Plantae

PlantaeGeneral characteristics• multicellular eukaryotes • cell walls made of cellulose • carry out photosynthesis

PlantaeLife cycle

• alternation of generations

• gamete-producing plant,

also known as

gametophyte, is haploid.

• spore-producing plant,

also known as

sporophyte, is diploid.

PlantaeWhat plants need to survive

• sunlight

• water and minerals

• gas exchange

• movement of water and nutrients throughout the plant

• photosynthesis

Plantaephotosynthesis

• formula

–6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

• 2 main reactions

1. light reaction- These reactions split water molecules, providing hydrogen and an energy source for the Calvin cycle. Oxygen is given off.

2. Calvin cycle- the series of reactions that form simple sugars (glucose) using carbon dioxide and hydrogen from water.

PlantaeGeneral characteristics• the first plants that evolved from an organism

similar to green algae

algae

multicellular algae moss

Four types of Plants

• Bryophytes

– Mosses and their relatives

• Pterophytes

– Ferns and their

relatives

• Anrthophytes

– flowering plants

• Coniferophytes

– cone-bearing plants

Plantae

Bryophytes

– the non-vascular plants

• need water for reproduction; can draw up water only a few centimeters from the ground

Plantae

Bryophytes

groups

• Mosses

– wet/moist habitats and poor soils

– no true roots - rhiziods instead

– sperm are produced in antheridia and eggs in the archaegonia.

• Liverworts

– reproduce asexually by means of gemmae.

• Hornworts

Plantae

Bryophytes

• Mosses

Plantae

Bryophytes

• Liverwort Hornworts

Plantae

Seedless Vascular Plants

• contain vascular tissue, a type of tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the body of the plant.

• xylem is the vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of the plant.

• phloem transports

nutrients and

carbs (food)

produced by

photosynthesis

Plantae

Seedless Vascular Plants

structure

• roots

– underground organs that absorb water and minerals

• leaves

– photosynthetic organs

• veins

– vascular tissue made of xylem and phloem

• stems

– supporting structures that connect roots & leaves, carrying water and nutrients

Plantae

Seedless Vascular Plants

types

• Club Mosses: small plants in moist woodlands

• Horsetail: also known as Scouring rush.

– stems contain crystals of abrasive silica.

• Ferns

– have underground stems

– diploid sporophyte - stage is dominant. This stage produces haploid spores.

Plantae

Seedless Vascular Plants

types

• Club Mosses Horsetail

Plantae

Seedless Vascular Plants

types

• Ferns

Plantae

Seed plants

• contain vascular tissue

• the two types include: gymnosperms bear their seeds on the surface of cones and angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, bear their seeds within a layer of protective tissue

• do not require water for fertilization

• adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include flowers or cones -, the transfer of sperm by pollenation, and the protection of embryos.

Plantae

Seed plants

• adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include flowers or cones -, the transfer of sperm by pollenation, and the protection of embryos.

Plantae

Seed plants

• Gymnosperms means “naked seed”

– gnetophytes, cycads, ginkoes, and conifers

– conifers are mostly known as “evergreens”.

gnetophytes cycads

Plantae

Seed plants

• Gymnosperms

Ginkoes conifers

Plantae

Seed plants

• Angiosperms- the flowering plants

Plantae

Seed plants

• Angiosperms

– monocots

– dicots

Plantae