://onta.ifas.ufl.edu/ (The Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America) http://www.openj-

gate.org/Articlelist.asp?Source=1&Journal_ID=103267.(Nematology Newsletter) http://nematology.umd.edu/nematology.html (Plant Nematology Laboratory,

Maryland) http://www.biology.leeds.ac.uk/nem/ (Plant Nematology Lab., University of

Leeds)

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http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/tylka/ (Iowa State University, Nematology Lab)

http://nematologists.org.au/newsletters.html (Australasian Association of Nematologists)

http://soilplantlab.missouri.edu/nematode/ (Plant Nematology Laboratory, Missouri)

http://www.eumaine.ugent.be/ (European Master of Science in Nematology) http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jjn (The Japanese Journal of Nematology)

Suggested Broad Topics for Master’s and Doctoral Research

Identification of key nematode pests emerging in regional agro-ecosystems Development of molecular diagnostic tools of phytonematodes Nematode problems of peri-urban and protected agriculture systems, and their

management Role of nematodes in organic matter recycling Modelling nematode populations for disease forecasting and predicting yield losses Nematodes as indicators of environmental pollution Identification of cost effective nematode-suppressive cropping systems for specific

agro-ecosystems Isolation, identification and characterization of phytochemicals for nematoxicity Disinfection of nematode-infected planting material through eco-friendly sanitary

methods Characterization of molecular markers and genes governing resistance to key

nematode pests Management of nematodes with antagonistic bacteria Bionomics of potential bio-control agents and their field efficacy Devising non-chemical methods of nematode management in mushroom

cultivation Development of nematode management modules for IPM systems Field efficacy and formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes against foliar and

soil-borne insect pests of crops Study of disease complex involving nematodes and other plant pathogens. Nematode suppressive rhizospheric microorganisms.

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PLANT PATHOLOGY Course Structure – at a Glance

*Compulsory for Master’s programme; ** Compulsory for Ph. D. programme; $ Cross-listed with Entomology

CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS PL PATH 501* MYCOLOGY 2+1

PL PATH 502* PLANT VIROLOGY 2+1

PL PATH 503* PLANT BACTERIOLOGY 2+1

PL PATH 504* PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 3+0

PL PATH 505* DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF PLANT DISEASES 0+2

PL PATH 506 PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1

PL PATH 507 DISEASES OF FIELD AND MEDICINAL CROPS 2+1

PL PATH 508 DISEASES OF FRUITS, PLANTATION AND ORNAMENTAL CROPS 2+1

PL PATH 509 DISEASES OF VEGETABLE AND SPICES CROPS 2+1

PL PATH 510 SEED HEALTH TECHNOLOGY 2+1

PL PATH 511 CHEMICALS IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1

PL PATH 512 ECOLOGY OF SOIL-BORNE PLANT PATHOGENS 2+1

PL PATH 513 DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS 2+0 PL PATH 514/ ENT 514$

INSECT VECTORS OF PLANT VIRUSES AND OTHER PATHOGENS 1+1

PL PATH 515 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES 2+1

PL PATH 516 INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1

PL PATH 517 MUSHROOM PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2+1

PL PATH 518 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND FORECASTING OF PLANT DISEASES 2+1

PL PATH 519 POST HARVEST DISEASES 2+1 PL PATH 520/ ENT 520$

PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0

PL PATH 591 MASTER’S SEMINAR 1+0

PL PATH 599 MASTER’S RESEARCH 20

PL PATH 601 ADVANCED MYCOLOGY 2+1

PL PATH 602 ADVANCED VIROLOGY 2+1

PL PATH 603 ADVANCED BACTERIOLOGY 2+1

PL PATH 604** MOLECULAR BASIS OF HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION 2+1

PL PATH 605 PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES OF CERTIFICATION 1+0

PL PATH 606 PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0

PL PATH 691 DOCTORAL SEMINAR I 1+0

PL PATH 692 DOCTORAL SEMINAR II 1+0

PL PATH 699 DOCTORAL RESEARCH 45

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PLANT PATHOLOGY Course Contents

PL PATH 501 MYCOLOGY 2+1 Objective

To study the nomenclature, classification and characters of fungi. Theory

UNIT I Introduction, definition of different terms, basic concepts. UNIT II Importance of mycology in agriculture, relation of fungi to human affairs, history of mycology. UNIT III Concepts of nomenclature and classification, fungal biodiversity, reproduction in fungi. UNIT IV The comparative morphology, ultrastructure, characters of different groups of fungi up to generic level: (a) Myxomycota and (b) Eumycota- i) Mastigomycotina ii) Zygomycotina, iii) Ascomycotina, iv) Basidiomycotina, v) Deuteromycotina. Lichens types and importance, fungal genetics and variability in fungi.

Practical Detailed comparative study of different groups of fungi; collection, identification and preservation of specimens. Isolation and identification of plant pathogenic fungi.

Suggested Readings Ainsworth GC, Sparrow FK & Susman HS. 1973. The Fungi – An

Advanced Treatise. Vol. IV (A & B). Academic Press, New York. Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW & Blackwell M.2000. Introductory Mycology.

5th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Mehrotra RS & Arneja KR. 1990. An Introductory Mycology. Wiley

Eastern, New Delhi. Sarbhoy AK. 2000. Text book of Mycology. ICAR, New Delhi. Singh RS. 1982. Plant Pathogens – The Fungi. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Webster J. 1980. Introduction to Fungi. 2nd Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press,

Cambridge, New York.

PL PATH 502 PLANT VIROLOGY 2+1 Objective

To acquaint with the structure, virus-vector relationship, biology and management of plant viruses.

Theory UNIT I History of plant viruses, composition and structure of viruses. UNIT II Symptomatology of important plant viral diseases, transmission, chemical and physical properties, host virus interaction, virus vector relationship. UNIT III Virus nomenclature and classification, genome organization, replication and movement of viruses.

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UNIT IV Isolation and purification, electron microscopy, protein and nucleic acid based diagnostics. UNIT V Mycoviruses, phytoplasma arbo and baculoviruses, satellite viruses, satellite RNAs, phages, viroids, prions. Principles of the working of electron-microscope and ultra-microtome. UNIT VI Origin and evolution, mechanism of resistance, genetic engineering, ecology, and management of plant viruses.

Practical Study of symptoms caused by viruses, transmission, assay of viruses, physical properties, purification, method of raising antisera, serological tests, electron microscopy and ultratomy, PCR.

Suggested Readings Bos L. 1964. Symptoms of Virus Diseases in Plants. Oxford & IBH., New

Delhi. Brunt AA, Krabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ & Watson L. 1995. Virus of

Plants: Descriptions and Lists from VIDE Database. CABI, Wallington.

Gibbs A & Harrison B. 1976. Plant Virology - The Principles. Edward Arnold, London.

Hull R. 2002. Mathew’s Plant Virology. 4th Ed. Academic Press, New York.

Noordam D. 1973. Identification of Plant Viruses, Methods and Experiments. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.

PL PATH 503 PLANT BACTERIOLOGY 2+1 Objective

To acquaint with plant pathogenic prokaryote (procarya) and their structure, nutritional requirements, survival and dissemination.

Theory UNIT I History and introduction to phytopathogenic procarya, viz., bacteria, MLOs, spiroplasmas and other fastidious procarya. Importance of phytopathogenic bacteria. UNIT II Evolution, classification and nomenclature of phytopathogenic procarya and important diseases caused by them. UNIT III Growth, nutrition requirements, reproduction, preservation of bacterial cultures and variability among phytopathogenic procarya. UNIT IV General biology of bacteriophages, L form bacteria, plasmids and bdellovibrios. UNIT V Procaryotic inhibitors and their mode of action against phytopathogenic bacteria. UNIT VI Survival and dissemination of phytopathogenic bacteria.

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Practical Isolation, purification, identification and host inoculation of phytopathogenic bacteria, staining methods, biochemical and serological characterization, isolation of plasmid and use of antibacterial chemicals/antibiotics.

Suggested Readings Goto M. 1990. Fundamentals of Plant Bacteriology. Academic Press, New

York. Jayaraman J & Verma JP. 2002. Fundamentals of Plant Bacteriology.

Kalyani Publ., Ludhiana. Mount MS & Lacy GH. 1982. Phytopathogenic Prokaryotes. Vols. I, II.

Academic Press, New York. Verma JP, Varma A & Kumar D. (Eds). 1995. Detection of Plant

Pathogens and their Management. Angkor Publ., New Delhi. Verma JP. 1998. The Bacteria. Malhotra Publ. House, New Delhi.

PL PATH 504 PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 3+0

Objective To introduce the subject of Plant Pathology, its concepts and principles.

Theory UNIT I Importance, definitions and concepts of plant diseases, history and growth of plant pathology, biotic and abiotic causes of plant diseases. UNIT II Growth, reproduction, survival and dispersal of important plant pathogens, role of environment and host nutrition on disease development. UNIT III Host parasite interaction, recognition concept and infection, symptomatology, disease development- role of enzymes, toxins, growth regulators; defense strategies- oxidative burst; Phenolics, Phytoalexins, PR proteins, Elicitors. Altered plant metabolism as affected by plant pathogens. UNIT IV Genetics of resistance; ‘R’ genes; mechanism of genetic variation in pathogens; molecular basis for resistance; marker-assisted selection; genetic engineering for disease resistance. UNIT V Disease management strategies.

Suggested Readings Agrios GN. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5th Ed. Academic Press, New York. Heitefuss R & Williams PH. 1976. Physiological Plant Pathology. Springer

Verlag, Berlin, New York. Mehrotra RS & Aggarwal A. 2003. Plant Pathology. 2nd Ed. Oxford &

IBH, New Delhi. Singh RS. 2002. Introduction to Principles of Plant Pathology. Oxford &

IBH, New Delhi. Singh DP & Singh A. 2007. Disease and Insect Resistance in Plants.

Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Upadhyay RK & Mukherjee KG. 1997. Toxins in Plant Disease

Development and Evolving Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.

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PL PATH 505 DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF 0+2 PLANT DISEASES Objective

To impart training on various methods/techniques/instruments used in the study of plant diseases/pathogens.

Practical UNIT I Methods to prove Koch’s postulates with biotroph and necrotroph pathogens, pure culture techniques, use of selective media to isolate pathogens. UNIT II Preservation of plant pathogens and disease specimens, use of haemocytometer, micrometer, centrifuge, pH meter, camera lucida. UNIT III Microscopic techniques and staining methods, phase contrast system, chromatography, use of electron microscope, spectrophotometer, ultracentrifuge and electrophoretic apparatus, disease diagnostics, serological and molecular techniques for detection of plant pathogens. Evaluation of fungicides, bactericides etc.; field experiments, data collection and preparation of references.

Suggested Readings Baudoin ABAM, Hooper GR, Mathre DE & Carroll RB. 1990. Laboratory

Exercises in Plant Pathology: An Instructional Kit. Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.

Dhingra OD & Sinclair JB. 1986. Basic Plant Pathology Methods. CRC Press, London, Tokyo.

Fox RTV. 1993. Principles of Diagnostic Techniques in Plant Pathology. CABI Wallington.

Mathews REF. 1993. Diagnosis of Plant Virus Diseases. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Tokyo.

Pathak VN. 1984. Laboratory Manual of Plant Pathology. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.

Forster D & Taylor SC. 1998. Plant Virology Protocols: From Virus Isolation to Transgenic Resistance. Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey.

Matthews REF. 1993. Diagnosis of Plant Virus Diseases. CRC Press, Florida.

Noordam D. 1973. Identification of Plant Viruses, Methods and Experiments. Cent. Agic. Pub. Doc. Wageningen.

Trigiano RN, Windham MT & Windham AS. 2004. Plant Pathology- Concepts and Laboratory Exercises. CRC Press, Florida.

Chakravarti BP. 2005. Methods of Bacterial Plant Pathology. Agrotech, Udaipur.

PL PATH 506 PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1

0bjectives To acquaint with different strategies for management of plant diseases.

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Theory UNIT I Principles of plant disease management by cultural, physical, biological, chemical, organic amendments and botanicals methods of plant disease control, integrated control measures of plant diseases. Disease resistance and molecular approach for disease management. UNIT II Foliage, seed and soil application of chemicals, role of stickers, spreaders and other adjuvants, health vis-a-vis environmental hazards, residual effects and safety measures. UNIT III History of fungicides, bactericides, antibiotics, concepts of pathogen, immobilization, chemical protection and chemotherapy, nature, properties and mode of action of antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral chemicals.

Practical In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chemicals against plant pathogens; ED and MIC values, study of structural details of sprayers and dusters.

Suggested Readings Fry WE. 1982. Principles of Plant Disease Management. Academic Press,

New York. Hewitt HG. 1998. Fungicides in Crop Protection. CABI, Wallington. Marsh RW. 1972. Systemic Fungicides. Longman, New York. Nene YL & Thapliyal PN. 1993. Fungicides in Plant Disease Control.

Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Palti J. 1981. Cultural Practices and Infectious Crop Diseases. Springer-

Verlag, New York. Vyas SC. 1993 Handbook of Systemic Fungicides. Vols. I-III. Tata

McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

PL PATH 507 DISEASES OF FIELD AND MEDICINAL CROPS 2+1

Objective To educate about the nature, prevalence, etiology, factors affecting disease development and control measures of field and medicinal crop diseases.

Theory UNIT I Diseases of Cereal crops- wheat, barley, rice, pearl millet, sorghum and maize. UNIT II Diseases of Pulse crops- gram, urdbean, mungbean, lentil, pigeonpea, soybean. UNIT III Diseases of Oilseed crops- rapeseed and mustard, sesame, linseed, sunflower, groundnut, castor. UNIT IV Diseases of Cash crops- cotton, sugarcane. UNIV V Diseases of Fodder legume crops- berseem, oats, guar, lucerne, cowpea. UNIT VI Medicinal crops- plantago, liquorice, mulathi, rosagrass, sacred basil, mentha, ashwagandha, Aloe vera.

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Practical Detailed study of symptoms and host parasite relationship of important diseases of above mentioned crops. Collection and dry preservation of diseased specimens of important crops.

Suggested Readings Joshi LM, Singh DV & Srivastava KD. 1984. Problems and Progress of

Wheat Pathology in South Asia. Malhotra Publ. House, New Delhi. Rangaswami G. 1999. Diseases of Crop Plants in India. 4th Ed.. Prentice

Hall of India, New Delhi. Ricanel C, Egan BT, Gillaspie Jr AG & Hughes CG. 1989. Diseases of

Sugarcane, Major Diseases. Academic Press, New York. Singh RS. 1998. Plant Diseases. 7th Ed. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Singh US, Mukhopadhyay AN, Kumar J & Chaube HS. 1992. Plant

Diseases of Internatiobnal Importance. Vol. I. Diseases of Cereals and Pulses. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

PL PATH 508 DISEASES OF FRUITS, PLANTATION AND 2+1 ORNAMENTAL CROPS

Objective To acquaint with diseases of fruits, plantation, ornamental plants and their management.

Theory UNIT I Introduction, symptoms and etiology of different fruit diseases. Factors affecting disease development in fruits like apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, cherry, walnut, almond, strawberry, citrus, mango, grapes, guava, ber, banana, pineapple, papaya, fig, pomegranate, date palm and management of the fruits diseases. UNIT II Symptoms, mode of perpetuation of diseases of plantation crops such as tea, coffee, rubber and coconut and their management. UNIT III Symptoms and life cycle of pathogens. Factors affecting disease development of ornamental plants such as roses, gladiolus, tulip, carnation, orchids, marigold, chrysanthemum and their management.

Practical Detailed study of symptoms and host parasite relationship of representative diseases of plantation crops. Collection and dry preservation of diseased specimens of important crops.

Suggested Readings Gupta VK &.Sharma SK. 2000. Diseases of Fruit Crops. Kalyani Publ.,

New Delhi. Pathak VN. 1980. Diseases of Fruit Crops. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Singh RS. 2000. Diseases of Fruit Crops. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Walker JC. 2004. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. TTPP, India.

PL PATH 509 DISEASES OF VEGETABLE AND SPICES CROPS 2+1

Objective To impart knowledge about symptoms, epidemiology of different diseases of vegetables and spices and their management.

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Theory UNIT I Nature, prevalence, factors affecting disease development of bulb, leafy vegetable, crucifers, cucurbits and solanaceaous vegetables. Diseases of protected cultivation. UNIT II Symptoms and management of diseases of different root, bulb, leafy vegetables, crucifers, cucurbits and solanaceaous vegetable crops. UNIT III Symptoms, epidemiology and management of diseases of different spice crops such as black pepper, saffron, cumin, coriander, turmeric, fennel, fenugreek and ginger.

Practical Detailed study of symptoms and host pathogen interaction of important diseases of vegetable and spice crops.

Suggested Readings Chaube HS, Singh US, Mukhopadhyay AN & Kumar J. 1992. Plant

Diseases of International Importance. Vol. II. Diseases of Vegetable and Oilseed Crops. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Gupta VK & Paul YS. 2001. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi

Sherf AF & Mcnab AA. 1986. Vegetable Diseases and their Control. Wiley InterScience, Columbia.

Singh RS. 1999. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Gupta SK & Thind TS. 2006. Disease Problem in Vegetable Production.

Scientific Publ., Jodhpur. Walker JC. 1952. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. McGraw-Hill, New York.

PL PATH 510 SEED HEALTH TECHNOLOGY 2+1 Objective

To acquaint with seed-borne diseases, their nature, detection, transmission, epidemiology, impacts/loses and management.

Theory UNIT I

History and economic importance of seed pathology in seed industry, plant quarantine and SPS under WTO. Morphology and anatomy of typical monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous infected seeds.

UNIT II Recent advances in the establishment and subsequent cause of disease development in seed and seedling. Localization and mechanism of seed transmission in relation to seed infection, seed to plant transmission of pathogens. UNIT III Seed certification and tolerance limits, types of losses caused by seed-borne diseases in true and vegetatively propagated seeds, evolutionary adaptations of crop plants to defend seed invasion by seed-borne pathogens. Epidemiological factors influencing the transmission of seed-borne diseases, forecasting of epidemics through seed-borne infection.

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UNIT IV Production of toxic metabolites affecting seed quality and its impact on human, animal and plant health, management of seed-borne pathogen/diseases and procedure for healthy seed production, seed health testing, methods for detecting microorganism.

Practical Conventional and advanced techniques in the detection and identification of seed-borne fungi, bacteria and viruses. Relationship between seed-borne infection and expression of the disease in the field.

Suggested Readings Agarwal VK & JB Sinclair. 1993. Principles of Seed Pathology. Vols. I &

II, CBS Publ., New Delhi. Hutchins JD & Reeves JE. (Eds.). 1997. Seed Health Testing: Progress

Towards the 21st Century. CABI, Wallington. Paul Neergaard. 1988. Seed Pathology. MacMillan, London.

Suryanarayana D. 1978. Seed Pathology. Vikash Publ., New Delhi.

PL PATH 511 CHEMICALS IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1 Objective

To impart knowledge on the concepts, principles and judicious use of chemicals in plant disease management.

Theory UNIT I

History and development of chemicals; definition of pesticides and related terms; advantages and disadvantages of chemicals.

UNIT II Classification of chemicals used in plant disease control and their characteristics. UNIT III Chemicals in plant disease control, viz., fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, antiviral chemicals and botanicals.

UNIT IV Formulations, mode of action and application of different fungicides; chemotherapy and phytotoxicity of fungicides. UNIT V Handling, storage and precautions to be taken while using fungicides; compatibility with other agrochemicals, persistence, cost-benefit ratio, factor affecting fungicides.

UNIT VI General account of plant protection appliances; environmental pollution, residues and health hazards, fungicidal resistance in plant pathogens and its management.

Practical Acquaintance with formulation of different fungicides and plant protection appliances. Formulation of fungicides, bactericides and nematicides; in vitro evaluation techniques, preparation of different concentrations of chemicals including botanical pesticides based on active ingredients against pathogens; persistence, compatibility with other agro-chemicals; detection of naturally occurring fungicide resistant mutants of pathogen; methods of application of chemicals.

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Suggested Readings Bindra OS & Singh H. 1977. Pesticides - An Application Equipment.

Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Nene YL & Thapliyal PN. 1993. Fungicides in Plant Disease Control. 3rd

Ed. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Torgeson DC (Ed.). 1969. Fungicides. Vol. II. An Advanced Treatise.

Academic Press, New York. Vyas SC. 1993. Handbook of Systemic Fungicides. Vols. I-III. Tata

McGraw Hill, New Delhi. PL PATH 512 ECOLOGY OF SOIL-BORNE PLANT PATHOGENS 2+1

Objective To provide knowledge on soil-plant disease relationship.

Theory UNIT I Soil as an environment for plant pathogens, nature and importance of rhizosphere and rhizoplane, host exudates, soil and root inhabiting fungi. Types of biocontrol agents. UNIT II Inoculum potential and density in relation to host and soil variables, competition, predation, antibiosis and fungistasis. UNIT III Suppressive soils, biological control- concepts and potentialities for managing soil borne pathogens.

Practical Quantification of rhizosphere and rhizoplane microflora with special emphasis on pathogens; pathogenicity test by soil and root inoculation techniques, correlation between inoculum density of test pathogens and disease incidence, demonstration of fungistasis in natural soils; suppression of test soil-borne pathogens by antagonistic microorganisms. Isolation and identification of different biocontrol agents.

Suggested Readings Baker KF & Snyder WC. 1965. Ecology of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens.

John Wiley, New York. Cook RJ & Baker KF. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control

of Plant Pathogens. APS, St Paul, Minnesota. Garret SD. 1970. Pathogenic Root-infecting Fungi. Cambridge Univ. Press,

Cambridge, New York. Hillocks RJ & Waller JM. 1997. Soil-borne Diseases of Tropical Crops.

CABI, Wallington. Parker CA, Rovira AD, Moore KJ & Wong PTN. (Eds). 1983. Ecology and

Management of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens. APS, St. Paul, Minnesota.

PL PATH 513 DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS 2+0

Objective To acquaint with disease resistance mechanisms in plants.

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Theory UNIT I Introduction and historical development, dynamics of pathogenicity, process of infection, variability in plant pathogens, gene centres as sources of resistance, disease resistance terminology. UNIT II Disease escapes, disease tolerance, disease resistance, types of resistance, identification of physiological races of pathogens, disease progression in relation to resistance, stabilizing selection pressure in plant pathogens. UNIT III Host defence system, morphological and anatomical resistance, preformed chemicals in host defence, post infectional chemicals in host defence, phytoalexins, hypersensitivity and its mechanisms. UNIT IV Gene-for-gene concept, protein-for-protein and immunization basis, management of resistance genes. Strategies for gene deployment.

Suggested Readings Deverall BJ. 1977. Defence Mechanisms in Plants. Cambridge Univ. Press,

Cambridge, New York. Mills Dallice et al.1996. Molecular Aspects of Pathogenicity and

Resistance: Requirement for Signal Transduction. APS, St Paul, Minnesota.

Parker J. 2008. Molecular Aspects of Plant Diseases Resistance. Blackwell Publ.

Robinson RA. 1976. Plant Pathosystems. Springer Verlag, New York. Singh BD. 2005. Plant Breeding – Principles and Methods. 7th Ed. Kalyani

Publ., Ludhiana Van der Plank JE. 1975. Principles of Plant Infection. Academic Press,

New York. Van der Plank JE. 1978. Genetic and Molecular Basis of Plant

Pathogenesis. Springer Verlag. New York. Van der Plank JE. 1982. Host Pathogen Interactions in Plant Disease.

Academic Press, New York. Van der Plank JE. 1984. Disease Resistance in Plants. Academic Press,

New York. PL PATH 514/ INSECT VECTORS OF PLANT VIRUSES AND 1+1 ENT 514 OTHER PATHOGENS

Objective To teach the students about the different groups of insects that vector plant pathogens, vector-plant pathogen interaction, management of vectors for controlling diseases.

Theory UNIT I History of developments in the area of insects as vectors of plant pathogens. Important insect vectors and their characteristics; mouth parts and feeding processes of important insect vectors. Efficiency of transmission.

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UNIT II Transmission of plant viruses and fungal pathogens. Relation between viruses and their vectors. UNIT III Transmission of plant viruses by aphids, whiteflies, mealy bugs and thrips. UNIT IV Transmission of mycoplasma and bacteria by leaf hoppers and plant hoppers. UNIT V Transmission of plant viruses by psyllids, beetles and mites. Epidemiology and management of insect transmitted diseases through vector management.

Practical Identification of common vectors of plant pathogens- aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, thrips, beetles, nematodes; culturing and handling of vectors; demonstration of virus transmission through vectors- aphids, leafhoppers and whiteflies.

Suggested Readings Basu AN. 1995. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) - Crop Pest and Principal

Whitefly Vector of Plant Viruses. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. Harris KF & Maramarosh K. (Eds.).1980. Vectors of Plant Pathogens.

Academic Press, London. Maramorosch K & Harris KF. (Eds.). 1979. Leafhopper Vectors and Plant

Disease Agents. Academic Press, London. Youdeovei A & Service MW. 1983. Pest and Vector Management in the

Tropics. English Language Books Series, Longman, London. PL PATH 515 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES 2+1

Objective To study principles and application of ecofriendly and sustainable management strategies of plant diseases.

Theory UNIT I Concept of biological control, definitions, importance, principles of plant disease management with bioagents, history of biological control, merits and demerits of biological control. UNIT II Types of biological interactions, competition, mycoparasitism, exploitation for hypovirulence, rhizosphere colonization, competitive saprophytic ability, antibiosis, induced resistance, mycorrhizal associations, operational mechanisms and its relevance in biological control. UNIT III Factors governing biological control, role of physical environment, agroecosystem, operational mechanisms and cultural practices in biological control of pathogens, pathogens and antagonists and their relationship, biocontrol agents, comparative approaches to biological control of plant pathogens by resident and introduced antagonists, control of soil-borne and foliar diseases. Compatibility of different bioagents.

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UNIT IV Commercial production of antagonists, their delivery systems, application and monitoring, biological control in IDM, IPM and organic farming system, biopesticides available in market. Quality control system of biocontrol agents.

Practical Isolation, characterization and maintenance of antagonists, methods of study of antagonism and antibiosis, application of antagonists against pathogen in vitro and in vivo conditions. Study of cfu/g.

Suggested Readings Campbell R. 1989. Biological Control of Microbial Plant Pathogens.

Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Cook RJ & Baker KF. 1983. Nature and Practice of Biological Control of

Plant Pathogens. APS, St. Paul, Mennisota. Fokkemma MJ. 1986. Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. Cambridge Univ.

Press, Cambridge. Gnanamanickam SS (Eds). 2002. Biological Control of Crop Diseases.

CRC Press, Florida. Heikki MT & Hokkanen James M (Eds.). 1996. Biological Control -

Benefits and Risks. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Mukerji KG, Tewari JP, Arora DK & Saxena G. 1992. Recent

Developments in Biocontrol of Plant Diseases. Aditya Books, New Delhi.

PL PATH 516 INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1 Objective

To emphasize the importance and need of IDM in the management of diseases of important crops.

Theory UNIT I Introduction, definition, concept and tools of disease management, components of integrated disease management- their limitations and implications. UNIT II Development of IDM- basic principles, biological, chemical and cultural disease management. UNIT III IDM in important crops- rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane, chickpea, rapeseed-mustard, pearlmillet, kharif pulses, vegetable crops and fruit crops.

Practical Application of biological, cultural, chemical and biocontrol agents, their compatibility and integration in IDM; demonstration of IDM in certain crops as project work.

Suggested Readings Gupta VK & Sharma RC. (Eds). 1995. Integrated Disease Management

and Plant Health. Scientific Publ., Jodhpur. Mayee CD, Manoharachary C, Tilak KVBR, Mukadam DS & Deshpande

Jayashree (Eds.). 2004. Biotechnological Approaches for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases. Daya Publ. House, New Delhi.

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Sharma RC & Sharma JN. (Eds). 1995. Integrated Plant Disease Management. Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.

PL PATH 517 MUSHROOM PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2+1 Objective

To develop mushroom cultivation skills for entrepreneurial activity. Historical development of mushroom cultivation and present status of mushroom industry in India.

Theory UNIT I Historical development of mushroom cultivation and present status, taxonomy, classification, food, medicinal value, uses of mushroom, edible and poisonous mushrooms. UNIT II Life cycle of cultivated mushrooms, reproduction and strain improvement, maintenance of pure culture, preparation of spawn and facilities required for establishing commercial spawn lab. UNIT III Preparation of substrate for mushroom cultivation, long, short and indoor composting methods, formulae for different composts and their computation, qualities and testing of compost, uses of spent mushroom compost/substrate. UNIT IV Facilities for setting up mushroom farm for seasonal and environmentally control cultivation, requirement and maintenance of temperature, relative humidity, CO2, ventilation in cropping rooms, cultivation technology of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus sp., Calocybe indica, Lentinus edodes and Ganoderma lucidum. UNIT V Insect pests, diseases and abnormalities of cultivated mushroom and their management, post harvest processing and value addition, economics of mushroom cultivation, biotechnology and mushroom cultivation.

Practical Preparation of spawn, compost, spawning, casing, harvesting and post-harvest handling of edible mushroom; identification of various pathogens, competitors of various mushroom.

Suggested Readings Chadha KL & Sharma SR. 2001. Advances in Horticulture (Mushroom).

Vol. XIII. Malhotra Publ. House, New Delhi. Chang ST & Hays WA. 1997. The Biology and Cultivation of Edible

Mushrooms. Academic Press, New York. Chang ST & Miles PG. 2002. Edible Mushrooms and their Cultivation.

CRC Press, Florida. Kapur JN. 1989. Mushroom Cultivation. DIPA, ICAR, New Delhi. Dhar BL. 2005. Cultivation Technology of High Temperature Tolerant

White Button Mushroom. DIPA, ICAR, New Delhi.

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PL PATH 518 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND FORECASTING 2+1 OF PLANT DISEASES

Objective To acquaint with the principles of epidemiology and its application in disease forecasting.

Theory UNIT I Epidemic concept and historical development, pathometry and crop growth stages, epidemic growth and analysis. UNIT II Common and natural logrithms, function fitting area under disease progress curve and correction factors, inoculum dynamics, population biology of pathogens, temporal spatial variability in plant pathogens. UNIT III Survey, surveillance and vigilance, crop loss assessment and models. UNIT IV Principles and pre-requisites of forecasting, systems and factors affecting various components of forecastings, some early forecasting, procedures based on weather and inoculum potential, modeling disease growth and disease prediction.

Practical Measuring diseases, spore dispersal and trapping, weather recording, survey, multiplication of inoculum, computerized data analysis, function fitting, model preparation and validation.

Suggested Readings Campbell CL & Madden LV. 1990. Introduction to Plant Disease

Epidemiology. John Wiley & Sons. New York Cowling EB & Horsefall JG. 1978. Plant Disease. Vol. II. Academic

Press, New York. Laurence VM, Gareth H & Frame Van den Bosch (Eds.). The Study of

Plant Disease Epidemics. APS, St. Paul, Minnesota. Nagarajan S & Murlidharan K. 1995. Dynamics of Plant Diseases. Allied

Publ., New Delhi. Thresh JM. 2006. Plant Virus Epidemiology. Advances in Virus Research

67, Academic Press, New York. Van der Plank JE. 1963. Plant Diseases Epidemics and Control.

Academic Press, New York. Zadoks JC & Schein RD. 1979. Epidemiology and Plant Disease

Management. Oxford Univ. Press, London. PL PATH 519 POST HARVEST DISEASES 2+1 Objective

To acquaint with post harvest diseases of agricultural produce and their ecofriendly management.

Theory UNIT I Concept of post harvest diseases, definitions, importance with reference to

environment and health, principles of plant disease management as pre-harvest and post-harvest, merits and demerits of biological/phytoextracts in controlling post-harvest diseases.

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UNIT II Types of post harvest problems both by biotic and abiotic causes,

rhizosphere colonization, competitive, saprophytic ability, antibiosis, induced resistance, microbial associations, concept, operational mechanisms and its relevance in control.

UNIT III Factors governing post harvest problems both as biotic and abiotic, role of

physical environment, agro-ecocystem leading to quiescent infection, operational mechanisms and cultural practices in perpetuation of pathogens, pathogens and antagonist and their relationship, role of biocontrol agents and chemicals in controlling post-harvest diseases, comparative approaches to control of plant pathogens by resident and introduced antagonists. Isolation, characterization and maintenance of pathogens, role of different storage. UNIT IV

Integrated approach in controlling diseases and improving the shelf life of produce, control of aflatoxigenic and mycotoxigenic fungi, application and monitoring for any health hazard, knowledge of Codex Alimentarious for each product and commodity.

Practical Isolation characterization and maintenance of pathogens, role of different

storage conditions on disease development, application of antagonists against pathogens in vivo and in vitro conditions. Comparative efficacy of different chemicals, fungicides, phytoextracts and bioagents.

Suggested Readings Pathak VN. 1970. Diseases of Fruit Crops and their Control. IBH Publ.,

New Delhi. Chaddha KL & Pareek OP. 1992. Advances in Horticulture Vol. IV,

Malhotra Publ. House, New Delhi. PL PATH 520/ PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0 ENT 520

Objective To acquaint the learners about the principles and the role of Plant Quarantine in containment of pests and diseases, plant quarantine regulations and set-up.

Theory UNIT I Definition of pest, pesticides and transgenics as per Govt. notification; relative importance; quarantine – domestic and international. Quarantine restrictions in the movement of agricultural produce, seeds and planting material; case histories of exotic pests/diseases and their status. UNIT II Plant protection organization in India. Acts related to registration of pesticides and transgenics. History of quarantine legislations, PQ Order 2003. Environmental Acts, Industrial registration; APEDA, Import and Export of bio-control agents. UNIT III Identification of pest/disease free areas; contamination of food with toxigens, microorganisms and their elimination; Symptomatic diagnosis

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and other techniques to detect pest/pathogen infestations; VHT and other safer techniques of disinfestation/salvaging of infected material. UNIT IV WTO regulations; non-tariff barriers; Pest risk analysis, good laboratory practices for pesticide laboratories; pesticide industry; Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures.

Suggested Readings Rajeev K & Mukherjee RC. 1996. Role of Plant Quarantine in IPM. Aditya

Books. Rhower GG. 1991. Regulatory Plant Pest Management. In: Handbook of

Pest Management in Agriculture. 2nd Ed. Vol. II. (Ed. David Pimental). CRC Press.

PL PATH 601 ADVANCED MYCOLOGY 2+1

Objective To acquaint with the latest advances in Mycology. Theory

UNIT I General introduction, historical development and advances in mycology. UNIT II Recent taxonomic criteria, morphological criteria for classification. Serological, Chemical (chemotaxonomy), Molecular and Numerical (Computer based assessment) taxonomy. UNIT III Interaction between groups: Phylogeny. Micro conidiation, conidiogenesis and sporulating structures of fungi imperfecti. Morphology and reproduction of representative plant pathogenic genera from different groups of fungi. Sexual reproduction in different groups of fungi. UNIT IV Population biology, pathogenic variability/vegetative compatibility. UNIT V

Heterokaryosis and parasexual cycle. Sex hormones in fungi. Pleomorphism and speciation in fungi. Mechanism of nuclear inheritance. Mechanism of extra-nuclear inheritance. Biodegradation.

Practical Study of conidiogenesis- phialides, porospores, arthospores. Study of fruit bodies in Ascomycotina. Identification of fungi up to species level. Study of hyphal anastomosis. Morphology of representative plant pathogenic genera from different groups of fungi.

Suggested Readings Alexopoulos CJ, Mimms CW & Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory

Mycology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Dube HC. 2005. An Introduction to Fungi. 3rd Ed. Vikas Publ. House, New

Delhi. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC & Stalpers JA. (Eds.). 2001. Ainswsorth

and Bisby’s Dictionary of Fungi. 9th Ed., CABI, Wallington. Ulloa M & Hanlin RT. 2000. Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology. APS, St.

Paul, Mennisota. Webster J & Weber R. 2007. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge Univ.

Press, Cambridge.

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PL PATH 602 ADVANCED VIROLOGY 2+1 Objective

To educate about the advanced techniques and new developments in the field of Plant Virology.

Theory UNIT I Mechanism of virus transmission by vectors, virus-vector relationship, bimodal transmission and taxonomy of vectors and viruses, vector specificity for classes of viruses, virus replication, assembly and architecture, ultrastructural changes due to virus infection, variation, mutation and virus strains. UNIT II Immunoglobulin structure and functions of various domains, methods of immunodiagnosis, hybridoma technology and use of monoclonal antibodies in identification of viruses and their strains, Polymerase Chain Reaction. UNIT III Genome organization, replication, transcription and translational strategies of pararetroviruses and gemini viruses, satellite viruses and satellite RNA genome organization in tobamo-, poty-, bromo, cucummo, ilar and tospoviruses. UNIT IV Gene expression and regulation, viral promoters, molecular mechanism of host virus interactions, virus induced gene, molecular mechanism of vector transmission, symptom expression, viroids and prions. UNIT V Genetic engineering with plant viruses, viral suppressors, a RNAi dynamics, resistant genes. Viruses potential as vectors, genetically engineered resistance, transgenic plants. UNIT VI Techniques and application of tissue culture. Origin, evolution and inter-relationship with animal viruses.

Practical Purification of virus(es), SDS-PAGE for molecular weight determination, production of polyclonal antiserum, purification of IgG and conjugate preparation, serological techniques (i) DAC-ELISA (ii) DAS -ELISA (iii) DIBA (iv) Western blots (v) (ab) 2-ELISA, vector transmission (one each with aphid, leaf hopper and whitefly), methods for collecting vectors and their maintenance, nucleic acid isolation, DOT-blot, southern hybridization, probe preparation and autoradiography, PCR application and viral genome cloning, sequencing annotation of genes.

Suggested Readings Davies 1997. Molecular Plant Virology: Replication and Gene

Expression. CRC Press, Florida. Fauquet et al. 2005. Vius Taxonomy. VIII Report of ICTV. Academic

Press, New York. Gibbs A & Harrison B. 1976. Plant Virology - The Principles. Edward

Arnold, London. Jones P, Jones PG & Sutton JM. 1997. Plant Molecular Biology: Essential

Techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

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Khan JA & Dijkstra. 2002. Plant Viruses as Molecular Pathogens. Howarth Press, New York.

Maramorosch K, Murphy FA & Shatkin AJ. 1996. Advances in Virus Research. Vol. 46. Academic Press, New York.

Pirone TP & Shaw JG. 1990. Viral Genes and Plant Pathogenesis. Springer Verlag, New York.

Roger Hull 2002. Mathew’s Plant Virology (4th Ed.). Academic Press, New York.

Thresh JM. 2006. Plant Virus Epidemiology. Advances in Virus Research 67. Academic Press, New York.

PL PATH 603 ADVANCED BACTERIOLOGY 2+1 Objective

To provide knowledge about the latest advances in phytobacteriology. Theory

UNIT I Current approaches for the characterization and identification of phytopathogenic bacteria. Ultrastructures and biology of bacteria. UNIT II Current trends in taxonomy of phytopathogenic procarya. UNIT III Role of enzyme, toxin, expolysaccharide, polypeptide signals in disease development. Mechanism of wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) development, mechanism of soft rot (Erwinia spp.) development, mechanism of Crown gall formation (Agrobacterium tumifaciens). UNIT IV Host-bacterial pathogen interaction, quorum-sensing phenomenon, Type III secretion system, HR/SR reactions, R-genes, Avr-genes, hrp genes, Effector protein. UNIT V Molecular variability among phytopathogenic procarya and possible host defense mechanism(s). Genetic engineering for management of bacterial plant pasthogens-gene silencing, RNAi technology. UNIT VI Epidemiology in relation to bacterial plant pathogens. Development of diagnostic kit. UNIT VII Beneficial prokaryotes- Endophytes, PGPR, phylloplane bacteria and their role in disease management. Endosymbionts for host defence.

Practical Pathogenic studies and race identification; plasmid profiling of bacteria;

fatty acid profiling of bacteria; RAPD prolfiling of bacteria and variability status; Endospore, Flagiler staining; test for secondary metabolite production, cyanides, EPS, siderophore; specific detection of phytopathogenic bacteria using species/pathovar specific primers. Basic techniques in diagnostic kit development, molecular tools to identify phytoendosymbionts.

Suggested Readings Dale JW & Simon P. 2004. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. John Wiley &

Sons, New York.

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Garrity GM, Krieg NR & Brenner DJ. 2006. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: The Proteobacteria. Vol. II. Springer Verlag, New York.

Gnanamanickam SS. 2006. Plant-Associated Bacteria. Springer Verlag, New York.

Mount MS & Lacy GH. 1982. Plant Pathogenic Prokaryotes. Vols. I, II. Academic Press, New York.

Sigee DC. 1993. Bacterial Plant Pathology: Cell and Molecular Aspects. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Starr MP. 1992. The Prokaryotes. Vols. I – IV. Springer Verlag, New York.

PL PATH 604 MOLECULAR BASIS OF HOST-PATHOGEN 2+1 INTERACTION

Objective To understand the concepts of molecular biology and biotechnology in relation to host-pathogen interactions.

Theory UNIT I Importance and role of biotechnological tools in Plant Pathology- Basic concepts and principles to study host pathogen relationship. UNIT II Molecular basis of host-pathogen interaction- fungi, bacteria and viruses; recognition system, signal transduction. UNIT III Induction of defense responses- pathogenesis related proteins, HR, reactive oxygen species, phytoalexins and systemic acquired resistance, Programmed Cell Death, Viral induced gene silencing. UNIT IV Molecular basis of gene-for-gene hypothesis; R-gene expression and transcription profiling, mapping and cloning of resistance genes and marker-aided selection, pyramiding of R genes. UNIT V Biotechnology and disease management; development of disease resistance plants using genetic engineering approaches, different methods of gene transfer, biosafety issues related to GM crops.

Practical Protein, DNA and RNA isolation, Plasmids extraction,PCR analysis, DNA and Protein electrophoresis, bacterial transformation.

Suggested Readings Chet I. 1993. Biotechnology in Plant Disease Control. John Wiley &

Sons, New York. Gurr SJ, Mc Pohersen MJ & Bowlos DJ. (Eds.). 1992. Molecular Plant

Pathology - A Practical Approach. Vols. I & II, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

Mathew JD. 2003. Molecular Plant Pathology. Bios Scientific Publ., UK. Ronald PC. 2007. Plant-Pathogen Interactions: Methods in Molecular

Biology. Humana Press, New Jersey.

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Stacey G & Keen TN. (Eds.). 1996. Plant Microbe Interactions. Vols. I-III. Chapman & Hall, New York; Vol. IV. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota.

PL PATH 605 PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES OF 1+0 CERTIFICATION

Objective To acquaint with certification procedures of seed and planting material.

Theory UNIT I

Introduction to certification. International scenario of certification and role of ISTA, EPPO, OECD etc. in certification and quality control. UNIT II Case studies of certification systems of USA and Europe. National Regulatory mechanism and certification system including seed certification, minimum seed certification standards. National status of seed health in seed certification. Methods for testing genetic identity, physical purity, germination percentage, seed health etc. UNIT III Fixing tolerance limits for diseases and insect pests in certification and quality control programmes. Methods used in certification of seeds, vegetative propagules and in vitro cultures. Accreditation of seed testing laboratories. Role of seed/ planting material health certification in national and international trade.

Suggested Readings Association of Official Seed Certifying

Agencies.http://www.aosca.org/index.htm. Hutchins D & Reeves JE. (Eds.). 1997. Seed Health Testing: Progress

Towards the 21st Century. CABI, UK. ISHI-veg Manual of Seed Health Testing Methods.

http://www.worldseed.org/en-us/international_seed/ishi_vegetable.html

ISHI-F Manual of Seed Health Testing Methods. http://www.worldseed.org/en-us/international_seed/ishi_f.html

ISTA Seed Health Testing Methods. http://www.seedtest.org/en/content---1--1132--241.html

Tunwar NS & Singh SV. 1988. Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards. Central Seed Certification Board, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi.

US National Seed Health System. http://www.seedhealth.org/

PL PATH 606 PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0 Objective

To facilitate deeper understanding on plant biosecurity and biosafety issues in agriculture.

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Theory UNIT I History of biosecurity, Concept of biosecurity, Components of biosecurity, Quarantine, Invasive Alien Species, Biowarfare, Emerging/resurgence of pests and diseases. UNIT II National Regulatory Mechanism and International Agreements/Conventions viz., Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures/World Trade Organization (WTO), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, pest risk analysis, risk assessment models, pest information system, early warning and forecasting system, use of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for plant biosecurity, pest/disease and epidemic management, strategies for combating risks and costs associated with agroterrorism event, mitigation planning, integrated approach for biosecurity. UNIT III Biosafety, policies and regulatory mechanism, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and its implications, Issues related to release of genetically modified crops.

Suggested Readings FAO Biosecurity Toolkit 2008. www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1140e/a1140e00.htm

Laboratory Biosecurity Guidance. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/biosafety/WHO_CDS_EPR_2006.pdf

Grotto Andrew J & Jonathan B Tucker. 2006. Biosecurity: A Comprehensive Action Plan. http://www.americanprogress.org/kf/biosecurity_a_comprehensive_action_plan.pdf

Biosecurity Australia. www.daff.gov.au/ba;www.affa.gov.au/biosecurityaustralia

Biosecurity New Zealand. www.biosecurity.govt.nz DEFRA.

www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/control/biosecurity/index.htm Randhawa GJ, Khetarpal RK, Tyagi RK & Dhillon. BS (Eds.). 2001.

Transgenic Crops and Biosafety Concerns. NBPGR, New Delhi. Khetarpal RK & Kavita Gupta 2006. Plant Biosecurity in India - Status and

Strategy. Asian Biotechnology and Development Review 9(2): 39-63.

Biosecurity for Agriculture and Food Production. http://www.fao.org/biosecurity/

CFIA.http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/fad/biosecure.shtml

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PLANT PATHOLOGY List of Journals

Annals of Applied Biology – Cambridge University Press, London Annual Review of Phytopathology – Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, California Annual Review of Plant Pathology - Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology - Canadian Phytopathological Society, Ottawa Indian Journal of Biotechnology - National Institute of Science Communication and

Information Resources, CSIR, New Delhi Indian Journal of Mycopathological Research- Indian Society of Mycology, Kolkata. Indian Journal of Virology - Indian Virological Society, New Delhi Indian Phytopathology - Indian Phytopathological Society, New Delhi Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology - Society of Mycology and Plant Pathology,

Udaipur Journal of Phytopathology - Blackwell Verlag, Berlin Mycologia - New York Botanical Garden, Pennsylvania Mycological Research - Cambridge University Press, London Physiological Molecular Plant Pathology - Academic Press, London Phytopathology - American Phytopathological Society, USA Plant Disease - The American Phytopathological Society, USA Plant Disease Research – Indian Society of Plant Pathologists, Ludhiana Plant Pathology - British Society for Plant Pathology, Blackwell Publ. Review of Plant Pathology - CAB International, Wallingford Virology- New York Academic Press

e-Resources www.shopapspress.org www.apsjournals.apsnet.org www.apsnet.org/journals www.cabi_publishing.org www.springer.com/life+Sci/agriculture www.backwellpublishing.com www.csiro.au www.annual-reviews.org

Suggested Broad Topics for Master’s and Doctoral Research Pathogenesis and characterization of plant pathogens Survey and surveillance Induction of resistance using biotic and abiotic elicitors Variability in plant pathogens Plant-Virus-Vector relationships Genome organization of plant pathogens Dynamics of plant pathogen propagules and their biology Molecular tools in disease diagnosis Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in crops and seeds Rhizosphere in pathogenesis of seed-borne plant pathogens Transgenic resistance Development of disease prediction models in disease forecasting Integrated Disease Management Molecular Taxonomy of different plant pathogens Development of Rapid Diagnostic methods

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Development and Formulation of Improved Biocontrol Agent COMPULSORY NON-CREDIT COURSES

(Compulsory for Master’s programme in all disciplines; Optional for Ph.D. scholars)

CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS

PGS 501 LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES 0+1

PGS 502 TECHNICAL WRITING AND COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS 0+1

PGS 503 (e-Course)

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE

1+0

PGS 504 BASIC CONCEPTS IN LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 0+1 PGS 505 (e-Course)

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, RESEARCH ETHICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES 1+0

PGS 506 (e-Course)

DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1+0

Course Contents

PGS 501 LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES 0+1   Objective

To equip the library users with skills to trace information from libraries efficiently, to apprise them of information and knowledge resources, to carry out literature survey, to formulate information search strategies, and to use modern tools (Internet, OPAC, search engines etc.) of information search.

Practical Introduction to library and its services; Role of libraries in education, research and technology transfer; Classification systems and organization of library; Sources of information- Primary Sources, Secondary Sources and Tertiary Sources; Intricacies of abstracting and indexing services (Science Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, CABI Abstracts, etc.); Tracing information from reference sources; Literature survey; Citation techniques/Preparation of bibliography; Use of CD-ROM Databases, Online Public Access Catalogue and other computerized library services; Use of Internet including search engines and its resources; e-resources access methods.

PGS 502 TECHNICAL WRITING AND COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS 0+1

Objective To equip the students/scholars with skills to write dissertations, research papers, etc. To equip the students/scholars with skills to communicate and articulate in English (verbal as well as writing).

Practical Technical Writing - Various forms of scientific writings- theses, technical papers, reviews, manuals, etc; Various parts of thesis and research

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communications (title page, authorship contents page, preface, introduction, review of literature, material and methods, experimental results and discussion); Writing of abstracts, summaries, précis, citations etc.; commonly used abbreviations in the theses and research communications; illustrations, photographs and drawings with suitable captions; pagination, numbering of tables and illustrations; Writing of numbers and dates in scientific write-ups; Editing and proof-reading; Writing of a review article. Communication Skills - Grammar (Tenses, parts of speech, clauses, punctuation marks); Error analysis (Common errors); Concord; Collocation; Phonetic symbols and transcription; Accentual pattern: Weak forms in connected speech: Participation in group discussion: Facing an interview; presentation of scientific papers.

Suggested Readings Chicago Manual of Style. 14th Ed. 1996. Prentice Hall of India. Collins’ Cobuild English Dictionary. 1995. Harper Collins. Gordon HM & Walter JA. 1970. Technical Writing. 3rd Ed. Holt, Rinehart

& Winston. Hornby AS. 2000. Comp. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of

Current English. 6th Ed. Oxford University Press. James HS. 1994. Handbook for Technical Writing. NTC Business Books. Joseph G. 2000. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th Ed.

Affiliated East-West Press. Mohan K. 2005. Speaking English Effectively. MacMillan India. Richard WS. 1969. Technical Writing. Barnes & Noble. Robert C. (Ed.). 2005. Spoken English: Flourish Your Language. Abhishek. Sethi J & Dhamija PV. 2004. Course in Phonetics and Spoken English. 2nd

Ed. Prentice Hall of India. Wren PC & Martin H. 2006. High School English Grammar and

Composition. S. Chand & Co. PGS 503 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ITS 1+0 (e-Course) MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE   Objective

The main objective of this course is to equip students and stakeholders with knowledge of intellectual property rights (IPR) related protection systems, their significance and use of IPR as a tool for wealth and value creation in a knowledge-based economy.

Theory Historical perspectives and need for the introduction of Intellectual Property Right regime; TRIPs and various provisions in TRIPS Agreement; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), benefits of securing IPRs; Indian Legislations for the protection of various types of Intellectual Properties; Fundamentals of patents, copyrights, geographical indications, designs and layout, trade secrets and traditional knowledge, trademarks, protection of plant varieties and farmers’ rights and bio-diversity protection; Protectable subject matters, protection in biotechnology, protection of other biological materials, ownership and period of protection; National Biodiversity protection initiatives; Convention on Biological Diversity; International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture; Licensing of technologies, Material

90

transfer agreements, Research collaboration Agreement, License Agreement.

Suggested Readings Erbisch FH & Maredia K.1998. Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural

Biotechnology. CABI. Ganguli P. 2001. Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing Knowledge

Economy. McGraw-Hill. Intellectual Property Rights: Key to New Wealth Generation. 2001. NRDC

& Aesthetic Technologies. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. 2004. State of Indian

Farmer. Vol. V. Technology Generation and IPR Issues. Academic Foundation.

Rothschild M & Scott N. (Ed.). 2003. Intellectual Property Rights in Animal Breeding and Genetics. CABI.

Saha R. (Ed.). 2006. Intellectual Property Rights in NAM and Other Developing Countries: A Compendium on Law and Policies. Daya Publ. House.

The Indian Acts - Patents Act, 1970 and amendments; Design Act, 2000; Trademarks Act, 1999; The Copyright Act, 1957 and amendments; Layout Design Act, 2000; PPV and FR Act 2001, and Rules 2003; National Biological Diversity Act, 2003.

PGS 504 BASIC CONCEPTS IN LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 0+1 Objective

To acquaint the students about the basics of commonly used techniques in laboratory.

Practical Safety measures while in Lab; Handling of chemical substances; Use of burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders, flasks, separatory funnel, condensers, micropipettes and vaccupets; washing, drying and sterilization of glassware; Drying of solvents/chemicals. Weighing and preparation of solutions of different strengths and their dilution; Handling techniques of solutions; Preparation of different agro-chemical doses in field and pot applications; Preparation of solutions of acids; Neutralisation of acid and bases; Preparation of buffers of different strengths and pH values. Use and handling of microscope, laminar flow, vacuum pumps, viscometer, thermometer, magnetic stirrer, micro-ovens, incubators, sandbath, waterbath, oilbath; Electric wiring and earthing. Preparation of media and methods of sterilization; Seed viability testing, testing of pollen viability; Tissue culture of crop plants; Description of flowering plants in botanical terms in relation to taxonomy

Suggested Readings Furr AK. 2000. CRC Hand Book of Laboratory Safety. CRC Press. Gabb MH & Latchem WE. 1968. A Handbook of Laboratory Solutions.

Chemical Publ. Co.

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PGS 505 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, RESEARCH ETHICS 1+0 (e-Course) AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES   Objective

To enlighten the students about the organization and functioning of agricultural research systems at national and international levels, research ethics, and rural development programmes and policies of Government.

Theory UNIT I History of agriculture in brief; Global agricultural research system: need, scope, opportunities; Role in promoting food security, reducing poverty and protecting the environment; National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) and Regional Agricultural Research Institutions; Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR): International Agricultural Research Centres (IARC), partnership with NARS, role as a partner in the global agricultural research system, strengthening capacities at national and regional levels; International fellowships for scientific mobility. UNIT II Research ethics: research integrity, research safety in laboratories, welfare of animals used in research, computer ethics, standards and problems in research ethics. UNIT III Concept and connotations of rural development, rural development policies and strategies. Rural development programmes: Community Development Programme, Intensive Agricultural District Programme, Special group – Area Specific Programme, Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Panchayati Raj Institutions, Co-operatives, Voluntary Agencies/Non-Governmental Organisations. Critical evaluation of rural development policies and programmes. Constraints in implementation of rural policies and programmes.

Suggested Readings Bhalla GS & Singh G. 2001. Indian Agriculture - Four Decades of

Development. Sage Publ. Punia MS. Manual on International Research and Research Ethics. CCS,

Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Rao BSV. 2007. Rural Development Strategies and Role of Institutions -

Issues, Innovations and Initiatives. Mittal Publ. Singh K.. 1998. Rural Development - Principles, Policies and

Management. Sage Publ. PGS 506 DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1+0 (e-Course) Objectives

To introduce learners to the key concepts and practices of natural disaster management; to equip them to conduct thorough assessment of hazards, and risks vulnerability; and capacity building.

Theory UNIT I Natural Disasters- Meaning and nature of natural disasters, their types and effects. Floods, Drought, Cyclone, Earthquakes, Landslides, Avalanches,

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Volcanic eruptions, Heat and cold Waves, Climatic Change: Global warming, Sea Level rise, Ozone Depletion UNIT II Man Made Disasters- Nuclear disasters, chemical disasters, biological disasters, building fire, coal fire, forest fire. Oil fire, air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, Industrial wastewater pollution, road accidents, rail accidents, air accidents, sea accidents. UNIT III Disaster Management- Efforts to mitigate natural disasters at national and global levels. International Strategy for Disaster reduction. Concept of disaster management, national disaster management framework; financial arrangements; role of NGOs, Community-based organizations, and media. Central, State, District and local Administration; Armed forces in Disaster response; Disaster response: Police and other organizations.

Suggested Readings Gupta HK. 2003. Disaster Management. Indian National Science

Academy. Orient Blackswan. Hodgkinson PE & Stewart M. 1991. Coping with Catastrophe: A

Handbook of Disaster Management. Routledge. Sharma VK. 2001. Disaster Management. National Centre for Disaster

Management, India.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To embellish our gratitude, the BSMA Committee wishes to place on record the

valuable technical inputs received from all the stakeholders involved in this effort. First

and foremost, we are indebted to Dr. J. C. Katyal, Chairman, National Core Group, and

Vice Chancellor, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar for his stewardship and

overall guidance on the issues to be addressed by the BSMA Committees. The logistic

support provided by Dr R. J. Rabindra, Project Director, and his team of scientists for

facilitating to hold a Workshop of all the stakeholders at PDBC Bangalore is thankfully

acknowledged. We are thankful to Dr H. S. Gaur, Dean and Joint Director (Education),

IARI, New Delhi for organizing the BSMA Committee meetings at IARI. The committee

is also indebted to Dr S. P. Tiwari, DDG (Education) and Dr R. K. Mittal, ADG (EQR),

ICAR for providing input and all the administrative support. The critical inputs provided

by Dr T. P. Rajendran, ADG (Plant Protection), ICAR, were helpful in designing this

document. The basic document (first draft) prepared by the faculty of Plant Protection,

CCS HAU has served as the basis for the BSMA Committee and the efforts of the HAU

faculty are highly appreciated.