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Plant Plant Reproduction Reproduction and Responsesand ResponsesBy: Diana Boyle, Jordan Capelle, Ross Dairiki, Erika By: Diana Boyle, Jordan Capelle, Ross Dairiki, Erika KeerKeer
General Info.General Info.
FertilizationFertilization=Fusion of =Fusion of gametesgametes
2 reproductive 2 reproductive structures: FLOWERS & structures: FLOWERS & FRUITSFRUITS
FlowersFlowers
FlowersFlowers=Reproductive shoots of angiosperm =Reproductive shoots of angiosperm sporophytessporophytes
- - Complete FlowersComplete Flowers have 4 basic floral have 4 basic floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, organs (sepals, petals, stamens,
carpels)carpels)
- - Incomplete FlowersIncomplete Flowers lack 4 basic organs lack 4 basic organs (Example: Grass Flowers)(Example: Grass Flowers)
- - Some flowers are sterile--lack stamens and Some flowers are sterile--lack stamens and carpelscarpels
- - Others are unisexual--lack either stamens Others are unisexual--lack either stamens or carpelsor carpels
-- Inflorescence Inflorescence=Cluster of flowers =Cluster of flowers
Diagram of a flower (left) and fertilization (right)
GametophytesGametophytes MALEMALE FEMALEFEMALE
Mechanism of Mechanism of FertilizationFertilization
PollinationPollination=Transfer of pollen from an anther to a =Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigmastigma
- Made possible by wind (random seed dispersal), water, - Made possible by wind (random seed dispersal), water, or animals (insects, birds, bats)or animals (insects, birds, bats)
CoevolutionCoevolution=Joint evolution of two interacting =Joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by species, each in response to selection imposed by the otherthe other
- - Many species of flowering plants have Many species of flowering plants have coevolved with coevolved with specific specific pollinators pollinators
Double Double FertilizationFertilization
The union of 2 The union of 2 sperm cells with sperm cells with
different nuclei of different nuclei of the female the female
gametophytegametophyte
Seed Structure and Seed Structure and FunctionFunction
Diagram of Seed
Fruit Structure & Fruit Structure & FunctionFunction
FruitFruit=developed =developed from flower ovary from flower ovary Protect enclosed Protect enclosed
seedsseeds Aid in dispersalAid in dispersal
Animals eat fruit and Animals eat fruit and poop out seeds in poop out seeds in new locationnew location
Fertilization triggers Fertilization triggers hormonal changes hormonal changes that begin ovary that begin ovary transformationtransformation
Developmental Origin Developmental Origin of Fruitsof Fruits
Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
Can be sustained byCan be sustained by meristems meristems=regions of =regions of undifferentiated, dividing cellsundifferentiated, dividing cells
Parenchyma cells throughout plant divide and Parenchyma cells throughout plant divide and differentiate into more specialized types of differentiate into more specialized types of cells (regenerate lost parts)cells (regenerate lost parts) FragmentationFragmentation=separation of parent plant =separation of parent plant
into parts that develop into whole plantsinto parts that develop into whole plants ApomixisApomixis=asexual production of seeds=asexual production of seeds
Benefits of Benefits of Reproductive MethodsReproductive Methods
ASEXUALASEXUAL
No need No need for pollinatorfor pollinator
Allows plant to pass Allows plant to pass exact copyexact copy of genes (good of genes (good if environment is stable)if environment is stable)
Offspring Offspring generally generally stronger stronger than sexually than sexually
produced offspring produced offspring (though germination is still (though germination is still
very precariousvery precarious
SEXUALSEXUAL
Better against Better against unstable unstable environments environments (pathogens, (pathogens, other fluctuation) because other fluctuation) because
it generates variationit generates variation
Dispersal Dispersal of offspring to of offspring to more distant locationsmore distant locations
Seed dormancy puts Seed dormancy puts growth growth on hold on hold until until
environmental conditions environmental conditions become more favorablebecome more favorable
This music video includes some general information about plant reproduction/responses to provide a break from slides!
Enjoy
Mechanisms to Prevent Mechanisms to Prevent Self-FertilizationSelf-Fertilization
Self-fertilization Self-fertilization increases genetic increases genetic variety by ensuring variety by ensuring sperm and egg from sperm and egg from differentdifferent parents parents
Self-incompatibilitySelf-incompatibility= = Ability of a plant to Ability of a plant to rejectreject its own pollen its own pollen and sometimes the and sometimes the pollen of closely related pollen of closely related individualsindividuals
Dioecious Dioecious speciesspecies=Plants can’t =Plants can’t self-fertilize because self-fertilize because different individuals different individuals have eitherhave either staminate staminate flowers (no carpels) orflowers (no carpels) or carpellate carpellate flowers (no flowers (no stamens); other plants stamens); other plants have functional carpel have functional carpel and stamens, but and stamens, but mature at diff. times or mature at diff. times or have unfavorable have unfavorable orientationorientation
Human ManipulationHuman Manipulation
Clones from cuttingClones from cutting: most houseplants, woody : most houseplants, woody ornamentals, and orchard treesornamentals, and orchard trees
GraftingGrafting: makes it possible to combine the best : makes it possible to combine the best qualities of different species or varieties into 1 qualities of different species or varieties into 1 plantplant ““Host” plant=Host” plant=stockstock, grafted part=, grafted part=scionscion
Test-tube cloningTest-tube cloning Protoplast fusionProtoplast fusion with tissue culture methods with tissue culture methods
to invent new plant varieties (hybrids) that can to invent new plant varieties (hybrids) that can be cloned (protoplast=plant cell with wall be cloned (protoplast=plant cell with wall removed by enzyme treatment)removed by enzyme treatment)
Plant Responses to Plant Responses to Internal and External Internal and External
SignalsSignals Plants receive specific signals and respond to them in Plants receive specific signals and respond to them in
ways that enhance survival and reproductionways that enhance survival and reproduction
EtiolationEtiolation: : the morphological adaptation for growing the morphological adaptation for growing in the darkin the dark
De-etiolationDe-etiolation: : the change that plants undergo when the change that plants undergo when shoot reaches lightshoot reaches light Stem elongation slows, leaves expand, roots elongate, & Stem elongation slows, leaves expand, roots elongate, &
shoot produces chlorophyllshoot produces chlorophyll
ReceptionReception
Signals are first detected Signals are first detected by by receptorsreceptors, proteins , proteins that undergo changes & that undergo changes & shape in response to a shape in response to a specific stimulusspecific stimulus
Receptor involved in de-Receptor involved in de-etiolation is a type of etiolation is a type of phytochromephytochrome Located in cytoplasmLocated in cytoplasm
Receptors can be Receptors can be sensitive to weak sensitive to weak environmental or environmental or chemical signalschemical signals
TransductionTransduction
Some de-etiolation responses=triggered by Some de-etiolation responses=triggered by extremely low levels of lifeextremely low levels of life
Second messengersSecond messengers=small molecules & ions =small molecules & ions that amplify signal & transfer it from receptor to that amplify signal & transfer it from receptor to other proteins that carry out responseother proteins that carry out response
Ca2+ & cyclic GMP=second messengers in de-Ca2+ & cyclic GMP=second messengers in de-etiolationetiolation
Changes in Ca2+ levels=important in Changes in Ca2+ levels=important in photochrome signal transduction photochrome signal transduction
Photochrome activationPhotochrome activation opening of Ca2+ opening of Ca2+ channels & a transient 100-fold increase in channels & a transient 100-fold increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels cytosolic Ca2+ levels
Photochrome changes shape, which leads to Photochrome changes shape, which leads to activation of activation of guanylyl cyclaseguanylyl cyclase
cGmp induces cGmp induces partial de-etiolation response partial de-etiolation response
ResponseResponse
Involves increased activity of enzymesInvolves increased activity of enzymes
2 mechanisms that can enhance an enzymatic 2 mechanisms that can enhance an enzymatic step in a biochemical pathway=step in a biochemical pathway=
1)1) post-translational modificationpost-translational modification
2) transcriptional regulation2) transcriptional regulation post-translational modification- activates pre-post-translational modification- activates pre-
existing enzymesexisting enzymes transcriptional regulation- increases/decreases transcriptional regulation- increases/decreases
the synthesis of mRNA encoding a specific the synthesis of mRNA encoding a specific enzymeenzyme
Overview of Reception, Transduction, Response
Plant HormonesPlant Hormones
HormoneHormone=signaling molecule produced in organism’s =signaling molecule produced in organism’s body & transported to other parts, where it binds to body & transported to other parts, where it binds to specific receptor & triggers responses in target cells & specific receptor & triggers responses in target cells & tissuestissues Every aspect of plant growth & development=due to Every aspect of plant growth & development=due to
hormonal control hormonal control
TropismTropism=any growth response that results in plant =any growth response that results in plant organs curving toward/away from stimuliorgans curving toward/away from stimuli
Triple ResponseTriple Response=hormone that enables shoot to =hormone that enables shoot to avoid obstaclesavoid obstacles
SenescenceSenescence=programmed death of certain cells or =programmed death of certain cells or organs on the entire plantorgans on the entire plant
Plant Hormones Plant Hormones (continued)(continued)Hormone Function
Auxin Stimulates cell elongation, regulates branching and organ bending
Cytokinins Stimulate plant cell division; promote later bud growth; slow organ death
Gibberellins Promote stem elongation; helps seeds break dormancy and use stored reserves
Brassinosteriods Chemically similar to sex hormones of animals; induce elongation and division
Abscisic acid Promotes stomatal closure in response to drought; promotes seed dormancy
Strigolactones Regulate apical domiance, seed germination, and mycorrhizal associations
Ethylene Mediates fruit ripening
Responses to LightResponses to Light
Blue-light receptors: control hypocotyl elongation, stomatal opening, & phototropism
Red and Blue light=most important colors in regulation of plant’s photomorphogenesis (effects of light on
plant morphology)
Blue light initiates variety of responses in plants including phototropism, the light-induced opening of
stomata
3 types of pigments detecting blue light= 1) Cryptochromevs 2) Phototropin 3) Zeaxanthin
Phytochromes: help with information about light, help plants keep track of passage of days and seasons
Action spectrum: graph that depicts relative effectiveness of diff wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process
Responses to light Responses to light ContinuedContinued
Circadian rhythms: physiological cycle of ~24 hrs that persists even in absence of external cues
Photoperiodism: physiological response to
photoperiod, such as flowering
Short-day plants require light period shorter than critical length to flowers
Long-day plants flower late in spring or early
summer, need longer than a certain number of hours
Day-neutral plants (tomatoes, rice,
dandelions)= unaffected by
photoperiod & flower when they reach a
certain stage of maturity
Reponses the light Reponses the light continuedcontinued
Plants detect direction, intensity, & wavelength (color)
Phytochrome conversion also provides info about relative length of day & night (photoperiod) & hence time of year
Photoperiodism regulates time of flowering in many species
Free-running circadian cycles ~24 hours
Florigen: hypothetical signaling molecule for flowering
Plant Response to Plant Response to StimuliStimuli
Gravitropism=response to gravity Occurs as soon as a seed germinates
Statoliths=dense cytoplasmic components that settle under influence of gravity to lower portions of the cell
Action potentials resemble nerve impulses in animals, but 1000x slower
Abiotic: nonliving stresses that plants encounter
Biotic: living stresses, such as herbivores and pathogens
Heat-shock proteins: help protect other proteins from heat stress
Environmental Environmental Stresses/ResponsesStresses/Responses
Environmental Stress Response
Drought ABA production, reducing water loss by closing stomata
Flooding Formation of air tubes that help roots survive oxygen deprivation
Salt Avoiding osmotic water loss by producing solutes tolerated at high concentration
Heat Synthesis of heat-shock proteins, which reduce protein denaturation at high temperatures
Cold Adjusting membrane fluidity; avoiding osmotic water loss; producing antifreeze proteins
Plant DefensePlant Defense
Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens
Physical defenses--thorns & trichromes
Produce chemicals=distasteful & toxic
1st line of defense: epidermis and periderm
2nd line of defense: chemical attack that destroys pathogen and prevents spread of infection
Plant has little specific defense against virulent pathogens
Avirulent pathogens: strains of pathogens that mildly harm but do not kill host plants
herbivorepathogen
Defense responses against an avirulent pathogen
Plants Defense Plants Defense (Continued)(Continued)
Gene-for-gene recognition=form of plant disease resistance in which pathogen-derived molecules (effectors) are recognized by one of the 100s of resistance genes in plant’s genome
Hypersensitive response: defense response that causes cell and tissue death near infection site
Systemic acquired resistance: arises from plant-wide expression of defense genes
Salicylic acid: activates signal transduction pthwy that induces production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins & resistance to pathogen attack
BibliographyBibliography Textbook Website in general: Textbook Website in general:
CHAPTER 38- Parts of flower, fertilization, male/female CHAPTER 38- Parts of flower, fertilization, male/female gametophytes, hummingbird, double fertilization, seed structure, gametophytes, hummingbird, double fertilization, seed structure, origin of fruits, and preventing self-fertilization CHAPTER 39- origin of fruits, and preventing self-fertilization CHAPTER 39- Reception and transduction and response, flowering hormone, and Reception and transduction and response, flowering hormone, and avirulent defense responsesavirulent defense responseshttp://view.ebookplus.pearsoncmg.com/ebook/launcheText.do?values=bookID::4487::platform::1004::invokeType::lms::launchState::goToEBook::scenarioid::scenario3::logoutplatform::1004::platform::1004::scenario::3::globalBookID::CM81419602::userID::1911037::pageid::::hsid::5434934bda1919e8fb46a13ad18940ba
(Chloroplast)-(Chloroplast)-http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/chloroplast_labeled.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/cellular/notes_cells2.html&usg=__jt46BLhGK2kXtfsnXvEk_pehTOI=&h=273&w=240&sz=19&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=0GPQ6DgB0MPpSM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=99&ei=OeGWT8acB6rAiQfc4ZWgCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlabeled%2Bchloroplast%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1
Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd.
(Linear electron flow)-(Linear electron flow)-http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/pix/noncyclic.jpg
(Cyclic electron flow)- (Cyclic electron flow)- http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/cyclic_electron_flow.jpg
(C3 and C4 plant)- (C3 and C4 plant)- http://www.google.com/imgres?q=c3+and+c4+plants&hl=en&biw=1203&bih=629&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=HVXznDU79kIssM:&imgrefurl=http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/each-plant-species-utilizes-one-of-several-13311179&docid=ST2PXVLQNsCjcM&imgurl=http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/13311179/taub_figure2_ksm.jpg&w=500&h=384&ei=sHSdT9fpC8nMiQKx8fBE&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=828&vpy=178&dur=661&hovh=197&hovw=256&tx=134&ty=110&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=122&tbnw=159&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:91
Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd. (CAM plant)- (CAM plant)-
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=c3+and+c4+plants&hl=en&biw=1203&bih=629&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=5Wn-TnII7WaFSM:&imgrefurl=http://ihatecreataccount.blogspot.com/&docid=u6rKD-Gr1qVHqM&imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8mocbeEDyAE/TfzKBj9B4lI/AAAAAAAAABA/-l-B3ghAZ3s/s1600/C4-and-CAM-plants.jpg&w=614&h=602&ei=sHSdT9fpC8nMiQKx8fBE&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=937&vpy=73&dur=383&hovh=222&hovw=227&tx=155&ty=169&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=122&tbnw=124&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0,i:93
(Mitochondria)-(Mitochondria)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=mitochondria&num=10&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=7G9QL6X6c6JrGM:&imgrefurl=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.html&docid=Fzfn06X-Mo1mlM&imgurl=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/images/mitochondriafigure1.jpg&w=296&h=312&ei=93SdT6maF9PbiALUtPRg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=403&sig=112547099696337624223&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=118&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:109&tx=45&ty=26
Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd.
(Calvin Cycle)-(Calvin Cycle)-http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/alcferm.gif
(Fermentation)-(Fermentation)-http://galvez-808.cghub.com/files/Image/086001-087000/86629/095_stream.jpg
(Sun)-(Sun)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=the+sun&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=eRnRauaHGhZV4M:&imgrefurl=http://www.bobthealien.co.uk/sun.htm&docid=2Zh8xL_2UaBKCM&imgurl=http://www.bobthealien.co.uk/sunmain2.png&w=320&h=320&ei=l4udT72rDqGSiQKrn7x4&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=205&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=125&tbnw=124&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:160&tx=94&ty=74
Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd.
(Tomato)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=tomatoes&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=-DcjM3eIeLrVNM:&imgrefurl=http://www.bewellbuzz.com/general/what-you-didnt-know-about-tomatoes/&docid=rci-XKvrxbp8xM&imgurl=http://cdn.bewellbuzz.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/06/tomatoes=293x300.jpg&w=293&h=300&ei=Bo2dT6PfLsjhiAKH3OmkAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=672&vpy=168&dur=233&hovh=227&hovw=222&tx=128&ty=73&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=129&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:143
(Reception, transduction, response)- (Reception, transduction, response)- http://view.ebookplus.pearsoncmg.com/ebook/launcheText.do?values=bookID::4487::platform::1004::invokeType::lms::launchState::goToEBook::scenarioid::scenario3::logoutplatform::1004::platform::1004::scenario::3::globalBookID::CM81419602::userID::1911037::pageid::::hsid::5434934bda1919e8fb46a13ad18940ba
Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd.
(Gravitropism leaf)-(Gravitropism leaf)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=gravitropism&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1203&bih=651&tbm=isch&tbnid=DyjaGkCPk7oHBM:&imgrefurl=http://herbarium.desu.edu/pfk/page8/page9/page9.html&docid=zfQ1M6RevvnjYM&imgurl=http://herbarium.desu.edu/pfk/page8/page9/files/page9_1.jpg&w=301&h=265&ei=QS6eT-4G5JqIAuyF-Hg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=488&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=145&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:76&tx=104&ty=67
(Herbivore)-(Herbivore)-http://www.google.com/imgres?http://www.google.com/imgres?q=herbivores&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=ischq=herbivores&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=NcMGzieuixaetM:&imgrefurl=http://&tbnid=NcMGzieuixaetM:&imgrefurl=http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/marssim/simhtml/info/whats-a-www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/marssim/simhtml/info/whats-a-herbivore.html&docid=4j8edxN7tTtbCM&imgurl=http://herbivore.html&docid=4j8edxN7tTtbCM&imgurl=http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/marssim/simhtml/pics-for-sim/www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/marssim/simhtml/pics-for-sim/pronghorn.jpg&w=215&h=198&ei=FC-eT8-pronghorn.jpg&w=215&h=198&ei=FC-eT8-DKeSpiALYyeCcAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=291&sig=112547099696DKeSpiALYyeCcAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=291&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=125&tbnw=123&start=0&ndsp=20&ve337624223&page=1&tbnh=125&tbnw=123&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:135&tx=86&ty=40d=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:135&tx=86&ty=40
Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd.
(Grafting)-(Grafting)-http://www.google.com/imgres?http://www.google.com/imgres?q=grafting+of+plants&num=10&um=1&hl=en&biw=1203&bih=651q=grafting+of+plants&num=10&um=1&hl=en&biw=1203&bih=651&tbm=isch&tbnid=oSjdfEPHjhuwiM:&imgrefurl=http://anpsa.org.au/&tbm=isch&tbnid=oSjdfEPHjhuwiM:&imgrefurl=http://anpsa.org.au/grafting.html&docid=O4TojW7M8_dPMM&imgurl=http://grafting.html&docid=O4TojW7M8_dPMM&imgurl=http://anpsa.org.au/gif/grafta.gif&w=261&h=341&ei=ryKeT4KNJ4-anpsa.org.au/gif/grafta.gif&w=261&h=341&ei=ryKeT4KNJ4-NigLBqMWZAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=382&sig=112547099696337NigLBqMWZAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=382&sig=112547099696337624223&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=102&start=0&ndsp=21&624223&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=102&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:84&tx=63&ty=44ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:84&tx=63&ty=44
(Pathogen)-(Pathogen)-http://www.google.com/imgres?http://www.google.com/imgres?q=pathogen&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=ischq=pathogen&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=v2OabBWgeetIRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.beltina.org/&tbnid=v2OabBWgeetIRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.beltina.org/health-dictionary/pathogen-definition-what-health-dictionary/pathogen-definition-what-is.html&docid=LpmLvh6jzfJ3dM&imgurl=http://www.beltina.org/is.html&docid=LpmLvh6jzfJ3dM&imgurl=http://www.beltina.org/pics/pathogen.jpg&w=291&h=284&ei=YC-pics/pathogen.jpg&w=291&h=284&ei=YC-eT7v9D8muiAL9wtCiAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=112&vpy=167&dueT7v9D8muiAL9wtCiAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=112&vpy=167&dur=740&hovh=222&hovw=227&tx=140&ty=135&sig=11254709969r=740&hovh=222&hovw=227&tx=140&ty=135&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=126&tbnw=130&start=0&ndsp=21&v6337624223&page=1&tbnh=126&tbnw=130&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:135ed=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:135
Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd.
(Hypersensitive response (Hypersensitive response leaf)-leaf)-http://www.google.com/imgres?http://www.google.com/imgres?q=hypersensitive+response&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1002&bih=q=hypersensitive+response&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1002&bih=524&tbm=isch&tbnid=6osVRRAmmlx0tM:&imgrefurl=http://524&tbm=isch&tbnid=6osVRRAmmlx0tM:&imgrefurl=http://www.sidthomas.net/SenEssence/Development/www.sidthomas.net/SenEssence/Development/devexamples.htm&docid=0hSHRJW6boWvbM&imgurl=http://devexamples.htm&docid=0hSHRJW6boWvbM&imgurl=http://www.sidthomas.net/images/www.sidthomas.net/images/hypersensitive.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=3DOeT8PmGYSXiALWtKCeAQhypersensitive.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=3DOeT8PmGYSXiALWtKCeAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=483&sig=112547099696337624223&page&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=483&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=159&tbnw=218&start=0&ndsp=8&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:7=1&tbnh=159&tbnw=218&start=0&ndsp=8&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:71&tx=126&ty=591&tx=126&ty=59