Plant Structure and TransportPlant Structure and Transport
Basic StructureBasic Structure
Plants have different organs and tissues
a. Tissue- a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function
b. Organ- consists of several types of tissues and serves a specific purpose in the plants
Plants grow (at different speeds) throughout their lives
Plants have different organs and tissues
a. Tissue- a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function
b. Organ- consists of several types of tissues and serves a specific purpose in the plants
Plants grow (at different speeds) throughout their lives
Basic Plant OrgansBasic Plant Organs Roots, stems, and leaves are the basic plant organs Together they form a root system (below ground) and a shoot system
(above ground)
Roots, stems, and leaves are the basic plant organs Together they form a root system (below ground) and a shoot system
(above ground)
Root system
Shoot system
RootsRoots
The roots are part of the root system The roots are an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil and
absorbs minerals and water and often stores carbs Gymnosperm and angiosperm have a taproot system that consists of
one main vertical root – the taproot The taproot gives rise to the lateral roots Monocots, however, do not have taproots Most absorption occurs at the tip of the roots (the root cap)
This root cap also serves as a protective barrier between the soil and the innards of the roots
Root hairs increase the surface area/volume ratio of the roots
The roots are part of the root system The roots are an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil and
absorbs minerals and water and often stores carbs Gymnosperm and angiosperm have a taproot system that consists of
one main vertical root – the taproot The taproot gives rise to the lateral roots Monocots, however, do not have taproots Most absorption occurs at the tip of the roots (the root cap)
This root cap also serves as a protective barrier between the soil and the innards of the roots
Root hairs increase the surface area/volume ratio of the roots
StemsStems Part of the shoot system They are an organ that raises or separates leaves , exposing them to light
To do this they rely on their alternating systems of nodes- the points at which leaves are attached- and internodes- the stem segments between the nodes
Growth The growth of stems forms an angle between the leaf and stem which is called the axillary
bud- they form branches
Growth itself occurs at the tip, better known as the apical bud Removal of the apical bud allows the axillary bud to grow
Part of the shoot system They are an organ that raises or separates leaves , exposing them to light
To do this they rely on their alternating systems of nodes- the points at which leaves are attached- and internodes- the stem segments between the nodes
Growth The growth of stems forms an angle between the leaf and stem which is called the axillary
bud- they form branches
Growth itself occurs at the tip, better known as the apical bud Removal of the apical bud allows the axillary bud to grow
node
internode
LeavesLeaves
Part of the shoot system They are the main photosynthetic organ in the plant Consist of:
Blade (actual leaf) and a stalk (joins the leaf to the stem)
Differences between monocots and eudicots Monocots have a parallel major vein (the vascular tissue of leaves) that runs the length
of the leaf Eudicots have a branched network of veins
Different leaves Simple leaves – a single undivided blade that is deeply lobed on the side Compound leaves – the blade has multiple leaflets which have no axillary
bud Doubly compound leaves – each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets
Part of the shoot system They are the main photosynthetic organ in the plant Consist of:
Blade (actual leaf) and a stalk (joins the leaf to the stem)
Differences between monocots and eudicots Monocots have a parallel major vein (the vascular tissue of leaves) that runs the length
of the leaf Eudicots have a branched network of veins
Different leaves Simple leaves – a single undivided blade that is deeply lobed on the side Compound leaves – the blade has multiple leaflets which have no axillary
bud Doubly compound leaves – each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets
Kinds of LeavesKinds of Leaves
Simple leaf Compound leaf Doubly Compound leaf
TissuesTissues
Three types of tissue systems Dermal tissue system Vascular tissue system Ground tissue system
Three types of tissue systems Dermal tissue system Vascular tissue system Ground tissue system
Dermal Tissue SystemDermal Tissue System
It serves as the plants outer protection against physical damage and pathogens The root “derma-” means skin, so it is the outer
layer of the tissue system
Differences between woody and non-woody plants In woody plants it is called the epidermis In non-woody plants it is called the periderm
It serves as the plants outer protection against physical damage and pathogens The root “derma-” means skin, so it is the outer
layer of the tissue system
Differences between woody and non-woody plants In woody plants it is called the epidermis In non-woody plants it is called the periderm
Vascular Tissue SystemVascular Tissue System
It carries out the long distance transport for the plant between its root and shoot systems 2 types of vascular tissue:
Xylem – conducts water and dissolved minerals UP from roots to shoots
Phloem – transports sugars from where they were made (leaves) to where they are
needed (roots and sites of growth)
It carries out the long distance transport for the plant between its root and shoot systems 2 types of vascular tissue:
Xylem – conducts water and dissolved minerals UP from roots to shoots
Phloem – transports sugars from where they were made (leaves) to where they are
needed (roots and sites of growth)
Ground Tissue SystemGround Tissue System
The tissues in a plant that are neither dermal nor vascular
Two types of ground tissue: Pith – ground tissue that is internal to the
vascular tissue Cortex – ground tissue that is external to the
vascular tissue
The tissues in a plant that are neither dermal nor vascular
Two types of ground tissue: Pith – ground tissue that is internal to the
vascular tissue Cortex – ground tissue that is external to the
vascular tissue
Primary Growth of Roots Primary Growth of Roots Cause by the apical meristems The three zones: Zone of differentiation
The place where cells complete their differentiation and become distinct cells
Zone of elongation Growth of the root occurs here
Zone of cell division New cells are produced here
Cause by the apical meristems The three zones: Zone of differentiation
The place where cells complete their differentiation and become distinct cells
Zone of elongation Growth of the root occurs here
Zone of cell division New cells are produced here
Primary Growth of ShootsPrimary Growth of Shoots
Caused by the apical meristem Leaves develop from the leaf primordial Branching happens from the activation of axillary
buds
Tissue organization of leaves Stomata form in the epidermis – they allow the
exchange of CO2 and O2 Stomata are surrounded by guard cells that regulate the
opening and closing of the stomata
Each vein is enclosed by bundle-sheath cells which protect them
Caused by the apical meristem Leaves develop from the leaf primordial Branching happens from the activation of axillary
buds
Tissue organization of leaves Stomata form in the epidermis – they allow the
exchange of CO2 and O2 Stomata are surrounded by guard cells that regulate the
opening and closing of the stomata
Each vein is enclosed by bundle-sheath cells which protect them
Stomata VideoStomata Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfPKjlfWPmQ
Once the video is finished, do not close the browser, just reopen the powerpoint
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfPKjlfWPmQ
Once the video is finished, do not close the browser, just reopen the powerpoint
Secondary Growth of Roots and Shoots
Secondary Growth of Roots and Shoots
There is an increase in the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants All of the layers of the trunk of trees, for
example, are formed
There is an increase in the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants All of the layers of the trunk of trees, for
example, are formed
Shoot Architecture and Light Capture Factors
Shoot Architecture and Light Capture Factors
The arrangement of leaves on a stem is known as the phyllotaxy Without it the leaves would not be able to catch
light Leaf orientation
Horizontal leaves are for low light places Vertical leaves are for intense light places
The arrangement of leaves on a stem is known as the phyllotaxy Without it the leaves would not be able to catch
light Leaf orientation
Horizontal leaves are for low light places Vertical leaves are for intense light places
Main Compartments of TissuesMain Compartments of Tissues There are two main compartments
The apoplast consists of everything external to the plasma membranes of living cells
The symplast consists of the entire mass of cytosol of all living cells in a plant, along with the plasmodesmata
There are two main compartments The apoplast consists of everything external to
the plasma membranes of living cells The symplast consists of the entire mass of
cytosol of all living cells in a plant, along with the plasmodesmata
Short Distance Transport of Water across a Membrane
Short Distance Transport of Water across a Membrane
The absorption or loss of water by a cell occurs by osmosis – the diffusion of free water across a membrane The property that detects the high to low potential
direction that water flows is called water potential
The absorption or loss of water by a cell occurs by osmosis – the diffusion of free water across a membrane The property that detects the high to low potential
direction that water flows is called water potential
High potential Low
potentialLow potential
High potential
Long Distance Transport of Water across a Membrane
Long Distance Transport of Water across a Membrane
It occurs through a process called bulk flow which is the movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient It always occurs from higher to lower pressures It is independent of solute concentration
It occurs through a process called bulk flow which is the movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient It always occurs from higher to lower pressures It is independent of solute concentration
Water Potential Water Potential
Water Potential is abbreviated as the symbol Ψ pronounced “sigh” The water potential equation is Ψ = ΨS + ΨP
The ΨS stands for solute potential This number is always negative because an increase in
solute has a negative effect on water potential
The ΨP stands for pressure potential This number is negative and positive relative to the
atmospheric pressure
Water Potential is abbreviated as the symbol Ψ pronounced “sigh” The water potential equation is Ψ = ΨS + ΨP
The ΨS stands for solute potential This number is always negative because an increase in
solute has a negative effect on water potential
The ΨP stands for pressure potential This number is negative and positive relative to the
atmospheric pressure
Works CitedWorks Cited http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/images/fig1.gif picture of plant with organs labeled http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2009/issue10/index.html picture of plant on 3rd slide http://teenstudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/plant-growth-and-development/ Plant growth picture on 2nd slide http://utsa.edu/sombrilla/fall2009/story/plastic-surgery-plants.html picture of roots in root slide http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F836&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 picture of branch in stem slide http://mayang.com/textures/Plants/html/Leaves/index.html simple leaf picture http://scioly.org/wiki/Forestry/Leaf_Types compound leaf picture http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=699&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=zgceJGtgPgmESM
:&imgrefurl=https://163.120.6.2/univ/naturepark/natural%2520history/honey%2520locust.asp&docid=awcnUSw_ZW8EBM&imgurl=https://163.120.6.2/univ/naturepark/natural%252520history/images/honeylocust5.jpg&w=260&h=266&ei=VzeeT9eoCKayiQLrq6hu&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=599&vpy=150&dur=9093&hovh=212&hovw=208&tx=140&ty=114&sig=107450691717456364362&page=1&tbnh=153&tbnw=150&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:74 picture of doubly compound leaf
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/plant%20structure/plant%20structure.htm tissue diagram
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfPKjlfWPmQ stomata video http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Root-Zones.topicArticleId-23791,articleId-23669.html primary growth of roots
picture http://askville.amazon.com/Trees-grow-ring-wood-year-inside-outermost/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=2406761 tree
diagram http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplast diagram of apoplast and symplast pathways Biology textbook p 738- 741 slides 1-7 Biology textbook p 742- 743 slides 8-11 Biology textbook p 746- 750 slides 12-16 Biology textbook p 768- 770 slides 17-20
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/images/fig1.gif picture of plant with organs labeled http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2009/issue10/index.html picture of plant on 3rd slide http://teenstudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/plant-growth-and-development/ Plant growth picture on 2nd slide http://utsa.edu/sombrilla/fall2009/story/plastic-surgery-plants.html picture of roots in root slide http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F836&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 picture of branch in stem slide http://mayang.com/textures/Plants/html/Leaves/index.html simple leaf picture http://scioly.org/wiki/Forestry/Leaf_Types compound leaf picture http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=699&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=zgceJGtgPgmESM
:&imgrefurl=https://163.120.6.2/univ/naturepark/natural%2520history/honey%2520locust.asp&docid=awcnUSw_ZW8EBM&imgurl=https://163.120.6.2/univ/naturepark/natural%252520history/images/honeylocust5.jpg&w=260&h=266&ei=VzeeT9eoCKayiQLrq6hu&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=599&vpy=150&dur=9093&hovh=212&hovw=208&tx=140&ty=114&sig=107450691717456364362&page=1&tbnh=153&tbnw=150&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:74 picture of doubly compound leaf
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/plant%20structure/plant%20structure.htm tissue diagram
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfPKjlfWPmQ stomata video http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Root-Zones.topicArticleId-23791,articleId-23669.html primary growth of roots
picture http://askville.amazon.com/Trees-grow-ring-wood-year-inside-outermost/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=2406761 tree
diagram http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplast diagram of apoplast and symplast pathways Biology textbook p 738- 741 slides 1-7 Biology textbook p 742- 743 slides 8-11 Biology textbook p 746- 750 slides 12-16 Biology textbook p 768- 770 slides 17-20