PETROJET THE PETROLIUM PROJECTS & TECHNICAL CONSULTATIONS COMPANY
Plastic Pipes Plastic pipes for Piping Engineering issues
Mohammed Kamal Kamal Gaber
27/12/2016
Paper is introducing a research on thermoplastic pipes uses and design, as plastic pipes have been used widely in many oil, water, and gas process plants and pipelines for many issues instead of metal pipes as their lower cost, easier installation, and lighter weight than other metallic pipes.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1372
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
INTRODUC
1.1 Backgro
1.2 Principle
SCOPE
AVAILABL
PRINCIPLE
4.1. Rehabi
ADVANTAG
5.1. Advant
5.2. Limitati
5.3. Require
THERMOP
6.1. Polyme
6.1
6.2. Plastics
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
COMMONL
7.1. Polyvin
7.2. Chlorin
Pipi
CTION
ound
e Materials
LE PRODUCT
E USES
ilitation Tech
GES AND LI
tages
ions
ements for s
LASTIC PIP
ers Definition
.1. Chemical
s Compositio
.1. Plastics A
.2. Crystallin
.3. Thermop
.4. Cell class
LY USED TH
nyl Chloride (
nated Polyvin
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
TS
hnology
IMITATIONS
uccessful de
PING MATER
n
l geometry
on materials
Additives
ne materials
lastics Mater
sification
HERMOPLAS
(PVC) Pipe
nyl Chloride (
l
ne Design r
A
Table
S
esign
RIALS
rials
STIC PIPES
(CPVC) Pipe
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
of Content
e
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
1
ts
astic pipes for p
esearch
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of 47
piping Engineer
ring issues
4
4
5
5
5
7
8
9
9
9
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
17
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1373
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IJSER
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
7.3. Polypro
7.4. Acrylon
7.5. Polyeth
DESIGN AN
COMMON D
9.1. Interna
9.1
9.2. Resista
9.3. Tempe
CONSIDER
10.1. Suppo
10.2. Suppo
10.3. Expan
CONSIDER
11.1. Pipe-S
11.
11.
PE / META
12.1. Exam
PLASTIC-L
13.1 History
13.2. METH
13.2
13.3. Liner
Pipi
opylene (PP)
nitrile-Butadie
hylene (PE) P
ND INSTALL
DESIGN AN
l Hydraulic P
. 1.Surge Pre
ance to Vacu
rature Effect
RATIONS FO
orts and Anc
ort Spacing
nsion-Contra
RATIONS FO
Soil System
1.1. The hoo
1.2. The bed
L PIPE TRA
ple, Vendor
LINED PIPIN
y
HODS OF MA
2.1. Liner Ma
Materials
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
) Pipe
ene-Styrene
Pipe
LATION
ND INSTALLA
Pressure
essure
uum and Exte
ts
OR ABOVEG
chors
action
OR BELOWG
Parameters
op stiffness p
dding stiffnes
ANSATION F
Print for PE
NG FOR COR
ANUFACTU
anufacturing
l
ne Design r
A
(ABS) Pipe
ATION CON
ernal Pressu
GROUND US
GROUND US
parameter
ss parameter
FITTING
/ Metal Tran
RROSION R
RE
Processes f
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
NSIDERATIO
ure
SES
SES
r
sition Fitting
ESISTANCE
for PTFE Lin
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
2
ONS
E
ners
astic pipes for p
esearch
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piping Engineer
ring issues
18
18
19
21
23
23
24
27
28
29
29
30
31
33
34
35
35
35
36
39
39
39
39
40
8
8
9
3
3
4
7
8
9
9
0
3
4
5
5
5
6
9
9
9
9
0
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
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14.
15.
16.
13.
13.4 Installe
INSTALLAT
SOURCES
15.1. On Ne
15.2. Public
15.3. Assoc
15.4. Codes
REFERENC
Pipi
3.1. Liner Ty
ed Cost Com
TION
OF ADDITIO
ew Developm
cations Relat
ciations
s
CES
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
ypes
mparisons
ONAL INFO
ments
ted to Standa
l
ne Design r
A
RMATION
ards
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
3
astic pipes for p
esearch
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piping Engineer
ring issues
41
41
43
43
43
44
44
44
46
3
3
3
4
4
4
6
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1375
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IJSER
1.
INTRODUC
Plastics pip
Thermoplas
materials a
hardened in
heating.
Thermoplas
with reinfor
composite c
1.1. Backgr
The first the
was first m
used by Th
when PE p
commercial
fundamenta
technology,
continuing.
have taken
standardiza
piping prod
materials, te
have also b
1.2. Princip
Thermoplas
approximate
consisted o
The second
by acrylonit
of special-p
polybutylen
Pipi
CTION
ping are mad
stics can be
are irreversib
nto their fina
stic materials
rcements (su
constructions
round
ermoplastic t
anufactured
e Southern
pipe was firs
lly made in
al advances
, which laid
However, th
n place in 19
ation was or
ducts began
est methods
been issued b
ple Materials
stics accoun
ely 7.5 billio
of thermoplas
d most widely
trile-butadien
purpose ma
e (PB), poly
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
de from eith
e softened a
bly set, or c
al shape, the
s include min
uch as glass
s.
tubes were m
commercial
California Ga
st offered for
the United
s were intro
the foundat
he start of th
950 when a
rganized. So
to be issue
, and recom
by other orga
s
nt for the lio
on pounds
stics.1Polyvi
y used therm
ne-styrene (A
aterials, such
ypropylene (P
l
ne Design r
A
er of two ba
and reshape
cured, or ha
ermosetting p
nimal reinfor
s fibers) and
made in Ger
lly in the Un
as Company
r non-code-r
States in 1
oduced in p
tion for the t
he evolution
an American
oon thereafte
ed. At prese
mended prac
anizations.
on’s share
(3.75 million
inyl chloride
moplastic is p
ABS), represe
h as chlorin
PP), and var
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
asic groups
ed repeatedly
rdened into
products can
rcements, wh
sometimes
rmany during
nited States
y for distribut
regulated wa
1949 and 1
polymer che
thermoplasti
n of thermop
Society for
er the first A
ent over 180
ctices for join
of plastics
n metric ton
(PVC) acco
polyethylene
enting about
nated polyvin
rious fluorina
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
4
of synthetic
y by the ap
a permanen
nnot be softe
hereas therm
fillers (such
g the 1930s
in 1940 from
ting natural g
ater service
950, respec
emistry, mat
cs pipe indu
plastics pipin
r Testing an
ASTM stand
0 ASTM sta
ning and ins
used for pi
ns)of plastics
ounted for ab
e (PE), accou
t a 4 percent
nyl chloride
ated polymer
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
of 47
materials, t
pplication of
nt shape du
ened and the
mosetting res
h as sand) to
from a PVC
m cellulose a
gas. Volume
applications
ctively. Durin
terials formu
ustry. Improv
g as engine
d Materials
dards coverin
andards defi
tallation. Num
iping. During
s that went
bout three-qu
unting for ab
share. The
(CPVC), cr
rs, Principlely
piping Engineer
thermoplastic
heat. In co
uring factory
erefore may
sins are almo
o produce s
copolymer.
acetate buty
e production
s. ABS and
ng the 1940
ulation, and
vements in t
eering mater
(ASTM) gro
ng materials
ine plastic p
merous plas
g 1989,over
into pipe,
uarters of al
bout a 15 per
balance abo
ross link ed
y polyvinylide
ring issues
c and therm
ontrast therm
manufactur
not be resh
ost always c
tructurally in
Thermoplas
yrate (CAB)
commenced
PVC pipe w
0s and 1950
product fa
these areas
ials is consi
oup for plast
s, test metho
piping, plasti
tics piping st
r 95 percen
conduit, and
l thermoplas
rcent share,
ut 6 percent
dpolyethylene
ene fluoride
osetting.
mosetting
re. Once
haped by
ombined
ntegrated
stics pipe
and was
d in 1948
were first
0s many
abrication
are still
dered to
tics pipe
ods, and
ic piping
tandards
nt of the
d fittings
stic pipe.
followed
consists
e (PEX),
(PVDF).
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1376
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IJSER
2.
3.
In 1955, tot
the rate of s
More footag
However, th
leading mat
successful
which curre
60 (DN1500
SCOPE
This Paper
limitations,
installation.
an intended
References
AVAILABL
Plastics pip
pressure ap
are designe
Most of the
Principle co
sizes cover
ongoing pro
Society for
Standards’
publishes a
Internationa
available pi
covered by
fabricate co
infrastructur
overwrap w
Pipi
tal U.S. Ship
shipments ha
ge of thermo
he total dolla
terial, steel.3
track record
ently compris
0) for pressu
r reviews th
and presen
This informa
d application
s are provide
LE PRODUCT
e and fittings
pplications s
ed to more ec
ese products
ommercial p
red by the st
ocess, the re
Testing and
‘which inclu
a periodically
al Standards
ping appurte
any nationa
omponents th
re and indus
with a glass-fi
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
pments of the
ad increased
oplastic pipe
ar value of in
3 this is beca
in these siz
se the fastest
re uses and
he Principle
nts general
ation is inten
; in choosing
d for more d
TS
s are availab
pecial wall c
conomically
s are covere
roducts, also
tandard. As
eader is advis
d Materials (A
udes all of it
y updated re
s Organizatio
enances, suc
l standard. In
hat may or m
strial applicat
ber thermos
l
ne Design r
A
ermoplastic p
d almost 200
is now bein
nstalled therm
ause the Prin
zes has bee
t growing se
NPS 108 (D
properties a
and basic
nded to guide
g the approp
etailed inform
ble in a vast a
constructions
achieve a de
ed by nation
o identifies
the updating
sed to conta
ASTM),*for e
ts current st
eport, PPI TR
on (ISO) stan
ch as identifi
n addition, s
may not be s
tions. Fabric
etting resin c
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
pipe were les
fold, and it is
ng installed t
moplastic pip
nciple use of
n leading to
gment. As of
DN 2700) for
and uses o
information
e the reader
priate materi
mation and fo
array of mate
s are offered
esired longitu
nal standard
each produc
g of existing
ct standards
example, eac
tandards co
R-5, which i
ndards on th
ied in Table
ome pipe an
shown in pro
cated fittings
composite.
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
5
ss than 40 m
s still growin
than that of a
pe is second
thermoplast
increasing a
f this writing
sewer and d
f thermoplas
on material
in evaluating
al and produ
or further gu
erials, diame
d—such as d
udinal and di
s. Table 1.1
ct’s primary
g and the wr
s-issuing orga
ch year upda
vering plasti
ncludes a co
hermoplastic
D3.1, that a
nd fitting man
oduct catalog
intended for
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
of 47
million pound
g.
all other type
d to and only
ics piping is
acceptance
, thermoplas
drain applicat
stics piping,
ls, propertie
g the applica
uct; and in it
idance on th
eters, wall thi
double wall,
iametrical pip
1, which lists
application
iting of new
anizations fo
ates a volum
ics piping. T
omprehensiv
s piping. Th
are fabricated
nufacturers a
gs. These sp
r pressure se
piping Engineer
ds (18,000 m
es of piping
y about one-q
in the smalle
and use of t
stic pipe is av
tions.
discusses
es, standard
ability of ther
ts proper de
hese and rela
icknesses, a
ribbed, and
pe stiffness.
s common s
and gives th
product sta
or the latest s
me of it's ‘‘An
The Plastics
ve listing of
ere are also
d from plasti
and their dist
pecials includ
ervice are of
ring issues
metric tons). B
materials co
quarter of th
er sizes. But
the larger dia
vailable throu
its advanta
ization, des
rmoplastics p
sign and ins
ated subjects
nd designs.
foamed core
standards th
he range of
ndards is a
status. The A
nnual Book o
Pipe Institu
North Ameri
o many comm
cs but which
tributors can
de manholes
ften reinforce
By 1998,
ombined.
hat of the
the very
ameters,
ugh NPS
ges and
ign, and
piping for
stallation.
s.
For non-
e—which
hat cover
nominal
dynamic
American
of ASTM
ute (PPI)
ican and
mercially
h are not
custom-
s for both
ed by an
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1377
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
Piping maand prodstandard
ABS,PP and
ASTM D331
ABS and PV
ASTM D268
ASTM F409
ASTM F480
ASTM F149
CSAB181.5
ABS,PVC&C
ASTM F148
ABS ASTM D ASTM D2 ASTM D2 ASTM D2
ASTM D2
ASTM D2 ASTM F6 CSAB18
PA ASTM F1
CSAB13
Pipi
aterial duct d
d PVC
11
VC
80 A
9
0
99
CPVC
88
1527
2282
2468
2661
2750
2751
628
1.1
1733
37.12
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
D
ABS and PVC
Accessib
Thermop
Coextrud
Coextrud
Coextru
ABS Pipe, ABS Pipe, ABS Socke ABSDWV
ABS Utility
ABS Sewe ABS Foam ABSDWV
Butt heat fusio
Polyamide pi
l
ne Design r
A
Subject pabbreviastandard
DWV fittings p
sewer pipe of
construcble and replac
fittings
plastic water w
ded, composi
ded ABS/PVC
uded composi
Schedules 40
dimension rat
et fittings, Sch
pipe and fittin
y conduit and f
er pipe and fitt
m core DWV
pipe and fittin
on fittings for
iping systems
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
Table 1.1
product, or ated title ofd
atterns
f composite w
ction ceable tube an
well casing
te DWV pipe
CDWV pipe
ite pipe
0and80
tio series
hedule 40
gs
fittings
ings
gs
polyamide pip
for gas servic
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
6
Nominsizes range(
1¹⁄₄–
all 4–1
nd 1¹⁄₄–
2–1
1¹⁄₄– 1¹⁄₄–
2–1
¹⁄₈–1
¹⁄₈–1
¹⁄₈–8
1¹⁄₄–
1–6
3–1
1¹⁄₄–
1¹⁄₄–
pe
1/2 –
ce 1/2 –
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
of 47
nal
(in)
8
5
1¹⁄₂
6
–8
–6
12
12
2
8
–6
2
–6
–6
– 48
– 8
piping Engineer
Principleapplicat
Drain, waste
Sewer drain
Drain, waste
Water-well ca
Drain, waste
Drain, waste
Drain, waste sewer
Coldwater; in Coldwater; in Coldwater; in Drain, waste
Electrical du
Sewer drain Drain, waste Drain, waste
Gas distr
Gas distribu
ring issues
e tions
vent
vent
asing
vent
vent
& vent;
ndustrial
ndustrial
ndustrial
& vent
uct
vent
vent
ribution
ution
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1378
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
4.
Piping matproduct sta
PE ASTM D210
ASTM D223
ASTM D244
ASTM D260
ASTM D268
ASTM D273
ASTM D303
ASTM D326
PRINCIPLE
Thermoplas
percent of t
percent of
smaller-diam
PEX piping
gas product
also freque
aqueous so
metallic ion
More than
installed un
sewer colle
dwellings ut
Pipi
terial and andard
04
39
47 PE
09
83
37 PE
35
61
E USES
stics piping a
the newly in
rural water
meter piping
are increasi
tion, significa
ently used fo
olutions of c
s.
half the ton
nderground b
ection mains
tilize either P
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
Subject pror abbrevia
PE pipe, Sc
PE pipe, dim
Pipe, Sched
Plastic inse
PE fittings,
tubing
PE pipe, dim
PE fittings,
are routinely
nstalled main
distribution m
g installed fo
ngly used fo
ant quantities
or commercia
corrosive che
nage of all t
building sew
in sizes NP
PVC or ABS
l
ne Design r
A
oduct, ated title of s
chedule 40, I
mension ratio
dules 40 & 8
erts fittings fo
socket fusio
mension ratio
butt fusion ty
used for mu
ns and 90 pe
mains and o
r agricultura
or hot/cold wa
s of PE pipe
al and indus
emicals, slu
thermoplasti
er connectio
PS 4 through
drain, waste
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
Table 1.1
standard
ID based
o series, ID b
0
or PE pipe
n type
o series
ype
ch common
ercent of the
over 40 perc
al and turf irr
ater distributi
e are used to
strial applicat
rries, foods,
c pipes goe
ons are mad
h 18 (DN 10
e, and vent (
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
7
Nom sizes
based
pressure an
e services fo
cent of mun
rigation is m
ing piping fo
o convey wat
tions such a
and substa
es into no pr
e of PVC. P
00 through 4
DWV) piping
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
of 47
minal s range (in)
1⁄2–6
1⁄2–6
1/2–12
1/2–6
1/2 - 4
1/2 –2
1/2 –6
1/2 –48
d no pressur
or gas distrib
icipal mains
ade primarily
r residential
er and well g
as for convey
ances that m
ressure uses
PVC also acc
450). About
g. Most drain
piping Engineer
Principapplica
Cold w
Cold w
Cold w
Cold w
Cold w
Cold w
Cold w
Cold w
re application
bution are m
are made o
y from PE a
and other co
gases. Therm
ying chilled
must remain
s. Over 85 p
counts for a
80 percent
nage systems
ring issues
ple ations
water, industri
water; industri
water; industri
water
water; natural
water
water; industri
water; natural
ns. Approxim
made of PE.
of PVC. Mos
and PVC. CP
onstruction. I
moplastics p
and process
uncontamin
percent of th
similar sha
of new sing
s, including t
ial
ial
ial
gas;
ial
mately 80
Over 90
st of the
PVC and
n oil and
iping are
s waters,
nated by
he newly
re of the
gle-family
those for
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1379
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
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building fou
PE and PVC
faster grow
alongside a
pipelines by
4.1. Rehab
In one reha
one-half the
host pipe a
1.2)
Pipi
undations, le
C. And both
wing applicati
and under ro
y the insertio
ilitation Tec
abilitation tec
e diameter o
nd then refo
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
aching fields
PVC and PE
ions is the u
oadways (se
on of new PE
chnology
chnology a P
of the host pi
rmed by a c
l
ne Design r
A
s, agriculture
E are increas
use of PE a
ee Fig. 1.1).
E or PVC pipe
PE or PVC p
pe. At the in
combination o
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
e, and road c
singly used fo
nd PVC pipe
Another is
es.
Fig. 1.1
pipe is deform
nstallation sit
of heat and p
Fig. 1.2
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
8
construction
or larger diam
es of profile
the rehabilit
med when m
te, the ‘‘U’’ d
pressure to t
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
of 47
now consist
meter sewers
e wall constr
tation of olde
manufactured
eformed pip
tightly fit the
piping Engineer
t of thermopl
s, drains and
uctions for d
er sewers, d
d into a ‘‘U’’ s
e is pulled th
shape of th
ring issues
lastics piping
d culverts. O
drainage, pa
drains, and
shape appro
hrough the d
e host pipe (
g, mostly
ne of the
articularly
pressure
oximately
damaged
(see Fig.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
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5.
5.1
5.2
ADVANTAG
A number oso many pre
. Advantage
The most
moisture. T
environmen
Thermoplas
electrolytes
In sum, the
service. Th
coating, gal
Another Pr
handling, st
friction facto
slurries that
High deform
particularly
activate add
deformation
magnitude t
Thermoplas
of other ma
consideratio
. Limitations
The Princip
of mechanic
As a result
plastics qua
(149_C).
Pipi
GES AND LI
of important essures and
es
universally r
Thermoplasti
ntal corrosion
stics, being
such as acid
ermoplastics
his has resu
vanizing, ele
rinciple adva
torage, and
ors and very
t can rapidly
mation capa
for undergro
ditional and s
n results in
that could fra
stics piping, p
aterials. In t
on is given to
s
ple limitations
cal properties
, their prima
alify for hot
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
IMITATIONS
performance no pressure
recognized a
cs piping a
n of metals.
nonconduct
ds, bases, a
are not sub
lted in negl
ectroplating,
antage offere
installation,
low tendenc
abrade hard
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ound service
substantial s
a pipe-soil
acture strong
particularly in
the larger s
o their lower
s of thermop
s to tempera
ary use is fo
water servic
l
ne Design r
A
S
e advantagese uses.
advantage i
are not subj
ors, are imm
nd salts. In a
bject to corro
igible costs
wrapping, an
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as well as
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der materials
fracture—or
e. In respons
support from
structure tha
ger but less s
n the sizes u
izes, thermo
operating an
lastics arise
ature.
or gravity an
ce, and there
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
s have spark
s the piping
ect to surfa
mune to the
addition, plas
osion in mo
for mainten
nd cathodic p
moplastics is
in lower tra
They also o
.
r strain abilit
se to earth lo
the surroun
at is capabl
stainable ma
under around
oplastic swill
nd maintenan
from their re
d lower-pres
e are some
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
9
ked the wide
g’s virtual fr
ace attacks
e electroche
stics pipe ma
st environme
nance and e
protection.
s their lower
ansportation
offer very goo
ty (Janson)—
oading, burie
ding soil. Th
le of suppor
terials.
d NPS 18 (DN
l oftentimes
nce costs an
elatively low
ssure applica
specialty ma
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
of 47
spread ado
reedom from
in any way
emical-based
aterials are n
ents in both
external prot
r specific gr
costs. The
od abrasion r
—is another
ed flexible pip
his capability
rting earth f
N 450), can
overcomes
nd longer life.
strength and
ations at ne
aterials that
piping Engineer
ption of ther
m attack by
y comparab
d corrosion
not vulnerable
h abovegroun
tection such
ravity, which
smooth pipe
resistance, e
important p
pes deform (
to activate a
fills and surf
be competit
a first-cost
.
d stiffness a
ear ambient
can be use
ring issues
rmoplastics p
ambient wa
le to the ru
process ind
e to biologica
nd and unde
as painting
h results in
e surfaces y
even when co
performance
(deflect) and
additional su
face live loa
tive in cost
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nd greater s
temperature
ed to close t
piping for
ater and
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uced by
al attack.
erground
g, plastic
ease of
yield low
onveying
feature,
d thereby
upport by
ads of a
to piping
ge when
ensitivity
s. Some
to 300_F
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1381
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IJSER
Notwithstan
of applicatio
5.3. Requir
Successful
the relative
temperature
strain capa
environmen
another (fo
depending
branching,
modifiers, a
properties o
and it goes
specification
Compared t
For exampl
recognized
may require
to be given
movements
thermoplast
Since therm
regulations.
placing of t
penetrates t
Pipi
nding these r
ons.
rements for
design with
ely simple s
e and enviro
acity, and o
nt influence
r example,
on the spec
and extent o
and the proc
of thermopla
without say
ns creator, d
to traditional
le, the therm
both in desi
e frequent us
n to proper p
s that may
tics should b
moplastics a
. Constructio
hermoplastic
through such
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
restrictions, t
successful
thermoplasti
stress/strain
onment, can
ther enginee
ultimate me
between PV
cific nature o
of copolyme
cessing cond
astic piping, p
ying that for
designer, and
piping mate
mal expansio
ign and insta
se of expans
pipe restrain
be induced
be positioned
are combusti
on and build
cs piping ins
h structures.
l
ne Design r
A
thermoplastic
design
ics requires
relationship
have a profo
ering prope
chanical pro
VC and PE)
of the polym
erization with
ditions. Thes
particularly w
effective des
d user.
erials, thermo
on rate can b
allation, part
ion loops or
nt because t
d by sudde
d or protected
ible, their us
ing codes a
side suitable
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
cs piping sat
recognition o
that is cha
ound effect o
rties. The e
operties varie
but can als
mer (e.g., mo
h other mono
se factors m
when definin
sign and ins
oplastics hav
be from 6 to
icularly for a
pipe support
the low mas
en changes
d against pos
se in certain
address thes
fire-resistan
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
10
tisfy the perf
of their visco
aracteristic o
on their stres
extent to wh
es not only
so significan
olecular weig
omers), the
must be reco
ng allowable
tallation, the
ve high coeff
o 10 times g
aboveground
ts. For above
ss of thermo
in the flui
ssible accide
n locations m
se concerns
nt walls and
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
0 of 47
formance req
elastic natur
of metals. D
ss-strain res
hich duration
from one cl
ntly differ wi
ght, molecula
type and qu
gnized when
stress, strai
ey must be g
ficients of the
reater than t
applications
eground pipi
oplastics pro
d flow velo
ental mechan
may be limit
through var
chases and
piping Engineer
quirements fo
re. These ma
Duration of
ponse, ruptu
n of loading
ass of therm
thin the sam
ar weight di
uantity of po
n characteriz
n, and uppe
given conside
ermal expans
that of meta
s where resu
ng more atte
vides less in
ocity. Additio
nical damage
ted by fire s
rious require
the use of f
ring issues
ora very broa
aterials do no
loading, as
ure strength,
g, temperatu
moplastic ma
me generic
stribution, d
olymer addit
zing the eng
er temperatu
eration by th
sion and con
al pipe. This
ultant piping
ention may a
nertia agains
onally, abov
e.
safety conce
ments, inclu
fire stops wh
ad range
ot exhibit
well as
ultimate
ure, and
aterial to
material,
egree of
ives and
gineering
re limits;
he piping
ntraction.
must be
reaction
also need
st piping
veground
erns and
uding the
hen pipe
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1382
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IJSER
6.
THERMOP
6.1. Polyme
The term po
or network
referred to a
Polymers u
longer-term
Molecule si
molecule. S
expressed b
significant i
tend to be
distribution.
proper fabr
molecular c
closely the
mechanical
reaction, ca
polyethylen
propylene,
polymer stil
Principlely t
on enginee
partial copo
6.1
Che
phy
the
spa
poly
Pipi
LASTIC PIP
ers Definitio
olymer (from
structure of
as synthetic
sed for engi
m strength, du
ize is denote
Since all the
by the polym
nfluence on
of relatively
. However, t
ication of the
chains that o
polymer mo
properties.
atalysts use
e pipe polym
butene, pen
ll falls under
the number
ring propertie
olymers.
.1 Chemical
emical geom
ysical arrang
long molecu
aghetti in a
ymer molecu
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
PING MATER
on
m the Greek p
macromolec
polymers. Po
neering appl
uctility, and to
ed by molec
e molecules
mer’s average
a number of
y high molec
he molecula
e end produc
occasionally
olecules can
The length a
ed, and by
mers are in fa
ntene, and h
the classific
of short bran
es. Many co
l geometry
metry, some
ement of mo
ules in polym
bowl. This
ules to one
l
ne Design r
A
RIALS
poly, meanin
cules that ar
olymers whic
lications con
oughness.
cular weight,
in a polyme
e molecular
f physical an
cular weight
ar weight can
ct. Another m
branch out
n lie next to
and frequenc
the copolym
act copolyme
hexene. Altho
cation of poly
nches along
mmercial po
etimes referr
olecules to on
mers tend to a
random arra
another and
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
ng ‘‘many,’’ a
re produced
ch are the ba
nsist of relativ
, which is th
er are not of
weight. The
nd mechanica
(generally o
nnot be so la
molecular str
from the ma
each other,
cy of polyme
merization w
ers of ethyle
ough the am
yethylene, it
the linear m
olymers, inclu
red to as p
ne another a
align themse
angement is
d their phys
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
11
and mer mea
either natura
ase material
vely long mo
he sum of th
f the same s
nature of th
al properties
over 100,000
arge as to re
ructural para
ain polymer
which has
er branches
with other th
ne with sma
mount of oth
is enough to
molecular ch
uding polypro
olymer arch
and, thereby,
elves near ea
referred to
sical entangl
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
1 of 47
aning ‘‘unit’’)
ally or that a
for plastics a
olecules in or
he atomic ma
size, the deg
e distribution
s. Thermopla
0) and of rel
esult in a me
ameter is the
chain. Thes
an influence
may be con
han the Pri
all amounts o
her monome
o modify the
ains—and th
opylene (PP)
hitecture, als
the polymer
ach other in a
as the amo
ement gives
piping Engineer
is used to d
are made by
are oftentime
rder to yield
asses of all
gree of polym
n of molecula
astics used fo
latively narro
elt viscosity
e length and
se branches
e on the pol
ntrolled by co
nciple mono
of other olefin
rs used is lo
e polymer’s m
hereby exert
) and polybu
so helps de
r’s physical p
a random sym
orphous sta
s rise to me
ring issues
enote the lo
y man. The l
es termed res
satisfactory
the elemen
merization is
ar sizes also
or piping app
ow molecula
so high as t
frequency o
help determ
lymer’s phys
onditions of c
omer. For e
n monomers
ow, and the
molecular str
t significant i
utylene (PB),
etermine the
properties. G
mmetry anal
te. The prox
echanical for
ng-chain
atter are
sins.
levels of
ts in the
s usually
o bears a
plications
ar weight
to hinder
of shorter
mine how
sical and
chemical
example,
such as
ereby the
ructure—
nfluence
are also
relative
enerally,
ogous to
ximity of
rces that
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1383
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
gre
am
6.2. Plastic
Plastics are
categories,
hardened b
advantage o
6.2
Add
or s
pro
pro
The
Add
enh
pro
Pipi
atly account
orphous mat
cs Composit
e compound
thermoplas
by cooling, t
of this capab
.1. Plastics
ditives are in
service. The
perties; the
perties to ac
e main kinds
Heat stabiliz
Antioxidants
Ultraviolet s
and weathe
Lubricants.
through die
Pigments. T
Processing
homogeniza
Property mo
Fillers. Mos
to modify pr
ditives are e
hance certai
tection durin
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
t for a polym
terials.
tion materia
ds of resins
tics and the
they can be
bility.
Additives
corporated i
e precise na
processing
chieve certain
of additives
zers. To prot
s. To protect
screens or st
er-exposed s
To facilitate
s and other s
To give the p
aids. To fa
ation of mate
odifiers. To e
st often used
rocessing ch
essential com
in properties
ng fabricatio
l
ne Design r
A
mer’s mecha
als
s and additiv
ermosets. Si
shaped int
nto a thermo
ature and am
method use
n aesthetic, p
that may be
tect the plast
t against oxid
tabilizers. To
ervice.
e and impro
surfaces.
product a dist
acilitate mate
erial and its p
enhance a pa
to reduce v
haracteristics
mponents of
s, give a p
on and serv
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
anical prope
ves. As pre
nce thermop
o articles by
oplastics com
mounts of th
d to convert
performance
e used in ther
tic against th
dation during
o protect aga
ove fabricati
tinctive color
erial mixing
properties.
articular prop
olume cost;
s.
most therm
product a di
ice. There a
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
12
erties. PVC
eviously expl
plastics are
y operations
mposition to a
hese additiv
t it to a finis
e, or econom
rmoplastic pi
hermal degra
g processing
inst ultraviole
ion by redu
r.
and fusion d
perty such as
however, fille
oplastic pipi
stinctive ap
are only a f
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
2 of 47
and ABS ar
lained, plast
capable of
s such as m
achieve spec
es depends
shed article;
ic objectives
iping compos
adation, parti
and when in
et radiation i
cing viscosit
during proce
s impact stre
ers may also
ng composit
pearance a
few thermop
piping Engineer
re polymers
tics are divi
being softe
molding or e
cific purpos
on the plas
and any de
s.
sitions includ
cularly durin
n service.
n sunlight du
ty and lesse
essing and t
ength or flexib
o be used to
tions. They
nd color, an
plastics [e.g.
ring issues
that are es
ided into tw
ned by hea
xtrusion, wh
es during fa
stic and its
sired modific
de the followi
g processing
uring outdoor
ening frictio
thereby optim
bility.
increase stif
facilitate pro
nd provide
., certain flu
ssentially
wo broad
ating and
hich take
abrication
inherent
cation of
ing:
g.
r storage
nal drag
mize the
ffness or
ocessing,
required
uorinated
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1384
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
poly
add
The
effe
rup
can
use
inte
exa
the
bas
ato
arra
mo
hea
6.2
Cerpolyporcrystounatsom
6.2
Cerpolyporcrystounatsom
Theaddgrocomissu
Pipi
ymers such
ditive becaus
e precise nat
ect on engin
ture strength
n compromis
e of a filler o
ernal faults, t
ample is the
reby make i
se polymer u
ms, from wh
angement by
lecular struc
avier the mol
.2. Crystallin
rtain other pymer chainsrtions lie in stalline regioghness. Theure of the int
mewhat contr
.3. Thermop
rtain other pymer chainsrtions lie in stalline regioghness. Theure of the int
mewhat contr
e many posditives that caup such as
mpositions isued by the
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
as polyviny
se they alrea
ture and qua
neering prop
h under long
se the natura
of a coarse
that can com
excessive
t less creep
used in a pla
hich the pol
y which the
ctural param
ecule.
ne Thermop
polymers, sus organize ththe amorphoons have sige extent of cterconnectivrolled by tailo
plastics Mat
polymers, sus organize ththe amorphoons have sige extent of cterconnectivrolled by tailo
ssible variatian be used, s polyvinyl s, understandAmerican S
l
ne Design r
A
ylidene fluori
dy have suff
antities of add
erties, such
g term loadin
al resistance
r grade, or
mpromise lon
use of liquid
p-resistant an
astics piping
lymer is ma
e polymer’s
eter is the l
plastics mat
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erials
ch as PE, Phemselves inous regionsgnificant inflcrystallizationity network ooring molecu
ons in polyresult in a gchloride (PVdably, not a ociety for T
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
ide (PVDF)]
ficient natura
ditives that c
as rigidity,
g, and fatigu
e of polymers
its inadequa
g term stren
d stabilizers
nd more sen
g composition
de, but are
atoms are c
ength of the
terials
PP, PB, and n close and v. The stronguence over n and the siof moleculesular architect
PP, PB, and n close and v. The stronguence over n and the siof moleculesular architect
mer structurreat diversityVC) or polysimple task.
Testing and
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
13
that do not
al thermal sta
can be used
impact stren
ue enduranc
s to very stro
ate dispersio
ngth, ductility
or lubricant
nsitive to tem
n are not on
also profou
combined to
e molecular
PVDF, are very well ordger physicalmechanical ze and natu running fromture.
PVDF, are very well ordger physicalmechanical ze and natu running fromture.
re, combiney of plastic coyethylene (P. The primaryMaterials (A
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
3 of 47
t require the
ability and ag
for piping co
ngth, chemic
e. For exam
ong acids or
on can introd
y, toughness,
ts, which ten
mperature. A
nly determine
undly influen
o form a ma
chain. The
partly crystadered arrang bonds in thproperties s
ure of the crm one crysta
partly crystadered arrang bonds in thproperties s
ure of the crm one crysta
d with the ompositions,
PE). The dey standard p
ASTM). The
piping Engineer
e incorporati
ging and wea
ompositions a
cal resistanc
mple, the use
r bases. Als
duce physic
, and fatigue
nds to plasti
Additionally, t
ed by the ch
ced by the
acromolecule
longer the c
alline materigements callhe well-ordesuch as strerystalline regalline region
alline materigements callhe well-ordesuch as strerystalline regalline region
different typ, even withinefining and plastic materfirst ASTM
ring issues
ion of some
athering resis
are delimited
ce, creep res
of an inorga
o, too much
cal discontinu
e endurance.
icize the pla
the propertie
hemical elem
specific geo
e. A most im
chain, the la
als. Portionsled crystalliteered, closelyength, stiffnegions, as weto another c
als. Portionsled crystalliteered, closelyength, stiffnegions, as weto another c
pes and amn a particular
classifying rial specificatstandards c
e type of
stance.
d by their
sistance,
anic filler
filler, or
uities, or
Another
astic and
es of the
ments, or
ometrical
mportant
rger and
s of their es; other y packed ess, and
ell as the an all be
s of their es; other y packed ess, and
ell as the an all be
ounts of polymer of such
tions are classified
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1385
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
7.
plaswithASTis g
6.2
All t
ForPolpro
Pro
Den
Me
Flex
Ten
Restest
Hyd
Altha bdeffurtstreload
A bpipispe
COMMONL
7.1. Polyvin
PVC is uselow pressur
Pipi
stic materialsh the growinTM standard
given a prope
.4. Cell clas
the resultant
r example inyethylene Pperties that f
operty
nsity:
lt index:
xural modulu
nsile strength
sistance to st method B, C
drostatic des
hough this nebroader arrayfinitive predicther informatength under ding, or to ch
brief descriping products ecialty piping
LY USED TH
nyl Chloride
d for potablere and tempe
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
s by a ‘‘Typeng need to bds have adoperty cell num
sification
t property ce
accordancePlastics Pipe fall within the
us:
h at yield:
low crack Condition C]
sign basis
ewer cell-typy of significactor of longeion. For exalong-term lohemical envi
tion of the mmade from t products are
HERMOPLAS
e (PVC) Pipe
e water and erature rating
l
ne Design r
A
e, Grade, anbetter definepted a cell cber dependin
ll numbers (t
e with the ceand Fitting
e following ra
Require
Cell 2 o
Cell 3 o
Cell 4 o
Cell 4 o
Cell 2 o
Cell 4 o
pe format is aant property
er-term perfomple, two PEading that reronments.
major materthese materie also offere
STIC PIPES
e
drainage sysg and very po
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
nd Class ‘sye plastic matlassification ng on the pro
there can be
ell classificatMaterials,’’
ange of value
ement
of property 1
of property 2
of property 3
of property 4
of property 5
of property 6
a major imprand perform
ormance propE materials wesponds som
rials used foials, and thei
ed from these
stems. It is ooor resistanc
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
14
stem in accoterials by msystem wheoperty value
as many as
ion system oClass 2344
es:
[0.926 to 0.9
[_0.4 to 0.15
[80,000 to _
[3000 to _35
[50 percent
[1600 psi or
rovement in cmance charaperties. The with the sam
mewhat differ
or thermoplair applicatione materials.
one of the mce to solvents
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
4 of 47
ordance withore than jus
ereby each o.
s needed) are
of ASTM D3424 polyethy
940 g/cm3]
5 g/10 min]
_110,000 psi,
500 psi, 21 to
max failure
r 11 MPa] at
classifying aacteristics, itmanufacturee ASTM marently to incre
astics piping ns, are identif
most widely us.
piping Engineer
h three key pst three propof a number o
e then listed
3350, ‘‘Standylene design
, 550 to760 M
o _24MPa]
after 24grow
23_C
nd specifyingt may not aer may haveterial cell claeasing temp
follows. Thefied in Table
used of the p
ring issues
properties. Hperties, a nuof primary p
in a specifie
dard Specificates a mate
MPa]
wths: hrs, wh
g piping matlways be su
e to be consassification mperature, or to
e Principle se 1.1. Nonsta
plastic pipes.
However, umber of roperties
d order.
cation for erial with
en using
terials by ufficiently sulted for may have o fatigue
standard andard or
. It has a
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1386
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
In its virgin by the addias luggageextrusion anfor the extrdifferentiateUPVC, or roffers the hplastic mateand vent (Davailable inother plastic
PVC pipingby thermal f
PVC pipingingredients.additives armay be subare generalgenerally veoptimize a radditives mresultant prsystem. On(Vinyl Chlorprimary protension, Deproperties. materials.
Example fo
The mannePVC materifollowing:
Property Re
Base resin:
Impact stren
Tensile stre
Modulus of
Pipi
state PVC istion of plasti
e, upholsterynd molding erusion of thee these newrigid PVC. Thhighest strenerial for both
DWV); sewag a much broac.
is joined prifusion, its me
g is made on. To minimizre used in prbject to mechlly liquids) aery finely divrigid PVC coay often reqroperties, AS
ne of these isride) Compo
operties. Theeflection temThese prop
r classificatio
er in which a ial which, acc
equirement
ngth N-m/mm
ength:
elasticity in t
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
s a transluceicizers, and y, garden hoequipment, ae much mor
wer UN plasthese designgth and stiffn
h pressure age and drainaader range o
marily by twelt viscosity i
nly from rigize adverse ressure pipehanical abusre sometime
vided calciumomposition fouire a trade-STM has ess ASTM D17
ounds,’’ whichese four propmperature unperties are c
on system ac
rigid PVC mcording to Ta
m] :
tension: min
l
ne Design r
A
ent, colorlessthe resultantose, wire coand in the avre viscous, ticized compations are sness at the lnd non-presage; well casof pipe sizes
wo techniquesis too high fo
d compoundeffects on
e compoundsse, small quaes incorporatm carbonate—or its intendedoff with somestablished tw784, ‘‘Standah classifies Pperties are Bnder load, anclassified ac
ccording to A
material is ideables of AST
imum]
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
s, rigid polymt compositiooating, floor vailability of mrigid compos
positions fromstill often useleast volumesure piping. sing; electric and wall thic
s, solvent ceor making rel
ds containinglong term ss. To improvantities of solted into the —is added. Cd applicatione other propwo material ard SpecificaPVC materia
Base resin, Imnd Chemicacording to c
ASTM D1784
entified by thTM D1784, w
Cell 1 of pro
Cell 2 of pro
Cell 4 of pro
Cell 5 of pro
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
15
mer. When Pns were primtiles, and l
more effectivsitions whichm the early ed. Of the coe cost, whichMajor uses conduit; and
cknesses, fit
ementing andiably strong
g no plasticitrength and
ve impact strlid polymericcomposition
Combinationsn. The enhanerty. For thespecification
ation for Rigials in accordampact strengl resistance cell system
4:
his classificatwould have to
operty 1 [pol
operty 2 [0.6
operty 3 [7,0
operty 4 [400
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
5 of 47
PVC was firstmarily used ilaboratory tu
ve stabilizer ah are the oplasticized v
ommonly avah accounts foinclude wate
d power and ttings, valves
d elastomericjoints under
izers and rechemical re
rength for coc impact mod. When imprs of these anncement of a defining of rns based ond Poly (Vinyance with thgth, Tensile
is the fifth according to
tion system o meet the fo
y (vinyl chlor
65 ft-lbf/in, m
000 psi, minim
0,000 psi, or
piping Engineer
t commercian the manufubing. Subsand lubricationly ones suversions theailable thermor its havinger mains; irricommunicat
s, and appurt
c seals. Althofield conditio
latively smaesistance, m
onduit and otdifiers (but noroved stiffnend other adda particular prigid PVC con the properyl Chloride) ae nature of tstrength, Moproperty in o ASTM D1
is illustrated ollowing prop
ride) photopo
inimum, 0.03
mum or 48 M
2.8 GPa
ring issues
alized it was facture of suequent advaon additives,itable for pi
ey were idenmoplastics, ri become theigation; draintions ductingtenances tha
ough it can bons.
all quantities minimal quanther applicatot plasticizerss is desireditives can beroperty by thmpositions brty cell classand Chlorinathe polymer odulus of elaaddition to 784 tables
by a Class perty requirem
olymer]
35
MPa]
softened ch items ances in , allowed ping. To
ntified as igid PVC e leading n, waste, g. PVC is an in any
be joined
of other ntities of ions that rs, which d, filler—e used to he use of based on sification
ated Poly and four
asticity in first four for PVC
12454-B ments as
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1387
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
Deflection t
Chemical rerequiremen
Most PVC maximize lomodifiers.
For pressuadditional mwith a specMethod forintended forequiremenFoundation
Most ASTMnumber, of D1784 andhydrostatic
In accordanwhich referASTM D283system:
1. PVCHDS of 2,00
2. PVCHDS of 1,00
3. PVCrecommend
Since by thHDBs for thThe Plasticchoices of satisfy bothis listed in Stresses foingredients
The other PRelated Pla
Pipi
emperature
esistance: ts.
pressure pipong-term str
re pipe appmaterial requcified minimur Obtaining r the transpots designed Standard 61
M and a numwhich the f the last twodesign stres
nce with ASTs to the mat37. The follo
C 1120 is a 00 psi (13.8
C 2110 is a 00 psi (6.9 M
C 2116 is aded HDS of 1
he ASTM conhese materiacs Pipe Institingredients a
h the short- aPPI TR-3, ‘
or Thermoplthat have be
PVC materialastic Compo
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
under load:
Must meet
pe is made rength, gene
plications, thuirement. All um long-termthe Hydrostort of potableto protect wa
1 for potable
mber of other first two digito identify, in
ss (HDS) for
TM conventioterial’s long-t
owing list des
Type 1, GraMPa.) for wa
Type 2, GraMPa).
a Type 2, G1,600 psi (11
nvention the als are 4,000ute (PPI) listand formulatand long-term‘Policies andlastic Pipe een validated
l specificatioounds for No
l
ne Design r
A
the minimum
from materiaerally is form
he cell classPVC pressu
m strength thatatic Design e water alsoater quality mwater).
PVC pressuts designaten hundreds water at 73.4
on, the maxiterm hydrostscribes the m
de 1 PVC mater at 73.4_
de 1 PVC m
Grade 1 PVC1 MPa).
maximum r0 psi (27.6 Mts a generic tion quantitiem requiremend ProcedureMaterials,’’
d by means o
n is ASTM Don- Pressure
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
Cell 4 of pro
m requireme
als that meemulated with
sification sysure pipe stanat has been
Basis for To require thamatching wit
ure pipe stane its type anof pounds p4_F (23_C).
imum HDS istatic strength
most common
material (miniF (23_C).
material (minim
C material (
ecommendeMPa), 2,000
PVC 1120 fes that have nts establish
es for Develois periodica
of both short
D4396, ‘‘Stane Piping Prod
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
16
operty 5 [158
ents listed un
et the minimminimal qua
stem of ASTndards requiestablished Thermoplastt the materiah NSF 61 st
ndards identd grade in a
per square in
s one-half thh (LTHS) can PVC stress
mum cell cla
mum cell cla
(same minim
ed HDS is onpsi (13.8 Mformulation tbeen determ
hed for this moping Recomally updated -term and lo
ndard Specifiducts’’ As in
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
6 of 47
8_F (70_C),
nder Suffix B
um requiremantities of pr
TM D1784 re that the pin accordanc
tic Pipe Matal meet certaandard for p
ify PVC streaccordance nch, the ma
he material’sategory whens-rated mate
ass 12454-B)
ass 14333-D)
mum cell cla
ne-half the mPa), and 3,2that providesmined to allomaterial classmmended Hy
to include ng term tests
cation for Rindicated by
piping Engineer
minimum]
B in accorda
ments of cellrocessing ad
is often compipe be madce with ASTterials.’’ Staain minimum
potable water
ss-rated mawith the old
aterial’s maxi
s hydrostatic n establishederials covere
) with a max
) with a max
ass as abov
material’s HD200 psi (22.1s for certain ow the formusification. Thydrostatic St
any new as.
gid Polyvinyits title, this
ring issues
nce to ASTM
l 12454-C, wdditives and
mplemented e from a forM D2837, ‘‘Sndards for
m chemical er (National S
terials by a fer editions oimum recom
design basisd in accordad by this des
ximum recom
ximum recom
ve) with a m
DB, it follows1 MPa), resp
specified alulated compohis formulatiotrengths andalternate ch
l Chloride (Pspecification
M D1784
which, to property
by one rmulation Standard products
extraction Sanitation
four-digit of ASTM
mmended
s (HDB), ance with signation
mmended
mmended
maximum
s that the pectively. ternative ounds to
on, which d Design oices of
PVC) and n covers
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1388
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
compoundsmost of the
PVC pipe a
1. ASTM D
2. ASTM D
3. ASTM D
4. ASTM D
5. ASTM D
7.2. Chlorin
CPVC is uswhere a stro
As implied including sincreases tCPVC can applicationsdomestic hocan take ad
CPVC materated produdesignationrecognized ASTM D178(23_C) in aelevated-temrecommend
CPVC pipe
1. ASTM F
2. ASTM D
3. ASTM F
4. CPVC 4
Pipi
s only intendsame prima
nd fittings m
D 1785, PVC
D 2241, PVC
D 2466, PVC
D 2467, Sock
D 2665, PVC
nated Polyv
sed for potabonger piping
by its nametrength and his material’be used up
s. Principle uot water and
dvantage of it
erials are alsucts identify
n with the mstress-rated84 with a ma
accordance wmperature sded HDS of 5
and fittings m
441, CPVC
D 2846, CPVC
439, Socket
120material
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
ed for no prary classificat
ust conform
Plastic Pipe
Pressure-Ra
Plastic Pipe
ket-Type PVC
Drain, Wast
vinyl Chlorid
ble water and system with
e, CPVC is stiffness a’s maximumto nearly 20
uses for CPVd cold waterts elevated-t
so classifiedy stress-ratematerial’s md CPVC desigaximum recowith ASTM Dservice, such500 psi (3.5 M
must conform
Plastic Pipe
C Plastic Ho
t-Type CPVC
in accordanc
l
ne Design r
A
ressure usestion propertie
to the follow
, Schedules
ated Pipe (S
Fittings, Sch
C Plastic Pipe
e and Vent P
de (CPVC) P
d drainage sh higher pres
a chemical t ambient te operating t00_F (93_C)
VC in additionr piping, resitemperature
d by ASTM Dd materials
maximum recgnation is CPommended hD2837. In adh as for hot MPa) (equiva
m to the follo
e, Schedules
t and Cold W
C Plastic Pip
ce with ASTM
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
s. It is similares.
wing standard
40, 80, and
DR Series)
hedule 40
e Fittings, Sc
Pipe and Fitt
ipe:
systems. It hassure and tem
modificationemperature. temperature ) for pressurn to mentioneidential fire-scapabilities a
D1784. Simiby a four-d
commended PVC 4120, shydrostatic dddition, mostwater piping
alent to an H
owing standa
40 and 80 (I
Water Distribu
e Fittings, Sc
M D1784
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
17
r to D1784 in
ds:
120
chedule 80
ings
as the samemperature ra
n of PVC. It But the ex
limit by abore uses and ed uses abosprinkling pipand superior
lar to PVC, digit number
HDS for wsignifying a Tdesign stresst CPVC pipeg, require th
HDB of 1,000
ards:
IPS)
ution System
chedule 80
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
7 of 47
n that it is a
characteristatings is requ
is very simxtra chlorineout 50_F (28up to about2
ove (potable wping, and mar chemical re
most CPVCr that comb
water at 73.Type IV, Gras of 2,000 pse standards hat the CPV0psi or 6.9 M
ms
piping Engineer
lso based on
tics as thoseuired.
milar to PVC e in CPVC’s8_C) above 210_F (100_water and drany industria
esistance.
C standards bines the old.4_F (23_C)
ade 1 materiasi(13.8 MPa)that cover p
VC material hPa) for wate
ring issues
n the cell for
e of PVC and
in many prs chemical sthat for PVC
_C) for non-rainage systeal application
that cover pder type an).Currently, al in accorda) for water aproducts intehave no lessr at 180_F (8
rmat and
d is used
roperties, structure C. Thus, pressure ems) are ns which
pressure-nd grade the only
ance with at 73.4_F ended for s than a 82_C).
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1389
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IJSER
7.3. Polypr
Polypropyleresistant, anin the case
Because ofwhere theseapplicationsproduct linelaboratoriescorrosive chand fittingspressure pip
PolypropyleExtrusion Monly modertend to be lefor pipe.
7.4. Acrylo
ABS is widemade by eit
ABS plasticacrylonitrilecontribute sextrude.
The ABS fathey are comanufacturtemperaturepiping, primresistant, anresistant co
ABS mater(ABS) Plas(toughness)resistance)—
Pipi
ropylene (PP
ene is a polnd lighter in of PE, PP ca
f its greater e qualities as for corrosive of PP corrs and hospithemicals und are availabpe; all availa
ene materialMaterials,’’ intrate toughneess rigid and
onitrile-Butad
ely used as ther solvent c
cs are made with butadstrength, rigi
amily coversombined can re of drain-we toughness,
marily for wand more eco
omposition is
rials are classtics,’’ in acc), tensile st—is accorde
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
P) Pipe:
lyolefin similweight, but lan be joined
stiffness andare advantagve drainage rosive drainatals, and for der pressureble through able products
s are classito two types
ess. Type II cd strong but h
diene-Styre
drainage pipcement or th
by combinindiene. The dity, and ha
s a wide rangbe varied to
waste-vent (, and the abiter service a
onomical PVCcurrently ma
ssified by Acordance wtress at yieled a cell num
l
ne Design r
A
lar in propeless tough. Itto itself by s
d better toleeous (e.g., fpiping, for wage piping mchemical m
e. For this apNPS 6 (DN
s are propriet
ified by AST. Type I covcovers matehave improve
ne (ABS) Pi
pe and is avhreaded conn
ng styrene-abutadiene c
ardness. The
ge of materio produce a(DWV) pipinlity to make applications, C. However,arketed in Eu
ASTM D1788ith the cell ld (short-term
mber dependi
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
rties to hight is also simi
socket fusion
erance to elefor abovegrowhich PP offemade from a
manufacturingpplication, so 150). At ptary.
TM D4101, ers materials
erials (copolyed toughnes
pe:
vailable in Scnections. On
acrylonitrile ccopolymers
e result is a
als. The prowide range
ng, for whicfast-setting sbut it has b
compressedurope and th
8, ‘‘Standardclass forma
m strength)ng on the pro
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
18
h-density PEilar to PE in , butt fusion,
evated tempeound piping afers better soaflame-retardg. Another Pocket fusion resent there
‘‘Standard Ss that have tymers of pross, particularl
chedules 40 ly Schedule
copolymers wimpart tougtough, relati
oportions of tof end prop
ch it offers solvent cemebeen largely d-air piping me United Sta
d Specificatiat by which , and deflecoperty value
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
8 of 47
E but somewits chemical , and electro
eratures PP=and for the colvent resistadant grade Principle appsystems of p
e are no con
Specification the highest ropylene with y at lower te
and 80 with80 can be th
with copolymghness, whively strong
the basic coperties. A ma
good rigidityented joints.
displaced bmade from aates.
on for Rigideach of th
ction tempe.
piping Engineer
what harder,resistance afusion.
= is sometimconveying of ance than eiof material plication for pressure-ratensensus sta
for Polyprorigidity and s
ethylene or emperatures.
plain or sochreaded.
mers formed ile the acryplastic that
omponents aajor use of Ay, temperatuABS has be
by the stronga proprietary
d Acrylonitrilree propertirature unde
ring issues
, more tempand heat fusi
mes chosen f hot fluids). ither ABS oris offered foPP is for coed PP pipe andards cove
opylene Moldstrength but t
other olefin Both types a
cket ends. Jo
by reacting ylonitrile copis easy to m
and the way ABS for pipe ure resistanen used for
ger, more chextra-tough,
e-Butadienees—impact
er load (tem
perature-ibility. As
over PE Principle r PVC. A or use in onveying and pipe ering PP
ding and that offer s) which are used
oints are
styrene-polymers mold and
in which is in the ce, low-pressure hemically , shatter-
e-Styrene strength
mperature
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1390
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
The ASTM 2, which sig(82_C) defle
ABS pipe aand Fitting.
7.5. Polyeth
This materiaretardant mjoints, or me
Polyethylenmedium-deMost presslower end oflexibility, an
PE, which ipipe materifracture und‘‘squeezed-prone to fai
These two current new
PE pipes aled to their The high stwhere axiamethane coriver crossin
PE pipe is alength by thhave evolveprocedure, relieved by inside the ein (100 mmhundreds odiameter. Palso availab
Pipi
specificationgnifies the foection tempe
nd fittings m
hylene (PE)
al is widely umaterial and aechanical-typ
ne polymers nsity, somewure pipe is mof the high-dnd long-term
s somewhat al, primarily der the expa-off’’ (clampelure by a rap
last-named w installations
lso have supuse for applitrain ability al bending a
ollection systngs, and outf
also used forhe butt-fusioned by whichor by foldina combinat
existing pipe.) although pif feet and so
PE pipe is reable for joining
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
n for ABS DWollowing minierature, and
ust conform
Pipe:
used for chemare availablepe joints. (On
used for pwhat stiffer amade of matensity mater
m strength. No
less strong because of
ansive actioned tightly) bypidly running
characterists of piping fo
perior fatigueications suchand fracture nd diametricems for solidfall pipes dis
r the rehabilin method areh, for ease og the pipe iion of heatin. The low stifipe up to NPometimes ovadily heat-fusg pipe by the
l
ne Design r
A
WV pipe requmum proper4,000 psi (2.
to ASTM Sta
mical drainage in Schedulnly Schedule
iping are cland less-flexterials of denrials. This rao pressure p
and less rigiits toughnesn of freezingy suitable pro
crack.
tics are impoor gas distribu
e enduranceh as ins eweresistance ocal deflectiond-waste sitesscharging tre
tation of old e pulled, or sof insertion, into a U-shang and internffness of PE
PS 6 (DN 150ver a thousansible and can
e socket fusio
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
uires that therties: notch im.8 MPa) tens
andard D 26
ge piping syse 40 or 80.
e 80 can be t
assified intoible form; annsities lying ange has esta
pipe is primar
id than PVC ss, ductility, ag water. In aocedures, to
ortant reasoution.
. This featurr force mains
of PE have len are anticips, pipes instaated effluent
pipelines. Lesometimes pthe diamete
ape. Once innal pressure
E permits the0) diameter hnd feet (300 n be joined toon and electr
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
19
e material hampact strengsile strength.
61, ABS Sch
stems. PE pJoining meththreaded.).
o three typend a high-dearound the hablished itserily made fro
at ambient tand flexibilityan emergenc
shut down t
ns why PE
re, plus their s, where reped to its selepated. Examalled by direct into seas an
engths of PEpushed, insider of the linnside the olde, allowing th coiling of sm
has been coilmeters) longo it or to fittinro fusion proc
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
9 of 47
ve a minimugth of 2 ft-lb/i
hedule40 Pla
ipe and fittinhods include
s: a low deensity form, whigh end of telf as offeringm the more r
temperaturey, even at lowcy, smaller-dthe flow of fl
pipe is now
ability to dapeated cyclic ection for use
mple installatctional trenchnd oceans.
E pipe which de the old liner PE pipe d pipe, the she PE pipe tmaller-diameled for speciag, dependingngs by the bucesses.
piping Engineer
m cell classiin (0.1 N-m/m
astic Drain, W
gs are manue solvent cem
ensity, relativwhich is morthe medium g the best barigid, higher-
, is the secow temperatudiameter PE uids. Also, P
w used in ov
ampen waterpressure ch
e in unstabletions that uthless boring
have been jne. New reha
is reduced strain memoto reground eter pipe [geal jobs]. Theg on materialutt-fusion pro
ring issues
ification of Amm) of notch
Waste, and V
ufactured fromment joints, t
vely flexible re rigid and sdensity PEsalance of tou-density mate
nd most useres. PE pipepipe scan b
PE pipe is m
ver 85 perce
r hammer shhanges tend e soils and silize this featechniques,
oined to the abilitation proby a squee
ory in the maso that it fitnerally up to coiled lengtl, wall thicknocess. PE fit
BS 2–2–h, 180_F
Vent Pipe
m flame-threaded
form; a stronger.
s and the ughness, erials.
ed plastic es do not be safely
much less
ent of all
ock, has to occur.
situations ature are lake and
required ocedures eze-down aterial is ts snugly o about 4 h can be ess, and tings are
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1391
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
For non-preprofile wall Because of
To protect theat stabiliincorporate potentially addition to ducting).ThSpecificatiodiversity of colorant and
A recent adtensile loadResistance
Prior to the for PolyethD1248classproperties, stress-rateddesignationrecommendused PE pip
1. PE carries a re‘‘06’’ in the
2. PE carries a re
To relate threference. T
Pipi
essure buriedconstruction
f their corrosi
the PE polymzers, antioxvery finely
damaging Ua coloring
e primary son for Polyeth
materials usd UV stabiliz
ddition to ASTding. The teto Slow Cra
issuance ofhylene Plastsified PE byprimarily the
d materials bn and the lded hydrostaping materia
2406 is a Tecommended2406designa
3408 is a Tcommended
his older desThe crossove
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
d pipe applicns have beeion resistanc
mer during pridants, and divided car
UV radiation pigment (uspecification hylene Pipe ased for pipinzer.
TM D3350 isest method ck Growth of
f ASTM D 33ics Molding
y type, repree melt flow by means of last two rep
atic design stls in accorda
Type 2 (i.e., d maximum hates the 630
Type 3 (i.e.,d maximum h
signation sysers recognize
l
ne Design r
A
cations, suchn developed
ce, these pipe
rocessing, stultraviolet (
bon black ain sunlight.
sually tan ofor identifyinand Fittings
ng. In additio
s a new test used for thif Polyethylen
350, most PEand Extrus
esenting theor processina four-digit npresent, in tress (HDS) fance with this
medium-denhydrostatic dpsi (4.3 MPa
, high-densithydrostatic de
stem to the ed by the 19
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
h as for stormd which enhaes are displa
torage, and s(UV) screensas both a co
Nonblack por yellow forng and classMaterials. ‘S
on, an ending
for the classis purpose ne Pipe and
E piping stansion Materiae material’s ng characternumber, of whundreds o
for water at 7s traditional d
nsity), Gradedesign stressa) design str
ty), Grade 4esign stress
newer cell s93edition of
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
20
m water, roaance pipe wacing metallic
service, PE ps or UV choloring pigmpiping compor gas, blue sifying PE p
Standard D33g code lette
sifying of PE’is ASTM F1Resins.’’
ndards referrals,’’ for thedensity cate
ristics. Similawhich the firsof pounds p73.4_F (23_Cdesignation s
4 PE maters of 630 psi ess.]
4 PE materiaof 800 psi (5
system of DD 3350 are
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
0 of 47
adway, and lawall stiffness c drainage p
piping compoemical stabient and to ositions inclufor water, a
piping mater350 employs r is used to
s resistance1473, ‘‘Notc
red to ASTMe defining oegory, and gar to PVC, Pst two digits per square C). The followsystem:
rial, in accor(4.3 MPa), f
al, in accord5.5 MPa) for
3350, the lpresented in
piping Engineer
and drainagewhile minimiping.
ounds contailizers. Blackscreen the ude a UV cand orange ials is ASTMthe cell clasdesignate th
e to crack groh Tensile T
M D1248, ‘‘Stf material rgrade, reflecPE piping strefer to the oinch, the m
wing list des
rdance with Afor water at
dance with Awater at 73.4
atter standan following Ta
ring issues
e, various demizing materia
ain small quak PE pipe mpolymer aga
chemical stafor commun
M D3350, ‘‘Sss format to che incorpora
owth under sTest to Meas
tandard Specrequirementscting combintandards claolder type anmaterial’s mcribes the co
ASTM D12473.4_F (23_
ASTM D1244_F (23_C).
ard includes able 7.1.
esigns of al usage
antities of materials ainst the bilizer in nications Standard cover the ation of a
sustained sure the
cification s. ASTM nation of assify PE nd grade
maximum ommonly
48, which _C). [The
8, which
a cross-
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1392
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8.
PE materiaaccordance
material’s m
DESIGN AN
Thermoplasresponse thapplicable tderived valu Since thesetemperatureestimated pLong-term s(i.e., maximsome codestrength, styet availabl However, favailable oprocess of sa great mafracture. Thcould initiataverage strAlso, as prgradually dstresses intgreater thanPE pipes sustrains of amaterials wOne simplifin this instainternal predeformation
Pipi
al designatione with formeraximum reco
stress for
P
P
P
ND INSTALL
stics are vischan do elasto thermoplaues of appar
e propertiese and envirproperty valustrength valu
mum recommes and suggiffness, and e in a standa
for the morer may be adselecting appny conditionhis behavior te cracking ess; localizereviously poidecrease throtensify as thn the fracturubjected to c
as high as frowere subject tfication commnce signifiesssure (const
n and stress
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
n based on tyr ASTM D124ommended hwater, for 73
E 2406
E 3406
E 3408
LATION
coelastic mastic materialsastics pipingrent modulus
are greatlyonment, proes.
ues for certaimended hydro
ested desigallowable strardized basis
e frequently dequately espropriate mas thermoplashelps to redin brittle like
ed stress coninted out, though stress he material e strains obsconstant deflom 5 to 10 pto constant lomonly emplos that the piptant load) anrelaxation) a
l
ne Design r
A
ype and grad48, plus codehydrostatic d3_F
aterials; thuss. Nonethele, provided t
s and strengt
y influenced oper use of
in conditionsostatic design protocols rain. As this s.
used materstimated. Wh
aterial constastics displaydistribute stre materials. centrations a
he strain caprelaxation) deforms). Aserved undeections overpercent. Theoad. yed in the N
pe can underd external lo
are acting ind
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
dient e for esign
Table
s they exhibess, elastic ehat their engh.
by the histotraditional
s [such as forgn stress) the
either list ois a still dev
rials, sufficiehile the visc
ants, materiay a ductile likresses and
Within certare generallypacity of theis often sig
Allowable strer sustained r long periodese same st
orth Americargo significanoading (resultdependently.
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
21
Correspondaccordance
7.1
it a profounequations usgineering be
ory of the melastic equa
r water at 73ey may evenor give proceveloping tech
ent informatiocoelasticity ols with high s
ke behavior: preclude failain limits, dy ignored. ermoplastics nificantly gre
rain limits unloading. Fors of time shorains corresp
an design of nt permanenting largely in
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
1 of 47
ding minimume with cell cla
ASTM D
PE 213
PE 324
PE 334
dly different sed for otheehavior is re
material’s exations requir
3_F (23_C)] an be part of tedures for anology, not a
on for the mof thermoplasstrain capaciThey are ab
lure by localesign of the
under conseater than tnder constanr example, seow that the mponded to re
flexible buriet deformationn pipe bendi
piping Engineer
m cell classifiassification syD3350
3333
4433
4434
stress-strainer types of pepresented th
xposure to sres appropri
are availablethe product sarriving at aall properties
majority of astics somewity help to facble to deformlized stress ermoplastics
stant strain (hat under cnt strain caneveral investmaterials didelatively sho
ed plastic pipn without crang stresses
ring issues
ication in ystem of
n and stresspiping are frhrough appr
stress as weately establ
e, and in somstandard. In ppropriate vs for all mate
applications what compliccilitate desigm significantlintensificatiopiping is b
(where stresconstant loadn therefore tigations of P
d not fail at srt lifetimes w
pes (the wordacking) assurelieved by b
s-rupture requently ropriately
ell as by ished or
me cases addition,
values of erials are
is either cates the n. Under ly before on which based on
sses can d (where often be PVC and sustained when the
d flexible mes that both pipe
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That is, the to ensure thlocalized fibStandard inwhere localon a combin There are mductile like tenvironmenfatigue, scastresses froJudging froadequately requiremen
Furthermoreengineering
Finally, instintegrity andyet remainsand for the presented a
As demonsproper applpotential ofpractices otechnical scupon the re
The followithermoplastand followe
Pipi
pipe wall thihat the pipe ber stresses nstallation plized strain cned loading a
many potentto the brittle
nt, duration oale factors (som manufacm the good considered fts and impro
e, design pg properties b
tallation recod durability. Ts to be accom latest inform
at the various
strated by thelication of thf thermoplasn informatio
crutiny of thecommendati
ng material tics piping. Md.
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
ckness is chis sufficient
due to bendiractices inclcannot be avanalysis are
tial factors tlike state an
of loading, nsuch as wallcture), matetrack recordfor typical us
ovements hav
practices givby time, temp
ommendationTo be sure, tmplished to fmation the res conference
e successfuermoplasticsstics piping,
on, such as e consensus ions and rep
is an introdMore detailed
l
ne Design r
A
hosen on thetly strong aning and otheude recomm
voided and wavailable.
hat could cand as a resulnature of loal thickness), rial imperfec
d that exists, ses by standve been evo
ve recognitioperature, and
ns address mthe state of tfurther defineeader is ences that addre
l record of es over a very
the user sstandards aprocess of aorts issued b
duction to sd recommend
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
basis of inted structurallyr external loa
mendations fwhere it may
ause a matelt, fail at loweading (unrelidamage (cu
ctions (voidsthese influe
ards, designlving that en
on to the ed environme
many of the uthe art of thee materials pcouraged to ess plastics p
experience, sy broad rang
should base and recomman establisheby industry a
some of thedations suita
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
22
ernal fluid prey stable undadings are nfor avoiding
y thus limit de
erial with aper-than-expeieved or reliuts, gouges)s, contaminaences, althoun protocols, asure greater
effects on sent.
unique chararmoplastics properties anrefer to the
piping techno
sufficient infoge of engine
materials sended pract
ed professionnd independ
more basicable to a part
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
2 of 47
essure, and tder the extereglected. localized st
esign, more
parent high ected strains.eved by stre
), stored eneants), polymugh difficult tand installatior durability in
strength and
acteristics of piping is stillnd performangrowing lite
ology.
ormation is aeering uses. selection andtices, which nal society ordent sources
c aspects oticular produc
piping Engineer
then a separrnal loads ac
tress concerigorous des
strain capac. These can ess relaxatioergy in syste
mer aging, ato quantify, aon practices. pipe produc
d stiffness a
plastics that evolving, annce limits. Srature, partic
available to To best read utilize deshas been d
r technical as.
of the designct and situat
ring issues
rate analysiscting alone. I
ntrations. Fosign protoco
city to shift finclude temp
on), stress tem (such as and chemicaappear to ha. In addition, cts.
and other lo
t can affect snd considerauch work is cularly to the
successfullylize the perfosign and insdeveloped ussociation, a
n and instalion should b
s is made In effect,
or cases ls based
from the perature, riaxiality, residual
al attack. ave been
material
ong-term
structural able work ongoing, e papers
y support ormance stallation nder the s well as
llation of e sought
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9.
COMMON D
9.1. Interna
Thermoplas
Where:
PR
t
Dm
HDS
HDB is dete
example.
Pipi
DESIGN AN
al Hydraulic
stic pipe is pr
=
=
=
=
ermined for
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
ND INSTALLA
Pressure
ressure rated
pipe
min
me
HD
each pipe ty
l
ne Design r
A
ATION CON
d by means o
e pressure ra
nimum wall th
an diameter
DB x DF, whe
ype and lifet
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
NSIDERATIO
of the ISO
ating, psi (M
hickness, in
, in (mm)
ere HDB is in
ime, Figure
Fig. 9.1
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
23
ONS
Pa)
(mm)
n psi (MPa) u
9.1 showing
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
3 of 47
units and DF
g determining
piping Engineer
F is the pipe d
g HDB for P
ring issues
design factor
PVC 1120 pip
r
pe as an
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1395
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Values of Happlicationsfactor (DF)conditions.
The first grmanufactur
The secondinvolved, life
For gas pipAWWA) ma
A DF smalconditions (properties. engineer.
By assumin
Where:
DR =
9.1
Trapos(anof tvelouseapp(1.0netwpos
Becsigncha
Pipi
HDS for wates. The maxim of 0.5. In
roup considere, dimension
d group cone expectancy
pe, a DF of ay prescribe
ller than 0.5(e.g., surgesThe final det
ng that a pipe
Ratio of
.1. Surge Pr
ansient and rssible effectsd this is the the pipe or socity. The pred for calculapropriate mat0 GPa) and 4work piping
ssible surge p
cause of thenificantly lowange in flow
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
r at 73 F o (2mum HDS foselecting th
ers the manns, quality of
nsiders the y desired, an
0.32 is presspecific desi
5 is used ins or temperatermination o
e’s outside d
f average ou
ressure
regularly recs: The surge
more likely some piping ressure rise cating the effeterial modulu460,000 psi (it is suggestepressures.
e lower stiffwer than for velocity is fr
l
ne Design r
A
23 C o) are spor water is g
he appropria
nufacturing ahandling tec
application nd the degre
scribed by thgn factors.
n applicationature), or whof the approp
iameter is eq
utside pipe di
curring surgeexceeds thepossibility) thcomponent
caused by thects of waterus is that for (3.2 GPa) foed that a com
fness of plametallic pip
rom about 16
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
pecified by mgenerally de
ate design fa
and testing vchniques, an
or use, spee of reliability
he federal c
s where grehere the fluidpriate DF for
qual to Dm _
iameter to m
e pressures e short-term fhe repetitive. Transient o
he velocity chr hammer inthe conditionr high-densitmplete netwo
astics, the sing. For exa6 to 20 psi (
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
24
most ASTM atermined byactor, consid
variables, spd the accura
ecifically insy selected.
code. Certain
eater comped conveyed any given a
_ t, the previo
minimum wall
may cause dfracture stren
e changes in or water hamhange can be other pipesn of dynamicty PE and PVork analysis
urge pressuample, the s(110 to 140 k
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
4 of 47
and other stay multiplying deration is g
pecifically noacy of the lon
tallation, en
n other code
ensation is amay have spplication is
ous equation
thickness.
damage to pngth of the ppressure ex
mmer surgese estimated . The only d
c, instantaneVC, respectivbe performe
ure rise thaturge pressukPa) and 8 t
piping Engineer
andards that the materia
given to two
ormal variating-term stren
vironment, t
es and stand
advisable fosome effect up to the dis
takes the fo
pipe and fittipipe or one oxceed the fats result fromby means of
difference is tous responsvely, at 73_Fed for more a
t occurs fromre rise for eto 12 psi (55
ring issues
cover water l’s HDB by ao general g
ions in the ngth predictio
temperature
dards (e.g.,
r certain anon the pipe
scretion of th
llowing form
ngs by eitheof the compontigue endura
m sudden chaf the same ethat with pla
se (about 150F (23_C)). In accurate esti
m water haeach foot-pe5 to 83 kPa)
and gas a design roups of
material, on.
, hazard
those of
nticipated material e design
:
er of two nents; or
ance limit anges in
equations astics the 0,000 psi cases of mates of
mmer is r-second for PVC
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andthe
As cap
Thissumstre
Entenewhecar
Airbe ent
Whoperesmatope
In tbeePVC
Wh
S 0.0
C
Pipi
d PE, respeclarger the pr
noted previpability to wit
s is due to thm of short-teength, failure
trapped air iergy of theseen plastic piefully and re
r should be vtaken, suchrapment of a
hen there exiserating pressistance to fterials can werating at its
the case of Pen proposedC pipe can s
here:
= 069)
=
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
ctively, at 73_ressure rise.
iously, if thehstand mom
he stress vererm pressuree will result.
n a pipeline e fast-movingping systemlatively slow
vented from h as carefullair in operatin
sts a frequensure—the dfatigue variewithstand frefull rating ba
PVC pipe, w for estimati
safely tolerate
maximum
total numbe
l
ne Design r
A
_F (23_C). T
ere I no dammentary press
rsus time-to-e rise plus t
can producg columns c
ms are first fily to minimiz
the high poily laying pipng pipelines.
ntly recurringesigner sho
es from mateequent surginased on only
which is someing the maxie as a functio
allowable to
er of cycles
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
The exact va
mage accruesures that are
-failure charathe sustaine
ce sudden accan sometimilled with waze air entrapm
ints before thpe to grade
g pressure suould evaluateerial to matng up to onestatic pressu
ewhat more imum total hon of the tota
otal hoop str
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
25
alue depends
ed by excese significantl
acteristics of ed working p
ccelerations es be high e
ater, either foment.
he system isor using ai
urge of signife the pipingterial. For ee-half of the ure considera
sensitive to hoop stress, al number of
ress, psi (no
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
5 of 47
s on pipe wa
ssive fatiguey greater tha
thermoplastpressure exc
of air-separenough to fraor operation
s pressurizedir vent-vacuu
ficant amplitug for adequxample, PEpipe pressu
ations.
effects of fadue to both
f anticipated
o safety fact
piping Engineer
all thickness
e, thermoplaan the pipe’ p
tic pipe mateceed the pip
rated water cacture the por testing, t
d. Other preum relief lin
ude— say, ouacy of fatig pipe is qu
ure rating ev
tigue, the foh static and surge pressu
tor) (for S_
ring issues
, the thicker
astic pipes hpressure rati
erials. Howevpe’s short-te
columns. Thpipe. For thisthey should
cautions shones, to minim
ver 25 percegue enduranite tolerant;
ven when the
llowing equacyclic pressure events:
in MPa, mu
the wall,
have the ng.
ver, if the rm burst
e kinetic s reason,
be filled
ould also mize the
ent of the nce. The
modern e pipe is
ation has ure, that
ultiply by
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1397
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Note: Thisdepending these may recommend
Pipi
Sugg
Nominal s
¹⁄₂
³⁄₄ 1
1¹⁄₄
1¹⁄₂
2
2¹⁄₂
3
3¹⁄₂ 4
5
6
8
10
12
s table is onon specific flower the lon
dations.
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
gested Maxim
(23_C) f
ize, in Remin
burst by
D24
1
1
1
1
1
nly intended fitting designng-term stre
l
ne Design r
A
mum Sustain
for Schedule
Sch
quired nimum pressure ASTM
466 psig
p
1910
1540
1440
1180
1060
890
970
840
770
710
620
560
500
450
420
as a generan and field congth becaus
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
Table 9.1
ned Working
40 and Sche
hedule 40
Maximum suggested
working pressure psig
358
289
270
221
198
166
182
158
144
133
117
106
93
84
79
al guide. Aponditions, pa
se of fatigue
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
26
Pressures f
edule 80 PV
Requireminimum
burst pressby ASTM
D2467 ps
2720
2200
2020
1660
1510
1290
1360
1200
1110
1040
930
890
790
600
580
ppropriate maarticularly wheffects. The
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
6 of 47
for Water for
C Fittings
Sched
d m sure M ig
Ma
suggestpress
aximum worhen repetitivee fitting manu
piping Engineer
73_F
ule 80
aximum ted working sure psig
509
413
378
312
282
243
255
225
207
194
173
167
148
140
137
rking pressue surge presufacturer sho
ring issues
res may varssure are preould be cons
ry widely esent as
sulted for
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1398
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9.2. Resista
The persometimA net extemporaThe bucequatio
Where:Pc E
I v Dm C
For pipe
Where t = Accordihydraul For burdiscuss
Pipi
ance to Vac
rformance ofmes be limitexternal pressary vacuum tckling resista
on for thin tub
= = of E anddetermi= = = = pipe, an
e of solid wa
pipe wa
ing to this eqic collapse, i
ried pipe, thesed in section
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
cuum and Ex
f flexible pipeed by bucklinsure can resuthat may accance of plastbes:
critical buckapparent m
d as obtaineined from lonpipe wall mPoisson’s ramean diamOvality corr
nd r0 is the r
all constructio
all thickness,
quation, pipe independent
e stiffening efn 11. CONSI
l
ne Design r
A
xternal Pres
e with thin wang under vacult from extecompany pretic pipes may
kling pressurmodulus of elaed from shorng-term loadoment of ineatio (approxieter, in (mm)rection factoradius assum
on, for which
in (mm)
made to a ct of pipe diam
ffect of embeIDERATIONS
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
ssure
alls that is muum or exterrnal hydrosta
essure surginy be estimate
re, psi (MPa)asticity, psi (rt-term tensileing tests sho
ertia, in4/in (mmately 0.35 ) _ diameter r, (r0/r1)3, wh
ming no ovaliz
I = t3/12, the
constant ratiometer.
edment can sS FOR BELO
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
27
ade from marnal pressureatic loading, ng, or from a ed using the
) MPa) (For she tests; for loould be emplmm4/mm) to 0.45 for loto centroid o
here r1 is thezation
e previous eq
o of diameter
substantially OWGROUND
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
7 of 47
aterials with le. from internacombinationfollowing ad
hort-term loaong-term loadoyed)
ong-term loaof pipe wall foe major radiu
quation is us
r to wall thick
increase theD USES.
piping Engineer
low modulus
al negative prn of these eleaptation of th
ading conditioding, approp
ding) or profile waus of curvatu
sually expres
kness has the
e buckling ca
ring issues
s of elasticity
ressure, fromements. he elastic bu
ons, use the priate values
ll pipe re of the ova
sed as follow
e same resis
apacity. This
can
m the
ckling
values as
alized
ws:
stance to
is
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1399
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9.3. Tempe
As the and offeexact efor servstrengtheffects The besTR-4, Compo200_F (BecausTable DThis effchange Other phigh co Some p
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pipi
erature Effec
system tempers lower shffect dependvice at temph through abof temperatust way to de‘‘Recommenunds,’’ lists (93_C). se of its effecD 9.2 lists apfect is in direes with tempe
principal effecefficient of e
potential cons
Piping that The final cotemperatureUnrestraineshould be apull-out forcPiping exporepetitive bePipe installesubsequent
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
cts
perature incrhort- and longds not only operatures as bout 120_F (4ure on strengetermine the nded Hydrosrecommend
ct on stiffnesproximate tect proportion
erature at a r
cts to be conxpansion an
sequences t
is installed honnection shoe. ed pipe may sadequately reces or to toleosed to cyclicending. ed when ambt pipe expan
l
ne Design r
A
reases, thermg-term stren
on material clhigh as aro
49_C). In thegth. effect of temstatic Stren
ded HDBs fo
s, increasingemperature dn to the chanrate roughly p
nsidered in pd contraction
o be conside
hot may cool ould be mad
shrink enougestrained by erate the maxc temperatur
bient tempersion are not
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
moplastics pgth. The opplass but its sound 160_Fe case of fitti
mperature ongths and D
or various co
g temperaturde rating factoge in the maparallel with
iping design n.
ered include:
sufficiently ae after the p
gh to pull outthe use of a
ximum anticipre changes m
ratures are loadequately r
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
28
piping becomposite effectsspecific comp (71_C); whngs, wall thic
n long-term sDesign Stresommercial g
re also decreors for some
aterial’s appathe strength
and installat
after installatipe has equi
t from elastonchors, or thpated pipe m
may be susce
ow may buckrelieved.
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
8 of 47
me less rigid,s take placeposition. For hereas otherckness and p
strength is thsses for Th
grade thermo
eases the cole of the morearent modulu de rating fac
tion are thos
tion to generalibrated to am
meric gaskethe fitting shoumovement. eptible to fati
kle if the com
piping Engineer
, exhibits hige as tempera
example, thr PEs might product desi
rough stresshermoplasticoplastics for
llapse resistae commonly uus of elasticityctors given in
e resulting fr
ate substantmbient, or to
t or compresuld be design
igue damage
mpression for
ring issues
gher impact sature decreashere are PEs
only have sgn also influ
s-rupture tesc Pipe and
temperature
ance of plastused materiay. This modun Table D 9.2
rom thermop
ial tensile foro the desired
ssion joints. Tned to either
e at points su
rces develop
strength, ses. The
s suitable sufficient ence the
ting. PPI Fittings
es up to
tics pipe. als. ulus 2.
plastics’
rces.
The pipe r resist
ubject to
ed on
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1400
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Eff
10.
fect of Tem
CONSIDER
Thermoplassagging. Vaprotected, tmitigating e
10.1. Supp
Horizontal rhangers desling, and rby increasin
Pipi
perature on
Tempe
(F
7
10
1
12
1
14
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
RATIONS FO
stic piping syalves and otto avoid me
excessive be
ports and An
runs require esigned for mroller types. Tng the bearin
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
n Strength a
erature
F) P
70 1
80 0
90 0
00 0
10 0
20 0
30 0
40 0
50
60
80
200
220
250
280
OR ABOVEG
ystems in abher heavy pechanical danding and ax
nchors
the use of hmetal pipe arTo preclude ng area by in
l
ne Design r
A
and Stiffness
PE PEX
1.0 1.0
0.95 0.95
0.90 0.91
0.80 0.87
0.75 0.83
0.70 0.79
0.50 0.76
0.40 0.73
0.20 0.6
NR 0.66
NR 0.63
NR 0.50
NR NR
NR NR
NR NR
GROUND US
boveground siping compoamage. The xial stresses
hangers thatre suitable fohigh localize
nserting a pro
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
Table 9.2s of Thermo
Factors
PB
1.0
5 0.97
1 0.92
7 0.86
3 0.82
9 0.77
6 0.72
3 0.68
9 0.69
6 0.58
3 0.48
0 0.40
R NR
R NR
R NR
SES
service mustonents should
piping layoand fatigue
t are carefullor thermoplaed support potective sleev
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
29
oplastics Pip
PVC
Type 1
1.0
0.88
0.75
0.62
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.22
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
t be properlyd be individuout should heffects induc
ly aligned anastic pipe aspressures, it ve of plastic
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
9 of 47
pe: Approxi
CPVC
1.0
—
—
0.78
—
0.65
—
0.50
—
0.40
0.25
0.20
NR
NR
NR
y supported ually supporthave sufficieced by repeti
nd are free os well. Theseis generally between the
piping Engineer
mate Temp
PVDF
1.0
0.93
0.87
0.82
0.76
0.71
0.65
0.61
0.57
0.54
0.47
0.41
0.38
0.35
0.28
to avoid excted. Piping sent flexibility itive expansi
of rough ande include theadvisable to
e pipe and th
ring issues
perature D r
cessive stresshould be loc
or other mon-contractio
d sharp edgee shoe, clamo modify the e hanger.
ating
sses and cated, or
means of on.
es. Many mp clevis,
hangers
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1401
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IJSER
Vertical lineusing riser located, the
Anchors areother moveat changes
Anchors shpreventing tof pipelinescan be used
10.2. Supp
Support spaminimum sdeflection cfrequently th
When the pto be providpipe that hafor cantileve
Where:
L =
E =
S =
Do =
L =
Assuming areduces to:
Pipi
es must also clamps or do
ese provide t
e used in thments in a dof direction w
hould be plactransverse m
s. They shoud to determin
ort Spacing
acing requirespacing requconsiderationhe controlling
piping layout ded. The sizeas to be accoered beams
loop len
modulu
maximu
outside
change
a maximum a
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
be supporteouble bolt clhe necessar
hermoplastic defined direcwhere pipe m
ced as closemovement. Bld be of a styne suitable a
g
ements are cuirement cans for the mg factor. Typ
does not ince of the loopsommodated. loaded at on
ngth, in (mm)
us of elasticity
um allowable
pipe diamet
e in length du
allowable stra
l
ne Design r
A
ed at intervalamps locatery support wit
piping systection. Their pmovement co
e to elbows Both anchorsyle and be so
arrangements
computed usn result fro
maximum antpical support
clude sufficies and offsetsThe dimens
ne end.
)
y at the work
e stress at th
ter, in (mm)
ue to tempera
ain of 0.01, a
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
ls to reduce ed just belowthout excess
ems as fixedlacement is ould generat
and tees as and guides o located ass for anchors
sing the samm either mticipated servspacing reco
nt changes is depend on ions of loops
king tempera
e working te
ature change
as suggested
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
30
loads on thew a coupling sive compres
d points fromselected to pe excessive
s possible. Gmay be use to prevent o
s and guides
me beam defaximum allovice temperaommendatio
n direction, athe design (s
s and offsets
ature, psi (MP
mperature, p
e, in (mm)
d by a plastic
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
0 of 47
e lower fittingor other fitti
ssion of the p
m which to dprevent overbending and
Guides are ued in the contoverstressing.
flection equaowable stresature. Maximns are prese
appropriate esee Fig. 10.1 are calculat
Pa)
psi (MPa)
cs industry p
piping Engineer
gs. This can ng to suppopipe.
direct expanrloading of thd axial stress
used to allowtrol of expang of the pipe
ations used fss or maximmum beam dented in Tabl
expansion lo1), and the chted using the
ublication, th
ring issues
be accomplrt the pipe. W
sion-contrache piping, pases.
w axial motinsion and co. A flexibility
for metal pipmum allowadeflection, oe 10.1.
ops or offsethange in len
e following eq
he above equ
ished by When so
ction and articularly
on while ntraction analysis
ping. The ble pipe r sag, is
ts have gth of quation
uation
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1402
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IJSER
10.3
3. Expansio
There are sexpansion. taken up sa
When the pto be providpipe that hafor cantileve
Expansion
Pipi
n-Contractio
several methoPiping runs
afely. Where
piping layout ded. The sizeas to be accoered beams
loops relievege
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
on
ods used formay include this method
does not ince of the loopsommodated. loaded at on
e thermal strenerally dete
l
ne Design r
A
r controlling ochanges in is employed
clude sufficies and offsetsThe dimens
ne end.
resses by traermined by th
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
or compensadirection whi
d, the pipe m
nt changes is depend on ions of loops
FIGURE 10.
ansforming thhe maximum
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
31
ating for axiaich will allowust be able t
n direction, athe design (s
s and offsets
1
hem to bendim allowable b
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
1 of 47
l and bendinw the thermalto float excep
appropriate esee Fig. 10.1 are calculat
ing stresses.bending stres
piping Engineer
ng stresses cly induced lept at anchor
expansion lo1), and the chted using the
The minimuss or strain.
ring issues
caused by theength changepoints.
ops or offsethange in len
e following eq
um loop stren
ermal es to be
ts have gth of quation
ngth L is
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1403
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IJSER
Pipe Dimensi
Nomina
diam., i
¹⁄₂ ¹⁄₄ 1
1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₂ 2 3 4 6 8
* Co
¹⁄₂ ³⁄₄ 1
1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₂ 2 3 4 6 8
Because thcapacity to designs areexpensive. movement.
ion PVC
al 60"F 10
in
5 5¹⁄₂
6 — 6¹⁄₂
7 8 9
10 11
ontinuous su
4¹⁄₂ 45 4
5¹⁄₂ 45¹⁄₂ 6 6 7
7¹⁄₂ 68¹⁄₂ 79
Pipi
e fitting restrabsorb expa
e available anProper align
C
00"F 140"F
4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂
5 3 — — 5¹⁄₂ 3¹⁄₂
6 3¹⁄₂ 7 4
7¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂ 9 5
9¹⁄₂ 5¹⁄₂
upport reco
4 2¹⁄₂ 4 2¹⁄₂ ¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 5 3 5 3 5 3 6 3¹⁄₂ ¹⁄₂ 4 ¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂ 8 4¹⁄₂
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
rains the pipeansion-contrand sometimement of pisto
CPV
60"F 100"F
5¹⁄₂ 5 6 5¹⁄₂
6¹⁄₂ 6 — —
7 6¹⁄₂ 7¹⁄₂ 7
9 8 10 9 11 10
mmended.
5 4¹⁄₂ 5¹⁄₂ 5 6 5¹⁄₂ 6 5¹⁄₂
6¹⁄₂ 6 6¹⁄₂ 6 8 7
8¹⁄₂ 7¹⁄₂ 9¹⁄₂ 8¹⁄₂
l
ne Design r
A
e, a separateaction stresses used. Howon joints is c
VC
140"F 180
Wall
Wall
4¹⁄₂ 24¹⁄₂ 25
— 5¹⁄₂ 36 37
7¹⁄₂ 49
4 2¹⁄4 2¹⁄
4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄5 3
5 35 36 3¹⁄
6¹⁄₂ 47¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
e check shoues and bend
wever, pistonritical to prev
Table 10.1
0"F 80"F 1
Schedule 40
Schedule 80
2¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂2¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂3 5
— —3¹⁄₂ 5¹⁄₂3¹⁄₂ 5¹⁄₂4
4¹⁄₂5
⁄₂ 3³⁄₄⁄₂ 4⁄₂ 4¹⁄₄
3 —
3 4¹⁄₂3 4¹⁄₂⁄₂
4⁄₂
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
32
uld be made ding momentsn expansion jvent binding.
PVDF
100"F 140"F
4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂4¹⁄₂ 34³⁄₄ 3— —5 3
5¹⁄₄ 3
3¹⁄₂ 23³⁄₄ 2¹⁄₂4 2¹⁄₂
— —
4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₄
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
2 of 47
with the mans. Expansionoints for pres Bellows typ
160"F* 60
22
4
1³⁄22
2¹⁄2¹⁄3
3¹⁄4
piping Engineer
nufacturer ren joints of bessure applicae joints can
PP
0"F 100"F
2 2 2¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 3 2³⁄₄ 3 3
3¹⁄₂ 3¹⁄₄ 4 4
4¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂
³⁄₄ 1³⁄₄ 2 2 2 2 ¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₄ ¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 3 2¹⁄₄ ¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₄ 4 3¹⁄₄
ring issues
egarding the llows and pisations are geaccept some
140"F 180"F
2 1¹⁄₂2¹⁄₄ 22¹⁄₄ 22¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂2³⁄₄ 2¹⁄₂3 2³⁄₄
3¹⁄₂ 3¹⁄₂4 3¹⁄₂
1¹⁄₂ 1¹⁄₄1³⁄₄ 1³⁄₄2 1³⁄₄2 2
2¹⁄₄ 22¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₄3 2³⁄₄
3¹⁄₂ 3
fitting’s ston enerally e lateral
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1404
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IJSER
11.
CONSIDER
Design andnoted earliefailure. Althdeflection.
Conduits thsystems takstress concpipe is actu
an importan
Designing pby internal constant (srelax with tbending stre
Thus, for mconsidered Although aconditions aearth and liv
1. Minimum
2. Maximum
3. No unusu
4. Embedmdensity.
5. The pipe
6. The pipefoundation p
For non prein designing
1. The pipe
2. The pipe
3. The pipe
4. The pipe
Pipi
RATIONS FO
installation oer, the word fough this va
at are strongke advantagcentrations aually a pipe-s
nt concept fo
pipe for buriepressure arubject to cretime). In adesses that re
many pressuadequate foll designers are met, a prve loads:
m depth of co
m depth of bu
ual concentra
ment materia
is uniformly
e is protectedpenetrations
essure pipe, g for earth lo
should not d
should safe
should not b
should safe
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
OR BELOWG
of thermoplaflexible primalue is somew
g and stiff ane of soil sup
and deformatsoil system,
or all types of
ed conditionsre often higheep), while thdition, when
esult from ea
ure pipes, a or buried app
should satiressure pipe
ver of 3 ft (1
urial of 20 ft (
ated or surch
ls are granu
supported o
d from conces, and other c
and for presads:
deflect exces
ly resist max
buckle in res
ly resist bend
l
ne Design r
A
GROUND US
astic pipe for arily signifieswhat arbitrary
nd that fail atpport to minitions that cowith both the
f buried pipin
s may be diffh relative to he strains inn subjected arth loading.
design that plications, prosfy themselv
e design may
m) for live lo
(6 m).
harge loads e
ular, stable, a
on bedding th
ntrated loadsconnections.
sure pipe no
ssively under
ximum wall c
ponse to ant
ding stresses
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
SES
belowgrounds that the pipy, a pipe is o
t low deformaimize interna
ould result ine pipe and t
ng systems.
ferent for prethose in no non pressuto internal p
meets the ovided the pves to this y be conside
oads up to th
exist.
and compac
hat is firm bu
s at transitio
ot meeting th
r earth or live
compressive
ticipated exte
s that result
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
33
d uses recoge has the ca
often conside
ations are claal stresses a excessive lhe soil contr
essure pipe an pressure
ure pipe are pressure, a
requirementpipe is propethrough calc
ered adequat
he magnitude
ted to at lea
t not hard.
ns from soil
e just-noted
e loads.
thrust forces
ernal soil and
from deflecti
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
3 of 47
gnizes its ‘‘fleapacity to susered flexible i
assified as riand must beocalized streributing to th
and non prespipe, and thconstant (supipe reroun
ts of the interly installed culation chete for burial w
e of an AASH
ast 85 perce
support to st
criteria, the
s due to exte
d hydrostatic
ion.
piping Engineer
exible’’ condustain significaif it can susta
igid. Both rig designed aesses. Thuse structural
ssure pipe. The stresses iubject to relands, reducing
ernal pressuin good-qua
ecks, in genewithout chec
HTO H20 tru
nt of maxim
tructural sup
following co
rnal loads.
c loads.
ring issues
uit behavior. ant deflectionain 2 percent
gid and flexibnd installed , the installeperformance
The stressesin pressure axation, i.e., g the deflec
ure conditionlity backfill meral, if the f
cking the cap
ck.
um standard
port, such as
nditions mus
As n without t
ble piping to avoid
ed buried e. This is
induced pipe are stresses
ction and
n can be materials. following pacity for
d Proctor
s fittings,
st be met
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1405
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IJSER
Because of type of pipesignificant f
11.1. Pipe-S
The behavio
The hoop st
The bendin
These are belastic medbehavior.
11.
The
Wh
SH
Ms
PSH
The
Wh
E
A
R
Theappcirc
Pipi
f the wide vare; for instancefor solid-wall
Soil System
or of pipe-so
tiffness para
g stiffness pa
both ratios ofia was deve
1.1. The hoo
e hoop stiffne
here:
=
=
H =
e pipe hoop s
here:
=
=
=
e pipe hoop splied to the pcumference d
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
riety of pipe e, resistancepipe.
m Parameter
oil systems is
ameter SH
arameter SB
f the soil stiffloped by Bur
op stiffness
ess paramete
hoop stiffne
constrained
pipe hoop s
stiffness para
pipe materi
pipe wall ar
radius to ce
stiffness paraperimeter as due to the ax
l
ne Design r
A
wall profiles e to wall com
rs
s controlled b
B
fness to the prns and Rich
parameter
er is defined
ess paramete
d modulus of
stiffness para
ameter is de
al modulus o
rea per unit le
entroid of pip
ameter represhown in Fi
xial compress
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
and materiampressive thru
by two param
pipe stiffnesshard23 and u
as:
er
f soil, psi (MP
ameter, psi (M
fined as:
of elasticity, p
ength of pipe
pe wall, in (m
esents the chg. 11.1. Thissive stress p
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
34
l types, not aust forces is
meters:
s. An elasticitilizes these
Pa)
MPa)
psi (MPa)
e, in2/in (mm
m)
hange in pipes change in
produced by t
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
4 of 47
all of these cimportant fo
ty solution fotwo parame
m2/mm)
e diameter thdiameter resthe loading.
piping Engineer
riteria will beor profile wall
or pipe embeters to descr
hat results frsults from a
ring issues
e significant f pipe, but rar
edded in an iribe buried p
rom a radial reduction in
for every rely is
nfinite ipe
pressure the pipe
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1406
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IJSER
11.
The
Wh
SB
Ms
PSB
The
Wh
I
Theloadcon
Pipi
1.2. The bed
e bending sti
here:
=
=
B =
e pipe bendin
here
=
e pipe bendind as demonsncentrated lo
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
dding stiffne
ffness param
bending stif
constrained
pipe bendin
ng stiffness p
pipe wall m
ng stiffness pstrated in Fig
oading.
l
ne Design r
A
Fig
ess paramet
meter is defin
ffness param
d modulus of
ng stiffness p
parameter is
oment of ine
parameter reg. D11.2.This
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
.11.1 Pipe ho
ter
ned as:
meter
f soil, psi (MP
parameter, ps
defined as:
ertia per unit
epresents thes deformation
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
35
oop stiffness
Pa)
si (MPa)
length, in4/in
e change in dn results from
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
5 of 47
s
n (mm4/mm)
diameter thatm flexural str
piping Engineer
)
t results fromresses produ
ring issues
m a concentrauced by the
ated
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1407
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IJSER
12.
In general:the bendinganalysis theare based olittle accuraparameters
PE / META
The most ofbutt joints. Slower the stthe correct
Commonly be metal; thshown on fi
Pipi
: The hoop sg stiffness pae Poisson’s ron simplified acy is lost bs to the overa
L PIPE TRA
ften used pipSocket-type jtandard dimeSDR pipe.
in process fiherefore a tragure 11.3 Ty
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
stiffness paraarameter repratio of the somodels of b
by ignoring all pipe soil s
ANSATION F
ping materialjoints in largeension ratio (
elds, codes dansition fittingypical transit
l
ne Design r
A
Fig.1
ameter reprepresents theoil and the pehavior, andthis parameystem is imp
FITTING
l undergroune sizes have(SDR) the hig
do not permig from plastiion fitting.
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
1.2 Pipe ben
sents a ratioe ratio of thepipe material d most pipe ieter. The coportant and b
nd on the sitee often been gher pressur
it plastic pipec pipe to me
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
36
nding stiffnes
o of the soil se soil stiffnes
are also impnstallation isontribution obears discuss
e is high-denfound to devre rating of p
e to be run atallic pipe is
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
6 of 47
ss
stiffness to thss to the pipportant; howes completed bof each of tsion.
sity polyethyvelop unaccepipe. Therefo
boveground,required, co
piping Engineer
he pipe extene flexural stever, since mby relatively the hoop an
ylene (HDPEeptable stresre, care mus
, thus Pipingnforming to A
ring issues
nsional stiffniffness. In a
most design crude metho
nd bending
) with heat-fus in the pipe
st be taken to
above grouASTM D251
ess, and detailed
methods ods, very stiffness
used . The o select
nd shall 7 , s
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1408
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12.1 Examp
Lyall (Vendchoice of coeconomical
Proven Relwith over 4
Features
• Meets or e
• Epoxy or p
• Fusion bo
• All welded
• Meets of e
• Listed with
Two types o
Pipi
ple, Vendor
or’s Name) ionfigurations and easy-to
liability - bomillion in se
exceeds all in
primer coatin
nded epoxy
d joints are 10
exceeds the
h IAPMO/UP
of sealing are
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
Print for PE
s the only ms to meet youo-install conn
oth designs rvice.
ndustry requ
ngs available
coating prov
00% pressur
requirement
PC and certifi
e available a
As re
quire
d
l
ne Design r
A
Fig.11.3 T
E / Metal Tra
anufacturer tur requiremenections betw
have been a
uirements.
e.
vides superio
re tested.
s of ASTM D
ied to CSA B
as shown on
2'-0
"±
0.6 m
2'-0
"
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
Typical trans
ansition Fitti
that offers twnts. Our one
ween gas car
approved by
or resistance
D2513 catego
B137.4
following figu
0.6 m
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
37
sition fitting
ing
wo distinct trae-piece, factorrying steel p
most natural
to corrosion
ory 1, ASME
ure 11.4
Metallic
Epoxy
Fusioncoated
But90°
10
12" 0.3
Epoxy-costeel mou
Concrete
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
7 of 47
ansition sealory assemblepipe and poly
l gas, propan
n and mechan
E B 31.8, US
c pipe
coated
Grade
n-bonded epoxd, steel casing
tt fused PE elbow
1'-0" 0.3 m
" PE pigtail 3 m
oated bolt on unting stake
e
piping Engineer
ing methodsed transitionsyethylene (PE
ne and indus
nical damage
CFR 49 Par
xy g
ring issues
allowing a las provide safE) pipe.
strial fluid com
e.
t 192.
arger fe,
mpanies
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1409
IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org
IJSER
Connection
Steel End O
• SCH 40
• Primer
• Interna
PE Pipe En
• Square
• Socket
• LYCOF
• Many c
• Comme
Other Optio
• Protector s
• Wire clips
Pipi
n Options:
Options
0 (standard)
or other coa
al Fusion Bon
nd Connecti
ed ready for f
t fusion fitting
FIT ® Mecha
choices of HD
ercial/industr
ons
sleeves
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
or SCH 80
atings
nded Epoxy C
ons/Options
fusion
g
anical Fitting
DPE and MD
rial grade PE
l
ne Design r
A
Coating (Vic
s
(PE size up
DPE pipe
E3408
• Anode
• Steel
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
Figure 11.4
taulic Groove
to 2 IPS)
es
to PVC PE p
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
38
4
e and Thread
pipe (threade
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
8 of 47
ded O.D. sea
ed O.D. only)
piping Engineer
al models on
)
ring issues
nly)
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1410
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13.
PLASTIC-L
Plastic-linedchemical-rehousing alloplastic-linedfinishing indby-productspower gene
When servialternative tliner and hoexpansion a
13.1. Histo
Plastic-lined
The first pippolyvinylideprocessing temperaturedeveloped,
Thanks to hyears of succorrosive ch
13.2. METH
The plastic-processing coherent bothe type of p
13.2
Alththerubdevtech
● Chan
Pipi
LINED PIPIN
d piping and esistant enginows for the sd pipe finds wdustries. It is s cannot be teration, and e
ce conditionsto expensiveousing expanand contract
ry
d pipe was fi
ping system wene chloride (industries bee of 175_F (7plastic-lined
high standardccess in veryhemicals mu
HODS OF MA
-lined pipe inpolytetrafluo
onded mass processing u
2.1. Liner M
hough PTFErmoplastics. bery gel. Be
veloped for chniques are
Compaction ondled
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
NG FOR COR
fittings consneered plastsafe and econwidespread ualso the des
tolerated in thelectronics, t
s are within te alloy pipingnd and contraion.
rst manufact
was made by(PVDC) resinecause the P79_C). As ne pipe was ta
ds developedy aggressivest be convey
ANUFACTU
ndustry uses oroethylene (
by heating used by the v
anufacturin
E fluorocarbInstead whe
ecause of thconverting gr
of the granul
l
ne Design r
A
RROSION R
sist of a metaic liner insidenomical convuse in such insired choice whe process fto name a few
the capabiliti. The methoact as one un
tured in the e
y mechanican liner. InitialPVDC liner cew high-perfoken more se
d by the vario applicationsyed.
RE
both extrusio(PTFE) powda powder wivarious manu
ng Processe
on resins aen PTFE mehe extremelyranular PTFE
lar resin at a
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
ESISTANCE
al housing line a relativelyveyance of cndustries as when producluid. Industriw.
ies of a plastds of lining vnit, even tho
early 1940s a
ally reducing lly, plastic-linould only be ormance reseriously as a
ous manufacs, plastic-line
on techniqueder resins intithout meltinufacturers of
es for PTFE
are thermoplelts at 647_Fy high viscosE resins to fin
a relatively lo
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
39
E
ed with chemy inexpensivecorrosive and
the chemicact purity is ofes requiring
tic-lined pipinvary, but all augh plastic a
and sold com
or swaging aned pipe was
used for acisins and diffecost-efficien
cturers in theed pipe is a p
es for melt-exto their final g it. The follf plastic-lined
Liners
lastic materF (342_C), itsity of the mnished produ
ow temperatu
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
9 of 47
mically resiste but mechand dangerous al process, pf concern, pasuch purity a
ng system, it achieve the sand metal ha
mmercially in
a steel tube hs not widely ads and caus
erent manufat method of f
e plastic linedproven and a
xtrudable typforms. Sinteowing sectio
d piping prod
ials, they dchanges fro
melted PTFEucts. The bas
ure into a co
piping Engineer
tant plastic. Tnically strongchemicals. Fulp and pape
articularly whare pharmac
is often an esame goal: toave greatly di
1948.
housing dowaccepted by stics to a maxcturing technfighting corro
d pipe industccepted pipi
pe resins or sering can be ons provide aucts.
o not flow om a white sE, special tecsics steps co
ompressed fo
ring issues
The combinag pipe or fittinFor this reasoer, and meta
hen metal corceuticals, foo
economical o ensure thatiffering rates
wn onto an exthe chemicaximum servicniques were osion.
ry and more ng product w
sintering metdefined as foa brief descr
readily as dsolid to a trachniques ha
ommon to all
orm so that i
ation of a ng on,
al rrosion
od,
t the of
xtruded al ce
than 50 wherever
thods for orming a ription of
do most nsparent
ave been of these
it can be
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1411
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● Hpoly
● Ccrys
VoifinisbeloF 1andtem
13.3. Liner
Plastic lininplastics areethylene ppolyvinylidechemical amaterial, inc
● High therm
● Resistanc
● Low smok
● Resistanc
They gener
● Low perm
● High purit
● Process a
● Cold wea
● High abra
● Low coeff
● Approval
Pipi
Heating of thymer particle
Cooling of thestalline deve
ds caused bshed articlesow 2.11 indic545 for PTF
d performingmperature can
Materials
ng materials e fully fluoripropylene, oenefluoride. Ittack. In faccluding other
mal stability
ce to sunligh
ke and flame
ce to fungus
rally have:
meability to m
ty in the virgi
ability, forma
ther impact s
asion resistan
ficients of fric
for food con
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
he compactees can coales
e sintered prelopment
by insufficies. With refercate a high-vFE-lined pipe conditions, n increase vo
fall into twonated, as in
or partially ft is the fluori
ct, the fully r metals, plas
t degradation
e characteris
and bacteria
most gases a
in form
ability, and m
strength
nce
ction
tact use
l
ne Design r
A
ed resin abosce into a str
roduct at a c
nt consolidarence to a tevoid content.e is 2.14. Alsintering co
oid content.
o main caten the case fluorinated, ine-carbon bfluorinatedstics, or com
n
tics
a build-up
nd liquids
old ability
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
ove its meltinrong homoge
controlled rat
ation of PTFemperature, The minimuthough void
onditions can
egories: fluorof polytetraas in the
bonding of thplastics exh
mposites. The
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
40
ng temperateneous struc
te to room te
FE resin parfor example
um accepted content is d
n also have
rinated plastafluoroethylen
case of ethese materiahibit better cey also posse
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
0 of 47
ture (commocture
emperature t
rticles duringe 73_F (23_standard sp
determined lan effect. S
tics and no ne (PTFE), thylenete trals that provid
chemical resess:
piping Engineer
only called s
to achieve th
g performing_C), PTFE-linpecific gravityargely by paintering at to
fluorinated perfluoroalk
a fluoro ethdes the outstsistance than
ring issues
sintering) so
he desired d
may appeaner specific y as defined article characoo high or to
plastics. Flukoxy, and pehylene (ETFtanding resisn virtually a
that the
degree of
ar in the gravities in ASTM cteristics oo low a
uorinated er fluoro FE) and stance to ny other
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1412
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13.
The non flumaterials ththe fluoro p
13.4. Instal
Specificationumber of anumber of pcandidates
Material cos
Initial install
Long-term l
Many speciYet this apinvestment
Many typesmanufacturexpensive t
Converselysite prior to
A widely usresistant pippiping projeconsideratiosystem, fabthe installedcost ratios arrangemensystems. C
Pipi
3.1. Liner Ty
Polytetr Fluorina Perfluo Ethylen Polyvin Polypro Polyvin Polyeth
uorinated plahat provide golymer and a
lled Cost Co
on of a corroavailable mapiping candidon an econo
st
led cost
ife-cycle cos
ifiers limit thepproach pose
for a piping s
s of corrosiorer in the foto install.
, many pipininstallation.
sed formatteping systemsect so that on. Factors brication andd cost ratios are for NP
nts. A plasticompared to
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
ypes
rafluoroethylated Ethylenroalkoxy (PF
netetrafluoroeylidene Fluo
opylene (PP)ylidene Chlo
hylene (PE).
astics, polypgood overall are generally
omparisons
osion-resistanaterials that vdates that wiomic basis. T
st.
eir economices a very resystem, that
on-resistant orm of prefa
g systems w
ed study9 prs. It providesa final detaconsidered erection tecfrom the mo
PS 2, 4, andc-lined metala piping sys
l
ne Design r
A
ene (PTFE).e Propylene
FA). ethylene (ET
oride (PVDF)). oride (PVDC)
propylene (Pchemical res
y less expens
nt piping sysvary both in cll perform ad
Three types o
c analysis toeal danger bis, the in-pla
piping have abricated co
with low mate
resents a cos the engine
ailed economin the study
chniques, anost recent pud 6 (DN 50lic piping sysstem consist
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
(FEP).
TFE). .
).
PP) and polysistance. Thesive.
stem is a cocost and perdequately froof cost comp
o materials cbecause it igace cost of th
relatively homponents.
erial costs oft
omparison oeer with a scmic study cay are: type ond labor rateublication for, 100, and stem offers cting of corro
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
41
yvinylidene cey have lowe
omplex assigrformance. Tm a technicaarisons are c
osts only begnores what he system, in
igh materialThis, howe
ten require th
of initial instacreening tooan be madeof piping uss and produ
r a NPS 2 (D150) piping
clear advantasion resistan
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
1 of 47
chloride (PVer temperatu
gnment, if forhe materialsal standpointcommon:
ecause they is often we
ncluding fabr
costs becaver, makes
he additional
alled costs fl to help nar
e on the speed, materialctivity in inst
DN 50) complayouts for
ages over bont metal, pla
piping Engineer
DC), are moure and chem
r no other res-selection pht. Then a cho
are relativelyell over half rication and i
ause they arthese mate
l expense of
for a broad rrow the fieldecific piping costs, comtallation. Tablex piping sy
r both straigoth metal an
astic-lined pip
ring issues
ore general mical resista
eason than thase usuallyoice is made
y simple to eof the true nstallation co
re supplied ferials relativ
fabrication a
variety of cod of candida
arrangemenmplexity of th
ble 13.1 sumystem. The rght-run and nd solid-plastpe provides
purpose nce than
the large y yields a
from the
estimate. required
osts.
from the vely less
at the job
orrosion-tes for a nt under
he piping mmarizes report list complex tic piping equal or
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1413
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better resisplastic-linedTable 13.1.
Compared service caprange of linsystems.
Plastic-linedis detrimenelectronics
Pipi
stance to ched metallic pip
This is espe
to a plastic pabilities as wne sizes, wi
d pipe is not ntal, as in thindustry.
PVC
CPVC
Carbo
304L
Rubb
316L
304L
316L
FRP/v
FRP/
FRP/
Polyp
Saran
PVDF
Alloy
Mone
Glass-
PVDF
PTFE
Titani
FEP-l
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
emical attacping system ecially true w
system madwell as higheth a broade
only used whe case of
(sch 80) C (sch 80)
on steel (Sch. 40
S.S. (Sch. 10) ber-lined steel (S
S.S. (Sch. 10) S.S. (Sch. 40) S.S. (Sch. 40)
vinyl ester epoxy
polyester propylene lined
lined steel (Sch
F-lined steel (Sc
20 (Sch. 10) l (Sch 10) -lined steel (Sch
F (Sch 80) E-lined steel (Sch
ium (Sch 10) lined steel (Sch
l
ne Design r
A
k, dependingto a welded
when compar
de from the ser mechanicaer selection
where chemicultra-pure c
PIPING MA
0)
Sch 40)
steel (Sch 40)
h 40)
ch 40)
h 40)
h 40)
40)
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
g on liner md metallic piping plastic-lin
same materal strength. Pof fittings, w
cal attack is achemicals an
Table 13.1
ATERIAL COS
0.56 PT
0.63 M
Al
1.00 Ni
1.13 Ha
1.16
1.20 PT
1.31 Ni
1.45 Ti
Ha
1.78
1.86 Ha
1.86 Zi
1.90
1.91 Zi
2.47
2.60
2.61
2.69
2.71
2.94
2.99
2.99
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
42
material. Wheping system,ned pipe to m
rial as the plPlastic-lined when compa
a concern, it nd demonize
ST RATIOS
TFE-lined FRP
Monel (Sch 40)
lloy 20 (Sch 40)
ickel (Sch 10)
astelloy C-276 (
TFE-lined 304L
ickel (Sch 40)
itanium (Sch 10
astelloy C-276 (
astelloy B (Sch
irconium (Sch 1
irconium (Sch 4
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
2 of 47
en comparing the plastic
metal system
astic liner, ppiping syste
ared to solid
is also useded water us
)
(Sch 10)
SS (Sch 10)
)
(Sch 40)
40)
0)
40)
piping Engineer
g the installelined system
ms of higher a
plastic-lined ems are alsod thermoplas
d where medsed in variou
3.20 3.24 3.32 3.34 3.52
4.12 4.27 4.46 4.46
5.71 5.95
7.04
ring issues
ed cost of am is often lowalloy materia
pipe provideo available instic or therm
dia contact wus processe
a flanged wer. See
als.
es higher n a wider mosetting
with metal es in the
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1414
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IJSER
14.
ConcurmateriaThermoGravity-installatMcGratrecommidentifiemateriaexcellentrench. excavatCLSM, placemcan be inspectilevels a
15.
INSTALLAT
rent with theals have alsoplastic Pres-Flow Appliction issues thth.31 Howarmendations aed in the folloals (CLSM, ant flow charaStrengths a
ted in the evwith many
ent; thus, if avoided. Pip
ion of pipe-laafter the insta
SOURCES
15.1. On Ne
The inroadsdrainage, aperformancdiameter apand comprestate of the
Proceeding345 East 47
ProceedingBar Harbor
ProceedingVA 22209.
ProceedingOhio Univer
ProceedingLondon, En
Pipi
TION
e developmeso been dessure Pipingcations,’’ andhat are criticard has pubare also issowing sectio
also known aacteristics suare low, somvent that an e
papers devused to backpe installatioaying crewsallation is com
OF ADDITIO
ew Develop
s that thermand in varioce of these mpplications foessive wall sart, should c
s of Internat7th Street, N
s of the SymDrive, West
s of the Fue
s of the Narsity, Athens
s of the Intngland SW1W
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
ent of structueveloped. N,’’ ASTM D
d ASTM F 1al to the longblished a bsued by varon. A significaas flow able uch that vibra
metimes as loencased utilivoted to its kfill an entireon can be di. Therefore, mplete. This
ONAL INFO
ments
moplastics pipus industria
materials. Toor which certtrength are oconsult the p
tional Conferew York, NY
mposium on Conshohock
l Gas Plastic
tional Confes, OH 45701.
ernational CW OHL.
l
ne Design r
A
ural design mNoteworthy a
2321, ‘‘Und1668 ‘‘Constg-term perforbook devoterious professant developmfill) for pipe
ation is not reow as 35 psty requires ause around e trench the fficult if groua key step should be a
RMATION
ping has mal uses has
opics of parttain limits of often design
proceedings o
rences on PY 10017.
Buried Plasken, PA 1942
c Pipe Symp
erence on Fl
Conferences
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
methods for among thesderground Intruction Procrmance of fle
ed to pipe sional and tment in pipebackfill. CLSequired to pl
si (240 kPa) a repair. In 19
pipes.43 Osettlement a
und conditionin quality costandard pa
ade in fuel ggenerated m
ticular recentperformancelimiting. A re
of the followi
ipeline Desig
stic Pipe Tec28.
osium, Amer
lexible Pipes
on Plastics
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
43
thermoplastse are ASTnstallation ofcedures for exible no preinstallation
trade associ installation
SM is a mixtlace it arounat 28 days,
997 ASTM hOne benefit oand pavemenns are poor,ontrol of pipeart of all pipe
gas distributmany studiet interest rele, such as meader interesng periodica
gn and Insta
chnology, Am
rican Gas As
s, Center fo
Pipe, Plast
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
3 of 47
tics, installatTM D 2774f ThermoplasBuried Plast
essure plasticissues.27
iations. A npractice is th
ture of sand,d and under in order to
held a three-dof CLSM is nt damage t and it is als
e installationinstallation s
ion, sewer,es regardinglate to the u
maximum depsted in these
ally held sym
allation, Ame
merican Soc
ssociation, 1
r Geotechnic
tics and Rub
piping Engineer
tion practices4, ‘‘Undergrostic Pipe fortic Pipe.’’ A cs pipe has Installation umber of thhe use of co, cement, fly r a pipe or otassure that
day symposithat shrinka
hat often occso expensives is to checspecification
water, agricg the durabiuse of these pth of burial,e topics, as wposia and co
erican Societ
iety for Test
515 Wilson B
cal and Gro
bber Institut
ring issues
s dedicated ound Installr Sewers ancommentary
been offeredas well as
hese referenontrolled low-
ash, and wther obstructthe materia
ium on the sage is minimcurs with soe to provide k the pipe ds.
ultural, and lity and engmaterials fo buckling res
well as in theonferences:
ty of Civil En
ting & Mater
Boulevard, A
oundwater R
e, 11 Hoba
to these lation of nd Other y on the
d by T. J. s design nces are -strength ater with tions in a al can be ubject of
mal after il backfill full-time
deflection
highway gineering or larger-sistance, e general
ngineers,
rials, 100
Arlington,
esearch,
rt Place,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1415
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IJSER
15.2. Public
The followinwith respec
ASME GuidEngineers,
AGA Plastic
Association
Maintenanc
NAVFAC-MOffice, Was
15.3. Assoc
Various tradinstallation organization
Thermoplas
The Plastics
ThermoplasSuite 20, G
PVC pipingSuite 155, D
‘‘No-Dig’’ mTechnology
15.4. Codes
Thermoplasand other hcodes allowsuch codes
BOCA: NatOfficials and
CABO: OneChurch, VA
Pipi
cations Rela
ng publicatioct to design a
de for Gas TUnited Engin
c Pipe Manu
n, 1515 Wilso
ce of Operati
MO–220; Air shington, D.C
ciations
de and techof plastics
ns at the follo
stic pipe (ind
s Pipe Institu
stics pipe (pllen Ellyn, IL
g (water distDallas, TX 75
methods for y, 435 North
s
stics piping fhazardous mw plastics pip are derived
tional Buildind Code Adm
e and Two A 22041.
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
ated to Stan
ons contain mand installatio
Transmission neering Cent
al for Gas Se
on Boulevard
ion of Gas Sy
Force AFM C. 20402.
nical associapiping. A
owing addres
dustrial gas d
ute, 1825 Co
lumbing app60137.
tribution, sew5234.
r the rehabiMichigan Av
for plumbingmaterials mayping for certaare issued b
ng Code ,BOministrators, In
Family Dwe
l
ne Design r
A
ndards
much informon:
and Distributer, 345 East
ervice. Availa
d, Arlington, V
ystems, Nov
91–6. Avail
ations issue listing of csses:
distribution, s
onnecticut Av
plications): P
werage, and
ilitation of evenue, Suite
g, heating, coy be subjectain applicatioby the followi
OCA Nationanternational,
elling Code.
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
mation that is
ution Piping St 47th Street
able from Am
VA 22209, (7
vember, 1970
able from S
reports, macurrent litera
ewerage, wa
ve., N.W., Su
lastics Pipe
d irrigation): U
existing buri1717 Chicag
ooling and vt to the provons. The maing organiza
al Mechanic Inc., 4051 W
Council of
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
44
s useful for a
Systems. Av, New York,
merican Gas
703) 841-845
0, Army TM5
Superintende
nuals, and liature offering
ater, and gen
uite 680, Was
& Fittings A
Uni-Bell PVC
ied pipelinesgo, IL 60611.
ventilating, sisions of a c
ajor model butions:
cal Code, anWest Flossm
American B
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
4 of 47
all applicatio
vailable from NY 10017, (
54.
5–654;
nt of Docum
ists of referegs may be
neral uses):
shington, DC
Association, 8
C Pipe Asso
s: North Am.
ewer, water,code or otheuilding and p
nd BOCA Naoor Road, C
uilding Offic
piping Engineer
ns of plastic
American S212) 705-77
ments, U.S. G
ences on proobtained b
C 20009.
800 Rooseve
ociation, 265
merican Soc
, fire protecter regulation.plumbing cod
ational Plumountry Club
cials, 5203 L
ring issues
cs piping, pa
Society of Me22.
Government
operties, desby contactin
elt Road, Bu
55 Villa Cree
ciety for Tre
tion, gas dis. Nearly all pdes from wh
mbing Code. Hills, IL 6047
Leesburg Pik
articularly
echanical
t Printing
sign, and ng these
uilding C,
ek Drive,
enchless
tribution, plumbing ich most
Building 78.
ke, Falls
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1416
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IJSER
IAPMO: UnSouth, Waln
ICBO: UnifoSouth Work
PHCC: Nati6808, Falls
SBCI: SBCMechanical
American N
ANSI B31.3Distribution
Some stanapplicationsOrganizatio
For potable
NSF Interna
Canadian S
Canada, M9
For drain, w
NSF Interna
For meat- a
U.S. Depart
For water p
American W
Pipi
niform Plumbnut, CA 9178
form Buildingkman Mill Ro
ional StandaChurch, VA
CCI Southernl Code. Sout
National Sta
3 Chemical PPiping Syste
ndards and s, it first muons and appr
e water:
ational, NSF
Standards As
9W 1R3
waste, and v
ational and C
and food-pr
tment of Agr
pipe:
Water Works
M.Kamal
ing and PipelinEngineer
MNI MBA
bing Code. In89–2855.
g Code and oad, Whittier,
ard Plumbing22040.
n Building Cohern Building
andards Inst
Plant and Petems. ANSI Z
various juriust be apprroval program
Building, Po
ssociation, 17
vent:
Canadian Sta
rocessing pl
riculture, 14th
Association,
l
ne Design r
A
nternational A
Uniform Me CA 90601.
g Code. Natio
ode, SBCCI g Code Cong
titute
troleum RefiZ223, Nationa
sdictions anroved for thms for plastic
ost Office Box
78 Rexdale B
andards Asso
lants:
h and Indepe
, Denver, CO
Subjec Docum Date.
Page.
Association o
echanical Co
onal Associa
Southern Sgress Interna
nery Piping. al Fuel Gas C
nd authoritiehat use byc pipe include
x 1468, Ann
Boulevard, R
ociation (see
endence S.W
O.
ct. Pla
ment. Re
27
45
of Building a
ode. Internat
ation of Plum
tandard Plumational, 900 M
ThermoplasCode.
es require ta recognizee the followin
Arbor, MI 48
Rexdale, Onta
e above).
W., Room071
astic pipes for p
esearch
7/12/2016
5 of 47
and Mechanic
tional Confer
mbing Heating
mbing Code,Montclair Ro
stic Piping AN
that before ed, or specing:
8106.
ario,
7 South, Wa
piping Engineer
cal Officials,
rence of Bu
g- Cooling C
, and SBCCad, Birmingh
NSI B31.8 G
pipe may bfically desig
ashington, DC
ring issues
20001 Waln
ilding Officia
Contractors, P
CI Southern Sham, AL 352
as Transmis
be used forgnated, orga
C 20250.
nut Drive
als, 5360
P.O. Box
Standard 13.
ssion and
r certain anization.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518
1417
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16.
REFERENC
1. Facts & FDC; ‘‘Resin
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