PLANTING COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA
Chapter 3
IMPORTANT TOPICS
A comparison of the European colonies established in North America in the 17th century.
The English and Algonquian colonial encounter in the Chesapeake
The role of religious dissent in the planting of the New England colonies.
The restoration of the Stuart Monarchy & the creation of the new proprietary colonies.
Indian warfare & internal conflict at the end of the 17th century.
Term to describe New Spain and New France where native peoples were incorporated into colonial society and there was a great deal of cultural mixing.
Term to describe the Dutch and English colonies where settlers and natives lived in separate societies and there war very little mixing of cultures.
EUROPEAN COLONIES
“Frontiers of Inclusion” “Exclusion”
ENGLAND IN THE CHESAPEAKE
ENGLAND IN THE CHESAPEAKE
Jamestown & the Powhatan Confederacy
Tobacco, Expansion and Warfare
Maryland
Indentured Servants
Community Life in the Chesapeake
JAM ES TO WN & THE POW HATAN CON FEDERACY
King James I gave a royal charted to the Virginia Company, a group of London investors who sent ships to Chesapeake Bay in 1607. They settled in Jamestown and it became the first permanent settlement in North America.
Introduced to England by Francis Drake, tobacco became the 1st money maker for Jamestown.
TOBACCO, EXPAN SIO N AND WARFARE
1662- 100,000 English colonists were sent to Jamestown.
TOBACCO, EXPAN SIO N AND WARFARE
English colonial characteristics- massive immigration, especially families; plantation agriculture based on a lot of soil and labor; poor relationship with natives; early form of representative gov’t.
HOUSE OF BURGESS
The legislature of colonial VA. Organized in 1619, it was the first representative gov’t in the English colonies.
MARYLAND
Settled by Catholics, the only Catholic colony
A proprietary colony, the Calvert family were sole owners of the land and divided the land into manors.
Used headright grants 1st to get laborers.
INDENTURED SERVANTS
¾’s of English migrants were
indentured servants, men & women
contracted labor to a master for a fixed
time.
Young, single mostly men who served 2 to 7 years. Some were convicts or vagabonds. It was close to slavery.
Obliged to feed, cloth and house servants. Many masters treated servants just as harsh as slaves.
INDENTURED SERVANTS
Servants Masters
High mortality rates due to malaria
Small family size
Women held more power…could own land
CO MMU N ITY L IFE IN THE CHESAPEAK E
Kinship bonds were weak
Dispersed settlements
Rough conditions
Few community institutions
THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Section 2
THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Social & Political Values of Puritanism
Early contacts in New England
Plymouth Colony & the Mayflower Compact
The Massachusetts Bay Colony
Indians & Puritans
The New England Merchants
Community & Family in Massachusetts
Dissent & New Communities
THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Climate & geography much different from the Chesapeake.
No “merchantable commodities” grown there
Was a safe haven for Protestant dissenters from England
Followed John Calvin’s beliefs of hard work and enterprise….attracted merchants, commercial farmers & entrepreneurs.
Wanted to return to a traditional rural community.
POL IT ICAL & SO CIAL VALU ES OF PUR ITANISM
The church needs to monitor an individual’s behavior.
EARLY CONTACTSMany natives, French and Dutch were wiped out by
disease. New England was sparcely populated and became a perfect
place for religious dissenters to settle.
Pilgrims, also known as Separatists, wanted to completely break from the Catholic Church. They were governed by the Mayflower Compact, the 1st document of self- governance in North America.
PLY MO UTH CO LO NY & THE MAYFL OW ER CO MPACT
Led by John Winthrop, the Puritans settled in Salem, MA, also known as the “city on a hill”. The Puritans were primarily wealthy businessmen.
MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY
The Great Migration is the official name of the Puritan migration from 1629 to 1643.
INDIANS & PURITANS
The English used a variety of ways to pressure Native
leaders into signing quitclaims, agreements relinquishing specific
lands.
INDIANS AND PURITANS
Ways the Puritans tricked Natives into giving up lands:
Writing land transfers and agreements in English
Imposing large fines for simple violations & then taking lands as payment.
Using women to gain land
New England became a leading commercial region early in its settlement. Boston became the 3rd largest English commercial center. England exported lumber and cod as well as traded goods for sugar, molasses and rum with the West Indies.
NEW ENGLAND MERCHANTS
COMMUNITY & FAMILY IN MA
Well-organized communities based on a social order
Mass General Court, a system of self-government
Clustered settlements led to strong communities
Well-disciplines and educated society
Women were subordinate to men
Cultural mistrust and stereotypes of women…Salem Witch Trials
DISSENT & NEW COMMUNITIES
Religiously intolerant towards other groups and they were forced out of Mass bay colony:
Thomas Hooker believed in women’s suffrage and founded Connecticut.
Roger Williams believed in religious toleration, fair treatment of the natives and separation of church & state. He founded Providence, RI.
Anne Hutchinson was banished for criticizing the piety of minsters and excommunicated. She founded RI.
THE PROPRIETARY COLONIES
Section 3
THE PROPRIETARY COLONIES
Early Carolina
From New Netherland to New York
The Founding of Pennsylvania
Also known as The Restoration Colonies after the restoration of the Stuart Monarchy and the reign of King Charles II.
EARLY CAROLINA
Early Carolina stretched from North Carolina to Spanish Florida. The north and south of Carolina was settled by drastically different groups and then split.
The English implemented the Trade & navigation Act in 1751 that barred Dutch ships from English territories which led to a series naval wars with Holland from 1652 to 1654
After 2 more wars, the English captured New Amsterdam and gained control of New Netherland.
NEW NETHERLANDS & NY
Cont.New Netherland
NY
Land was given to Charles II’s brother, the Duke of York. NY was
very diverse. Later, the eastern part split and formed New Jersey.
THE FOUNDING OF PENNSYLVANIA
William Penn led religious dissenters known as the Quakers, or the Society of Friends.
Known for religious toleration and pacifism
Settled near the capital, Philadelphia and hoped the colony would be a “holy experiment”.
CONFLICT AND WAR
The Beaver Wars
King Philip’s War
Bacon’s Rebellion
Culpepper’s Rebellion
Wars in the South
The Glorious Revolution in America
King William’s War
The Frame of Government- A framework of self-governance. They believed in religious freedom, civil liberties and fair treatment of natives.
PENNSYLVANIA
KING PHILIP’S WAR
1675- Started out between the settlers &
Pokanokets but the Iroquois defeated the
Pokanokets and declared the dominant
tribe in the region.
THE IROQUOIS
Wanted to maintain their role in the Dutch and English trading system.
Also wanted to continue to act as intermediaries between Natives and settlers.
Created the Covenant Chain, which created an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and New York.
Made Iroquois and New York as dominant tribe and colony in North America.
The French, Dutch, English and different Native American tribes engaged in wars of rich beaver hunting grounds in the North. Each group wanted dominance in the region and rights to lands.
THE BEAVER WARS
BACON’S REBELLION
1675-76- A violent conflict in backwoods VA in which Nathaniel Bacon led a series of attacks on Native Americans and then led a rebellion against Virginia’s government.
Is important because it showed the division between the frontier regions and the more established and civilized coastal areas. Baco demanded all removal of all Natives from VA….showed an increasing bravado & arrogance amongst settlers.
CULPEPPER’S REBELLION
Rebellion in North Carolina in which backcountry men overthrew the established government in 1677. English authorities eventually suppressed the rebellion.
Results- Colonial authorities expanded into Indian territory hoping to gain support of backcountry men.
Fears of disorder amongst indentured servants….turned to slave labor.
Colonists in NC incite Creeks, Cherokees, and other tribes to attack and enslave mission Indians of Spanish Florida.
Colonists in MA, NY, and Maryland rose up against King James II’s harsh policies.
CONFLICT & WAR
Wars in the South 1670s-1720s Glorious Revolution in America 1689
KING WILLIAM’S WAR
1689- Began 75 years of competition and armed conflict between the British & French over control of North America. It also dragged in many Native tribes who were forced to choose alliances. Led to a tightening of control over North American colonists.