1050
1000
1150
1100
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
H’
1050
1000
1150
1100
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
Ele
vatio
n (fe
et)
H
Crow
Riv
er, S
outh
For
k
Crow
Riv
er, S
outh
For
k
Ceda
r Cre
ek
Cosm
os
MN
4
CSAH
10
CSAH
1
CSAH
26
Pipe
Lak
e
nts
gs4
wrtgt5
gs3
scs
nht
hwt
ms
mlt
gs4gt4
mt
hwtscs
mlt
sct
gt3
nt nt
mls
mths
pu
Ka
wes
mlssct
gt3
nht
mt1100
1075
p_u
9.38
23.124.7
3.17
25.5
106
1050
1000
1150
1100
1200
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
G’
1050
1000
1150
1100
1200
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
Ele
vatio
n (fe
et)
G
Fallo
n La
ke
Will
ie L
ake
Lake
Jenn
ie
CSAH
15
CSAH
18MN
4
CSAH
35
MN
15CSAH
9
MN
22
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14CSAH
1
Belle
Cre
ek
Suck
er C
reek
gs4
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hs
gs3
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vt
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vs
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ms
wes
pu
ss
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ss
scs
hwt
nt
nt
nt
ss
gt5
mltmlt
hwt
hwt
nht
sct
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mlt
hs
mt
mt
sct
gt4
hs ms
sct
wtegt4
scs
wte
gt3
wrs
ms
wesgs5
wrs
hsscs
wes
1100
105010
75
p_up_u
12.36.39
21.5
10.7
15.1
24.9
19.8
2.11
169183
262
208
sc
5500
1200
1050
1000
1150
1100
1250
1200
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
F’
1050
1000
1150
1100
1250
1200
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
Ele
vatio
n (fe
et)
F
Star
Lak
e
Man
uella
Lak
e
Colli
nwoo
d La
ke
Was
hing
ton
Cree
k
Belle
Cre
ek
CSAH
18
CSAH
14CSAH
1
CSAH
9
CSAH
15
CSAH
28
MN
4
MN
15MN
22
wrt
gs5
ms
wes
scs
ss
wte
scs
mlt
ss
psu
gt3
wte
mlt
vs
pu
Ka
KdKa
gt3
ms
mt
mlt
vt
pu
gt4
scs
mt
gt4
mt
gt5
mls
mt
scs
mt
gs3
wrs
nht
sc
hs
ms
hwt
nt
gs4
hs
hwt
nt
wrt
mls
hwtscs
gs4
hs
ms
sctsct
nts
10501125
1075
1150
1100
p_u
17.4
25.22.04
4.98
24.7
15.6
34.727.2
10.9
869
222
150
163
134164
110
18.4
5.26*
2500
1300
1050
1000
1150
1100
1250
1200
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
E’
1050
1000
1150
1100
1250
1200
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
Ele
vatio
n (fe
et)
E
CSAH
4
MN
4
CSAH
14
MN
15
CSAH
1
MN
22
CSAH
32
CSAH
24
US1
2
Long
Lak
e
Long
Lak
e
Thoe
n La
ke
Lake
Rip
ley
Lake
And
rew
Nel
son
Litc
hfiel
d
Litc
hfiel
d
Colli
nwoo
d Cr
eek
Was
hing
ton
Cree
k
scs
gt5
wrs
scs
gt5pu
hs
gt4
wrt
sctscs
hs
gt3
wrt
sct
wes
sct
hwt
hwt
wes
mls
ss
gs5
ss
gs4mls
hs
mls
ss
mlt
mlt
gs4
wrs
mt
gs3
ss
hs
nt
ntnt
sc
puKd
Ka
Kd
Kd
1125
11251175
1075
1150
10251100
1150
1050
p_u
11.7
24.3
51.3
3.23
5.77
3.2
49.0
3.04
20.0
269
136
358
270
109
699
174sc
sc
9.26*
13.0*
1050
1000
1150
1100
1250
1200
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
D’
1050
1000
1150
1100
1250
1200
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
Ele
vatio
n (fe
et)
DW
ashi
ngto
n Cr
eek
Jew
itts C
reek
Long
Lak
e
May
nard
Lak
eChic
ken
Lake
Big
Swan
Lak
eCSAH
24
US1
2
CSAH
1CSAH
32
CSAH
34
MN
15
CSAH
14
MN
22
CSAH
4
MN
4
Litc
hfiel
d
scs
gt4 sct
pu
gt5
sct
pu
hwt
wrs
ss
ss
wrt
scs
hs
hwt
wte
hwt
sc
mls
mls
hs
ss
scs
mlt
mltmls
gs4 ms
hs
ss1
sct
hs
vs
gs5
mt
gs5
nt
nt
gs5
sct
wrs
gt4sct
pu
Ka
Kd
Kd
Kd
hs
wrs
1050
1025
1150
1100
1075
1175
1125
p_u
8.94
21.1
5.82
11.2
3.3
23.1
2.19 4.5413
15.0
248
701
116
146 324
172
sc
scsc
10.2*
12.7
1050
1000
1150
1100
1200
950
900
850
800
750
700
C’
1050
1000
1150
1100
1200
950
900
850
800
750
700
Ele
vatio
n (fe
et)
C
MN
4
MN
15
MN
24
MN
22
CSAH
34
CSAH
31
CSAH
27CSAH
14
CSAH
25
Mud
Lak
e
Mad
sen
Stat
e W
ildlif
e M
anag
emen
t Are
a
King
ston
Crow
Riv
er
Grov
e Cr
eek
Batt
le C
reek
Jew
itts C
reek
nt
mlshwt
scs
ntss
hwt
sct
pu
mlt scs
ss
hs
sc
sct
gt4
mt
scs
sct
wrsgs5
mlt
nt
mls
nt
mls
sct
hwt
sctmls
hsnt
ss
sct
hs
ss
hwtss
wrt
mls
hs sc
mlt
scs
hwt
pu
Ka
KdKd
10751100
1025
1050
1125
p_u
5.73 6.68
31.3
6.93
53.94.96
17.9
2.8711.3
180
284
369102
123
137 sc
6.90*
11.2*
1050
1000
1150
1100
1250
1200
950
900
850
800
750
Ele
vatio
n (fe
et) 1050
1000
1150
1100
1250
1200
950
900
850
800
750
B’B
Clea
rwat
er R
iver
Crow
Riv
er
Clea
rwat
er R
iver
Clea
rwat
er R
iver
Whi
tney
Lak
e
Clea
r Lak
e
Lake
Bet
sy
CSAH
17CSAH
25
CSAH
34
CSAH
2
MN
15MN
22
MN
4
CSAH
30
nt
nt
mlt
vt
hs
nt
mlt
mlt sshwt
wrs
hs
scs
gs5
sct
sctsct
mls
mt
vswrt
hs
gt4
ss
gs5 ms
hwtss
wrt
gt5
hs
gt4
nt
wrt
sct
mlsgs4 sct
ss1scs
wrs hsnt
wrswte
hs
pu
wrt
ss
mls mlspu
mlt
hwt hsnt
pu
hwtwrs
hwt
mlt scs
pu
KdKdKd
mlt
ss
1175
11501125
1050
1125
1075
1100
p_u
10.3
17.0
6.27
6.95
2.71
203
221
171255
272
124
2115.14
1.59
sc
scsc
15.3
9.51*
550
1050
1000
1150
1100
1250
1200
950
900
850
800
750
A’
1050
1000
1150
1100
1250
1200
950
900
850
800
750
Ele
vatio
n (fe
et)
A
MN
22CSAH
30
MN
4
CSAH
25
MN
55
CSAH
20
CSAH
2
Eden
Val
ley
Clea
rwat
er R
iver
Lake
Kor
onis
scs
scs
sct
sct
nt
wrt
hwt
pu
hs
mls
wrs
hs
wes
sct
ntnt
wrt
hwt
pu Kd
Kd
pu
scs
wrs
wte
ss
nt
hwt
ss
hs
vs
mltmlt
mlt
wrt
hwt
1125
11001150 1125
1150
1125
1150
1150
p_u
5.41
25.3
486
244
334
126129 sc
8.71*
9.82*151*
12.5*
Groundwater sample with evaporative signatureE
*aquitard
Aquifers and aquitards grouped by stratigraphy
Quaternary aquitards
Grouped by texture ranging from highest to lowest sand content indicating relative hydraulic conductivity.
Surficial sand and gravel
Buried aquifers and aquitards
Geologic unit code Percent sand
Bedrock Dakota Formation
Cretaceous undifferentiated
mt, hwt, wrt
nt, mlt, wte
sct, gt4, gt5, vt
>50% and ≤60%
>40% and ≤50%
>30% and ≤40%
Groundwater conditions
Symbols and labels
Land or bedrock surface
General groundwater flow direction
Geologic contact
Approximate equipotential contour; contour interval 25 feet
1100
Water table
Tritium age
Darker color in small vertical rectangle (well screen symbol) indicates tritium age of water sampled in well. Lighter color indicates interpreted age of water in aquifer.
Mixed: water is a mixture of recent and vintage waters (greater than 1 TU to less than 8 TU).
Well not sampled for tritium.
Vintage: water entered the ground before 1953 (less than or equal to 1 TU).
Recent: water entered the ground since about 1953 (8 to 15 tritium units [TU]).
CROSS SECTION EXPLANATION
Quaternary unconsolidated sedimentInterpreted tritium age is indicated by the background color. See Figure 5 in the report for geologic unit correlation.
Chloride: if shown, concentration is ≥5 ppm.(* naturally elevated)
12.7
Nitrate: if shown, concentration is ≥1 ppm.5.14
Arsenic: if shown, concentration is ≥2 ppb.23.1
Manganese: if shown, concentration is ≥100 ppb.
Carbon-14 (14C): estimated groundwater residence time in years.
550
146
nt*
ms
mt*
hs
hwt*
scs
sct*
mls
mlt*
gs4
gt4*
gs5
gt5*
wrs
wrt*
wes
wte*
vs
vt*
pu
ss1
sc*
ss
Groundwater moves from an overlying buried aquifer to an underlying buried aquifer.
Water from the surface moves through a thin layer of overlying fine-grained material to an underlying aquifer.
Groundwater discharges to a surface-water body.
Groundwater flowpath is unknown.
Groundwater flows laterally.
Precambrian crystallinep_u
Ka
Kd
)
7T. 117 N.
24
22
¤12
)4
)4
)55
22)
)
)15
))15
)55
Dassel
Greenleaf
Litchfield
Rosendale
CosmosCedar Mills
GroveCity
KingstonForest City
Eden Valley
Watkins
Darwin
94°22'30" W.
45°7'30" N.
45° N.
45°15' N.
94°37'30" W.94°45' W.
94°30' W.
T. 118 N.
T. 119 N.
T. 120 N.
T. 121 N.
R. 32 W. R. 31 W.
R. 30 W. R. 29 W.
B’BB’B
C’C
C’CD’D
D’D
E’E
E’E
F’F
G’G
H’
A’A A’A
H
1 0 1 2 3 4
SCALE 1:400 000
1 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 KILOMETERS3
5 MILES
Symbols
Well used to generate cross section
N
Part B line of cross section shown on this plateA A’
Part B line of cross section shown on Plate 8E E’
Part A line of cross sectionA A’
LOCATION DIAGRAM
Groundwater sample with evaporative signatureE
*aquitard
Aquifers and aquitards grouped by stratigraphy
Quaternary aquitards
Grouped by texture ranging from highest to lowest sand content indicating relative hydraulic conductivity.
Surficial sand and gravel
Buried aquifers and aquitards
Geologic unit code Percent sand
Bedrock Dakota Formation
Cretaceous undifferentiated
mt, hwt, wrt
nt, mlt, wte
sct, gt4, gt5, vt
>50% and ≤60%
>40% and ≤50%
>30% and ≤40%
Groundwater conditions
Symbols and labels
Land or bedrock surface
General groundwater flow direction
Geologic contact
Approximate equipotential contour; contour interval 25 feet
1100
Water table
Tritium age
Darker color in small vertical rectangle (well screen symbol) indicates tritium age of water sampled in well. Lighter color indicates interpreted age of water in aquifer.
Mixed: water is a mixture of recent and vintage waters (greater than 1 TU to less than 8 TU).
Well not sampled for tritium.
Vintage: water entered the ground before 1953 (less than or equal to 1 TU).
Recent: water entered the ground since about 1953 (8 to 15 tritium units [TU]).
CROSS SECTION EXPLANATION
Quaternary unconsolidated sedimentInterpreted tritium age is indicated by the background color. See Figure 5 in the report for geologic unit correlation.
Chloride: if shown, concentration is ≥5 ppm.(* naturally elevated)
12.7
Nitrate: if shown, concentration is ≥1 ppm.5.14
Arsenic: if shown, concentration is ≥2 ppb.23.1
Manganese: if shown, concentration is ≥100 ppb.
Carbon-14 (14C): estimated groundwater residence time in years.
550
146
nt*
ms
mt*
hs
hwt*
scs
sct*
mls
mlt*
gs4
gt4*
gs5
gt5*
wrs
wrt*
wes
wte*
vs
vt*
pu
ss1
sc*
ss
Groundwater moves from an overlying buried aquifer to an underlying buried aquifer.
Water from the surface moves through a thin layer of overlying fine-grained material to an underlying aquifer.
Groundwater discharges to a surface-water body.
Groundwater flowpath is unknown.
Groundwater flows laterally.
Precambrian crystallinep_u
Ka
Kd
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 MILES
1 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 83 9 KILOMETERS
SCALE 1:100 000VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X 50
Groundwater sample with evaporative signatureE
*aquitard
Aquifers and aquitards grouped by stratigraphy
Quaternary aquitards
Grouped by texture ranging from highest to lowest sand content indicating relative hydraulic conductivity.
Surficial sand and gravel
Buried aquifers and aquitards
Geologic unit code Percent sand
Bedrock Dakota Formation
Cretaceous undifferentiated
mt, hwt, wrt
nt, mlt, wte
sct, gt4, gt5, vt
>50% and ≤60%
>40% and ≤50%
>30% and ≤40%
Groundwater conditions
Symbols and labels
Land or bedrock surface
General groundwater flow direction
Geologic contact
Approximate equipotential contour; contour interval 25 feet
1100
Water table
Tritium age
Darker color in small vertical rectangle (well screen symbol) indicates tritium age of water sampled in well. Lighter color indicates interpreted age of water in aquifer.
Mixed: water is a mixture of recent and vintage waters (greater than 1 TU to less than 8 TU).
Well not sampled for tritium.
Vintage: water entered the ground before 1953 (less than or equal to 1 TU).
Recent: water entered the ground since about 1953 (8 to 15 tritium units [TU]).
CROSS SECTION EXPLANATION
Quaternary unconsolidated sedimentInterpreted tritium age is indicated by the background color. See Figure 5 in the report for geologic unit correlation.
Chloride: if shown, concentration is ≥5 ppm.(* naturally elevated)
12.7
Nitrate: if shown, concentration is ≥1 ppm.5.14
Arsenic: if shown, concentration is ≥2 ppb.23.1
Manganese: if shown, concentration is ≥100 ppb.
Carbon-14 (14C): estimated groundwater residence time in years.
550
146
nt*
ms
mt*
hs
hwt*
scs
sct*
mls
mlt*
gs4
gt4*
gs5
gt5*
wrs
wrt*
wes
wte*
vs
vt*
pu
ss1
sc*
ss
Groundwater moves from an overlying buried aquifer to an underlying buried aquifer.
Water from the surface moves through a thin layer of overlying fine-grained material to an underlying aquifer.
Groundwater discharges to a surface-water body.
Groundwater flowpath is unknown.
Groundwater flows laterally.
Precambrian crystallinep_u
Ka
Kd
Groundwater Atlas of Meeker CountyCounty Atlas Series C-35, Part B
Plate 7 of 8Hydrogeologic Cross Sections
A–Aʹ through D–Dʹ
To accompany atlas Report and Plates 6 and 8.
Hydrogeologic Cross Sections
By Randy J. Bradt
2019
Buried sand aquifers are listed in each section from the surface down to include the deepest buried sand aquifer that may have detectable tritium. Additional aquifers discussed include those with relevant carbon-14 residence time.
Cross Section A–AʹA total of 8 wells were sampled for tritium along this cross section from wells ranging in depth from 62 to 203 feet.
The ss aquifer deposits occur at scattered locations on top of the nt aquitard with the most extensive deposits located near Eden Valley. Recent tritium-age water was mapped in this aquifer.
The hs aquifer buried sands were mostly mapped as mixed tritium-age water. One exception is from a well on the south shore of Lake Koronis where water may recharge from upgradient vintage tritium-age water entering from the southwest.
The scs aquifers were mostly mapped as vintage tritium-age water. Groundwater is generally moving vertically downward at most locations.
Exceptions are as follows. Mixed tritium-age water was found on the southwest shores of Lake Koronis where there is over 70 feet of overlying aquitard. Tritium was not expected and the source is unknown. Other areas are near Lake Koronis and MN 4 where overlying aquifers (ss and hs) enhance recharge rates to the scs aquifer. Another is on the far eastern side of the county and west of Clearwater River, where the overlying aquitards are thin.
Just east of Eden Valley there is a slight upward gradient where groundwater converges. Surficial (ss) and buried (hs) sands overlie the scs aquifer and there is minimal aquitard confinement. Mixed tritium-age water was expected at this location yet one sample had vintage tritium-age water. This is likely due to the upward groundwater flow that limits or prevents the downward migration of mixed and recent tritium-age water.
The mls aquifers were mapped as vintage tritium-age water. However, a sample collected east of MN 4 had mixed tritium-age water, with no known source. The presence of tritium is inconsistent with the pollution sensitivity and could not be explained by lateral recharge from adjacent higher sensitivity locations.
Cross Section B–BʹA total of 10 wells were sampled for tritium along this cross section from wells ranging in depth from 54 to 237 feet.
The ss aquifer deposits occur at scattered locations on top of the nt aquitard with the most extensive deposits located between MN 22 and CSAH 34. Recent tritium-age water was mapped in this aquifer.
The hs aquifer buried sands were mapped as mixed tritium-age water. Most recharge is through thin overlying aquitards, including several locations where overlying surficial sands enhance recharge to these shallow buried sands. The best example is just east of MN 22. A sample collected from a 54-foot-deep well on the far eastern portion of the cross section was found to have mixed tritium, anthropogenic chloride, and elevated nitrate.
The scs aquifer varies between vintage and mixed tritium-age water, with mixed showing up in locations where the overlying aquitards are thin or where overlying surficial (ss) or buried (hs) sands enhance groundwater recharge. Samples with elevated tritium concentrations from areas with very low pollution sensitivity suggests that this buried aquifer is better connected to the surface than indicated by currently available information, or that the well condition may be providing a pathway for water from other sources to enter the well.
The mls aquifer is typically well protected and mapped as vintage tritium-age water. Slightly east of CSAH 34 a sample had a carbon-14 residence time of over 550 years.
Mixed tritium-age water was mapped between MN 22 and CSAH 34, where the hwt aquitard is absent and there are locations where the sct aquitard is quite thin. Portions of the aquifer are overlain by a thick surficial sand aquifer (ss) and a buried sand aquifer (hs). Another area is just east of MN 15 in the far eastern portion of the county. There the overlying shallow buried hs aquifer is thick and extends to depths where it intercepts the deeper mls aquifer.
Cross Section C–CʹA total of 11 wells were sampled for tritium along this cross section from wells ranging in depth from 49 to 198 feet.
The ss aquifer deposits occur at scattered locations on top of the nt aquitard. Recent tritium-age water is mapped in this aquifer.
The hs aquifer is typically protected west of CSAH 34 where it was mapped as vintage tritium-age water. The exception is where the Grove Creek channel cuts through the nt aquitard and surficial sand is in direct communication with the buried hs aquifer.
East of CSAH 34 the nt aquitard thickness is variable and occasionally thin to absent. Surficial sand aquifers are often located above or in direct connection to the hs aquifers. Both of these factors contribute to enhanced recharge rates and mixed tritium-age water.
In the scs aquifer west of CSAH 14, the overlying thick aquitards effectively restrict groundwater movement so vintage tritium-age water was mapped.
East of CSAH 14 overlying aquitard thickness varies and may be thin to absent. Mixed tritium-age water was mapped where overlying surficial (ss) and buried (hs) sands allow water to recharge more quickly and to greater depths.
The mls aquifer is typically protected. This aquifer was mapped as vintage tritium-age water.
However, east of Kingston, a portion of the mls aquifer is overlain by a surficial sand aquifer (ss) and a thick buried sand aquifer (hs). Additionally, the hwt aquitard is absent and the sct and nt aquitards are thin. Mixed tritium-age water may be present in portions of this aquifer. A sample collected just east of Kingston at a location where the aquifer is better protected had a low mixed tritium age. The source is unknown, and the low level is not sufficient to change the vintage designation of the aquifer.
Cross Section D–DʹA total of 11 wells were sampled for tritium along this cross section from wells ranging from 56 to 278 feet deep.
The ss aquifer deposits occur at scattered locations on top of the nt aquitard with the most extensive and thickest deposits located between Jewitts Creek and CSAH 14 in the middle of the cross section. Recent tritium-age water was mapped in this aquifer. Recent tritium-age water was collected from a sample in the city of Litchfield at a location where the sand is thick, there is a buried lacustrine aquitard within the aquifer, and the well is pumping water from beneath the aquitard. This aquitard is mapped as laterally discontinuous so recharge is likely travelling laterally to the well beneath the lacustrine aquitard.
The ms aquifer immediately underlies the nt aquitard in two locations east of CSAH 4. Mixed tritium-age water was expected for both aquifers since they are both mapped with higher pollution sensitivity. However, the vintage tritium-age water sampled near CSAH 4 may indicate that weaker flow gradients or more competent aquitards limit recharge in this location.
The hs aquifer was mapped as mixed tritium-age water in most locations. Vintage tritium-age water was mapped in a few locations near Litchfield and another just west of CSAH 24 where there is sufficient overlying nt aquitard thickness.
The scs aquifer is mostly well protected so vintage tritium-age water was mapped. Exceptions include one sample collected just east of MN 4 that had a mixed tritium-age result. The presence of tritium was not expected so the scs aquifer may be better connected to the overlying and less protected hs aquifer than is suggested in the cross section. A second mixed tritium-age sample is located just east of Maynard Lake. The overlying hs aquifer enhances recharge to the western portion of the scs aquifer. A third sample was from a 156-foot-deep well near Litchfield. The low mixed tritium value was insufficient to change the mapped vintage tritium age. This well is also a high-capacity well where heavy pumping might have induced recharge to greater depths.
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Base modified from Minnesota Geological Survey, Meeker County Geologic Atlas, Part A, 2015.
Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 15N, North American Datum of 1983. North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
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