Plants and Fungi and the Plants and Fungi and the Move onto LandMove onto Land

• Biology 100Biology 100• Tri-County Technical CollegeTri-County Technical College

• Pendleton, SCPendleton, SC

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi• eucaryotic cellseucaryotic cells• rigid cell walls (chitin) rigid cell walls (chitin) • unicellular forms -- yeastsunicellular forms -- yeasts• multicellular forms – molds (fast, multicellular forms – molds (fast,

growing asexual), mushrooms, puff growing asexual), mushrooms, puff ballsballs

• all are chemoheterotrophsall are chemoheterotrophs

Kingdom Fungi, ctd.Kingdom Fungi, ctd.

• Body Plan--Multicellular FungusBody Plan--Multicellular Fungus• hyphae- long filaments of cells joined hyphae- long filaments of cells joined

togethertogether– vegetative hyphae: absorb nutrients from vegetative hyphae: absorb nutrients from

whatever the fungi is growing onwhatever the fungi is growing on– reproductive hyphae: produce reproductive reproductive hyphae: produce reproductive

sporesspores– hyphae are microscopichyphae are microscopic– mycelium: mass of hyphae that can be mycelium: mass of hyphae that can be

seen with the unaided eyeseen with the unaided eye

Nutritional CharacteristicsNutritional Characteristics

• All are chemoheterotrophs that All are chemoheterotrophs that acquire nutrients by absorptionacquire nutrients by absorption

• Secrete digestive enzymes into Secrete digestive enzymes into environment, digest there, and environment, digest there, and absorb the small absorb the small molecules/particlesmolecules/particles

• Very important role as recyclersVery important role as recyclers

Making little fungiMaking little fungi

• Most fungi can reproduce by either Most fungi can reproduce by either asexual or sexual meansasexual or sexual means

• Both processes typically involve Both processes typically involve spore formationspore formation

• Some utilize a dikaryon Some utilize a dikaryon (heterokaryon) which means a (heterokaryon) which means a fungal hypae with two genetically fungal hypae with two genetically different nuclei withindifferent nuclei within

Fungi as DecomposersFungi as Decomposers

• Invasive hyphae well adapted as Invasive hyphae well adapted as decomposers of organic refusedecomposers of organic refuse

• Also attack our fruit/grains/shower Also attack our fruit/grains/shower curtain (50% of fruit lost to fungi)curtain (50% of fruit lost to fungi)

• Dutch Elm disease, Chestnut Blight, Dutch Elm disease, Chestnut Blight, ErgotErgot

• Athlete’s foot Athlete’s foot (feet)/ringworm/vaginal yeast (feet)/ringworm/vaginal yeast infections/histoplasmosisinfections/histoplasmosis

But where would we be?But where would we be?

• Use fungi (yeasts) to make beer Use fungi (yeasts) to make beer and bread (not necessarily in that and bread (not necessarily in that order)order)

• Blue and other cheeses/corn smutBlue and other cheeses/corn smut• Mushrooms, truffles, and morelsMushrooms, truffles, and morels• Produce antibiotics (Produce antibiotics (Penicillium)Penicillium)

A Yeast (unicellular)A Yeast (unicellular)

Hyphae and MyceliumHyphae and Mycelium

HYPHAE

MYCELIUM

Reproductive HyphaeReproductive Hyphae

Reproductive Hyphae of Penicillium spp.

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Bio 100Bio 100

Tri-County Tech. CollegeTri-County Tech. College

Pendleton, S. C. 29670Pendleton, S. C. 29670

Plant CommonalitiesPlant Commonalities

• They are anchored to soil, rocks, bark, and They are anchored to soil, rocks, bark, and other solid objects.other solid objects.

• They have hard, woody tissues that They have hard, woody tissues that support the plants and allow them to stand support the plants and allow them to stand upright.upright.

• They are green and carry on They are green and carry on photosynthesisphotosynthesis

• The greater the number of shared features The greater the number of shared features among plants, the closer their relationship.among plants, the closer their relationship.

Proposed Plant EvolutionProposed Plant Evolution• Believed plants evolved from green Believed plants evolved from green

alga called Charophytesalga called Charophytes• Both have chlorophyll Both have chlorophyll aa and and bb• Both store food as starchBoth store food as starch• Both have cellulose in their cell wallsBoth have cellulose in their cell walls• Cell plate in both is assembled from Cell plate in both is assembled from

vesicles from the Golgi apparatusvesicles from the Golgi apparatus• First three are the ones I will stress!!!First three are the ones I will stress!!!

Chalk talk time…enjoy!!Chalk talk time…enjoy!!

• One would be amazed at how many One would be amazed at how many SSA and test questions can be SSA and test questions can be answered for the flow chart of plant answered for the flow chart of plant evolutionevolution

• Sneak in a few definitions:Sneak in a few definitions:• Mycorrhizae is mutualistic relationship Mycorrhizae is mutualistic relationship

between fungi and plant rootsbetween fungi and plant roots• Gametangium is structure in which Gametangium is structure in which

gametes develop and maturegametes develop and mature

Vascular vs. NonvascularVascular vs. Nonvascular

• Nonvascular plantsNonvascular plants– do not have well-developed vascular do not have well-developed vascular

tissuestissues– vascular tissues are tubes for conducting vascular tissues are tubes for conducting

water through the plant bodywater through the plant body

• Vascular PlantsVascular Plants– well-developed vascular tissues are well-developed vascular tissues are

present in the form of xylem and phloem present in the form of xylem and phloem in the roots, stems, and leavesin the roots, stems, and leaves

The BryopytesThe Bryopytes

• small, compact, slow-growing, green small, compact, slow-growing, green plantsplants

• non-vascularnon-vascular• do not have true leaves or rootsdo not have true leaves or roots• nutrients are obtained from the surfaces nutrients are obtained from the surfaces

upon which they grow or from rainwaterupon which they grow or from rainwater• examplesexamples

– mosses, liverworts, and hornwortsmosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Why are Bryophytes low Why are Bryophytes low growing?growing?

• no well-developed vascular tissuesno well-developed vascular tissues• have to grow close to soilhave to grow close to soil• soil is source of water and nutrientssoil is source of water and nutrients• If bryophytes had vascular tissues, If bryophytes had vascular tissues,

they could be taller because the they could be taller because the vessels would carry water and vessels would carry water and nutrients a distance away from the nutrients a distance away from the soil.soil.

Moss Life CycleMoss Life Cycle

• Gametophyte versus sporophyteGametophyte versus sporophyte– Haploid versus diploidHaploid versus diploid

• Gametophyte is dominant Gametophyte is dominant generation and sporophyte is generation and sporophyte is dependent on gametophytedependent on gametophyte

• Still “tied” to water because Still “tied” to water because moisture required for fertilization moisture required for fertilization

Adaptations of Higher Adaptations of Higher PlantsPlants

• Vascular tissueVascular tissue– transport water and minerals to leaves transport water and minerals to leaves

where photosynthesis takes placewhere photosynthesis takes place– transport food from leaves to roots and transport food from leaves to roots and

stems where some of it is storedstems where some of it is stored– xylem and phloemxylem and phloem– xylem carries water up the plant from xylem carries water up the plant from

rootsroots– phloem carries nutrients phloem carries nutrients

• RootsRoots– anchor plants firmly in placeanchor plants firmly in place– take up water and nutrients take up water and nutrients

from the soilfrom the soil– absorptive ability of roots is absorptive ability of roots is

increased by root hairsincreased by root hairs– some plants have roots that some plants have roots that

store nutrients: carrots, store nutrients: carrots, turnips, and radishesturnips, and radishes

• StemsStems– support the leaves in such a manner support the leaves in such a manner

that they can collect sunlightthat they can collect sunlight– transport raw materials from the roots transport raw materials from the roots

to the leaves and from leaves to rootsto the leaves and from leaves to roots– some stems are herbaceous (soft)some stems are herbaceous (soft)– some stems are woody (hard)some stems are woody (hard)– some stems store food: sugar cane, some stems store food: sugar cane,

potatoespotatoes– some stems are photosynthetic and some stems are photosynthetic and

produce foodproduce food

• LeavesLeaves– primary sites of photosynthesis for primary sites of photosynthesis for

most plantsmost plants– cells contain chloroplastscells contain chloroplasts– solar collectors (large surface area)solar collectors (large surface area)– broad, flat, thin structuresbroad, flat, thin structures– water is lost through leaves--water is lost through leaves--

transpirationtranspiration– loss of water creates a pull that helps loss of water creates a pull that helps

move water up the plantmove water up the plant– contain stomata that open and close contain stomata that open and close

and regulate water lossand regulate water loss

Drop by drop….Drop by drop….

• Pressure-flow model accounts for Pressure-flow model accounts for movement of water up tree against movement of water up tree against force of gravityforce of gravity

• Stomata open results in Stomata open results in transpiration (loss of water) = transpiration (loss of water) = negative pressure therenegative pressure there

• Roots exposed to positive pressure Roots exposed to positive pressure of water in soilof water in soil

• Enough said…Enough said…

Non-seed producing Non-seed producing vascular plantsvascular plants

• Ferns, Horsetails, and club mossesFerns, Horsetails, and club mosses• exhibit ALTERNATION OF exhibit ALTERNATION OF

GENERATIONS between a GENERATIONS between a gametophyte and a sporophyte gametophyte and a sporophyte generationgeneration

• sperm swim to egg in watersperm swim to egg in water• Still “tied” to water for fertilizationStill “tied” to water for fertilization

Seed-producing Vas. Seed-producing Vas. PlantsPlants

• Seed -- specialized structure that Seed -- specialized structure that contains an embryo enclosed in a contains an embryo enclosed in a protective covering called a seed coatprotective covering called a seed coat

• Seeds are produced in either cones or Seeds are produced in either cones or flowers.flowers.

• Gymnosperms -- cone-bearing plantsGymnosperms -- cone-bearing plants• Angiosperms -- flowering plantsAngiosperms -- flowering plants

GymnospermsGymnosperms

• means “naked-seeded”means “naked-seeded”• most gymnosperms produce needle most gymnosperms produce needle

leavesleaves• most are nondeciduous (leaves don’t fall most are nondeciduous (leaves don’t fall

off at once)off at once)• sometimes referred to as evergreens or sometimes referred to as evergreens or

perennialsperennials• great source of soft wood--xylem tissuegreat source of soft wood--xylem tissue

AngiospermsAngiosperms

• seeds are enclosed in the ovary seeds are enclosed in the ovary which is often enclosed in a fruitwhich is often enclosed in a fruit

• many are trees that are many are trees that are DECIDUOUS-- shed leaves during DECIDUOUS-- shed leaves during fallfall

• most angiosperms are small plants most angiosperms are small plants like grasses, vines, houseplants, like grasses, vines, houseplants, garden plants, and wild flowersgarden plants, and wild flowers

Flower PartsFlower Parts

• carpel-- produces the female sex cellcarpel-- produces the female sex cell– composed of stigma, style, and ovarycomposed of stigma, style, and ovary

• stamen -- produces the male sex cellsstamen -- produces the male sex cells– composed of anther and filamentcomposed of anther and filament

• sepals -- protective structures that sepals -- protective structures that surround the base of a flowersurround the base of a flower

• petals -- colorful flower parts that petals -- colorful flower parts that insure pollinationinsure pollination

PollinationPollination

• female sex cells are in the ovary of the female sex cells are in the ovary of the carpelcarpel

• male sperm cell is in pollen grainmale sperm cell is in pollen grain• pollinationpollination

– transfer of pollen from the anther to the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigmastigma

• pollen grain germinates on stigma and pollen grain germinates on stigma and grows down the style to reach the ovary grows down the style to reach the ovary which contains the egg cellwhich contains the egg cell

• Fertilization occurs in the ovaryFertilization occurs in the ovary• After fertilization, the ovary develops After fertilization, the ovary develops

into a fruit containing the seed.into a fruit containing the seed.• Seeds are dispersed in a variety of Seeds are dispersed in a variety of

means.means.– some are eaten in fruits and defecated some are eaten in fruits and defecated

in different places by animalsin different places by animals– some adhere to animal fur some adhere to animal fur – some have wings to be blown by the some have wings to be blown by the

windwind– some float in watersome float in water

Monocots and dicotsMonocots and dicots

• Botanical divisions of angiospermsBotanical divisions of angiosperms• DicotsDicots

– have two seeds leaveshave two seeds leaves– flower parts in 4 or 5 or multiples of 4 or 5flower parts in 4 or 5 or multiples of 4 or 5– net-like arrangement of veins in leavesnet-like arrangement of veins in leaves– some dicots produce woodsome dicots produce wood– some have soft herbaceous stemssome have soft herbaceous stems– examples: oak trees, tomato plantsexamples: oak trees, tomato plants

• MonocotsMonocots– one seed leafone seed leaf– flower parts in three’s or multiples of flower parts in three’s or multiples of

33– parallel arrangement of leaf veinsparallel arrangement of leaf veins– stems are rarely woodystems are rarely woody– examples: grasses, lilies, and orchidsexamples: grasses, lilies, and orchids