Plant Rotation

8/13/2019 Plant Rotation

1/22

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Plant Rotation

Organic farming plant rotation

Crop rotation

Crop rotation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation

http://horticulture.psu.edu/cms/conshort/files/plant%20families.pdf

Vegetable Crop Rotation

or health! soil and high !ields" it#s a good idea to practise crop rotation. $ith crop rotation"egeta&les in the same &otanical famil! are grown in a different part of the garden each !ear. Rotationcan also &e practised when planting successie short'season crops in the same plot during a singlegrowing season.

Why Use Crop Rotation?

Crop rotation can improe soil fertilit! and structure( help manage diseases and insects that affect aspecific plant famil! and aid in weed control.

)egeta&les in the same &otanical famil! hae similar nutrient re*uirements. +ome are ,hea! feeders-and deplete more of the soil#s minerals" while others are ,light feeders- using up fewer minerals. naddition" there are those plants that actuall! improe the soil and add nutrients. ! alternating theplanting of these three t!pes of crops in a single plot" the health of the soil can &e maintained. ea!feeders include &roccoli" sweet corn" and tomatoes. 1ight feeders include carrots" onions" peppers" and

potatoes. +oil &uilders include legumes such as peas and &eans. +ee +oil mendments for

)egeta&lesfor details.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotationhttp://horticulture.psu.edu/cms/conshort/files/plant%20families.pdfhttp://www.vegetableexpert.co.uk/SoilAmendmentsForVegetables.htmlhttp://www.vegetableexpert.co.uk/SoilAmendmentsForVegetables.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotationhttp://horticulture.psu.edu/cms/conshort/files/plant%20families.pdfhttp://www.vegetableexpert.co.uk/SoilAmendmentsForVegetables.htmlhttp://www.vegetableexpert.co.uk/SoilAmendmentsForVegetables.html


2/22


Comunicat de presThe History of Crop Rotation

efore the 3450s" crop rotation was a common means of maintaining soil fertilit!. Once s!ntheticfertilisers came on the scene" howeer" farmers &egan practising monocropping 6 growing one t!pe ofcrop 6 and rel!ing on chemical fertilisers to replace soil nutrients. $hile this worked for a while" oer

time the practice took its toll on soil fertilit!. $hile most farmers rotate crops toda!" the! still oftenonl! follow a short rotation of two or three !ears.

Common Rotations

7here are different s!stems of crop rotation. lthough the common rotation is a 8'!ear plan" somee9perts adise a '!ear plan for home gardens. ere are some common rotations:

Potatoes" &rassicas" legumes" and roots

1egumes( onions" carrots and tomatoes( and &rassicas

ea! feeders" light feeders" and soil &uilders

Roots" &rassicas" and all other crops

n the first rotation a&oe" for e9ample" the first !ear plant potatoes in the &ed. 7he ne9t !ear" plant&rassicas. 7he third !ear" plant legumes( and the fourth !ear" plant roots.

s !ou can see" there are man! choices. One element common to irtuall! all rotations is to plant&rassicas in a different spot each !ear. rassicas are hea! feeders and are all suscepti&le to a fungaldisease called clu&root. $hile clu&root can last for up to 20 !ears in the soil" crop rotation helps slowdown the proliferation of clu& root spores. rassicas include &roccoli" russels sprouts" ca&&age"cauliflower" collards" kale" mustard" swedes and turnips.

lanning !o"r Rotations

irst" learn the &otanical families &! reading the articles in the ll &out )egeta&lessection. ;e9t"make a list of the egeta&les !ou plan to grow and group them according to &otanical famil!.

t#s easier to rotate crops if !ou diide !our garden into sections or &eds that are roughl! the samesi


3/22


Comunicat de presCrop Rotating Tips

ere are a few rules of thum& for crop rotation:

Aroup crops according to which diseases the! are suscepti&le to

lternate root egeta&les and egeta&les with shallow roots: this will improe the soil

structure

f !ou use interplanting Bplanting different egeta&les together in the same &ed" use the main

crop in !our rotation plan

Remem&er tomatoes and potatoes are &oth mem&ers of the nightshade famil!: don#t plant

one to follow the other

Plant &rassicas and leaf! greens to follow legumes: the! like the added nitrogen

eware of planting carrots or &eetroot in direct succession to a legume

7o improe !our chances of gardening success" tr! deising a simple crop rotation plan

http://www.egeta&lee9pert.co.uk/)egeta&leCropRotation.html

College of %gric"lt"ral Sciences & Cooperati'e ()tension

Plant Rotation in the Garden Based

on Plant FamiliesKnowing what family a plant belongs to can be useful

in making decisions about rotating plants for managingpests and soil fertility in the garden. Plants in a family are

genetically related, so they have similar characteristics. As

an example, members of the Cucurbitaceae, among

other shared characteristics, have deeply lobed or

divided leaves, separate male and female flowers on

each plant (termed monoecious! plants" with five

fused petals, similar fruit types and tendrils for climbing.

#esides having similarities in appearance, plants in the

same family often have similar susceptibilities to various

garden pests such as diseases, insects and$or nematodes.

%n general, it is not recommended that an area be

planted with plants of the same family in succession toavoid the buildup of shared pests. &ome plants should

not follow members of other families either because of

susceptibility to common pests. 'or example,strawberries (and other members of the osaceae"

should not be planted after members of the &olanaceae

(and vice versa" because they are all susceptible to the

disease verticillium wilt. Keep in mind that various

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4/22


Comunicat de presweeds also belong to these same families and can also

host the same pests. Knowing plant families can also be

useful in determining appropriate pesticides to use,

when warranted. )his can apply to both targeted effects

and non*targeted effects such as being toxic to desirablegarden plants.

Plants can be rotated to manage soil fertility. )his is

done by including plants in the rotation to improve the

fertility status of the garden soil and rotating amongplants that are heavy users of certain nutrients. 'or

example, members of the 'abaceae (legume family" can

be grown to add nitrogen to the soil and many

members of the +iliaceae are heavy users of potassium.

)he table on the following pages lists several vegetables,

herbs, fruit, cut flowers, bedding plants, cover crops

and weeds by plant family. Plant family names can be

easily identified because they end in *aceae! however,some families also have old! or traditional names that

end in *ae.! )raditional names as well as common

names are included in the table. -ote that some plants

are listed in more than one grouping.

amily NameSolanaceae

Brassicaceae

Cucurbitaceae

RosaceaeAliasessolanaceous crops

potato, tomato ornightshade family

Cruciferae brassicas

cole crops cruciferous

crops mustard family

cucurbits cucumber

family suash familyrose family, rosaceous

plants

Crops andCoverCropspeppers (bell and

chile", tomatoes,

potatoes, eggplant,

tobacco, tomatillo

horseradish, cabbage,

cauliflower, broccoli,

kohlrabi, kale, #russels

sprouts, turnips,

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5/22


Comunicat de presChinese cabbage,

radish, rapeseed,

mustard, collards,

watercress, pak choi,

bok choi, rutabagacucumber, melons,

watermelon, summer

suash, pumpkin,

gourds, winter suashapples, peaches,

apricots, nectarines,

plums, strawberries,

blackberries,

raspberries, pears,

cherries,uince,almond

MembersHerbaceousOrnamentalspetunia, million bells

stock, alyssum,

candytuft

Weedsnightshade,

/imsonweed, henbane,

groundcherry,

buffalobur, horsenettle

shepherd0s*purse, field

pennycress, yellow

rocketmultiflora rose

Fabaceae

Poaceae

Polygonaceae+eguminosae

leguminous crops

legumes bean, pea or

legume family

1ramineae grass

family

knotweed family

beans, peas, lentils,peanut, soybean,

edamame, garban2o

bean, fava bean, hairy

vetch, vetches, alfalfa,

clovers, cowpea,

birdsfoot trefoil, black

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6/22


Comunicat de presmedic

corn, wheat, barley,

oats, sorghum, rice,

millet, rye, ryegrass,

sorghum*sudangrass,fescue, timothy

buckwheat, rhubarb

ornamental grasses

various vetches,clovers, black medic

brome, wild oats,

crabgrass,

orchardgrass,

barnyardgrass,

uackgrass, fall

panicum, foxtail,

3ohnsongrassknotweed, smartweed

amily NameLiliaceae

Lamiaceae

Ericaceae

ChenopodiaceaeAliaseslily family alliums (for

members of theAllium

genus"

+abiatae mint family

heather or blueberryfamily

goosefoot family

4mbelliferae carrot

family

sunflower family aster

family

Crops and CoverCropsasparagus, onions,

leeks, chives, garlic,

shallots

lavender, basil,

mar/oram, oregano,

rosemary, sage, thyme,

mints, catnip

blueberries, cranberries

spinach, beets, chard,

sugar beets

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Comunicat de prescarrots, parsnips,

celery, dill, chervil,

cilantro, parsley,

caraway, fennel

sunflowers, lettuce,endive, escarole,

radicchio, dandelion,

3erusalem artichoke,

artichoke, safflower,chicory, tarragon,

chamomile, echinacea,

sunflowers

MembersHerbaceousOrnamentalstulips, daffodils, hosta,

hyacinthsalvia,Molucella (bellsof*%reland"

heather

Trachymeme, Buplerum

marigold, mums,

2innia, aster, Calendula,

cosmos,Rudbeckia,

Tithonia, Centaurea,

Helichrysum, yarrow,

Leucanthemum,

echinacea, sunflowers

Weedswild garlic and onions

mints, catnip,henbit

kochia, lambsuarters

poison*hemlock, wildcarrot

dandelion, 3erusalem

artichoke, chicory,

echinacea, thistles,

knapweeds, cocklebur,

yarrow, ragweeds,

goldenrod, groundsel,

galinsoga, sunflowersApiaceae

Asteraceae45isit Penn &tate0s College of Agricultural &ciences on the 6eb7 www.cas.psu.edu.

6here trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by

Penn &tate Cooperative 8xtension is implied.

%ssued in furtherance of Cooperative 8xtension 6ork, Acts of Congress 9ay : and

3une ;=?, in cooperation with the 4.&. @epartment of Agriculture and the

Pennsylvania +egislature. ). . Alter, @irector of Cooperative 8xtension, )he

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This publication is aailable in alternatie media on re!uest.)he Pennsylvania &tate 4niversity is committed to the policy that all persons shall have

eual access to programs, facilities, admission, and employment without regard to

personal characteristics not related to ability, performance, or ualifications as

determined by 4niversity policy or by state or federal authorities. %t is the policy of the

4niversity to maintain an academic and work environment free of discrimination,

including harassment. )he Pennsylvania &tate 4niversity prohibits discrimination andharassment against any person because of age, ancestry, color, disability or handicap,

national origin, race, religious creed, sex, sexual orientation, or veteran status.

@iscrimination or harassment against faculty, staff, or students will not be tolerated at

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9/22


Comunicat de pres

(ffects on cotton root rot

armers in Ari5ona an+ Te(as hae reporte+ that cotton follo/ing sesame has significantl less cotton root rot6Phymatotrichopsis omnivora7 the follo/ing ear

ome ack to 7op

Soil impro'ements after sesame

Researchers at Te(as A* an+ Au4urn 9niersit hae foun+ that sesame re+uces nemato+e populations1particularl the root :not nemato+e that attac:s peanuts an+ cotton

;esame is an e(cellent soil 4uil+er Roots hae as much mass as the isi4le plant ;tal:s +isc into soil easil an+4rea: +o/n


10/22


Comunicat de pres The cotton gra+e has neer 4een affecte+ an+ olunteers hae rarel 4othere+ pic:ers or strippers

armers easil control sesame in Roun+up Rea+@ cotton ;esame is e(tremel suscepti4le to glphosate

.n most ears the sesame /ill not come through Caparol@

ome ack to 7op

ean"ts after sesame

*an farmers hae incorporate+ sesame into their peanut rotation 4ecause it

.ncreases iel+

;uppresses populations of root :not nemato+es

)(ten+s limite+ /ater so that farmer can concentrate on /ater for peanuts

=ne farmer /ho has gro/n sesame since #%% has sai+1 >The peanuts after the sesame close in faster1 an+ +uringharest1 it ta:es less roun+s to fill up the 4in after sesame>

;esame can olunteer in peanuts

Ca+re@ an+ 2-"D proi+e effectie control

;ome farmers prefer a /ic: /ith glphosate

ome ack to 7op

Wheat after sesame

*an farmers hae incorporate+ sesame into their /heat rotation 4ecause it

.ncreases iel+

Broi+es a secon+ cash crop

;esame ahea+ of /heat /ill use resources - moisture an+ fertilit .n +rlan+ con+itions in a +r ear1 there ma not4e enough moisture for 4oth crops

o a++itional total fertili5er is necessar for /heat1 4ut /heat /ill nee+ more up-front nitrogen1 since the 4rea:ing+o/n of the sesame stal:s /ill tie up a 4it of the nitrogen earl

.n orthern =:lahoma1 sesame /ill push /heat planting into oem4er or Decem4er an+ /ill not /or: for gra5ing/heat .n ;outh Te(as1 planting re for gra5ing after sesame has increase+ the num4er of +as the cattle can sta onthe fiel+ an+ has increase+ +ail /eight gain

ome ack to 7op

%lfalfa after sesame

.n Ari5ona1 sesame is hareste+ 4efore alfalfa is normall plante+1 allo/ing for a summer crop to coer the groun++uring the heat

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11/22


Comunicat de preso a++itional total fertili5er is necessar for alfalfa1 4ut alfalfa /ill nee+ more up-front1 since the 4rea:ing +o/n of thesesame stal:s /ill tie up a 4it of the nitrogen earl

ome ack to 7op

Sesame as a second crop after *heat

.n irrigate+ or high rainfall areas1 sesame /ill proi+e a goo+ secon+ income ust prior to Christmas

.n the +rlan+ Rolling Blains1 man farmers plant sesame as a catch crop after /heat

.n some ears /ith a fe/ summer rains at the right time1 sesame has iel+e+ oer 800 l4s'acre in the ;an

Angelo area

.n most ears sesame /ill more than coer its costs an+ proi+e soil an+ iel+ 4enefits to the cotton the ne(t

ear

.n some ears there /ill not 4e enough moisture1 an+ the sesame can 4e +isce+ in as a green manure to

proi+e soil an+ iel+ 4enefits to the cotton the ne(t ear

Tips for gro/ing sesame after /heat

Go /ith no-till to presere moisture

Hit fiel+ /ith glphosate prior to planting to +estro /ee+s coming up in /heat stu44le

?heat stu44le nee+s to 4e less than " inches if planting /ith +rill1 to aoi+ sha+ing .f planting /ith cotton

planter1 /heels ne(t to +isc openers /ill push +o/n /heat enough

;ome farmers prefer to 4urn /heat stu44le1 4ut /heat :eeps the groun+ from 4lo/ing in areas /ith high

/in+s

.f planting sesame /ith a +rill on /heat 4e+s1 tr for 3 ro/s on 4e+ 4ecause +rill /ill +rift an+ /ill en+ up /ith

2 goo+ ro/s

There hae 4een mi(e+ results /ith /heat her4ici+es such as Am4er@1 Glean@1 All@1 inesse@1 an+ Assert@;ome farmers hae plante+ after using these her4ici+es /ith results ranging from little effect to complete era+icationof sesame

Ee careful /ith ne/er1 longer resi+ual her4ici+es in our preious crops - if cotton is not =F on the la4el1 +ont tr itfor sesame

ome ack to 7op

Sesame as a catch crop for failed o"t cotton

.n eer case of sesame plante+ si+e-4-si+e /ith sorghum1 the sesame has nette+ more +ollars1 an+ the sesame

has 4een 4etter for the cotton groun+ ne(t ear

;esame /or:s after most cotton her4ici+es

;esame normall tolerates half the rate of the ello/s 6Bro/l@ or Treflan@7 E the time the cotton is faile+

out1 the effectieness of the ello/s has 4een +iminishe+1 an+ the temperatures are higher1 increasing theigor of the sesame germination

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12/22


Comunicat de pres The laer of Caparol@ nee+s to 4e pushe+ a/a from the see+ line an+ not 4e pulle+ 4ac: oer the see+

line

;eeral thousan+ acres of sesame hae 4een plante+ 4ehin+ ;tapple@'Dire(@

ome ack to 7op

Sesame as a catch crop for failed o"t corn or sorgh"m

9suall +oes not /or:

;esame is suscepti4le to most corn an+ sorghum her4ici+es

.n most areas1 the last +a to plant sorghum is after the latest planting +ate for sesame

ome ack to 7op

Sesame as a rotation after other crops

;esame is regularl plante+ after cotton1 corn1 sorghum1 peanuts1 so4eans1 alfalfa1 /heat1 oats1 an+ re /ithout anpro4lems

Ee careful /ith ne/er longer resi+ual her4ici+es in our preious crops - if cotton is not =F on the la4el1 +ont tr it forsesame

.n some ears sesame can follo/ Ca+re@ in peanuts1 4ut in +r ears1 there hae 4een carr-oer effects onsesame

9sing Roun+up@ /ith hoo+e+ spraers has /or:e+ in lieu of cultiation To +ate1 no one has +are+ spra thesesame stems e(cept /ith Caparol@

There hae 4een mi(e+ results /ith 4roa+ leaf her4ici+es such as Am4er@1 Glean@1 All@1 inesse@1 an+ Assert@;ome farmers hae plante+ after using these her4ici+es /ith results ranging from little effect to complete era+icationof sesame

+ro*ing Herbs

http://www.growing'her&s.com/her&_articles/&en_insects.htm

Companion Herb Chart

arden Herb - Planted as Companion to - arden Pests Repelled1. Angelica - avoid Dill - no known pests repelled2. Basil - Companion to Tomatoes dislikes R!e - Repels "lies and #os$!itoes%. &orage - Companion to Tomatoes 'trawberries and '$!as( - Repels Tomato )orm*. Carawa+ - ,oosens t(e soil avoid Dill - o pests repelled/. Calend!la - Deters #ost insects

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13/22


Comunicat de pres0. Catnip - Companion to ggplant - Repels lea &eetle Ants3. C(amomile - Cabbage 4nion - o pests repelled5. Coriander - o Companion - 6t repels Ap(ids7. C(ervil - Companion to Radis( - no pests repelled

18. Chives - Companion to Carrots - no pests repelled11. Dill - Ca&&age" carrots E carawa! all dislike @illF12. ennel - #ost plants dislike t(is (erb91%. ever"ew - Companion to Roses - 6t attracts ap(ids awa+1*. arlic - Companion to Roses and Raspberries - Repels :apanese &eetle and Ap(ids1/. Horseradis( - Companion to Potatoes - Repels Potato &!g10. H+ssop - Plant near Cabbage and Grapes b!t dislikes radis(es - Repels t(e Cabbage #ot(13. aen+er - no interaction15. #arigolds - Plant t(ro!g(o!t t(e garden - Repels #e;ican &ean &eetles ematodes17. Mint - Plant near Cabbage Tomatoes - Repels )(ite cabbage mot( ap(ids "lea beetles28. ast!rti!m - ,ikes Radis(es Cabbage - Repels Ap(ids '$!as( &!gs 'triped P!mpkin

&eetle21. Penn+ro+al - Plant it wit( Roses - Repels lies #os$!itoes leas pl!s ot(ers9

22. Radis( - Deters C!c!mber &eetle2%. Rosemar! - Plant near Cabbage &ean Carrot 'age - Repels Cabbage #ot( &ean &eetle

Carrot l+2*. R!e - ear Roses dislikes sweet basil - Repels :apanese &eetles2/. "age - )it( Rosemar+ Cabbage Carrots - Repels Cabbage #ot( Carrot l+20. '!mmer 'avor+ - )it( &eans - Repels &ean &eetles23. Tans+ - Deters :apanese &eetle striped c!c!mber beetle s$!as( b!gs and ants25. Thme - '(o!ld accompan+ Cabbage - Repels Cabbage #ot( and worm27.


14/22


Comunicat de pres

7his means !ou can make good use of !our compost &! onl! appl!ing it to the plants that want it thatseason. 7hen" in the following !ear" rotate one of the other crops to that area. Jsing the e9amplea&oe" tomatoes would follow s*uash in rotation.

7he IfamiliesI of plants that group together for m! crop rotation schedule are:

;ightshade famil! ' potato" tomato" peppers" eggplantllium famil! ' onions" leeks" garlicrassica famil! ' ca&&age" &roccoli" cauliflower1ettuce famil! Ball t!pes leaf and head including mesclun)ining crops famil! ' cukes and s*uash1egume famil! ' &eans and peaseet famil! ' &eets" chard" and spinachCarrot famil! ' carrots" parsnips" celer!" parsle!

n simplest terms" donIt plant an! mem&er of a famil! where a same'famil! mem&er grew the !ear&efore.

ereIs a sample rotation that takes adantage of the &eneficial effect of preceding crops:

&eans KL carrotsKL lettuces KL potatoes KL &rassicas KL tomatoes KL ining crops. ppl! compostto the &eans" the lettuces" the &rassicasand the ining crops.

http://www.new'terra'natural'food.com/plant'rotation'to'minimi


15/22


Comunicat de presSub%ects!griculture( griculture E Dnironmental +ciences( otan!(Plant E nimalDcolog!( +oil +cience( +oil +ciences(+oils ' Ph!sical Aeograph!(#ormats available!P@ BDnglish

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%bstract

field e9periment is &eing conducted which focuses on crop rotations for cereal production in organicfarming. 7he o&Sectie of the e9periment is to e9plore the possi&ilities for &oth short'term and long'term increases in organic cereal production through manipulation of crop'rotation design on differentsoil t!pes. 7his paper descri&es the design of a rather comple9 e9periment" and later papers willdescri&e and discuss the results. 7hree factors are included in the e9periment in a factorial design with

two replicates: B3 fraction of grass'cloer and pulses in the rotation Bcrop rotation( B2 catch cropBwith or without catch crop or &i'cropped cloer( and B manure Bwith or without animal manureapplied as slurr!. ll fields in all rotations are represented in each !ear. 7he e9perimental factors aredefined to allow management to &e adSusted for optimi


16/22


Comunicat de pres)he introduction of grass*clover mixtures in the rotation in the early => th century doubled

yields once more. 1rowers recognised the beneficial effects on soil structure and succeeding

crops and also identified crops that were especially beneficial in rotations. -owadays weknow that besides the soil structure effects, some of these benefits are due to nutrient

dynamics and some to direct effects on crop health by affecting the living soil.Gver the past


17/22


Comunicat de prestillage practices, root morphology, soil

cover

&oil chemical

properties

plant effects, fertiliser effects

&oil erosion %mproved soil structure, soil cover6eed problems tillage practices, crop morphology,

competitive and allelopathic effects

Crop health )ime effects, suppressiveness of crops,

enhancement of soil microbial activity

erosion control and prevent nutrient leaching over winter.

%f applied properly, crop rotations can reduce problems in agriculture in many ways ()able ="

and many of these effects are achieved simultaneously. Changes in tillage practices accordingto crop from year to year affect the soil physical structure and nutrient mineralisation. As

many weeds are adapted to certain soil conditions and types of disturbances, changes in the

disturbance patterns contribute to weed control. 'or example, the digging and turning of the

soil in connection with a root crop such as potatomay reduce weeds sensitive to deep soil

disturbances. Gther weeds, however, may be

favoured by such activities. Gne of the mostimportant means of controlling weeds such as

thistles and uack grass is the use of two years of

grass*clover mixtures with regular mowing. Atthe same time, pasture and grassland reduce soil

disturbance and soil organic matter and earth

worm activity are increased ()able ".

+eft over roots from pre*crops may directly increase soil friability and add organic matter.Grganic matter, in turn, provides nutrients for soil microbes that often are involved in the

attack and breaking down of pathogen propagules in the soil.

Crop health can be affected in various ways through rotation. )hese can be divided into timeeffects, indirect effects via soil microbial activity and direct suppressive effects of certain

crops on certain pathogens.

Time effects7 9any pathogens overseason in the soil or on crop residues and there is a limit intime how long they can survive in the absence of their hosts. 8xamples for such pathogens are

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, usarium spp! "seudocercosporella

herpotrichoides, #aeumannomyces $raminis, etc. Gften, a period of two to four years is

sufficient to reduce inoculum to a level to allow for the production of a healthy crop.Soil microbial acti%ity is enhanced by green manure crops and periods in grass*clover

mixtures. 6hile the presence of a pathogen is reuired to cause disease, the absence of a

pathogen is not necessarily reuired for a healthy crop. %n fact, it is the balance betweenbeneficial and detrimental organisms that often determines the outcome. &uppressive soils are

a prime example for this. A soil is considered suppressive if despite the presence of a

pathogen a susceptible crop does not get diseased or gets less diseased than expected.&uppressive soils have been found in connection to many diseases of temperate and tropical

crops and one of the most prominent examples is described for avocados in Australia by Cook

and #aker (=>:;" and much of the suppressive effects of composts are due to the multitude ofRingier AG


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18/22


Comunicat de presbeneficial micro*organisms that are involved in the decomposition processes. %n general, with

increasing active microbial biomass in the soil the sink function of the soil for C, - and

energy increases. Parallel to this, the probability that an essential nutrient that is produced bya host will be present in sufficient amounts for a pathogen will decrease (Cook and #aker,

=>:;".&irect effects of crops onto each other, weeds and pathogens and weeds have been observedon many occasions as well in situations where crops succeed each other as in situations were

crops are grown in close proximity to each other (intercropping, see part ; below".

Competition for nutrients, space, light and water are important factors in the control of weeds

within a given season and recommended planting densities are often a reflection of the needto suppress weeds. %n the context of rotation such direct competitive effects are only ofTable &. Biomass carbon contents in the top &'

cm o# soil in a long(term e)periment in

Rothamstead *Coo+ and Ba+er" $,-'" p&/0

1anagement +g biomass

carbon2 ha

continuous wheat ;&

;inter rape / > =.,- -.


20/22


Comunicat de presapplications to the soil in an experiment in California (&ubbarao et al., =>>>". Cover crops of

mustard (Sinapis alba" also have been shown to reduce take*all infections (caused by

#aeumannomyces $raminis( in subseuent wheat crops (Kirkegaard et al, =>>B" and >< to> reductions in nematodes (Meloido$yne spp." in vegetable production have been achieved

by planting )agetes species (T! erecta, T! patula( (+ung, et al.,


21/22


Comunicat de pres #arrier effects of intercrop

%nduced resistance

&election for most resistant and$or competitive genotypes

%nteractions among pathogen strains on host plants

1echanisms reducing insect pests 8nhancement of natural enemies

eduction of host density

eduction of visual or olfactory cues for insects

Alteration of host uality (with respect to the insect pest"

through plant*plant interactions

1echanisms reducing weeds

eduction of bare soil and layering of crops increases

competition for light, water and nutrients

5ariation in tillage needs and operations of intercrops

may disturb weeds6ther bene#icial interactions

Eield enhancement through niche differentiation of hosts

Compensation for yield losses by less affected hosts

&oil and water conservation

. Conclusion

Crop rotations are the most important management tool available to growers in organic as

well as in conventional farming. Grganic farming without crop rotation is effectively

impossible on the long run because of detrimental effects on soil fertility, weeds and planthealth. %n addition, rotations and cover crops may significantly contribute to erosion control,

another important agricultural problem field. 8specially grass*clover mixtures play a crucial

role in crop rotations with respect to nutrient management, soil organic matter accumulationand microbial activity and problem weed management. %n addition, the role of oats and certain

brassica crops for the reduction and management of weeds and fungal and nematode diseases

should not be underestimated. 'uture research should concentrate on the identification ofcrops specially useful for rotations and possibly intercropping to enhance such beneficial

effects in organic farming as well as in conventional farming.

/. Literature cited

Cook, . 3. and K. '. #aker. =>:;. )he -ature and Practice of #iological Control of PlantPathogens. AP& Press, &t. Paul, 9innesota, 4&A.

8lmer, 6. H. and 3. +. +a9ondia. =>>>. %nfluence of ammonium sulfate and rotation crops on

strawberry black root rot. Plant @is. -'7==>*=;.Kirkegaard, 3. A., P. ). 6. 6ong, and 3. 9. @esmarchelier. =>>B. %n %itro suppression of

fungal root pathogens of cereals byBrassica tissues. Plant Pathol. /7>;*B


22/22


Comunicat de pres=>.

5ilich*9eller, 5. =>:>. @er 8influss von 9ischkulturen auf den &chaderrregerbefall am

#eispiel der 'uttergetreide*9ischung &ommergerste * Hafer. Ph@. )hesis, 4niversity#onn, 1ermany.

5ilich*9eller, 5. =>>."seudocercosporella herpotrichoides,usarium spp. andRhizoctonia

cerealis stem rot in pure stands and interspecific mixtures of cereals. Crop Prot. $$7?*

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Plant Rotation

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