Plastic pipes for Piping Engineering issues · 2017. 6. 9. · Plastic pipes for Piping Engineering...

PETROJET THE PETROLIUM PROJECTS & TECHNICAL CONSULTATIONS COMPANY

Plastic Pipes Plastic pipes for Piping Engineering issues

Mohammed Kamal Kamal Gaber

27/12/2016

Paper is introducing a research on thermoplastic pipes uses and design, as plastic pipes have been used widely in many oil, water, and gas process plants and pipelines for many issues instead of metal pipes as their lower cost, easier installation, and lighter weight than other metallic pipes.

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017 ISSN 2229-5518

1372

IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org

IJSER

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

INTRODUC

1.1 Backgro

1.2 Principle

SCOPE

AVAILABL

PRINCIPLE

4.1. Rehabi

ADVANTAG

5.1. Advant

5.2. Limitati

5.3. Require

THERMOP

6.1. Polyme

6.1

6.2. Plastics

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.2

COMMONL

7.1. Polyvin

7.2. Chlorin

Pipi

CTION

ound

e Materials

LE PRODUCT

E USES

ilitation Tech

GES AND LI

tages

ions

ements for s

LASTIC PIP

ers Definition

.1. Chemical

s Compositio

.1. Plastics A

.2. Crystallin

.3. Thermop

.4. Cell class

LY USED TH

nyl Chloride (

nated Polyvin

M.Kamal

ing and PipelinEngineer

MNI MBA

TS

hnology

IMITATIONS

uccessful de

PING MATER

n

l geometry

on materials

Additives

ne materials

lastics Mater

sification

HERMOPLAS

(PVC) Pipe

nyl Chloride (

l

ne Design r

A

Table

S

esign

RIALS

rials

STIC PIPES

(CPVC) Pipe

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

of Content

e

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

1

ts

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

of 47

piping Engineer

ring issues

4

4

5

5

5

7

8

9

9

9

10

11

11

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

14

17


1373


IJSER

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

7.3. Polypro

7.4. Acrylon

7.5. Polyeth

DESIGN AN

COMMON D

9.1. Interna

9.1

9.2. Resista

9.3. Tempe

CONSIDER

10.1. Suppo

10.2. Suppo

10.3. Expan

CONSIDER

11.1. Pipe-S

11.

11.

PE / META

12.1. Exam

PLASTIC-L

13.1 History

13.2. METH

13.2

13.3. Liner

Pipi

opylene (PP)

nitrile-Butadie

hylene (PE) P

ND INSTALL

DESIGN AN

l Hydraulic P

. 1.Surge Pre

ance to Vacu

rature Effect

RATIONS FO

orts and Anc

ort Spacing

nsion-Contra

RATIONS FO

Soil System

1.1. The hoo

1.2. The bed

L PIPE TRA

ple, Vendor

LINED PIPIN

y

HODS OF MA

2.1. Liner Ma

Materials

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

) Pipe

ene-Styrene

Pipe

LATION

ND INSTALLA

Pressure

essure

uum and Exte

ts

OR ABOVEG

chors

action

OR BELOWG

Parameters

op stiffness p

dding stiffnes

ANSATION F

Print for PE

NG FOR COR

ANUFACTU

anufacturing

l

ne Design r

A

(ABS) Pipe

ATION CON

ernal Pressu

GROUND US

GROUND US

parameter

ss parameter

FITTING

/ Metal Tran

RROSION R

RE

Processes f

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

NSIDERATIO

ure

SES

SES

r

sition Fitting

ESISTANCE

for PTFE Lin

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

2

ONS

E

ners

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

of 47

piping Engineer

ring issues

18

18

19

21

23

23

24

27

28

29

29

30

31

33

34

35

35

35

36

39

39

39

39

40

8

8

9

3

3

4

7

8

9

9

0

3

4

5

5

5

6

9

9

9

9

0


1374


IJSER

14.

15.

16.

13.

13.4 Installe

INSTALLAT

SOURCES

15.1. On Ne

15.2. Public

15.3. Assoc

15.4. Codes

REFERENC

Pipi

3.1. Liner Ty

ed Cost Com

TION

OF ADDITIO

ew Developm

cations Relat

ciations

s

CES

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

ypes

mparisons

ONAL INFO

ments

ted to Standa

l

ne Design r

A

RMATION

ards

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

3

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

of 47

piping Engineer

ring issues

41

41

43

43

43

44

44

44

46

3

3

3

4

4

4

6


1375


IJSER

1.

INTRODUC

Plastics pip

Thermoplas

materials a

hardened in

heating.

Thermoplas

with reinfor

composite c

1.1. Backgr

The first the

was first m

used by Th

when PE p

commercial

fundamenta

technology,

continuing.

have taken

standardiza

piping prod

materials, te

have also b

1.2. Princip

Thermoplas

approximate

consisted o

The second

by acrylonit

of special-p

polybutylen

Pipi

CTION

ping are mad

stics can be

are irreversib

nto their fina

stic materials

rcements (su

constructions

round

ermoplastic t

anufactured

e Southern

pipe was firs

lly made in

al advances

, which laid

However, th

n place in 19

ation was or

ducts began

est methods

been issued b

ple Materials

stics accoun

ely 7.5 billio

of thermoplas

d most widely

trile-butadien

purpose ma

e (PB), poly

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

de from eith

e softened a

bly set, or c

al shape, the

s include min

uch as glass

s.

tubes were m

commercial

California Ga

st offered for

the United

s were intro

the foundat

he start of th

950 when a

rganized. So

to be issue

, and recom

by other orga

s

nt for the lio

on pounds

stics.1Polyvi

y used therm

ne-styrene (A

aterials, such

ypropylene (P

l

ne Design r

A

er of two ba

and reshape

cured, or ha

ermosetting p

nimal reinfor

s fibers) and

made in Ger

lly in the Un

as Company

r non-code-r

States in 1

oduced in p

tion for the t

he evolution

an American

oon thereafte

ed. At prese

mended prac

anizations.

on’s share

(3.75 million

inyl chloride

moplastic is p

ABS), represe

h as chlorin

PP), and var

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

asic groups

ed repeatedly

rdened into

products can

rcements, wh

sometimes

rmany during

nited States

y for distribut

regulated wa

1949 and 1

polymer che

thermoplasti

n of thermop

Society for

er the first A

ent over 180

ctices for join

of plastics

n metric ton

(PVC) acco

polyethylene

enting about

nated polyvin

rious fluorina

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

4

of synthetic

y by the ap

a permanen

nnot be softe

hereas therm

fillers (such

g the 1930s

in 1940 from

ting natural g

ater service

950, respec

emistry, mat

cs pipe indu

plastics pipin

r Testing an

ASTM stand

0 ASTM sta

ning and ins

used for pi

ns)of plastics

ounted for ab

e (PE), accou

t a 4 percent

nyl chloride

ated polymer

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

of 47

materials, t

pplication of

nt shape du

ened and the

mosetting res

h as sand) to

from a PVC

m cellulose a

gas. Volume

applications

ctively. Durin

terials formu

ustry. Improv

g as engine

d Materials

dards coverin

andards defi

tallation. Num

iping. During

s that went

bout three-qu

unting for ab

share. The

(CPVC), cr

rs, Principlely

piping Engineer

thermoplastic

heat. In co

uring factory

erefore may

sins are almo

o produce s

copolymer.

acetate buty

e production

s. ABS and

ng the 1940

ulation, and

vements in t

eering mater

(ASTM) gro

ng materials

ine plastic p

merous plas

g 1989,over

into pipe,

uarters of al

bout a 15 per

balance abo

ross link ed

y polyvinylide

ring issues

c and therm

ontrast therm

manufactur

not be resh

ost always c

tructurally in

Thermoplas

yrate (CAB)

commenced

PVC pipe w

0s and 1950

product fa

these areas

ials is consi

oup for plast

s, test metho

piping, plasti

tics piping st

r 95 percen

conduit, and

l thermoplas

rcent share,

ut 6 percent

dpolyethylene

ene fluoride

osetting.

mosetting

re. Once

haped by

ombined

ntegrated

stics pipe

and was

d in 1948

were first

0s many

abrication

are still

dered to

tics pipe

ods, and

ic piping

tandards

nt of the

d fittings

stic pipe.

followed

consists

e (PEX),

(PVDF).


1376


IJSER

2.

3.

In 1955, tot

the rate of s

More footag

However, th

leading mat

successful

which curre

60 (DN1500

SCOPE

This Paper

limitations,

installation.

an intended

References

AVAILABL

Plastics pip

pressure ap

are designe

Most of the

Principle co

sizes cover

ongoing pro

Society for

Standards’

publishes a

Internationa

available pi

covered by

fabricate co

infrastructur

overwrap w

Pipi

tal U.S. Ship

shipments ha

ge of thermo

he total dolla

terial, steel.3

track record

ently compris

0) for pressu

r reviews th

and presen

This informa

d application

s are provide

LE PRODUCT

e and fittings

pplications s

ed to more ec

ese products

ommercial p

red by the st

ocess, the re

Testing and

‘which inclu

a periodically

al Standards

ping appurte

any nationa

omponents th

re and indus

with a glass-fi

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

pments of the

ad increased

oplastic pipe

ar value of in

3 this is beca

in these siz

se the fastest

re uses and

he Principle

nts general

ation is inten

; in choosing

d for more d

TS

s are availab

pecial wall c

conomically

s are covere

roducts, also

tandard. As

eader is advis

d Materials (A

udes all of it

y updated re

s Organizatio

enances, suc

l standard. In

hat may or m

strial applicat

ber thermos

l

ne Design r

A

ermoplastic p

d almost 200

is now bein

nstalled therm

ause the Prin

zes has bee

t growing se

NPS 108 (D

properties a

and basic

nded to guide

g the approp

etailed inform

ble in a vast a

constructions

achieve a de

ed by nation

o identifies

the updating

sed to conta

ASTM),*for e

ts current st

eport, PPI TR

on (ISO) stan

ch as identifi

n addition, s

may not be s

tions. Fabric

etting resin c

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

pipe were les

fold, and it is

ng installed t

moplastic pip

nciple use of

n leading to

gment. As of

DN 2700) for

and uses o

information

e the reader

priate materi

mation and fo

array of mate

s are offered

esired longitu

nal standard

each produc

g of existing

ct standards

example, eac

tandards co

R-5, which i

ndards on th

ied in Table

ome pipe an

shown in pro

cated fittings

composite.

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

5

ss than 40 m

s still growin

than that of a

pe is second

thermoplast

increasing a

f this writing

sewer and d

f thermoplas

on material

in evaluating

al and produ

or further gu

erials, diame

d—such as d

udinal and di

s. Table 1.1

ct’s primary

g and the wr

s-issuing orga

ch year upda

vering plasti

ncludes a co

hermoplastic

D3.1, that a

nd fitting man

oduct catalog

intended for

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

of 47

million pound

g.

all other type

d to and only

ics piping is

acceptance

, thermoplas

drain applicat

stics piping,

ls, propertie

g the applica

uct; and in it

idance on th

eters, wall thi

double wall,

iametrical pip

1, which lists

application

iting of new

anizations fo

ates a volum

ics piping. T

omprehensiv

s piping. Th

are fabricated

nufacturers a

gs. These sp

r pressure se

piping Engineer

ds (18,000 m

es of piping

y about one-q

in the smalle

and use of t

stic pipe is av

tions.

discusses

es, standard

ability of ther

ts proper de

hese and rela

icknesses, a

ribbed, and

pe stiffness.

s common s

and gives th

product sta

or the latest s

me of it's ‘‘An

The Plastics

ve listing of

ere are also

d from plasti

and their dist

pecials includ

ervice are of

ring issues

metric tons). B

materials co

quarter of th

er sizes. But

the larger dia

vailable throu

its advanta

ization, des

rmoplastics p

sign and ins

ated subjects

nd designs.

foamed core

standards th

he range of

ndards is a

status. The A

nnual Book o

Pipe Institu

North Ameri

o many comm

cs but which

tributors can

de manholes

ften reinforce

By 1998,

ombined.

hat of the

the very

ameters,

ugh NPS

ges and

ign, and

piping for

stallation.

s.

For non-

e—which

hat cover

nominal

dynamic

American

of ASTM

ute (PPI)

ican and

mercially

h are not

custom-

s for both

ed by an


1377


IJSER

Piping maand prodstandard

ABS,PP and

ASTM D331

ABS and PV

ASTM D268

ASTM F409

ASTM F480

ASTM F149

CSAB181.5

ABS,PVC&C

ASTM F148

ABS ASTM D ASTM D2 ASTM D2 ASTM D2

ASTM D2

ASTM D2 ASTM F6 CSAB18

PA ASTM F1

CSAB13

Pipi

aterial duct d

d PVC

11

VC

80 A

9

0

99

CPVC

88

1527

2282

2468

2661

2750

2751

628

1.1

1733

37.12

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

D

ABS and PVC

Accessib

Thermop

Coextrud

Coextrud

Coextru

ABS Pipe, ABS Pipe, ABS Socke ABSDWV

ABS Utility

ABS Sewe ABS Foam ABSDWV

Butt heat fusio

Polyamide pi

l

ne Design r

A

Subject pabbreviastandard

DWV fittings p

sewer pipe of

construcble and replac

fittings

plastic water w

ded, composi

ded ABS/PVC

uded composi

Schedules 40

dimension rat

et fittings, Sch

pipe and fittin

y conduit and f

er pipe and fitt

m core DWV

pipe and fittin

on fittings for

iping systems

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

Table 1.1

product, or ated title ofd

atterns

f composite w

ction ceable tube an

well casing

te DWV pipe

CDWV pipe

ite pipe

0and80

tio series

hedule 40

gs

fittings

ings

gs

polyamide pip

for gas servic

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

6

Nominsizes range(

1¹⁄₄–

all 4–1

nd 1¹⁄₄–

2–1

1¹⁄₄– 1¹⁄₄–

2–1

¹⁄₈–1

¹⁄₈–1

¹⁄₈–8

1¹⁄₄–

1–6

3–1

1¹⁄₄–

1¹⁄₄–

pe

1/2 –

ce 1/2 –

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

of 47

nal

(in)

8

5

1¹⁄₂

6

–8

–6

12

12

2

8

–6

2

–6

–6

– 48

– 8

piping Engineer

Principleapplicat

Drain, waste

Sewer drain

Drain, waste

Water-well ca

Drain, waste

Drain, waste

Drain, waste sewer

Coldwater; in Coldwater; in Coldwater; in Drain, waste

Electrical du

Sewer drain Drain, waste Drain, waste

Gas distr

Gas distribu

ring issues

e tions

vent

vent

asing

vent

vent

& vent;

ndustrial

ndustrial

ndustrial

& vent

uct

vent

vent

ribution

ution


1378


IJSER

4.

Piping matproduct sta

PE ASTM D210

ASTM D223

ASTM D244

ASTM D260

ASTM D268

ASTM D273

ASTM D303

ASTM D326

PRINCIPLE

Thermoplas

percent of t

percent of

smaller-diam

PEX piping

gas product

also freque

aqueous so

metallic ion

More than

installed un

sewer colle

dwellings ut

Pipi

terial and andard

04

39

47 PE

09

83

37 PE

35

61

E USES

stics piping a

the newly in

rural water

meter piping

are increasi

tion, significa

ently used fo

olutions of c

s.

half the ton

nderground b

ection mains

tilize either P

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

Subject pror abbrevia

PE pipe, Sc

PE pipe, dim

Pipe, Sched

Plastic inse

PE fittings,

tubing

PE pipe, dim

PE fittings,

are routinely

nstalled main

distribution m

g installed fo

ngly used fo

ant quantities

or commercia

corrosive che

nage of all t

building sew

in sizes NP

PVC or ABS

l

ne Design r

A

oduct, ated title of s

chedule 40, I

mension ratio

dules 40 & 8

erts fittings fo

socket fusio

mension ratio

butt fusion ty

used for mu

ns and 90 pe

mains and o

r agricultura

or hot/cold wa

s of PE pipe

al and indus

emicals, slu

thermoplasti

er connectio

PS 4 through

drain, waste

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

Table 1.1

standard

ID based

o series, ID b

0

or PE pipe

n type

o series

ype

ch common

ercent of the

over 40 perc

al and turf irr

ater distributi

e are used to

strial applicat

rries, foods,

c pipes goe

ons are mad

h 18 (DN 10

e, and vent (

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

7

Nom sizes

based

pressure an

e services fo

cent of mun

rigation is m

ing piping fo

o convey wat

tions such a

and substa

es into no pr

e of PVC. P

00 through 4

DWV) piping

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

of 47

minal s range (in)

1⁄2–6

1⁄2–6

1/2–12

1/2–6

1/2 - 4

1/2 –2

1/2 –6

1/2 –48

d no pressur

or gas distrib

icipal mains

ade primarily

r residential

er and well g

as for convey

ances that m

ressure uses

PVC also acc

450). About

g. Most drain

piping Engineer

Principapplica

Cold w

Cold w

Cold w

Cold w

Cold w

Cold w

Cold w

Cold w

re application

bution are m

are made o

y from PE a

and other co

gases. Therm

ying chilled

must remain

s. Over 85 p

counts for a

80 percent

nage systems

ring issues

ple ations

water, industri

water; industri

water; industri

water

water; natural

water

water; industri

water; natural

ns. Approxim

made of PE.

of PVC. Mos

and PVC. CP

onstruction. I

moplastics p

and process

uncontamin

percent of th

similar sha

of new sing

s, including t

ial

ial

ial

gas;

ial

mately 80

Over 90

st of the

PVC and

n oil and

iping are

s waters,

nated by

he newly

re of the

gle-family

those for


1379


IJSER

building fou

PE and PVC

faster grow

alongside a

pipelines by

4.1. Rehab

In one reha

one-half the

host pipe a

1.2)

Pipi

undations, le

C. And both

wing applicati

and under ro

y the insertio

ilitation Tec

abilitation tec

e diameter o

nd then refo

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

aching fields

PVC and PE

ions is the u

oadways (se

on of new PE

chnology

chnology a P

of the host pi

rmed by a c

l

ne Design r

A

s, agriculture

E are increas

use of PE a

ee Fig. 1.1).

E or PVC pipe

PE or PVC p

pe. At the in

combination o

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

e, and road c

singly used fo

nd PVC pipe

Another is

es.

Fig. 1.1

pipe is deform

nstallation sit

of heat and p

Fig. 1.2

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

8

construction

or larger diam

es of profile

the rehabilit

med when m

te, the ‘‘U’’ d

pressure to t

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

of 47

now consist

meter sewers

e wall constr

tation of olde

manufactured

eformed pip

tightly fit the

piping Engineer

t of thermopl

s, drains and

uctions for d

er sewers, d

d into a ‘‘U’’ s

e is pulled th

shape of th

ring issues

lastics piping

d culverts. O

drainage, pa

drains, and

shape appro

hrough the d

e host pipe (

g, mostly

ne of the

articularly

pressure

oximately

damaged

(see Fig.


1380


IJSER

5.

5.1

5.2

ADVANTAG

A number oso many pre

. Advantage

The most

moisture. T

environmen

Thermoplas

electrolytes

In sum, the

service. Th

coating, gal

Another Pr

handling, st

friction facto

slurries that

High deform

particularly

activate add

deformation

magnitude t

Thermoplas

of other ma

consideratio

. Limitations

The Princip

of mechanic

As a result

plastics qua

(149_C).

Pipi

GES AND LI

of important essures and

es

universally r

Thermoplasti

ntal corrosion

stics, being

such as acid

ermoplastics

his has resu

vanizing, ele

rinciple adva

torage, and

ors and very

t can rapidly

mation capa

for undergro

ditional and s

n results in

that could fra

stics piping, p

aterials. In t

on is given to

s

ple limitations

cal properties

, their prima

alify for hot

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

IMITATIONS

performance no pressure

recognized a

cs piping a

n of metals.

nonconduct

ds, bases, a

are not sub

lted in negl

ectroplating,

antage offere

installation,

low tendenc

abrade hard

city without

ound service

substantial s

a pipe-soil

acture strong

particularly in

the larger s

o their lower

s of thermop

s to tempera

ary use is fo

water servic

l

ne Design r

A

S

e advantagese uses.

advantage i

are not subj

ors, are imm

nd salts. In a

bject to corro

igible costs

wrapping, an

ed by therm

as well as

cy to fouling.

der materials

fracture—or

e. In respons

support from

structure tha

ger but less s

n the sizes u

izes, thermo

operating an

lastics arise

ature.

or gravity an

ce, and there

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

s have spark

s the piping

ect to surfa

mune to the

addition, plas

osion in mo

for mainten

nd cathodic p

moplastics is

in lower tra

They also o

.

r strain abilit

se to earth lo

the surroun

at is capabl

stainable ma

under around

oplastic swill

nd maintenan

from their re

d lower-pres

e are some

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

9

ked the wide

g’s virtual fr

ace attacks

e electroche

stics pipe ma

st environme

nance and e

protection.

s their lower

ansportation

offer very goo

ty (Janson)—

oading, burie

ding soil. Th

le of suppor

terials.

d NPS 18 (DN

l oftentimes

nce costs an

elatively low

ssure applica

specialty ma

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

of 47

spread ado

reedom from

in any way

emical-based

aterials are n

ents in both

external prot

r specific gr

costs. The

od abrasion r

—is another

ed flexible pip

his capability

rting earth f

N 450), can

overcomes

nd longer life.

strength and

ations at ne

aterials that

piping Engineer

ption of ther

m attack by

y comparab

d corrosion

not vulnerable

h abovegroun

tection such

ravity, which

smooth pipe

resistance, e

important p

pes deform (

to activate a

fills and surf

be competit

a first-cost

.

d stiffness a

ear ambient

can be use

ring issues

rmoplastics p

ambient wa

le to the ru

process ind

e to biologica

nd and unde

as painting

h results in

e surfaces y

even when co

performance

(deflect) and

additional su

face live loa

tive in cost

disadvantag

nd greater s

temperature

ed to close t

piping for

ater and

usting or

uced by

al attack.

erground

g, plastic

ease of

yield low

onveying

feature,

d thereby

upport by

ads of a

to piping

ge when

ensitivity

s. Some

to 300_F


1381


IJSER

Notwithstan

of applicatio

5.3. Requir

Successful

the relative

temperature

strain capa

environmen

another (fo

depending

branching,

modifiers, a

properties o

and it goes

specification

Compared t

For exampl

recognized

may require

to be given

movements

thermoplast

Since therm

regulations.

placing of t

penetrates t

Pipi

nding these r

ons.

rements for

design with

ely simple s

e and enviro

acity, and o

nt influence

r example,

on the spec

and extent o

and the proc

of thermopla

without say

ns creator, d

to traditional

le, the therm

both in desi

e frequent us

n to proper p

s that may

tics should b

moplastics a

. Constructio

hermoplastic

through such

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

restrictions, t

successful

thermoplasti

stress/strain

onment, can

ther enginee

ultimate me

between PV

cific nature o

of copolyme

cessing cond

astic piping, p

ying that for

designer, and

piping mate

mal expansio

ign and insta

se of expans

pipe restrain

be induced

be positioned

are combusti

on and build

cs piping ins

h structures.

l

ne Design r

A

thermoplastic

design

ics requires

relationship

have a profo

ering prope

chanical pro

VC and PE)

of the polym

erization with

ditions. Thes

particularly w

effective des

d user.

erials, thermo

on rate can b

allation, part

ion loops or

nt because t

d by sudde

d or protected

ible, their us

ing codes a

side suitable

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

cs piping sat

recognition o

that is cha

ound effect o

rties. The e

operties varie

but can als

mer (e.g., mo

h other mono

se factors m

when definin

sign and ins

oplastics hav

be from 6 to

icularly for a

pipe support

the low mas

en changes

d against pos

se in certain

address thes

fire-resistan

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

10

tisfy the perf

of their visco

aracteristic o

on their stres

extent to wh

es not only

so significan

olecular weig

omers), the

must be reco

ng allowable

tallation, the

ve high coeff

o 10 times g

aboveground

ts. For above

ss of thermo

in the flui

ssible accide

n locations m

se concerns

nt walls and

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

0 of 47

formance req

elastic natur

of metals. D

ss-strain res

hich duration

from one cl

ntly differ wi

ght, molecula

type and qu

gnized when

stress, strai

ey must be g

ficients of the

reater than t

applications

eground pipi

oplastics pro

d flow velo

ental mechan

may be limit

through var

chases and

piping Engineer

quirements fo

re. These ma

Duration of

ponse, ruptu

n of loading

ass of therm

thin the sam

ar weight di

uantity of po

n characteriz

n, and uppe

given conside

ermal expans

that of meta

s where resu

ng more atte

vides less in

ocity. Additio

nical damage

ted by fire s

rious require

the use of f

ring issues

ora very broa

aterials do no

loading, as

ure strength,

g, temperatu

moplastic ma

me generic

stribution, d

olymer addit

zing the eng

er temperatu

eration by th

sion and con

al pipe. This

ultant piping

ention may a

nertia agains

onally, abov

e.

safety conce

ments, inclu

fire stops wh

ad range

ot exhibit

well as

ultimate

ure, and

aterial to

material,

egree of

ives and

gineering

re limits;

he piping

ntraction.

must be

reaction

also need

st piping

veground

erns and

uding the

hen pipe


1382


IJSER

6.

THERMOP

6.1. Polyme

The term po

or network

referred to a

Polymers u

longer-term

Molecule si

molecule. S

expressed b

significant i

tend to be

distribution.

proper fabr

molecular c

closely the

mechanical

reaction, ca

polyethylen

propylene,

polymer stil

Principlely t

on enginee

partial copo

6.1

Che

phy

the

spa

poly

Pipi

LASTIC PIP

ers Definitio

olymer (from

structure of

as synthetic

sed for engi

m strength, du

ize is denote

Since all the

by the polym

nfluence on

of relatively

. However, t

ication of the

chains that o

polymer mo

properties.

atalysts use

e pipe polym

butene, pen

ll falls under

the number

ring propertie

olymers.

.1 Chemical

emical geom

ysical arrang

long molecu

aghetti in a

ymer molecu

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

PING MATER

on

m the Greek p

macromolec

polymers. Po

neering appl

uctility, and to

ed by molec

e molecules

mer’s average

a number of

y high molec

he molecula

e end produc

occasionally

olecules can

The length a

ed, and by

mers are in fa

ntene, and h

the classific

of short bran

es. Many co

l geometry

metry, some

ement of mo

ules in polym

bowl. This

ules to one

l

ne Design r

A

RIALS

poly, meanin

cules that ar

olymers whic

lications con

oughness.

cular weight,

in a polyme

e molecular

f physical an

cular weight

ar weight can

ct. Another m

branch out

n lie next to

and frequenc

the copolym

act copolyme

hexene. Altho

cation of poly

nches along

mmercial po

etimes referr

olecules to on

mers tend to a

random arra

another and

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

ng ‘‘many,’’ a

re produced

ch are the ba

nsist of relativ

, which is th

er are not of

weight. The

nd mechanica

(generally o

nnot be so la

molecular str

from the ma

each other,

cy of polyme

merization w

ers of ethyle

ough the am

yethylene, it

the linear m

olymers, inclu

red to as p

ne another a

align themse

angement is

d their phys

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

11

and mer mea

either natura

ase material

vely long mo

he sum of th

f the same s

nature of th

al properties

over 100,000

arge as to re

ructural para

ain polymer

which has

er branches

with other th

ne with sma

mount of oth

is enough to

molecular ch

uding polypro

olymer arch

and, thereby,

elves near ea

referred to

sical entangl

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

1 of 47

aning ‘‘unit’’)

ally or that a

for plastics a

olecules in or

he atomic ma

size, the deg

e distribution

s. Thermopla

0) and of rel

esult in a me

ameter is the

chain. Thes

an influence

may be con

han the Pri

all amounts o

her monome

o modify the

ains—and th

opylene (PP)

hitecture, als

the polymer

ach other in a

as the amo

ement gives

piping Engineer

is used to d

are made by

are oftentime

rder to yield

asses of all

gree of polym

n of molecula

astics used fo

latively narro

elt viscosity

e length and

se branches

e on the pol

ntrolled by co

nciple mono

of other olefin

rs used is lo

e polymer’s m

hereby exert

) and polybu

so helps de

r’s physical p

a random sym

orphous sta

s rise to me

ring issues

enote the lo

y man. The l

es termed res

satisfactory

the elemen

merization is

ar sizes also

or piping app

ow molecula

so high as t

frequency o

help determ

lymer’s phys

onditions of c

omer. For e

n monomers

ow, and the

molecular str

t significant i

utylene (PB),

etermine the

properties. G

mmetry anal

te. The prox

echanical for

ng-chain

atter are

sins.

levels of

ts in the

s usually

o bears a

plications

ar weight

to hinder

of shorter

mine how

sical and

chemical

example,

such as

ereby the

ructure—

nfluence

are also

relative

enerally,

ogous to

ximity of

rces that


1383


IJSER

gre

am

6.2. Plastic

Plastics are

categories,

hardened b

advantage o

6.2

Add

or s

pro

pro

The

Add

enh

pro

Pipi

atly account

orphous mat

cs Composit

e compound

thermoplas

by cooling, t

of this capab

.1. Plastics

ditives are in

service. The

perties; the

perties to ac

e main kinds

Heat stabiliz

Antioxidants

Ultraviolet s

and weathe

Lubricants.

through die

Pigments. T

Processing

homogeniza

Property mo

Fillers. Mos

to modify pr

ditives are e

hance certai

tection durin

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

t for a polym

terials.

tion materia

ds of resins

tics and the

they can be

bility.

Additives

corporated i

e precise na

processing

chieve certain

of additives

zers. To prot

s. To protect

screens or st

er-exposed s

To facilitate

s and other s

To give the p

aids. To fa

ation of mate

odifiers. To e

st often used

rocessing ch

essential com

in properties

ng fabricatio

l

ne Design r

A

mer’s mecha

als

s and additiv

ermosets. Si

shaped int

nto a thermo

ature and am

method use

n aesthetic, p

that may be

tect the plast

t against oxid

tabilizers. To

ervice.

e and impro

surfaces.

product a dist

acilitate mate

erial and its p

enhance a pa

to reduce v

haracteristics

mponents of

s, give a p

on and serv

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

anical prope

ves. As pre

nce thermop

o articles by

oplastics com

mounts of th

d to convert

performance

e used in ther

tic against th

dation during

o protect aga

ove fabricati

tinctive color

erial mixing

properties.

articular prop

olume cost;

s.

most therm

product a di

ice. There a

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

12

erties. PVC

eviously expl

plastics are

y operations

mposition to a

hese additiv

t it to a finis

e, or econom

rmoplastic pi

hermal degra

g processing

inst ultraviole

ion by redu

r.

and fusion d

perty such as

however, fille

oplastic pipi

stinctive ap

are only a f

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

2 of 47

and ABS ar

lained, plast

capable of

s such as m

achieve spec

es depends

shed article;

ic objectives

iping compos

adation, parti

and when in

et radiation i

cing viscosit

during proce

s impact stre

ers may also

ng composit

pearance a

few thermop

piping Engineer

re polymers

tics are divi

being softe

molding or e

cific purpos

on the plas

and any de

s.

sitions includ

cularly durin

n service.

n sunlight du

ty and lesse

essing and t

ength or flexib

o be used to

tions. They

nd color, an

plastics [e.g.

ring issues

that are es

ided into tw

ned by hea

xtrusion, wh

es during fa

stic and its

sired modific

de the followi

g processing

uring outdoor

ening frictio

thereby optim

bility.

increase stif

facilitate pro

nd provide

., certain flu

ssentially

wo broad

ating and

hich take

abrication

inherent

cation of

ing:

g.

r storage

nal drag

mize the

ffness or

ocessing,

required

uorinated


1384


IJSER

poly

add

The

effe

rup

can

use

inte

exa

the

bas

ato

arra

mo

hea

6.2

Cerpolyporcrystounatsom

6.2

Cerpolyporcrystounatsom

Theaddgrocomissu

Pipi

ymers such

ditive becaus

e precise nat

ect on engin

ture strength

n compromis

e of a filler o

ernal faults, t

ample is the

reby make i

se polymer u

ms, from wh

angement by

lecular struc

avier the mol

.2. Crystallin

rtain other pymer chainsrtions lie in stalline regioghness. Theure of the int

mewhat contr

.3. Thermop

rtain other pymer chainsrtions lie in stalline regioghness. Theure of the int

mewhat contr

e many posditives that caup such as

mpositions isued by the

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

as polyviny

se they alrea

ture and qua

neering prop

h under long

se the natura

of a coarse

that can com

excessive

t less creep

used in a pla

hich the pol

y which the

ctural param

ecule.

ne Thermop

polymers, sus organize ththe amorphoons have sige extent of cterconnectivrolled by tailo

plastics Mat

polymers, sus organize ththe amorphoons have sige extent of cterconnectivrolled by tailo

ssible variatian be used, s polyvinyl s, understandAmerican S

l

ne Design r

A

ylidene fluori

dy have suff

antities of add

erties, such

g term loadin

al resistance

r grade, or

mpromise lon

use of liquid

p-resistant an

astics piping

lymer is ma

e polymer’s

eter is the l

plastics mat

ch as PE, Phemselves inous regionsgnificant inflcrystallizationity network ooring molecu

erials

ch as PE, Phemselves inous regionsgnificant inflcrystallizationity network ooring molecu

ons in polyresult in a gchloride (PVdably, not a ociety for T

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

ide (PVDF)]

ficient natura

ditives that c

as rigidity,

g, and fatigu

e of polymers

its inadequa

g term stren

d stabilizers

nd more sen

g composition

de, but are

atoms are c

ength of the

terials

PP, PB, and n close and v. The stronguence over n and the siof moleculesular architect

PP, PB, and n close and v. The stronguence over n and the siof moleculesular architect

mer structurreat diversityVC) or polysimple task.

Testing and

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

13

that do not

al thermal sta

can be used

impact stren

ue enduranc

s to very stro

ate dispersio

ngth, ductility

or lubricant

nsitive to tem

n are not on

also profou

combined to

e molecular

PVDF, are very well ordger physicalmechanical ze and natu running fromture.

PVDF, are very well ordger physicalmechanical ze and natu running fromture.

re, combiney of plastic coyethylene (P. The primaryMaterials (A

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

3 of 47

t require the

ability and ag

for piping co

ngth, chemic

e. For exam

ong acids or

on can introd

y, toughness,

ts, which ten

mperature. A

nly determine

undly influen

o form a ma

chain. The

partly crystadered arrang bonds in thproperties s

ure of the crm one crysta

partly crystadered arrang bonds in thproperties s

ure of the crm one crysta

d with the ompositions,

PE). The dey standard p

ASTM). The

piping Engineer

e incorporati

ging and wea

ompositions a

cal resistanc

mple, the use

r bases. Als

duce physic

, and fatigue

nds to plasti

Additionally, t

ed by the ch

ced by the

acromolecule

longer the c

alline materigements callhe well-ordesuch as strerystalline regalline region

alline materigements callhe well-ordesuch as strerystalline regalline region

different typ, even withinefining and plastic materfirst ASTM

ring issues

ion of some

athering resis

are delimited

ce, creep res

of an inorga

o, too much

cal discontinu

e endurance.

icize the pla

the propertie

hemical elem

specific geo

e. A most im

chain, the la

als. Portionsled crystalliteered, closelyength, stiffnegions, as weto another c

als. Portionsled crystalliteered, closelyength, stiffnegions, as weto another c

pes and amn a particular

classifying rial specificatstandards c

e type of

stance.

d by their

sistance,

anic filler

filler, or

uities, or

Another

astic and

es of the

ments, or

ometrical

mportant

rger and

s of their es; other y packed ess, and

ell as the an all be

s of their es; other y packed ess, and

ell as the an all be

ounts of polymer of such

tions are classified


1385


IJSER

7.

plaswithASTis g

6.2

All t

ForPolpro

Pro

Den

Me

Flex

Ten

Restest

Hyd

Altha bdeffurtstreload

A bpipispe

COMMONL

7.1. Polyvin

PVC is uselow pressur

Pipi

stic materialsh the growinTM standard

given a prope

.4. Cell clas

the resultant

r example inyethylene Pperties that f

operty

nsity:

lt index:

xural modulu

nsile strength

sistance to st method B, C

drostatic des

hough this nebroader arrayfinitive predicther informatength under ding, or to ch

brief descriping products ecialty piping

LY USED TH

nyl Chloride

d for potablere and tempe

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

s by a ‘‘Typeng need to bds have adoperty cell num

sification

t property ce

accordancePlastics Pipe fall within the

us:

h at yield:

low crack Condition C]

sign basis

ewer cell-typy of significactor of longeion. For exalong-term lohemical envi

tion of the mmade from t products are

HERMOPLAS

e (PVC) Pipe

e water and erature rating

l

ne Design r

A

e, Grade, anbetter definepted a cell cber dependin

ll numbers (t

e with the ceand Fitting

e following ra

Require

Cell 2 o

Cell 3 o

Cell 4 o

Cell 4 o

Cell 2 o

Cell 4 o

pe format is aant property

er-term perfomple, two PEading that reronments.

major materthese materie also offere

STIC PIPES

e

drainage sysg and very po

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

nd Class ‘sye plastic matlassification ng on the pro

there can be

ell classificatMaterials,’’

ange of value

ement

of property 1

of property 2

of property 3

of property 4

of property 5

of property 6

a major imprand perform

ormance propE materials wesponds som

rials used foials, and thei

ed from these

stems. It is ooor resistanc

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

14

stem in accoterials by msystem wheoperty value

as many as

ion system oClass 2344

es:

[0.926 to 0.9

[_0.4 to 0.15

[80,000 to _

[3000 to _35

[50 percent

[1600 psi or

rovement in cmance charaperties. The with the sam

mewhat differ

or thermoplair applicatione materials.

one of the mce to solvents

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

4 of 47

ordance withore than jus

ereby each o.

s needed) are

of ASTM D3424 polyethy

940 g/cm3]

5 g/10 min]

_110,000 psi,

500 psi, 21 to

max failure

r 11 MPa] at

classifying aacteristics, itmanufacturee ASTM marently to incre

astics piping ns, are identif

most widely us.

piping Engineer

h three key pst three propof a number o

e then listed

3350, ‘‘Standylene design

, 550 to760 M

o _24MPa]

after 24grow

23_C

nd specifyingt may not aer may haveterial cell claeasing temp

follows. Thefied in Table

used of the p

ring issues

properties. Hperties, a nuof primary p

in a specifie

dard Specificates a mate

MPa]

wths: hrs, wh

g piping matlways be su

e to be consassification mperature, or to

e Principle se 1.1. Nonsta

plastic pipes.

However, umber of roperties

d order.

cation for erial with

en using

terials by ufficiently sulted for may have o fatigue

standard andard or

. It has a


1386


IJSER

In its virgin by the addias luggageextrusion anfor the extrdifferentiateUPVC, or roffers the hplastic mateand vent (Davailable inother plastic

PVC pipingby thermal f

PVC pipingingredients.additives armay be subare generalgenerally veoptimize a radditives mresultant prsystem. On(Vinyl Chlorprimary protension, Deproperties. materials.

Example fo

The mannePVC materifollowing:

Property Re

Base resin:

Impact stren

Tensile stre

Modulus of

Pipi

state PVC istion of plasti

e, upholsterynd molding erusion of thee these newrigid PVC. Thhighest strenerial for both

DWV); sewag a much broac.

is joined prifusion, its me

g is made on. To minimizre used in prbject to mechlly liquids) aery finely divrigid PVC coay often reqroperties, AS

ne of these isride) Compo

operties. Theeflection temThese prop

r classificatio

er in which a ial which, acc

equirement

ngth N-m/mm

ength:

elasticity in t

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

s a transluceicizers, and y, garden hoequipment, ae much mor

wer UN plasthese designgth and stiffn

h pressure age and drainaader range o

marily by twelt viscosity i

nly from rigize adverse ressure pipehanical abusre sometime

vided calciumomposition fouire a trade-STM has ess ASTM D17

ounds,’’ whichese four propmperature unperties are c

on system ac

rigid PVC mcording to Ta

m] :

tension: min

l

ne Design r

A

ent, colorlessthe resultantose, wire coand in the avre viscous, ticized compations are sness at the lnd non-presage; well casof pipe sizes

wo techniquesis too high fo

d compoundeffects on

e compoundsse, small quaes incorporatm carbonate—or its intendedoff with somestablished tw784, ‘‘Standah classifies Pperties are Bnder load, anclassified ac

ccording to A

material is ideables of AST

imum]

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

s, rigid polymt compositiooating, floor vailability of mrigid compos

positions fromstill often useleast volumesure piping. sing; electric and wall thic

s, solvent ceor making rel

ds containinglong term ss. To improvantities of solted into the —is added. Cd applicatione other propwo material ard SpecificaPVC materia

Base resin, Imnd Chemicacording to c

ASTM D1784

entified by thTM D1784, w

Cell 1 of pro

Cell 2 of pro

Cell 4 of pro

Cell 5 of pro

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

15

mer. When Pns were primtiles, and l

more effectivsitions whichm the early ed. Of the coe cost, whichMajor uses conduit; and

cknesses, fit

ementing andiably strong

g no plasticitrength and

ve impact strlid polymericcomposition

Combinationsn. The enhanerty. For thespecification

ation for Rigials in accordampact strengl resistance cell system

4:

his classificatwould have to

operty 1 [pol

operty 2 [0.6

operty 3 [7,0

operty 4 [400

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

5 of 47

PVC was firstmarily used ilaboratory tu

ve stabilizer ah are the oplasticized v

ommonly avah accounts foinclude wate

d power and ttings, valves

d elastomericjoints under

izers and rechemical re

rength for coc impact mod. When imprs of these anncement of a defining of rns based ond Poly (Vinyance with thgth, Tensile

is the fifth according to

tion system o meet the fo

y (vinyl chlor

65 ft-lbf/in, m

000 psi, minim

0,000 psi, or

piping Engineer

t commercian the manufubing. Subsand lubricationly ones suversions theailable thermor its havinger mains; irricommunicat

s, and appurt

c seals. Althofield conditio

latively smaesistance, m

onduit and otdifiers (but noroved stiffnend other adda particular prigid PVC con the properyl Chloride) ae nature of tstrength, Moproperty in o ASTM D1

is illustrated ollowing prop

ride) photopo

inimum, 0.03

mum or 48 M

2.8 GPa

ring issues

alized it was facture of suequent advaon additives,itable for pi

ey were idenmoplastics, ri become theigation; draintions ductingtenances tha

ough it can bons.

all quantities minimal quanther applicatot plasticizerss is desireditives can beroperty by thmpositions brty cell classand Chlorinathe polymer odulus of elaaddition to 784 tables

by a Class perty requirem

olymer]

35

MPa]

softened ch items ances in , allowed ping. To

ntified as igid PVC e leading n, waste, g. PVC is an in any

be joined

of other ntities of ions that rs, which d, filler—e used to he use of based on sification

ated Poly and four

asticity in first four for PVC

12454-B ments as


1387


IJSER

Deflection t

Chemical rerequiremen

Most PVC maximize lomodifiers.

For pressuadditional mwith a specMethod forintended forequiremenFoundation

Most ASTMnumber, of D1784 andhydrostatic

In accordanwhich referASTM D283system:

1. PVCHDS of 2,00

2. PVCHDS of 1,00

3. PVCrecommend

Since by thHDBs for thThe Plasticchoices of satisfy bothis listed in Stresses foingredients

The other PRelated Pla

Pipi

emperature

esistance: ts.

pressure pipong-term str

re pipe appmaterial requcified minimur Obtaining r the transpots designed Standard 61

M and a numwhich the f the last twodesign stres

nce with ASTs to the mat37. The follo

C 1120 is a 00 psi (13.8

C 2110 is a 00 psi (6.9 M

C 2116 is aded HDS of 1

he ASTM conhese materiacs Pipe Institingredients a

h the short- aPPI TR-3, ‘

or Thermoplthat have be

PVC materialastic Compo

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

under load:

Must meet

pe is made rength, gene

plications, thuirement. All um long-termthe Hydrostort of potableto protect wa

1 for potable

mber of other first two digito identify, in

ss (HDS) for

TM conventioterial’s long-t

owing list des

Type 1, GraMPa.) for wa

Type 2, GraMPa).

a Type 2, G1,600 psi (11

nvention the als are 4,000ute (PPI) listand formulatand long-term‘Policies andlastic Pipe een validated

l specificatioounds for No

l

ne Design r

A

the minimum

from materiaerally is form

he cell classPVC pressu

m strength thatatic Design e water alsoater quality mwater).

PVC pressuts designaten hundreds water at 73.4

on, the maxiterm hydrostscribes the m

de 1 PVC mater at 73.4_

de 1 PVC m

Grade 1 PVC1 MPa).

maximum r0 psi (27.6 Mts a generic tion quantitiem requiremend ProcedureMaterials,’’

d by means o

n is ASTM Don- Pressure

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

Cell 4 of pro

m requireme

als that meemulated with

sification sysure pipe stanat has been

Basis for To require thamatching wit

ure pipe stane its type anof pounds p4_F (23_C).

imum HDS istatic strength

most common

material (miniF (23_C).

material (minim

C material (

ecommendeMPa), 2,000

PVC 1120 fes that have nts establish

es for Develois periodica

of both short

D4396, ‘‘Stane Piping Prod

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

16

operty 5 [158

ents listed un

et the minimminimal qua

stem of ASTndards requiestablished Thermoplastt the materiah NSF 61 st

ndards identd grade in a

per square in

s one-half thh (LTHS) can PVC stress

mum cell cla

mum cell cla

(same minim

ed HDS is onpsi (13.8 Mformulation tbeen determ

hed for this moping Recomally updated -term and lo

ndard Specifiducts’’ As in

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

6 of 47

8_F (70_C),

nder Suffix B

um requiremantities of pr

TM D1784 re that the pin accordanc

tic Pipe Matal meet certaandard for p

ify PVC streaccordance nch, the ma

he material’sategory whens-rated mate

ass 12454-B)

ass 14333-D)

mum cell cla

ne-half the mPa), and 3,2that providesmined to allomaterial classmmended Hy

to include ng term tests

cation for Rindicated by

piping Engineer

minimum]

B in accorda

ments of cellrocessing ad

is often compipe be madce with ASTterials.’’ Staain minimum

potable water

ss-rated mawith the old

aterial’s maxi

s hydrostatic n establishederials covere

) with a max

) with a max

ass as abov

material’s HD200 psi (22.1s for certain ow the formusification. Thydrostatic St

any new as.

gid Polyvinyits title, this

ring issues

nce to ASTM

l 12454-C, wdditives and

mplemented e from a forM D2837, ‘‘Sndards for

m chemical er (National S

terials by a fer editions oimum recom

design basisd in accordad by this des

ximum recom

ximum recom

ve) with a m

DB, it follows1 MPa), resp

specified alulated compohis formulatiotrengths andalternate ch

l Chloride (Pspecification

M D1784

which, to property

by one rmulation Standard products

extraction Sanitation

four-digit of ASTM

mmended

s (HDB), ance with signation

mmended

mmended

maximum

s that the pectively. ternative ounds to

on, which d Design oices of

PVC) and n covers


1388


IJSER

compoundsmost of the

PVC pipe a

1. ASTM D

2. ASTM D

3. ASTM D

4. ASTM D

5. ASTM D

7.2. Chlorin

CPVC is uswhere a stro

As implied including sincreases tCPVC can applicationsdomestic hocan take ad

CPVC materated produdesignationrecognized ASTM D178(23_C) in aelevated-temrecommend

CPVC pipe

1. ASTM F

2. ASTM D

3. ASTM F

4. CPVC 4

Pipi

s only intendsame prima

nd fittings m

D 1785, PVC

D 2241, PVC

D 2466, PVC

D 2467, Sock

D 2665, PVC

nated Polyv

sed for potabonger piping

by its nametrength and his material’be used up

s. Principle uot water and

dvantage of it

erials are alsucts identify

n with the mstress-rated84 with a ma

accordance wmperature sded HDS of 5

and fittings m

441, CPVC

D 2846, CPVC

439, Socket

120material

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

ed for no prary classificat

ust conform

Plastic Pipe

Pressure-Ra

Plastic Pipe

ket-Type PVC

Drain, Wast

vinyl Chlorid

ble water and system with

e, CPVC is stiffness a’s maximumto nearly 20

uses for CPVd cold waterts elevated-t

so classifiedy stress-ratematerial’s md CPVC desigaximum recowith ASTM Dservice, such500 psi (3.5 M

must conform

Plastic Pipe

C Plastic Ho

t-Type CPVC

in accordanc

l

ne Design r

A

ressure usestion propertie

to the follow

, Schedules

ated Pipe (S

Fittings, Sch

C Plastic Pipe

e and Vent P

de (CPVC) P

d drainage sh higher pres

a chemical t ambient te operating t00_F (93_C)

VC in additionr piping, resitemperature

d by ASTM Dd materials

maximum recgnation is CPommended hD2837. In adh as for hot MPa) (equiva

m to the follo

e, Schedules

t and Cold W

C Plastic Pip

ce with ASTM

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

s. It is similares.

wing standard

40, 80, and

DR Series)

hedule 40

e Fittings, Sc

Pipe and Fitt

ipe:

systems. It hassure and tem

modificationemperature. temperature ) for pressurn to mentioneidential fire-scapabilities a

D1784. Simiby a four-d

commended PVC 4120, shydrostatic dddition, mostwater piping

alent to an H

owing standa

40 and 80 (I

Water Distribu

e Fittings, Sc

M D1784

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

17

r to D1784 in

ds:

120

chedule 80

ings

as the samemperature ra

n of PVC. It But the ex

limit by abore uses and ed uses abosprinkling pipand superior

lar to PVC, digit number

HDS for wsignifying a Tdesign stresst CPVC pipeg, require th

HDB of 1,000

ards:

IPS)

ution System

chedule 80

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

7 of 47

n that it is a

characteristatings is requ

is very simxtra chlorineout 50_F (28up to about2

ove (potable wping, and mar chemical re

most CPVCr that comb

water at 73.Type IV, Gras of 2,000 pse standards hat the CPV0psi or 6.9 M

ms

piping Engineer

lso based on

tics as thoseuired.

milar to PVC e in CPVC’s8_C) above 210_F (100_water and drany industria

esistance.

C standards bines the old.4_F (23_C)

ade 1 materiasi(13.8 MPa)that cover p

VC material hPa) for wate

ring issues

n the cell for

e of PVC and

in many prs chemical sthat for PVC

_C) for non-rainage systeal application

that cover pder type an).Currently, al in accorda) for water aproducts intehave no lessr at 180_F (8

rmat and

d is used

roperties, structure C. Thus, pressure ems) are ns which

pressure-nd grade the only

ance with at 73.4_F ended for s than a 82_C).


1389


IJSER

7.3. Polypr

Polypropyleresistant, anin the case

Because ofwhere theseapplicationsproduct linelaboratoriescorrosive chand fittingspressure pip

PolypropyleExtrusion Monly modertend to be lefor pipe.

7.4. Acrylo

ABS is widemade by eit

ABS plasticacrylonitrilecontribute sextrude.

The ABS fathey are comanufacturtemperaturepiping, primresistant, anresistant co

ABS mater(ABS) Plas(toughness)resistance)—

Pipi

ropylene (PP

ene is a polnd lighter in of PE, PP ca

f its greater e qualities as for corrosive of PP corrs and hospithemicals und are availabpe; all availa

ene materialMaterials,’’ intrate toughneess rigid and

onitrile-Butad

ely used as ther solvent c

cs are made with butadstrength, rigi

amily coversombined can re of drain-we toughness,

marily for wand more eco

omposition is

rials are classtics,’’ in acc), tensile st—is accorde

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

P) Pipe:

lyolefin similweight, but lan be joined

stiffness andare advantagve drainage rosive drainatals, and for der pressureble through able products

s are classito two types

ess. Type II cd strong but h

diene-Styre

drainage pipcement or th

by combinindiene. The dity, and ha

s a wide rangbe varied to

waste-vent (, and the abiter service a

onomical PVCcurrently ma

ssified by Acordance wtress at yieled a cell num

l

ne Design r

A

lar in propeless tough. Itto itself by s

d better toleeous (e.g., fpiping, for wage piping mchemical m

e. For this apNPS 6 (DN

s are propriet

ified by AST. Type I covcovers matehave improve

ne (ABS) Pi

pe and is avhreaded conn

ng styrene-abutadiene c

ardness. The

ge of materio produce a(DWV) pipinlity to make applications, C. However,arketed in Eu

ASTM D1788ith the cell ld (short-term

mber dependi

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

rties to hight is also simi

socket fusion

erance to elefor abovegrowhich PP offemade from a

manufacturingpplication, so 150). At ptary.

TM D4101, ers materials

erials (copolyed toughnes

pe:

vailable in Scnections. On

acrylonitrile ccopolymers

e result is a

als. The prowide range

ng, for whicfast-setting sbut it has b

compressedurope and th

8, ‘‘Standardclass forma

m strength)ng on the pro

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

18

h-density PEilar to PE in , butt fusion,

evated tempeound piping afers better soaflame-retardg. Another Pocket fusion resent there

‘‘Standard Ss that have tymers of pross, particularl

chedules 40 ly Schedule

copolymers wimpart tougtough, relati

oportions of tof end prop

ch it offers solvent cemebeen largely d-air piping me United Sta

d Specificatiat by which , and deflecoperty value

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

8 of 47

E but somewits chemical , and electro

eratures PP=and for the colvent resistadant grade Principle appsystems of p

e are no con

Specification the highest ropylene with y at lower te

and 80 with80 can be th

with copolymghness, whively strong

the basic coperties. A ma

good rigidityented joints.

displaced bmade from aates.

on for Rigideach of th

ction tempe.

piping Engineer

what harder,resistance afusion.

= is sometimconveying of ance than eiof material plication for pressure-ratensensus sta

for Polyprorigidity and s

ethylene or emperatures.

plain or sochreaded.

mers formed ile the acryplastic that

omponents aajor use of Ay, temperatuABS has be

by the stronga proprietary

d Acrylonitrilree propertirature unde

ring issues

, more tempand heat fusi

mes chosen f hot fluids). ither ABS oris offered foPP is for coed PP pipe andards cove

opylene Moldstrength but t

other olefin Both types a

cket ends. Jo

by reacting ylonitrile copis easy to m

and the way ABS for pipe ure resistanen used for

ger, more chextra-tough,

e-Butadienees—impact

er load (tem

perature-ibility. As

over PE Principle r PVC. A or use in onveying and pipe ering PP

ding and that offer s) which are used

oints are

styrene-polymers mold and

in which is in the ce, low-pressure hemically , shatter-

e-Styrene strength

mperature


1390


IJSER

The ASTM 2, which sig(82_C) defle

ABS pipe aand Fitting.

7.5. Polyeth

This materiaretardant mjoints, or me

Polyethylenmedium-deMost presslower end oflexibility, an

PE, which ipipe materifracture und‘‘squeezed-prone to fai

These two current new

PE pipes aled to their The high stwhere axiamethane coriver crossin

PE pipe is alength by thhave evolveprocedure, relieved by inside the ein (100 mmhundreds odiameter. Palso availab

Pipi

specificationgnifies the foection tempe

nd fittings m

hylene (PE)

al is widely umaterial and aechanical-typ

ne polymers nsity, somewure pipe is mof the high-dnd long-term

s somewhat al, primarily der the expa-off’’ (clampelure by a rap

last-named w installations

lso have supuse for applitrain ability al bending a

ollection systngs, and outf

also used forhe butt-fusioned by whichor by foldina combinat

existing pipe.) although pif feet and so

PE pipe is reable for joining

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

n for ABS DWollowing minierature, and

ust conform

Pipe:

used for chemare availablepe joints. (On

used for pwhat stiffer amade of matensity mater

m strength. No

less strong because of

ansive actioned tightly) bypidly running

characterists of piping fo

perior fatigueications suchand fracture nd diametricems for solidfall pipes dis

r the rehabilin method areh, for ease og the pipe iion of heatin. The low stifipe up to NPometimes ovadily heat-fusg pipe by the

l

ne Design r

A

WV pipe requmum proper4,000 psi (2.

to ASTM Sta

mical drainage in Schedulnly Schedule

iping are cland less-flexterials of denrials. This rao pressure p

and less rigiits toughnesn of freezingy suitable pro

crack.

tics are impoor gas distribu

e enduranceh as ins eweresistance ocal deflectiond-waste sitesscharging tre

tation of old e pulled, or sof insertion, into a U-shang and internffness of PE

PS 6 (DN 150ver a thousansible and can

e socket fusio

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

uires that therties: notch im.8 MPa) tens

andard D 26

ge piping syse 40 or 80.

e 80 can be t

assified intoible form; annsities lying ange has esta

pipe is primar

id than PVC ss, ductility, ag water. In aocedures, to

ortant reasoution.

. This featurr force mains

of PE have len are anticips, pipes instaated effluent

pipelines. Lesometimes pthe diamete

ape. Once innal pressure

E permits the0) diameter hnd feet (300 n be joined toon and electr

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

19

e material hampact strengsile strength.

61, ABS Sch

stems. PE pJoining meththreaded.).

o three typend a high-dearound the hablished itserily made fro

at ambient tand flexibilityan emergenc

shut down t

ns why PE

re, plus their s, where reped to its selepated. Examalled by direct into seas an

engths of PEpushed, insider of the linnside the olde, allowing th coiling of sm

has been coilmeters) longo it or to fittinro fusion proc

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

9 of 47

ve a minimugth of 2 ft-lb/i

hedule40 Pla

ipe and fittinhods include

s: a low deensity form, whigh end of telf as offeringm the more r

temperaturey, even at lowcy, smaller-dthe flow of fl

pipe is now

ability to dapeated cyclic ection for use

mple installatctional trenchnd oceans.

E pipe which de the old liner PE pipe d pipe, the she PE pipe tmaller-diameled for speciag, dependingngs by the bucesses.

piping Engineer

m cell classiin (0.1 N-m/m

astic Drain, W

gs are manue solvent cem

ensity, relativwhich is morthe medium g the best barigid, higher-

, is the secow temperatudiameter PE uids. Also, P

w used in ov

ampen waterpressure ch

e in unstabletions that uthless boring

have been jne. New reha

is reduced strain memoto reground eter pipe [geal jobs]. Theg on materialutt-fusion pro

ring issues

ification of Amm) of notch

Waste, and V

ufactured fromment joints, t

vely flexible re rigid and sdensity PEsalance of tou-density mate

nd most useres. PE pipepipe scan b

PE pipe is m

ver 85 perce

r hammer shhanges tend e soils and silize this featechniques,

oined to the abilitation proby a squee

ory in the maso that it fitnerally up to coiled lengtl, wall thicknocess. PE fit

BS 2–2–h, 180_F

Vent Pipe

m flame-threaded

form; a stronger.

s and the ughness, erials.

ed plastic es do not be safely

much less

ent of all

ock, has to occur.

situations ature are lake and

required ocedures eze-down aterial is ts snugly o about 4 h can be ess, and tings are


1391


IJSER

For non-preprofile wall Because of

To protect theat stabiliincorporate potentially addition to ducting).ThSpecificatiodiversity of colorant and

A recent adtensile loadResistance

Prior to the for PolyethD1248classproperties, stress-rateddesignationrecommendused PE pip

1. PE carries a re‘‘06’’ in the

2. PE carries a re

To relate threference. T

Pipi

essure buriedconstruction

f their corrosi

the PE polymzers, antioxvery finely

damaging Ua coloring

e primary son for Polyeth

materials usd UV stabiliz

ddition to ASTding. The teto Slow Cra

issuance ofhylene Plastsified PE byprimarily the

d materials bn and the lded hydrostaping materia

2406 is a Tecommended2406designa

3408 is a Tcommended

his older desThe crossove

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

d pipe applicns have beeion resistanc

mer during pridants, and divided car

UV radiation pigment (uspecification hylene Pipe ased for pipinzer.

TM D3350 isest method ck Growth of

f ASTM D 33ics Molding

y type, repree melt flow by means of last two rep

atic design stls in accorda

Type 2 (i.e., d maximum hates the 630

Type 3 (i.e.,d maximum h

signation sysers recognize

l

ne Design r

A

cations, suchn developed

ce, these pipe

rocessing, stultraviolet (

bon black ain sunlight.

sually tan ofor identifyinand Fittings

ng. In additio

s a new test used for thif Polyethylen

350, most PEand Extrus

esenting theor processina four-digit npresent, in tress (HDS) fance with this

medium-denhydrostatic dpsi (4.3 MPa

, high-densithydrostatic de

stem to the ed by the 19

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

h as for stormd which enhaes are displa

torage, and s(UV) screensas both a co

Nonblack por yellow forng and classMaterials. ‘S

on, an ending

for the classis purpose ne Pipe and

E piping stansion Materiae material’s ng characternumber, of whundreds o

for water at 7s traditional d

nsity), Gradedesign stressa) design str

ty), Grade 4esign stress

newer cell s93edition of

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

20

m water, roaance pipe wacing metallic

service, PE ps or UV choloring pigmpiping compor gas, blue sifying PE p

Standard D33g code lette

sifying of PE’is ASTM F1Resins.’’

ndards referrals,’’ for thedensity cate

ristics. Similawhich the firsof pounds p73.4_F (23_Cdesignation s

4 PE maters of 630 psi ess.]

4 PE materiaof 800 psi (5

system of DD 3350 are

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

0 of 47

adway, and lawall stiffness c drainage p

piping compoemical stabient and to ositions inclufor water, a

piping mater350 employs r is used to

s resistance1473, ‘‘Notc

red to ASTMe defining oegory, and gar to PVC, Pst two digits per square C). The followsystem:

rial, in accor(4.3 MPa), f

al, in accord5.5 MPa) for

3350, the lpresented in

piping Engineer

and drainagewhile minimiping.

ounds contailizers. Blackscreen the ude a UV cand orange ials is ASTMthe cell clasdesignate th

e to crack groh Tensile T

M D1248, ‘‘Stf material rgrade, reflecPE piping strefer to the oinch, the m

wing list des

rdance with Afor water at

dance with Awater at 73.4

atter standan following Ta

ring issues

e, various demizing materia

ain small quak PE pipe mpolymer aga

chemical stafor commun

M D3350, ‘‘Sss format to che incorpora

owth under sTest to Meas

tandard Specrequirementscting combintandards claolder type anmaterial’s mcribes the co

ASTM D12473.4_F (23_

ASTM D1244_F (23_C).

ard includes able 7.1.

esigns of al usage

antities of materials ainst the bilizer in nications Standard cover the ation of a

sustained sure the

cification s. ASTM nation of assify PE nd grade

maximum ommonly

48, which _C). [The

8, which

a cross-


1392


IJSER

8.

PE materiaaccordance

material’s m

DESIGN AN

Thermoplasresponse thapplicable tderived valu Since thesetemperatureestimated pLong-term s(i.e., maximsome codestrength, styet availabl However, favailable oprocess of sa great mafracture. Thcould initiataverage strAlso, as prgradually dstresses intgreater thanPE pipes sustrains of amaterials wOne simplifin this instainternal predeformation

Pipi

al designatione with formeraximum reco

stress for

P

P

P

ND INSTALL

stics are vischan do elasto thermoplaues of appar

e propertiese and envirproperty valustrength valu

mum recommes and suggiffness, and e in a standa

for the morer may be adselecting appny conditionhis behavior te cracking ess; localizereviously poidecrease throtensify as thn the fracturubjected to c

as high as frowere subject tfication commnce signifiesssure (const

n and stress

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

n based on tyr ASTM D124ommended hwater, for 73

E 2406

E 3406

E 3408

LATION

coelastic mastic materialsastics pipingrent modulus

are greatlyonment, proes.

ues for certaimended hydro

ested desigallowable strardized basis

e frequently dequately espropriate mas thermoplashelps to redin brittle like

ed stress coninted out, though stress he material e strains obsconstant deflom 5 to 10 pto constant lomonly emplos that the piptant load) anrelaxation) a

l

ne Design r

A

ype and grad48, plus codehydrostatic d3_F

aterials; thuss. Nonethele, provided t

s and strengt

y influenced oper use of

in conditionsostatic design protocols rain. As this s.

used materstimated. Wh

aterial constastics displaydistribute stre materials. centrations a

he strain caprelaxation) deforms). Aserved undeections overpercent. Theoad. yed in the N

pe can underd external lo

are acting ind

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

dient e for esign

Table

s they exhibess, elastic ehat their engh.

by the histotraditional

s [such as forgn stress) the

either list ois a still dev

rials, sufficiehile the visc

ants, materiay a ductile likresses and

Within certare generallypacity of theis often sig

Allowable strer sustained r long periodese same st

orth Americargo significanoading (resultdependently.

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

21

Correspondaccordance

7.1

it a profounequations usgineering be

ory of the melastic equa

r water at 73ey may evenor give proceveloping tech

ent informatiocoelasticity ols with high s

ke behavior: preclude failain limits, dy ignored. ermoplastics nificantly gre

rain limits unloading. Fors of time shorains corresp

an design of nt permanenting largely in

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

1 of 47

ding minimume with cell cla

ASTM D

PE 213

PE 324

PE 334

dly different sed for otheehavior is re

material’s exations requir

3_F (23_C)] an be part of tedures for anology, not a

on for the mof thermoplasstrain capaciThey are ab

lure by localesign of the

under conseater than tnder constanr example, seow that the mponded to re

flexible buriet deformationn pipe bendi

piping Engineer

m cell classifiassification syD3350

3333

4433

4434

stress-strainer types of pepresented th

xposure to sres appropri

are availablethe product sarriving at aall properties

majority of astics somewity help to facble to deformlized stress ermoplastics

stant strain (hat under cnt strain caneveral investmaterials didelatively sho

ed plastic pipn without crang stresses

ring issues

ication in ystem of

n and stresspiping are frhrough appr

stress as weately establ

e, and in somstandard. In ppropriate vs for all mate

applications what compliccilitate desigm significantlintensificatiopiping is b

(where stresconstant loadn therefore tigations of P

d not fail at srt lifetimes w

pes (the wordacking) assurelieved by b

s-rupture requently ropriately

ell as by ished or

me cases addition,

values of erials are

is either cates the n. Under ly before on which based on

sses can d (where often be PVC and sustained when the

d flexible mes that both pipe


1393


IJSER

That is, the to ensure thlocalized fibStandard inwhere localon a combin There are mductile like tenvironmenfatigue, scastresses froJudging froadequately requiremen

Furthermoreengineering

Finally, instintegrity andyet remainsand for the presented a

As demonsproper applpotential ofpractices otechnical scupon the re

The followithermoplastand followe

Pipi

pipe wall thihat the pipe ber stresses nstallation plized strain cned loading a

many potentto the brittle

nt, duration oale factors (som manufacm the good considered fts and impro

e, design pg properties b

tallation recod durability. Ts to be accom latest inform

at the various

strated by thelication of thf thermoplasn informatio

crutiny of thecommendati

ng material tics piping. Md.

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

ckness is chis sufficient

due to bendiractices inclcannot be avanalysis are

tial factors tlike state an

of loading, nsuch as wallcture), matetrack recordfor typical us

ovements hav

practices givby time, temp

ommendationTo be sure, tmplished to fmation the res conference

e successfuermoplasticsstics piping,

on, such as e consensus ions and rep

is an introdMore detailed

l

ne Design r

A

hosen on thetly strong aning and otheude recomm

voided and wavailable.

hat could cand as a resulnature of loal thickness), rial imperfec

d that exists, ses by standve been evo

ve recognitioperature, and

ns address mthe state of tfurther defineeader is ences that addre

l record of es over a very

the user sstandards aprocess of aorts issued b

duction to sd recommend

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

basis of inted structurallyr external loa

mendations fwhere it may

ause a matelt, fail at loweading (unrelidamage (cu

ctions (voidsthese influe

ards, designlving that en

on to the ed environme

many of the uthe art of thee materials pcouraged to ess plastics p

experience, sy broad rang

should base and recomman establisheby industry a

some of thedations suita

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

22

ernal fluid prey stable undadings are nfor avoiding

y thus limit de

erial with aper-than-expeieved or reliuts, gouges)s, contaminaences, althoun protocols, asure greater

effects on sent.

unique chararmoplastics properties anrefer to the

piping techno

sufficient infoge of engine

materials sended pract

ed professionnd independ

more basicable to a part

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

2 of 47

essure, and tder the extereglected. localized st

esign, more

parent high ected strains.eved by stre

), stored eneants), polymugh difficult tand installatior durability in

strength and

acteristics of piping is stillnd performangrowing lite

ology.

ormation is aeering uses. selection andtices, which nal society ordent sources

c aspects oticular produc

piping Engineer

then a separrnal loads ac

tress concerigorous des

strain capac. These can ess relaxatioergy in syste

mer aging, ato quantify, aon practices. pipe produc

d stiffness a

plastics that evolving, annce limits. Srature, partic

available to To best read utilize deshas been d

r technical as.

of the designct and situat

ring issues

rate analysiscting alone. I

ntrations. Fosign protoco

city to shift finclude temp

on), stress tem (such as and chemicaappear to ha. In addition, cts.

and other lo

t can affect snd considerauch work is cularly to the

successfullylize the perfosign and insdeveloped ussociation, a

n and instalion should b

s is made In effect,

or cases ls based

from the perature, riaxiality, residual

al attack. ave been

material

ong-term

structural able work ongoing, e papers

y support ormance stallation nder the s well as

llation of e sought


1394


IJSER

9.

COMMON D

9.1. Interna

Thermoplas

Where:

PR

t

Dm

HDS

HDB is dete

example.

Pipi

DESIGN AN

al Hydraulic

stic pipe is pr

=

=

=

=

ermined for

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

ND INSTALLA

Pressure

ressure rated

pipe

min

me

HD

each pipe ty

l

ne Design r

A

ATION CON

d by means o

e pressure ra

nimum wall th

an diameter

DB x DF, whe

ype and lifet

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

NSIDERATIO

of the ISO

ating, psi (M

hickness, in

, in (mm)

ere HDB is in

ime, Figure

Fig. 9.1

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

23

ONS

Pa)

(mm)

n psi (MPa) u

9.1 showing

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

3 of 47

units and DF

g determining

piping Engineer

F is the pipe d

g HDB for P

ring issues

design factor

PVC 1120 pip

r

pe as an


1395


IJSER

Values of Happlicationsfactor (DF)conditions.

The first grmanufactur

The secondinvolved, life

For gas pipAWWA) ma

A DF smalconditions (properties. engineer.

By assumin

Where:

DR =

9.1

Trapos(anof tvelouseapp(1.0netwpos

Becsigncha

Pipi

HDS for wates. The maxim of 0.5. In

roup considere, dimension

d group cone expectancy

pe, a DF of ay prescribe

ller than 0.5(e.g., surgesThe final det

ng that a pipe

Ratio of

.1. Surge Pr

ansient and rssible effectsd this is the the pipe or socity. The pred for calculapropriate mat0 GPa) and 4work piping

ssible surge p

cause of thenificantly lowange in flow

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

r at 73 F o (2mum HDS foselecting th

ers the manns, quality of

nsiders the y desired, an

0.32 is presspecific desi

5 is used ins or temperatermination o

e’s outside d

f average ou

ressure

regularly recs: The surge

more likely some piping ressure rise cating the effeterial modulu460,000 psi (it is suggestepressures.

e lower stiffwer than for velocity is fr

l

ne Design r

A

23 C o) are spor water is g

he appropria

nufacturing ahandling tec

application nd the degre

scribed by thgn factors.

n applicationature), or whof the approp

iameter is eq

utside pipe di

curring surgeexceeds thepossibility) thcomponent

caused by thects of waterus is that for (3.2 GPa) foed that a com

fness of plametallic pip

rom about 16

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

pecified by mgenerally de

ate design fa

and testing vchniques, an

or use, spee of reliability

he federal c

s where grehere the fluidpriate DF for

qual to Dm _

iameter to m

e pressures e short-term fhe repetitive. Transient o

he velocity chr hammer inthe conditionr high-densitmplete netwo

astics, the sing. For exa6 to 20 psi (

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

24

most ASTM atermined byactor, consid

variables, spd the accura

ecifically insy selected.

code. Certain

eater comped conveyed any given a

_ t, the previo

minimum wall

may cause dfracture stren

e changes in or water hamhange can be other pipesn of dynamicty PE and PVork analysis

urge pressuample, the s(110 to 140 k

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

4 of 47

and other stay multiplying deration is g

pecifically noacy of the lon

tallation, en

n other code

ensation is amay have spplication is

ous equation

thickness.

damage to pngth of the ppressure ex

mmer surgese estimated . The only d

c, instantaneVC, respectivbe performe

ure rise thaturge pressukPa) and 8 t

piping Engineer

andards that the materia

given to two

ormal variating-term stren

vironment, t

es and stand

advisable fosome effect up to the dis

takes the fo

pipe and fittipipe or one oxceed the fats result fromby means of

difference is tous responsvely, at 73_Fed for more a

t occurs fromre rise for eto 12 psi (55

ring issues

cover water l’s HDB by ao general g

ions in the ngth predictio

temperature

dards (e.g.,

r certain anon the pipe

scretion of th

llowing form

ngs by eitheof the compontigue endura

m sudden chaf the same ethat with pla

se (about 150F (23_C)). In accurate esti

m water haeach foot-pe5 to 83 kPa)

and gas a design roups of

material, on.

, hazard

those of

nticipated material e design

:

er of two nents; or

ance limit anges in

equations astics the 0,000 psi cases of mates of

mmer is r-second for PVC


1396


IJSER

andthe

As cap

Thissumstre

Entenewhecar

Airbe ent

Whoperesmatope

In tbeePVC

Wh

S 0.0

C

Pipi

d PE, respeclarger the pr

noted previpability to wit

s is due to thm of short-teength, failure

trapped air iergy of theseen plastic piefully and re

r should be vtaken, suchrapment of a

hen there exiserating pressistance to fterials can werating at its

the case of Pen proposedC pipe can s

here:

= 069)

=

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

ctively, at 73_ressure rise.

iously, if thehstand mom

he stress vererm pressuree will result.

n a pipeline e fast-movingping systemlatively slow

vented from h as carefullair in operatin

sts a frequensure—the dfatigue variewithstand frefull rating ba

PVC pipe, w for estimati

safely tolerate

maximum

total numbe

l

ne Design r

A

_F (23_C). T

ere I no dammentary press

rsus time-to-e rise plus t

can producg columns c

ms are first fily to minimiz

the high poily laying pipng pipelines.

ntly recurringesigner sho

es from mateequent surginased on only

which is someing the maxie as a functio

allowable to

er of cycles

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

The exact va

mage accruesures that are

-failure charathe sustaine

ce sudden accan sometimilled with waze air entrapm

ints before thpe to grade

g pressure suould evaluateerial to matng up to onestatic pressu

ewhat more imum total hon of the tota

otal hoop str

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

25

alue depends

ed by excese significantl

acteristics of ed working p

ccelerations es be high e

ater, either foment.

he system isor using ai

urge of signife the pipingterial. For ee-half of the ure considera

sensitive to hoop stress, al number of

ress, psi (no

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

5 of 47

s on pipe wa

ssive fatiguey greater tha

thermoplastpressure exc

of air-separenough to fraor operation

s pressurizedir vent-vacuu

ficant amplitug for adequxample, PEpipe pressu

ations.

effects of fadue to both

f anticipated

o safety fact

piping Engineer

all thickness

e, thermoplaan the pipe’ p

tic pipe mateceed the pip

rated water cacture the por testing, t

d. Other preum relief lin

ude— say, ouacy of fatig pipe is qu

ure rating ev

tigue, the foh static and surge pressu

tor) (for S_

ring issues

, the thicker

astic pipes hpressure rati

erials. Howevpe’s short-te

columns. Thpipe. For thisthey should

cautions shones, to minim

ver 25 percegue enduranite tolerant;

ven when the

llowing equacyclic pressure events:

in MPa, mu

the wall,

have the ng.

ver, if the rm burst

e kinetic s reason,

be filled

ould also mize the

ent of the nce. The

modern e pipe is

ation has ure, that

ultiply by


1397


IJSER

Note: Thisdepending these may recommend

Pipi

Sugg

Nominal s

¹⁄₂

³⁄₄ 1

1¹⁄₄

1¹⁄₂

2

2¹⁄₂

3

3¹⁄₂ 4

5

6

8

10

12

s table is onon specific flower the lon

dations.

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

gested Maxim

(23_C) f

ize, in Remin

burst by

D24

1

1

1

1

1

nly intended fitting designng-term stre

l

ne Design r

A

mum Sustain

for Schedule

Sch

quired nimum pressure ASTM

466 psig

p

1910

1540

1440

1180

1060

890

970

840

770

710

620

560

500

450

420

as a generan and field congth becaus

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

Table 9.1

ned Working

40 and Sche

hedule 40

Maximum suggested

working pressure psig

358

289

270

221

198

166

182

158

144

133

117

106

93

84

79

al guide. Aponditions, pa

se of fatigue

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

26

Pressures f

edule 80 PV

Requireminimum

burst pressby ASTM

D2467 ps

2720

2200

2020

1660

1510

1290

1360

1200

1110

1040

930

890

790

600

580

ppropriate maarticularly wheffects. The

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

6 of 47

for Water for

C Fittings

Sched

d m sure M ig

Ma

suggestpress

aximum worhen repetitivee fitting manu

piping Engineer

73_F

ule 80

aximum ted working sure psig

509

413

378

312

282

243

255

225

207

194

173

167

148

140

137

rking pressue surge presufacturer sho

ring issues

res may varssure are preould be cons

ry widely esent as

sulted for


1398


IJSER

9.2. Resista

The persometimA net extemporaThe bucequatio

Where:Pc E

I v Dm C

For pipe

Where t = Accordihydraul For burdiscuss

Pipi

ance to Vac

rformance ofmes be limitexternal pressary vacuum tckling resista

on for thin tub

= = of E anddetermi= = = = pipe, an

e of solid wa

pipe wa

ing to this eqic collapse, i

ried pipe, thesed in section

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

cuum and Ex

f flexible pipeed by bucklinsure can resuthat may accance of plastbes:

critical buckapparent m

d as obtaineined from lonpipe wall mPoisson’s ramean diamOvality corr

nd r0 is the r

all constructio

all thickness,

quation, pipe independent

e stiffening efn 11. CONSI

l

ne Design r

A

xternal Pres

e with thin wang under vacult from extecompany pretic pipes may

kling pressurmodulus of elaed from shorng-term loadoment of ineatio (approxieter, in (mm)rection factoradius assum

on, for which

in (mm)

made to a ct of pipe diam

ffect of embeIDERATIONS

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

ssure

alls that is muum or exterrnal hydrosta

essure surginy be estimate

re, psi (MPa)asticity, psi (rt-term tensileing tests sho

ertia, in4/in (mmately 0.35 ) _ diameter r, (r0/r1)3, wh

ming no ovaliz

I = t3/12, the

constant ratiometer.

edment can sS FOR BELO

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

27

ade from marnal pressureatic loading, ng, or from a ed using the

) MPa) (For she tests; for loould be emplmm4/mm) to 0.45 for loto centroid o

here r1 is thezation

e previous eq

o of diameter

substantially OWGROUND

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

7 of 47

aterials with le. from internacombinationfollowing ad

hort-term loaong-term loadoyed)

ong-term loaof pipe wall foe major radiu

quation is us

r to wall thick

increase theD USES.

piping Engineer

low modulus

al negative prn of these eleaptation of th

ading conditioding, approp

ding) or profile waus of curvatu

sually expres

kness has the

e buckling ca

ring issues

s of elasticity

ressure, fromements. he elastic bu

ons, use the priate values

ll pipe re of the ova

sed as follow

e same resis

apacity. This

can

m the

ckling

values as

alized

ws:

stance to

is


1399


IJSER

9.3. Tempe

As the and offeexact efor servstrengtheffects The besTR-4, Compo200_F (BecausTable DThis effchange Other phigh co Some p

1.

2.

3.

4.

Pipi

erature Effec

system tempers lower shffect dependvice at temph through abof temperatust way to de‘‘Recommenunds,’’ lists (93_C). se of its effecD 9.2 lists apfect is in direes with tempe

principal effecefficient of e

potential cons

Piping that The final cotemperatureUnrestraineshould be apull-out forcPiping exporepetitive bePipe installesubsequent

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

cts

perature incrhort- and longds not only operatures as bout 120_F (4ure on strengetermine the nded Hydrosrecommend

ct on stiffnesproximate tect proportion

erature at a r

cts to be conxpansion an

sequences t

is installed honnection shoe. ed pipe may sadequately reces or to toleosed to cyclicending. ed when ambt pipe expan

l

ne Design r

A

reases, thermg-term stren

on material clhigh as aro

49_C). In thegth. effect of temstatic Stren

ded HDBs fo

s, increasingemperature dn to the chanrate roughly p

nsidered in pd contraction

o be conside

hot may cool ould be mad

shrink enougestrained by erate the maxc temperatur

bient tempersion are not

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

moplastics pgth. The opplass but its sound 160_Fe case of fitti

mperature ongths and D

or various co

g temperaturde rating factoge in the maparallel with

iping design n.

ered include:

sufficiently ae after the p

gh to pull outthe use of a

ximum anticipre changes m

ratures are loadequately r

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

28

piping becomposite effectsspecific comp (71_C); whngs, wall thic

n long-term sDesign Stresommercial g

re also decreors for some

aterial’s appathe strength

and installat

after installatipe has equi

t from elastonchors, or thpated pipe m

may be susce

ow may buckrelieved.

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

8 of 47

me less rigid,s take placeposition. For hereas otherckness and p

strength is thsses for Th

grade thermo

eases the cole of the morearent modulu de rating fac

tion are thos

tion to generalibrated to am

meric gaskethe fitting shoumovement. eptible to fati

kle if the com

piping Engineer

, exhibits hige as tempera

example, thr PEs might product desi

rough stresshermoplasticoplastics for

llapse resistae commonly uus of elasticityctors given in

e resulting fr

ate substantmbient, or to

t or compresuld be design

igue damage

mpression for

ring issues

gher impact sature decreashere are PEs

only have sgn also influ

s-rupture tesc Pipe and

temperature

ance of plastused materiay. This modun Table D 9.2

rom thermop

ial tensile foro the desired

ssion joints. Tned to either

e at points su

rces develop

strength, ses. The

s suitable sufficient ence the

ting. PPI Fittings

es up to

tics pipe. als. ulus 2.

plastics’

rces.

The pipe r resist

ubject to

ed on


1400


IJSER

Eff

10.

fect of Tem

CONSIDER

Thermoplassagging. Vaprotected, tmitigating e

10.1. Supp

Horizontal rhangers desling, and rby increasin

Pipi

perature on

Tempe

(F

7

10

1

12

1

14

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

RATIONS FO

stic piping syalves and otto avoid me

excessive be

ports and An

runs require esigned for mroller types. Tng the bearin

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

n Strength a

erature

F) P

70 1

80 0

90 0

00 0

10 0

20 0

30 0

40 0

50

60

80

200

220

250

280

OR ABOVEG

ystems in abher heavy pechanical danding and ax

nchors

the use of hmetal pipe arTo preclude ng area by in

l

ne Design r

A

and Stiffness

PE PEX

1.0 1.0

0.95 0.95

0.90 0.91

0.80 0.87

0.75 0.83

0.70 0.79

0.50 0.76

0.40 0.73

0.20 0.6

NR 0.66

NR 0.63

NR 0.50

NR NR

NR NR

NR NR

GROUND US

boveground siping compoamage. The xial stresses

hangers thatre suitable fohigh localize

nserting a pro

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

Table 9.2s of Thermo

Factors

PB

1.0

5 0.97

1 0.92

7 0.86

3 0.82

9 0.77

6 0.72

3 0.68

9 0.69

6 0.58

3 0.48

0 0.40

R NR

R NR

R NR

SES

service mustonents should

piping layoand fatigue

t are carefullor thermoplaed support potective sleev

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

29

oplastics Pip

PVC

Type 1

1.0

0.88

0.75

0.62

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.22

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

t be properlyd be individuout should heffects induc

ly aligned anastic pipe aspressures, it ve of plastic

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

9 of 47

pe: Approxi

CPVC

1.0

—

—

0.78

—

0.65

—

0.50

—

0.40

0.25

0.20

NR

NR

NR

y supported ually supporthave sufficieced by repeti

nd are free os well. Theseis generally between the

piping Engineer

mate Temp

PVDF

1.0

0.93

0.87

0.82

0.76

0.71

0.65

0.61

0.57

0.54

0.47

0.41

0.38

0.35

0.28

to avoid excted. Piping sent flexibility itive expansi

of rough ande include theadvisable to

e pipe and th

ring issues

perature D r

cessive stresshould be loc

or other mon-contractio

d sharp edgee shoe, clamo modify the e hanger.

ating

sses and cated, or

means of on.

es. Many mp clevis,

hangers


1401


IJSER

Vertical lineusing riser located, the

Anchors areother moveat changes

Anchors shpreventing tof pipelinescan be used

10.2. Supp

Support spaminimum sdeflection cfrequently th

When the pto be providpipe that hafor cantileve

Where:

L =

E =

S =

Do =

L =

Assuming areduces to:

Pipi

es must also clamps or do

ese provide t

e used in thments in a dof direction w

hould be plactransverse m

s. They shoud to determin

ort Spacing

acing requirespacing requconsiderationhe controlling

piping layout ded. The sizeas to be accoered beams

loop len

modulu

maximu

outside

change

a maximum a

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

be supporteouble bolt clhe necessar

hermoplastic defined direcwhere pipe m

ced as closemovement. Bld be of a styne suitable a

g

ements are cuirement cans for the mg factor. Typ

does not ince of the loopsommodated. loaded at on

ngth, in (mm)

us of elasticity

um allowable

pipe diamet

e in length du

allowable stra

l

ne Design r

A

ed at intervalamps locatery support wit

piping systection. Their pmovement co

e to elbows Both anchorsyle and be so

arrangements

computed usn result fro

maximum antpical support

clude sufficies and offsetsThe dimens

ne end.

)

y at the work

e stress at th

ter, in (mm)

ue to tempera

ain of 0.01, a

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

ls to reduce ed just belowthout excess

ems as fixedlacement is ould generat

and tees as and guides o located ass for anchors

sing the samm either mticipated servspacing reco

nt changes is depend on ions of loops

king tempera

e working te

ature change

as suggested

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

30

loads on thew a coupling sive compres

d points fromselected to pe excessive

s possible. Gmay be use to prevent o

s and guides

me beam defaximum allovice temperaommendatio

n direction, athe design (s

s and offsets

ature, psi (MP

mperature, p

e, in (mm)

d by a plastic

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

0 of 47

e lower fittingor other fitti

ssion of the p

m which to dprevent overbending and

Guides are ued in the contoverstressing.

flection equaowable stresature. Maximns are prese

appropriate esee Fig. 10.1 are calculat

Pa)

psi (MPa)

cs industry p

piping Engineer

gs. This can ng to suppopipe.

direct expanrloading of thd axial stress

used to allowtrol of expang of the pipe

ations used fss or maximmum beam dented in Tabl

expansion lo1), and the chted using the

ublication, th

ring issues

be accomplrt the pipe. W

sion-contrache piping, pases.

w axial motinsion and co. A flexibility

for metal pipmum allowadeflection, oe 10.1.

ops or offsethange in len

e following eq

he above equ

ished by When so

ction and articularly

on while ntraction analysis

ping. The ble pipe r sag, is

ts have gth of quation

uation


1402


IJSER

10.3

3. Expansio

There are sexpansion. taken up sa

When the pto be providpipe that hafor cantileve

Expansion

Pipi

n-Contractio

several methoPiping runs

afely. Where

piping layout ded. The sizeas to be accoered beams

loops relievege

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

on

ods used formay include this method

does not ince of the loopsommodated. loaded at on

e thermal strenerally dete

l

ne Design r

A

r controlling ochanges in is employed

clude sufficies and offsetsThe dimens

ne end.

resses by traermined by th

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

or compensadirection whi

d, the pipe m

nt changes is depend on ions of loops

FIGURE 10.

ansforming thhe maximum

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

31

ating for axiaich will allowust be able t

n direction, athe design (s

s and offsets

1

hem to bendim allowable b

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

1 of 47

l and bendinw the thermalto float excep

appropriate esee Fig. 10.1 are calculat

ing stresses.bending stres

piping Engineer

ng stresses cly induced lept at anchor

expansion lo1), and the chted using the

The minimuss or strain.

ring issues

caused by theength changepoints.

ops or offsethange in len

e following eq

um loop stren

ermal es to be

ts have gth of quation

ngth L is


1403


IJSER

Pipe Dimensi

Nomina

diam., i

¹⁄₂ ¹⁄₄ 1

1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₂ 2 3 4 6 8

* Co

¹⁄₂ ³⁄₄ 1

1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₂ 2 3 4 6 8

Because thcapacity to designs areexpensive. movement.

ion PVC

al 60"F 10

in

5 5¹⁄₂

6 — 6¹⁄₂

7 8 9

10 11

ontinuous su

4¹⁄₂ 45 4

5¹⁄₂ 45¹⁄₂ 6 6 7

7¹⁄₂ 68¹⁄₂ 79

Pipi

e fitting restrabsorb expa

e available anProper align

C

00"F 140"F

4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂

5 3 — — 5¹⁄₂ 3¹⁄₂

6 3¹⁄₂ 7 4

7¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂ 9 5

9¹⁄₂ 5¹⁄₂

upport reco

4 2¹⁄₂ 4 2¹⁄₂ ¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 5 3 5 3 5 3 6 3¹⁄₂ ¹⁄₂ 4 ¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂ 8 4¹⁄₂

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

rains the pipeansion-contrand sometimement of pisto

CPV

60"F 100"F

5¹⁄₂ 5 6 5¹⁄₂

6¹⁄₂ 6 — —

7 6¹⁄₂ 7¹⁄₂ 7

9 8 10 9 11 10

mmended.

5 4¹⁄₂ 5¹⁄₂ 5 6 5¹⁄₂ 6 5¹⁄₂

6¹⁄₂ 6 6¹⁄₂ 6 8 7

8¹⁄₂ 7¹⁄₂ 9¹⁄₂ 8¹⁄₂

l

ne Design r

A

e, a separateaction stresses used. Howon joints is c

VC

140"F 180

Wall

Wall

4¹⁄₂ 24¹⁄₂ 25

— 5¹⁄₂ 36 37

7¹⁄₂ 49

4 2¹⁄4 2¹⁄

4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄5 3

5 35 36 3¹⁄

6¹⁄₂ 47¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

e check shoues and bend

wever, pistonritical to prev

Table 10.1

0"F 80"F 1

Schedule 40

Schedule 80

2¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂2¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂3 5

— —3¹⁄₂ 5¹⁄₂3¹⁄₂ 5¹⁄₂4

4¹⁄₂5

⁄₂ 3³⁄₄⁄₂ 4⁄₂ 4¹⁄₄

3 —

3 4¹⁄₂3 4¹⁄₂⁄₂

4⁄₂

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

32

uld be made ding momentsn expansion jvent binding.

PVDF

100"F 140"F

4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂4¹⁄₂ 34³⁄₄ 3— —5 3

5¹⁄₄ 3

3¹⁄₂ 23³⁄₄ 2¹⁄₂4 2¹⁄₂

— —

4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂4¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₄

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

2 of 47

with the mans. Expansionoints for pres Bellows typ

160"F* 60

22

4

1³⁄22

2¹⁄2¹⁄3

3¹⁄4

piping Engineer

nufacturer ren joints of bessure applicae joints can

PP

0"F 100"F

2 2 2¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 3 2³⁄₄ 3 3

3¹⁄₂ 3¹⁄₄ 4 4

4¹⁄₂ 4¹⁄₂

³⁄₄ 1³⁄₄ 2 2 2 2 ¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₄ ¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂ 3 2¹⁄₄ ¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₄ 4 3¹⁄₄

ring issues

egarding the llows and pisations are geaccept some

140"F 180"F

2 1¹⁄₂2¹⁄₄ 22¹⁄₄ 22¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₂2³⁄₄ 2¹⁄₂3 2³⁄₄

3¹⁄₂ 3¹⁄₂4 3¹⁄₂

1¹⁄₂ 1¹⁄₄1³⁄₄ 1³⁄₄2 1³⁄₄2 2

2¹⁄₄ 22¹⁄₂ 2¹⁄₄3 2³⁄₄

3¹⁄₂ 3

fitting’s ston enerally e lateral


1404


IJSER

11.

CONSIDER

Design andnoted earliefailure. Althdeflection.

Conduits thsystems takstress concpipe is actu

an importan

Designing pby internal constant (srelax with tbending stre

Thus, for mconsidered Although aconditions aearth and liv

1. Minimum

2. Maximum

3. No unusu

4. Embedmdensity.

5. The pipe

6. The pipefoundation p

For non prein designing

1. The pipe

2. The pipe

3. The pipe

4. The pipe

Pipi

RATIONS FO

installation oer, the word fough this va

at are strongke advantagcentrations aually a pipe-s

nt concept fo

pipe for buriepressure arubject to cretime). In adesses that re

many pressuadequate foll designers are met, a prve loads:

m depth of co

m depth of bu

ual concentra

ment materia

is uniformly

e is protectedpenetrations

essure pipe, g for earth lo

should not d

should safe

should not b

should safe

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

OR BELOWG

of thermoplaflexible primalue is somew

g and stiff ane of soil sup

and deformatsoil system,

or all types of

ed conditionsre often higheep), while thdition, when

esult from ea

ure pipes, a or buried app

should satiressure pipe

ver of 3 ft (1

urial of 20 ft (

ated or surch

ls are granu

supported o

d from conces, and other c

and for presads:

deflect exces

ly resist max

buckle in res

ly resist bend

l

ne Design r

A

GROUND US

astic pipe for arily signifieswhat arbitrary

nd that fail atpport to minitions that cowith both the

f buried pipin

s may be diffh relative to he strains inn subjected arth loading.

design that plications, prosfy themselv

e design may

m) for live lo

(6 m).

harge loads e

ular, stable, a

on bedding th

ntrated loadsconnections.

sure pipe no

ssively under

ximum wall c

ponse to ant

ding stresses

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

SES

belowgrounds that the pipy, a pipe is o

t low deformaimize interna

ould result ine pipe and t

ng systems.

ferent for prethose in no non pressuto internal p

meets the ovided the pves to this y be conside

oads up to th

exist.

and compac

hat is firm bu

s at transitio

ot meeting th

r earth or live

compressive

ticipated exte

s that result

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

33

d uses recoge has the ca

often conside

ations are claal stresses a excessive lhe soil contr

essure pipe an pressure

ure pipe are pressure, a

requirementpipe is propethrough calc

ered adequat

he magnitude

ted to at lea

t not hard.

ns from soil

e just-noted

e loads.

thrust forces

ernal soil and

from deflecti

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

3 of 47

gnizes its ‘‘fleapacity to susered flexible i

assified as riand must beocalized streributing to th

and non prespipe, and thconstant (supipe reroun

ts of the interly installed culation chete for burial w

e of an AASH

ast 85 perce

support to st

criteria, the

s due to exte

d hydrostatic

ion.

piping Engineer

exible’’ condustain significaif it can susta

igid. Both rig designed aesses. Thuse structural

ssure pipe. The stresses iubject to relands, reducing

ernal pressuin good-qua

ecks, in genewithout chec

HTO H20 tru

nt of maxim

tructural sup

following co

rnal loads.

c loads.

ring issues

uit behavior. ant deflectionain 2 percent

gid and flexibnd installed , the installeperformance

The stressesin pressure axation, i.e., g the deflec

ure conditionlity backfill meral, if the f

cking the cap

ck.

um standard

port, such as

nditions mus

As n without t

ble piping to avoid

ed buried e. This is

induced pipe are stresses

ction and

n can be materials. following pacity for

d Proctor

s fittings,

st be met


1405


IJSER

Because of type of pipesignificant f

11.1. Pipe-S

The behavio

The hoop st

The bendin

These are belastic medbehavior.

11.

The

Wh

SH

Ms

PSH

The

Wh

E

A

R

Theappcirc

Pipi

f the wide vare; for instancefor solid-wall

Soil System

or of pipe-so

tiffness para

g stiffness pa

both ratios ofia was deve

1.1. The hoo

e hoop stiffne

here:

=

=

H =

e pipe hoop s

here:

=

=

=

e pipe hoop splied to the pcumference d

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

riety of pipe e, resistancepipe.

m Parameter

oil systems is

ameter SH

arameter SB

f the soil stiffloped by Bur

op stiffness

ess paramete

hoop stiffne

constrained

pipe hoop s

stiffness para

pipe materi

pipe wall ar

radius to ce

stiffness paraperimeter as due to the ax

l

ne Design r

A

wall profiles e to wall com

rs

s controlled b

B

fness to the prns and Rich

parameter

er is defined

ess paramete

d modulus of

stiffness para

ameter is de

al modulus o

rea per unit le

entroid of pip

ameter represhown in Fi

xial compress

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

and materiampressive thru

by two param

pipe stiffnesshard23 and u

as:

er

f soil, psi (MP

ameter, psi (M

fined as:

of elasticity, p

ength of pipe

pe wall, in (m

esents the chg. 11.1. Thissive stress p

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

34

l types, not aust forces is

meters:

s. An elasticitilizes these

Pa)

MPa)

psi (MPa)

e, in2/in (mm

m)

hange in pipes change in

produced by t

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

4 of 47

all of these cimportant fo

ty solution fotwo parame

m2/mm)

e diameter thdiameter resthe loading.

piping Engineer

riteria will beor profile wall

or pipe embeters to descr

hat results frsults from a

ring issues

e significant f pipe, but rar

edded in an iribe buried p

rom a radial reduction in

for every rely is

nfinite ipe

pressure the pipe


1406


IJSER

11.

The

Wh

SB

Ms

PSB

The

Wh

I

Theloadcon

Pipi

1.2. The bed

e bending sti

here:

=

=

B =

e pipe bendin

here

=

e pipe bendind as demonsncentrated lo

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

dding stiffne

ffness param

bending stif

constrained

pipe bendin

ng stiffness p

pipe wall m

ng stiffness pstrated in Fig

oading.

l

ne Design r

A

Fig

ess paramet

meter is defin

ffness param

d modulus of

ng stiffness p

parameter is

oment of ine

parameter reg. D11.2.This

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

.11.1 Pipe ho

ter

ned as:

meter

f soil, psi (MP

parameter, ps

defined as:

ertia per unit

epresents thes deformation

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

35

oop stiffness

Pa)

si (MPa)

length, in4/in

e change in dn results from

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

5 of 47

s

n (mm4/mm)

diameter thatm flexural str

piping Engineer

)

t results fromresses produ

ring issues

m a concentrauced by the

ated


1407


IJSER

12.

In general:the bendinganalysis theare based olittle accuraparameters

PE / META

The most ofbutt joints. Slower the stthe correct

Commonly be metal; thshown on fi

Pipi

: The hoop sg stiffness pae Poisson’s ron simplified acy is lost bs to the overa

L PIPE TRA

ften used pipSocket-type jtandard dimeSDR pipe.

in process fiherefore a tragure 11.3 Ty

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

stiffness paraarameter repratio of the somodels of b

by ignoring all pipe soil s

ANSATION F

ping materialjoints in largeension ratio (

elds, codes dansition fittingypical transit

l

ne Design r

A

Fig.1

ameter reprepresents theoil and the pehavior, andthis parameystem is imp

FITTING

l undergroune sizes have(SDR) the hig

do not permig from plastiion fitting.

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

1.2 Pipe ben

sents a ratioe ratio of thepipe material d most pipe ieter. The coportant and b

nd on the sitee often been gher pressur

it plastic pipec pipe to me

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

36

nding stiffnes

o of the soil se soil stiffnes

are also impnstallation isontribution obears discuss

e is high-denfound to devre rating of p

e to be run atallic pipe is

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

6 of 47

ss

stiffness to thss to the pipportant; howes completed bof each of tsion.

sity polyethyvelop unaccepipe. Therefo

boveground,required, co

piping Engineer

he pipe extene flexural stever, since mby relatively the hoop an

ylene (HDPEeptable stresre, care mus

, thus Pipingnforming to A

ring issues

nsional stiffniffness. In a

most design crude metho

nd bending

) with heat-fus in the pipe

st be taken to

above grouASTM D251

ess, and detailed

methods ods, very stiffness

used . The o select

nd shall 7 , s


1408


IJSER

12.1 Examp

Lyall (Vendchoice of coeconomical

Proven Relwith over 4

Features

• Meets or e

• Epoxy or p

• Fusion bo

• All welded

• Meets of e

• Listed with

Two types o

Pipi

ple, Vendor

or’s Name) ionfigurations and easy-to

liability - bomillion in se

exceeds all in

primer coatin

nded epoxy

d joints are 10

exceeds the

h IAPMO/UP

of sealing are

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

Print for PE

s the only ms to meet youo-install conn

oth designs rvice.

ndustry requ

ngs available

coating prov

00% pressur

requirement

PC and certifi

e available a

As re

quire

d

l

ne Design r

A

Fig.11.3 T

E / Metal Tra

anufacturer tur requiremenections betw

have been a

uirements.

e.

vides superio

re tested.

s of ASTM D

ied to CSA B

as shown on

2'-0

"±

0.6 m

2'-0

"

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

Typical trans

ansition Fitti

that offers twnts. Our one

ween gas car

approved by

or resistance

D2513 catego

B137.4

following figu

0.6 m

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

37

sition fitting

ing

wo distinct trae-piece, factorrying steel p

most natural

to corrosion

ory 1, ASME

ure 11.4

Metallic

Epoxy

Fusioncoated

But90°

10

12" 0.3

Epoxy-costeel mou

Concrete

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

7 of 47

ansition sealory assemblepipe and poly

l gas, propan

n and mechan

E B 31.8, US

c pipe

coated

Grade

n-bonded epoxd, steel casing

tt fused PE elbow

1'-0" 0.3 m

" PE pigtail 3 m

oated bolt on unting stake

e

piping Engineer

ing methodsed transitionsyethylene (PE

ne and indus

nical damage

CFR 49 Par

xy g

ring issues

allowing a las provide safE) pipe.

strial fluid com

e.

t 192.

arger fe,

mpanies


1409


IJSER

Connection

Steel End O

• SCH 40

• Primer

• Interna

PE Pipe En

• Square

• Socket

• LYCOF

• Many c

• Comme

Other Optio

• Protector s

• Wire clips

Pipi

n Options:

Options

0 (standard)

or other coa

al Fusion Bon

nd Connecti

ed ready for f

t fusion fitting

FIT ® Mecha

choices of HD

ercial/industr

ons

sleeves

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

or SCH 80

atings

nded Epoxy C

ons/Options

fusion

g

anical Fitting

DPE and MD

rial grade PE

l

ne Design r

A

Coating (Vic

s

(PE size up

DPE pipe

E3408

• Anode

• Steel

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

Figure 11.4

taulic Groove

to 2 IPS)

es

to PVC PE p

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

38

4

e and Thread

pipe (threade

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

8 of 47

ded O.D. sea

ed O.D. only)

piping Engineer

al models on

)

ring issues

nly)


1410


IJSER

13.

PLASTIC-L

Plastic-linedchemical-rehousing alloplastic-linedfinishing indby-productspower gene

When servialternative tliner and hoexpansion a

13.1. Histo

Plastic-lined

The first pippolyvinylideprocessing temperaturedeveloped,

Thanks to hyears of succorrosive ch

13.2. METH

The plastic-processing coherent bothe type of p

13.2

Alththerubdevtech

● Chan

Pipi

LINED PIPIN

d piping and esistant enginows for the sd pipe finds wdustries. It is s cannot be teration, and e

ce conditionsto expensiveousing expanand contract

ry

d pipe was fi

ping system wene chloride (industries bee of 175_F (7plastic-lined

high standardccess in veryhemicals mu

HODS OF MA

-lined pipe inpolytetrafluo

onded mass processing u

2.1. Liner M

hough PTFErmoplastics. bery gel. Be

veloped for chniques are

Compaction ondled

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

NG FOR COR

fittings consneered plastsafe and econwidespread ualso the des

tolerated in thelectronics, t

s are within te alloy pipingnd and contraion.

rst manufact

was made by(PVDC) resinecause the P79_C). As ne pipe was ta

ds developedy aggressivest be convey

ANUFACTU

ndustry uses oroethylene (

by heating used by the v

anufacturin

E fluorocarbInstead whe

ecause of thconverting gr

of the granul

l

ne Design r

A

RROSION R

sist of a metaic liner insidenomical convuse in such insired choice whe process fto name a few

the capabiliti. The methoact as one un

tured in the e

y mechanican liner. InitialPVDC liner cew high-perfoken more se

d by the vario applicationsyed.

RE

both extrusio(PTFE) powda powder wivarious manu

ng Processe

on resins aen PTFE mehe extremelyranular PTFE

lar resin at a

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

ESISTANCE

al housing line a relativelyveyance of cndustries as when producluid. Industriw.

ies of a plastds of lining vnit, even tho

early 1940s a

ally reducing lly, plastic-linould only be ormance reseriously as a

ous manufacs, plastic-line

on techniqueder resins intithout meltinufacturers of

es for PTFE

are thermoplelts at 647_Fy high viscosE resins to fin

a relatively lo

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

39

E

ed with chemy inexpensivecorrosive and

the chemicact purity is ofes requiring

tic-lined pipinvary, but all augh plastic a

and sold com

or swaging aned pipe was

used for acisins and diffecost-efficien

cturers in theed pipe is a p

es for melt-exto their final g it. The follf plastic-lined

Liners

lastic materF (342_C), itsity of the mnished produ

ow temperatu

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

9 of 47

mically resiste but mechand dangerous al process, pf concern, pasuch purity a

ng system, it achieve the sand metal ha

mmercially in

a steel tube hs not widely ads and caus

erent manufat method of f

e plastic linedproven and a

xtrudable typforms. Sinteowing sectio

d piping prod

ials, they dchanges fro

melted PTFEucts. The bas

ure into a co

piping Engineer

tant plastic. Tnically strongchemicals. Fulp and pape

articularly whare pharmac

is often an esame goal: toave greatly di

1948.

housing dowaccepted by stics to a maxcturing technfighting corro

d pipe industccepted pipi

pe resins or sering can be ons provide aucts.

o not flow om a white sE, special tecsics steps co

ompressed fo

ring issues

The combinag pipe or fittinFor this reasoer, and meta

hen metal corceuticals, foo

economical o ensure thatiffering rates

wn onto an exthe chemicaximum servicniques were osion.

ry and more ng product w

sintering metdefined as foa brief descr

readily as dsolid to a trachniques ha

ommon to all

orm so that i

ation of a ng on,

al rrosion

od,

t the of

xtruded al ce

than 50 wherever

thods for orming a ription of

do most nsparent

ave been of these

it can be


1411


IJSER

● Hpoly

● Ccrys

VoifinisbeloF 1andtem

13.3. Liner

Plastic lininplastics areethylene ppolyvinylidechemical amaterial, inc

● High therm

● Resistanc

● Low smok

● Resistanc

They gener

● Low perm

● High purit

● Process a

● Cold wea

● High abra

● Low coeff

● Approval

Pipi

Heating of thymer particle

Cooling of thestalline deve

ds caused bshed articlesow 2.11 indic545 for PTF

d performingmperature can

Materials

ng materials e fully fluoripropylene, oenefluoride. Ittack. In faccluding other

mal stability

ce to sunligh

ke and flame

ce to fungus

rally have:

meability to m

ty in the virgi

ability, forma

ther impact s

asion resistan

ficients of fric

for food con

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

he compactees can coales

e sintered prelopment

by insufficies. With refercate a high-vFE-lined pipe conditions, n increase vo

fall into twonated, as in

or partially ft is the fluori

ct, the fully r metals, plas

t degradation

e characteris

and bacteria

most gases a

in form

ability, and m

strength

nce

ction

tact use

l

ne Design r

A

ed resin abosce into a str

roduct at a c

nt consolidarence to a tevoid content.e is 2.14. Alsintering co

oid content.

o main caten the case fluorinated, ine-carbon bfluorinatedstics, or com

n

tics

a build-up

nd liquids

old ability

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

ove its meltinrong homoge

controlled rat

ation of PTFemperature, The minimuthough void

onditions can

egories: fluorof polytetraas in the

bonding of thplastics exh

mposites. The

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

40

ng temperateneous struc

te to room te

FE resin parfor example

um accepted content is d

n also have

rinated plastafluoroethylen

case of ethese materiahibit better cey also posse

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

0 of 47

ture (commocture

emperature t

rticles duringe 73_F (23_standard sp

determined lan effect. S

tics and no ne (PTFE), thylenete trals that provid

chemical resess:

piping Engineer

only called s

to achieve th

g performing_C), PTFE-linpecific gravityargely by paintering at to

fluorinated perfluoroalk

a fluoro ethdes the outstsistance than

ring issues

sintering) so

he desired d

may appeaner specific y as defined article characoo high or to

plastics. Flukoxy, and pehylene (ETFtanding resisn virtually a

that the

degree of

ar in the gravities in ASTM cteristics oo low a

uorinated er fluoro FE) and stance to ny other


1412


IJSER

13.

The non flumaterials ththe fluoro p

13.4. Instal

Specificationumber of anumber of pcandidates

Material cos

Initial install

Long-term l

Many speciYet this apinvestment

Many typesmanufacturexpensive t

Converselysite prior to

A widely usresistant pippiping projeconsideratiosystem, fabthe installedcost ratios arrangemensystems. C

Pipi

3.1. Liner Ty

Polytetr Fluorina Perfluo Ethylen Polyvin Polypro Polyvin Polyeth

uorinated plahat provide golymer and a

lled Cost Co

on of a corroavailable mapiping candidon an econo

st

led cost

ife-cycle cos

ifiers limit thepproach pose

for a piping s

s of corrosiorer in the foto install.

, many pipininstallation.

sed formatteping systemsect so that on. Factors brication andd cost ratios are for NP

nts. A plasticompared to

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

ypes

rafluoroethylated Ethylenroalkoxy (PF

netetrafluoroeylidene Fluo

opylene (PP)ylidene Chlo

hylene (PE).

astics, polypgood overall are generally

omparisons

osion-resistanaterials that vdates that wiomic basis. T

st.

eir economices a very resystem, that

on-resistant orm of prefa

g systems w

ed study9 prs. It providesa final detaconsidered erection tecfrom the mo

PS 2, 4, andc-lined metala piping sys

l

ne Design r

A

ene (PTFE).e Propylene

FA). ethylene (ET

oride (PVDF)). oride (PVDC)

propylene (Pchemical res

y less expens

nt piping sysvary both in cll perform ad

Three types o

c analysis toeal danger bis, the in-pla

piping have abricated co

with low mate

resents a cos the engine

ailed economin the study

chniques, anost recent pud 6 (DN 50lic piping sysstem consist

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

(FEP).

TFE). .

).

PP) and polysistance. Thesive.

stem is a cocost and perdequately froof cost comp

o materials cbecause it igace cost of th

relatively homponents.

erial costs oft

omparison oeer with a scmic study cay are: type ond labor rateublication for, 100, and stem offers cting of corro

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

41

yvinylidene cey have lowe

omplex assigrformance. Tm a technicaarisons are c

osts only begnores what he system, in

igh materialThis, howe

ten require th

of initial instacreening tooan be madeof piping uss and produ

r a NPS 2 (D150) piping

clear advantasion resistan

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

1 of 47

chloride (PVer temperatu

gnment, if forhe materialsal standpointcommon:

ecause they is often we

ncluding fabr

costs becaver, makes

he additional

alled costs fl to help nar

e on the speed, materialctivity in inst

DN 50) complayouts for

ages over bont metal, pla

piping Engineer

DC), are moure and chem

r no other res-selection pht. Then a cho

are relativelyell over half rication and i

ause they arthese mate

l expense of

for a broad rrow the fieldecific piping costs, comtallation. Tablex piping sy

r both straigoth metal an

astic-lined pip

ring issues

ore general mical resista

eason than thase usuallyoice is made

y simple to eof the true nstallation co

re supplied ferials relativ

fabrication a

variety of cod of candida

arrangemenmplexity of th

ble 13.1 sumystem. The rght-run and nd solid-plastpe provides

purpose nce than

the large y yields a

from the

estimate. required

osts.

from the vely less

at the job

orrosion-tes for a nt under

he piping mmarizes report list complex tic piping equal or


1413


IJSER

better resisplastic-linedTable 13.1.

Compared service caprange of linsystems.

Plastic-linedis detrimenelectronics

Pipi

stance to ched metallic pip

This is espe

to a plastic pabilities as wne sizes, wi

d pipe is not ntal, as in thindustry.

PVC

CPVC

Carbo

304L

Rubb

316L

304L

316L

FRP/v

FRP/

FRP/

Polyp

Saran

PVDF

Alloy

Mone

Glass-

PVDF

PTFE

Titani

FEP-l

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

emical attacping system ecially true w

system madwell as higheth a broade

only used whe case of

(sch 80) C (sch 80)

on steel (Sch. 40

S.S. (Sch. 10) ber-lined steel (S

S.S. (Sch. 10) S.S. (Sch. 40) S.S. (Sch. 40)

vinyl ester epoxy

polyester propylene lined

lined steel (Sch

F-lined steel (Sc

20 (Sch. 10) l (Sch 10) -lined steel (Sch

F (Sch 80) E-lined steel (Sch

ium (Sch 10) lined steel (Sch

l

ne Design r

A

k, dependingto a welded

when compar

de from the ser mechanicaer selection

where chemicultra-pure c

PIPING MA

0)

Sch 40)

steel (Sch 40)

h 40)

ch 40)

h 40)

h 40)

40)

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

g on liner md metallic piping plastic-lin

same materal strength. Pof fittings, w

cal attack is achemicals an

Table 13.1

ATERIAL COS

0.56 PT

0.63 M

Al

1.00 Ni

1.13 Ha

1.16

1.20 PT

1.31 Ni

1.45 Ti

Ha

1.78

1.86 Ha

1.86 Zi

1.90

1.91 Zi

2.47

2.60

2.61

2.69

2.71

2.94

2.99

2.99

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

42

material. Wheping system,ned pipe to m

rial as the plPlastic-lined when compa

a concern, it nd demonize

ST RATIOS

TFE-lined FRP

Monel (Sch 40)

lloy 20 (Sch 40)

ickel (Sch 10)

astelloy C-276 (

TFE-lined 304L

ickel (Sch 40)

itanium (Sch 10

astelloy C-276 (

astelloy B (Sch

irconium (Sch 1

irconium (Sch 4

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

2 of 47

en comparing the plastic

metal system

astic liner, ppiping syste

ared to solid

is also useded water us

)

(Sch 10)

SS (Sch 10)

)

(Sch 40)

40)

0)

40)

piping Engineer

g the installelined system

ms of higher a

plastic-lined ems are alsod thermoplas

d where medsed in variou

3.20 3.24 3.32 3.34 3.52

4.12 4.27 4.46 4.46

5.71 5.95

7.04

ring issues

ed cost of am is often lowalloy materia

pipe provideo available instic or therm

dia contact wus processe

a flanged wer. See

als.

es higher n a wider mosetting

with metal es in the


1414


IJSER

14.

ConcurmateriaThermoGravity-installatMcGratrecommidentifiemateriaexcellentrench. excavatCLSM, placemcan be inspectilevels a

15.

INSTALLAT

rent with theals have alsoplastic Pres-Flow Appliction issues thth.31 Howarmendations aed in the folloals (CLSM, ant flow charaStrengths a

ted in the evwith many

ent; thus, if avoided. Pip

ion of pipe-laafter the insta

SOURCES

15.1. On Ne

The inroadsdrainage, aperformancdiameter apand comprestate of the

Proceeding345 East 47

ProceedingBar Harbor

ProceedingVA 22209.

ProceedingOhio Univer

ProceedingLondon, En

Pipi

TION

e developmeso been dessure Pipingcations,’’ andhat are criticard has pubare also issowing sectio

also known aacteristics suare low, somvent that an e

papers devused to backpe installatioaying crewsallation is com

OF ADDITIO

ew Develop

s that thermand in varioce of these mpplications foessive wall sart, should c

s of Internat7th Street, N

s of the SymDrive, West

s of the Fue

s of the Narsity, Athens

s of the Intngland SW1W

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

ent of structueveloped. N,’’ ASTM D

d ASTM F 1al to the longblished a bsued by varon. A significaas flow able uch that vibra

metimes as loencased utilivoted to its kfill an entireon can be di. Therefore, mplete. This

ONAL INFO

ments

moplastics pipus industria

materials. Toor which certtrength are oconsult the p

tional Conferew York, NY

mposium on Conshohock

l Gas Plastic

tional Confes, OH 45701.

ernational CW OHL.

l

ne Design r

A

ural design mNoteworthy a

2321, ‘‘Und1668 ‘‘Constg-term perforbook devoterious professant developmfill) for pipe

ation is not reow as 35 psty requires ause around e trench the fficult if groua key step should be a

RMATION

ping has mal uses has

opics of parttain limits of often design

proceedings o

rences on PY 10017.

Buried Plasken, PA 1942

c Pipe Symp

erence on Fl

Conferences

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

methods for among thesderground Intruction Procrmance of fle

ed to pipe sional and tment in pipebackfill. CLSequired to pl

si (240 kPa) a repair. In 19

pipes.43 Osettlement a

und conditionin quality costandard pa

ade in fuel ggenerated m

ticular recentperformancelimiting. A re

of the followi

ipeline Desig

stic Pipe Tec28.

osium, Amer

lexible Pipes

on Plastics

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

43

thermoplastse are ASTnstallation ofcedures for exible no preinstallation

trade associ installation

SM is a mixtlace it arounat 28 days,

997 ASTM hOne benefit oand pavemenns are poor,ontrol of pipeart of all pipe

gas distributmany studiet interest rele, such as meader interesng periodica

gn and Insta

chnology, Am

rican Gas As

s, Center fo

Pipe, Plast

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

3 of 47

tics, installatTM D 2774f ThermoplasBuried Plast

essure plasticissues.27

iations. A npractice is th

ture of sand,d and under in order to

held a three-dof CLSM is nt damage t and it is als

e installationinstallation s

ion, sewer,es regardinglate to the u

maximum depsted in these

ally held sym

allation, Ame

merican Soc

ssociation, 1

r Geotechnic

tics and Rub

piping Engineer

tion practices4, ‘‘Undergrostic Pipe fortic Pipe.’’ A cs pipe has Installation umber of thhe use of co, cement, fly r a pipe or otassure that

day symposithat shrinka

hat often occso expensives is to checspecification

water, agricg the durabiuse of these pth of burial,e topics, as wposia and co

erican Societ

iety for Test

515 Wilson B

cal and Gro

bber Institut

ring issues

s dedicated ound Installr Sewers ancommentary

been offeredas well as

hese referenontrolled low-

ash, and wther obstructthe materia

ium on the sage is minimcurs with soe to provide k the pipe ds.

ultural, and lity and engmaterials fo buckling res

well as in theonferences:

ty of Civil En

ting & Mater

Boulevard, A

oundwater R

e, 11 Hoba

to these lation of nd Other y on the

d by T. J. s design nces are -strength ater with tions in a al can be ubject of

mal after il backfill full-time

deflection

highway gineering or larger-sistance, e general

ngineers,

rials, 100

Arlington,

esearch,

rt Place,


1415


IJSER

15.2. Public

The followinwith respec

ASME GuidEngineers,

AGA Plastic

Association

Maintenanc

NAVFAC-MOffice, Was

15.3. Assoc

Various tradinstallation organization

Thermoplas

The Plastics

ThermoplasSuite 20, G

PVC pipingSuite 155, D

‘‘No-Dig’’ mTechnology

15.4. Codes

Thermoplasand other hcodes allowsuch codes

BOCA: NatOfficials and

CABO: OneChurch, VA

Pipi

cations Rela

ng publicatioct to design a

de for Gas TUnited Engin

c Pipe Manu

n, 1515 Wilso

ce of Operati

MO–220; Air shington, D.C

ciations

de and techof plastics

ns at the follo

stic pipe (ind

s Pipe Institu

stics pipe (pllen Ellyn, IL

g (water distDallas, TX 75

methods for y, 435 North

s

stics piping fhazardous mw plastics pip are derived

tional Buildind Code Adm

e and Two A 22041.

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

ated to Stan

ons contain mand installatio

Transmission neering Cent

al for Gas Se

on Boulevard

ion of Gas Sy

Force AFM C. 20402.

nical associapiping. A

owing addres

dustrial gas d

ute, 1825 Co

lumbing app60137.

tribution, sew5234.

r the rehabiMichigan Av

for plumbingmaterials mayping for certaare issued b

ng Code ,BOministrators, In

Family Dwe

l

ne Design r

A

ndards

much informon:

and Distributer, 345 East

ervice. Availa

d, Arlington, V

ystems, Nov

91–6. Avail

ations issue listing of csses:

distribution, s

onnecticut Av

plications): P

werage, and

ilitation of evenue, Suite

g, heating, coy be subjectain applicatioby the followi

OCA Nationanternational,

elling Code.

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

mation that is

ution Piping St 47th Street

able from Am

VA 22209, (7

vember, 1970

able from S

reports, macurrent litera

ewerage, wa

ve., N.W., Su

lastics Pipe

d irrigation): U

existing buri1717 Chicag

ooling and vt to the provons. The maing organiza

al Mechanic Inc., 4051 W

Council of

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

44

s useful for a

Systems. Av, New York,

merican Gas

703) 841-845

0, Army TM5

Superintende

nuals, and liature offering

ater, and gen

uite 680, Was

& Fittings A

Uni-Bell PVC

ied pipelinesgo, IL 60611.

ventilating, sisions of a c

ajor model butions:

cal Code, anWest Flossm

American B

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

4 of 47

all applicatio

vailable from NY 10017, (

54.

5–654;

nt of Docum

ists of referegs may be

neral uses):

shington, DC

Association, 8

C Pipe Asso

s: North Am.

ewer, water,code or otheuilding and p

nd BOCA Naoor Road, C

uilding Offic

piping Engineer

ns of plastic

American S212) 705-77

ments, U.S. G

ences on proobtained b

C 20009.

800 Rooseve

ociation, 265

merican Soc

, fire protecter regulation.plumbing cod

ational Plumountry Club

cials, 5203 L

ring issues

cs piping, pa

Society of Me22.

Government

operties, desby contactin

elt Road, Bu

55 Villa Cree

ciety for Tre

tion, gas dis. Nearly all pdes from wh

mbing Code. Hills, IL 6047

Leesburg Pik

articularly

echanical

t Printing

sign, and ng these

uilding C,

ek Drive,

enchless

tribution, plumbing ich most

Building 78.

ke, Falls


1416


IJSER

IAPMO: UnSouth, Waln

ICBO: UnifoSouth Work

PHCC: Nati6808, Falls

SBCI: SBCMechanical

American N

ANSI B31.3Distribution

Some stanapplicationsOrganizatio

For potable

NSF Interna

Canadian S

Canada, M9

For drain, w

NSF Interna

For meat- a

U.S. Depart

For water p

American W

Pipi

niform Plumbnut, CA 9178

form Buildingkman Mill Ro

ional StandaChurch, VA

CCI Southernl Code. Sout

National Sta

3 Chemical PPiping Syste

ndards and s, it first muons and appr

e water:

ational, NSF

Standards As

9W 1R3

waste, and v

ational and C

and food-pr

tment of Agr

pipe:

Water Works

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

bing Code. In89–2855.

g Code and oad, Whittier,

ard Plumbing22040.

n Building Cohern Building

andards Inst

Plant and Petems. ANSI Z

various juriust be apprroval program

Building, Po

ssociation, 17

vent:

Canadian Sta

rocessing pl

riculture, 14th

Association,

l

ne Design r

A

nternational A

Uniform Me CA 90601.

g Code. Natio

ode, SBCCI g Code Cong

titute

troleum RefiZ223, Nationa

sdictions anroved for thms for plastic

ost Office Box

78 Rexdale B

andards Asso

lants:

h and Indepe

, Denver, CO

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

Association o

echanical Co

onal Associa

Southern Sgress Interna

nery Piping. al Fuel Gas C

nd authoritiehat use byc pipe include

x 1468, Ann

Boulevard, R

ociation (see

endence S.W

O.

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

45

of Building a

ode. Internat

ation of Plum

tandard Plumational, 900 M

ThermoplasCode.

es require ta recognizee the followin

Arbor, MI 48

Rexdale, Onta

e above).

W., Room071

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

5 of 47

and Mechanic

tional Confer

mbing Heating

mbing Code,Montclair Ro

stic Piping AN

that before ed, or specing:

8106.

ario,

7 South, Wa

piping Engineer

cal Officials,

rence of Bu

g- Cooling C

, and SBCCad, Birmingh

NSI B31.8 G

pipe may bfically desig

ashington, DC

ring issues

20001 Waln

ilding Officia

Contractors, P

CI Southern Sham, AL 352

as Transmis

be used forgnated, orga

C 20250.

nut Drive

als, 5360

P.O. Box

Standard 13.

ssion and

r certain anization.


1417


IJSER

16.

REFERENC

1. Facts & FDC; ‘‘Resin

2. Bill Brega

3. BCC RepCommunica

4. L. E. JanStockholm,

5. F.J. HegePractice No

6. Section 1American A

7. Stanley Society for T

8. P.E. O’DBattelle SloGas Pipe SVirginia.

9. X.R. QianFailures in

10. L.E. Ja& Reklamtry

11. Y.G. Hsconducted b

12. Y.G. HsApplications

13. L.E. JaInternationa

14. A.P. MoBuried Plas

15. H.W. ViConference

Pipi

CES

Figures of thes Report,’’ M

ar, ‘‘Special R

port P-043N,ations Co., In

son, Plastic 1989.

er, R.E. Chao. 63, Americ

18, Soil-TherAssociation

A. Mruk, ‘‘ThTesting and

onoghue, M.w Crack Gro

Symposium, O

n Lu, and Na Tough Po

nson, ‘‘Plasyck AB, 1996

suan, ‘‘Evaluaby the Geos

suan, ‘‘A Stres,’’ PPI repor

nson, ‘‘Plastal Conferenc

oser, O.K. Shstic Pipe Tec

nson, ‘‘Respe on Undergr

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

e U.S. PlastModern Plast

Report: Plas

‘‘The Compnc., Stamford

Pipes for Wa

mbers, and Acan Society o

rmoplastic Piof State H

he Durabilityd Materials, P

.F. Kanninenowth Test forOctober 3–5,

. Brown, ‘‘Noolyethylene,’’

stic Pipes fo6.

ation of Stressynthetic Res

ess Crack Rert published

tic Gravity Sece on Underg

hupe, and R.chnology, Am

ponse of PVCround Plastic

l

ne Design r

A

tics Industry tics, January

tic to Remain

petitive Pipe Md, Connectic

ater Supply a

A.G.H. Dietzof Civil Engin

pe Interactioighway and

y of PolyethyPhiladelphia

n, C.H. Poplar Polyethylen, 1989, San

otchology—T’ Journal of M

or Water Su

ss-Crack Research Institu

esistance Meby Plastic Pi

ewer Pipes Sground Plasti

R. Bishop, ‘‘merican Soci

C Pipe to Larc Pipe, Amer

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

(1997 editiony 1998.

n Leading Pi

Market: Matcut.

and Sewage

z, ‘‘Structural neers, New Y

on Systems, d Transporta

lene Piping,’, October 19

ar, and M.M. ne Gas Pipe

Francisco,

The Effect oMaterials Sc

upply and S

esistance of Pute for the P

ethod for Evape Institute,

Subject to Cic Pipe, Ame

Is PVC Pipeety for Testi

rge, Repetitivican Society

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

46

n),The Socie

ipe Material

terials, Appli

Disposal, N

Plastics DesYork, May 19

Standard Spation Officia

’ STP 1093, 990.

Mamoun, ‘‘AMateri- als,’published by

of the Notchincience 26, 19

ewage Disp

PolyethylenePlastics Pipe

aluation of PoWashing- to

Constant Strerican Societ

Strain Limiteing and Mat

ve Pressure of Civil Eng

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

6 of 47

ety of the Pl

,’’ Plastics N

ications Dire

este Chemic

sign Manual,984.

pecifications als (AASHTO

Buried Plast

A Fracture M’ Proceeding

y the America

ng Method o991, p. 26.

posal,’’ Borea

e Non-Pressue Institute, 19

olyethylene Mon, DC. 1997

rain by Defley of Civil Eng

ed After Allerials, Octo

Surges,’’ Proineers, New

piping Engineer

lastic Industr

News, Februa

ctions,’’ Bus

cals, Stenung

,’’ ASCE Man

for High- waO), Washingt

tic Pipe Tech

Mechan- ic’s Ags of the Elean Gas Asso

on the Slow C

alis, Sven A

ure Rated Re997.

Materials Inte.

ection,’’ Procgineers, New

These Yearber 1990.

oceedings ofYork, March

ring issues

ry, Inc., Was

ary 19, 1990

iness

g- sund, Swe

nual of Engi

ay Bridges, ton, DC.

hnology, Ame

Assessment eventh Plastociation, Arlin

Crack Grow

Axelson AB/

esins,’’ study

ended for Pi

eedings of thw York, Mar

rs?’’ STP 10

f the Internath 1981.

shington,

0, p. 10.

eden,

ineering

erican

of the tic Fuel ngton,

wth

/Affisch

y

pe

he ch 1981.

093,

tional


1418


IJSER

16. J.A. BoBuried Plas

17. ‘‘PVC P

18. ‘‘AWWAAmerican W

19. M.F. Ka

‘‘A FractureEleventh P

20. R.D. BlFittings Div

21. R. HallPlastics, vo

22. M.W. Ke

23. J.Q. BuSoil Structu

24. T.J. McConstructed

25. E.T. SeConference

26. A.K. HoEngineering

27. A.K. Ho

28. N. HashProceeding

29. N. HashPerformanc

30. T.J. McGPipe,’’ RepoSimpson Gu

31. ASCE MEngineers,

32. AWWA,Association

Pipi

owman, ‘‘Thestic Pipe Tec

Pipe-Design

A CommitteeWater Works

anninen, P.E

e Mechanic’s Plastic Fuel G

liesner, Desvision of the

, ‘‘Design anl. V, Nationa

ellog Compa

rns and R.Mure Interacti

cGrath, ‘‘Repd Environme

elig, ‘‘Soil Pae, American

oward, ‘‘Modg, ASCE, V

oward, Pipelin

hash, and Egs of the First

hash and E.Tce of Flexible

Grath, ‘‘Proport to the Poumpertz & H

Manual No. New York, 1

, ‘‘Fiberglassn, Denver, C

M.Kamal


MNI MBA

e Fatigue Rechnology, Am

and Installa

e Report, Dess Association

. O’Donoghu

Analysis of Gas Pipe Sym

signing, OpeIrrigation As

d Installational Association

any, Design o

. Richard, ‘‘Aion, 1964, U

placing E’ witent, Proceedi

arameters foSociety of C

dulus of Soil Rol 103, No. G

ne Installatio

E.T. Selig, ‘‘At National Co

T. Selig, ‘‘Anae Pipes, Balk

posed Desigolyethylene PHeger Inc., 19

60, ‘‘Gravity1982.

s Pipe DesiCO, 1996.

l

ne Design r

A

esponse of Pmerican Soci

ation,’’ AWW

sign and Insn (AWWA), 1

ue, J.W. Card

Rapid Crackmposium, Oc

erating and ssociation, A

n of Above Gn of Corrosio

of Piping Sys

Attenuation oniversity of

th the Consings of the C

r Design ofCivil Enginee

Reaction VaGT1, 1977, N

on, Relativity

Analysis of tonference on

alysis of the kema, Rotter

n Method foPipe Design 990.

y Sanitary S

ign,’’ AWWA

Subjec Docum Date.

Page.

Polyvinyl Chety for Testin

WA Manual M

stallation of 1998.

dinal, S.T. G

k Propagatioctober 3–5, 1

Maintaining rlington, VA,

Ground Thermon Engineers

stems, John

of Stresses fo Arizona, Tu

strained ModConference, A

f Buried Pipers, 1988, Ne

lues for BurNew York, N

y Publishing

the Performan Flexible Pip

Performancerdam, 1990.

r Calculating Task Group

Sewer Desig

A Manual of

ct. Pla

ment. Re

27

47

hloride and Png and Mate

M23, Americ

Polyethylene

Green, R. Cu

on and Arrest989, Americ

PVC Piping 1987.

moplastic Pips, Houston, 1

Wiley & Son

or Buried Cycson, Arizon

ulus in BurieAmerican So

pelines,’’ Pipew York, NY

ried Flexible NY.

, Lakewood

ance of a Buipe, 1994, Co

e of Buried H

g Loads andp of the AAS

gn and Cons

f Water Sup

astic pipes for p

esearch

7/12/2016

7 of 47

Polyethylenerials, Octobe

can Water W

e Pipe Made

urr, and J.G.

t in Polyethycan Gas Asso

g Systems U

ping System983.

ns, New York

linders,’’ Prona, pp. 378–3

ed Pipe Desciety of Civil

peline InfrastY, pp. 99–116

Pipe,’’ Jour

, CO, 1996.

uried High Dolumbus, OH

High Density

Hoop CompHTO Flexible

struction,’’ A

pply Practic

piping Engineer

e Piping Syster 1990.

Works Assoc

e in Accorda

Williams,

ylene Pipes,’ociation, Arli

Using PVC F

ms,’’ Managin

k, 1982.

oceedings of 392.

sign,’’ PipelinEngineers,

tructure Proc6.

rnal of the Ge

Density PolyH.

Polyeth- yle

pression Stree Culvert Li

merican Soc

ces M45, Am

ring issues

tems,’’ STP

ciation, 1980.

ance with C 9

’’ Proceedingngton, Virgin

Fittings, PVC

ng Corrosion

the Sympo

nes in the 1998, Resto

ceedings of

eotechnical

yethylene Pip

ene Pipe,’’ S

esses for Buiaison Comm

ciety of Civil

erican Wate

1093,

.

906,’’

gs of the nia.

C

With

osium on

n, VA.

the

pe,’’

tructural

uried mittee,

er Works


1419


IJSER

Date post:	27-Feb-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	17 times
Download:	13 times

Plastic pipes for Piping Engineering issues · 2017. 6. 9. · Plastic pipes for Piping Engineering...

Documents