Peter Evans, PhDVice PresidentCenter for Global Enterprise

Small n, Large n and public goods issues

Platform Strategy Research Symposium

Platform Research Agenda

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July 14, 2016

Boston University Questrom School of Business

Overview

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Discuss two database initiatives

• Platform literature database• Global platform company database

Offer observations regarding large n data and platform scholarship

Present ideas on how to solve the public goods problem with curated datasets

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Platform Literature Database

Building a platform literature database

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A total of 946 authors have contributed to building a rich scholarly literature on platforms

These authors have produced 635 titles

Together, these titles have generated a total of 129,265 citations

Key database fields

Author(s)

Publication Type- book, book chapter, journal, working paper

Publication Title

Publication Name

Number of Citations

Citation- volume, number, pages

Year Published

Article Link

Link to Citations

Link to Article pdf

Article Source

Abstract Excerpt

Developed a curated data base covering 2000-2014, with citations captured through a fetch tool deployed on Google Scholar

Approach

Top level results

Database contents

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Average annual journal articles

10317 23286

Working papersJournal articles Book chapters Books

Source: P. Evans, Platform Literature Database, 2016

Citations by publication

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Rochet and Tirole, “Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets,”2003

Source: P. Evans, Platform Literature Database, 2016

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Platform Author Clusters

Source: Peter Evans, Platform Literature Database, CGE, 2016,with visualization enabled by the team at Quid.

Rochet, Jean-Charles

High level observations

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Productive: Run rate of over 40 publications + growing number of books per year

Collaborative: Most publications are co-authored

Geographic scope: US centric

Methodology: Small n (n = number of companies studied)

Productivity

Cost of production: $25 million – excluding books

Scope

Gaps

Disciples: Economics, Management, Industrial Organization, Information Systems, Political Science

Globalization of platforms, rise of multinational

Platform consolidation; large multi platform companies

Large n (n = number of companies studied)

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Global Platform Survey

Global platform survey project

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Quid WebIntelligence tool

Expert curationPrimary data reference tools

Cross referenced with the publicallyavailable list of unicorn companies maintained by CB Insights

Data for the publically traded platform companieswas obtained through

CrunchBase was used to surface platform companies and to cross check data from other sources

Data base has enabled two publications to date

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http://thecge.net/category/research/the-emerging-platform-economy/

Available at:

Public vs. privately held platforms

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Source: P. Evans, Global Platform Database, Center for Global Enterprise, 2016

*Platform companies with a market value of US$1 billion or more on December 15, 2015

$3 trillion + in firm market cap

$100s of billions + in global commerce

1.5 million direct jobs + millions more indirect jobs

Identified a total of 176 platforms with market caps of $1 billion or more

Platform database

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Publically traded companies with market cap of $10 billion or more

Top platform sectors

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No. of Platforms

Sectors Rank

Sector coding is challenging, requiring deep knowledge of sector and company

Africa’s Emerging Platform Clusters

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SOURCE: Africa Platform database, 2016

Industry Examples

Agriculture Esoko, iCow, hellotractor

Education BrainShare, JobbermanLearning, Obami

Real Estate Lamudi, Private Property, Sweepsouth

Market place Jumia, Konga, Kaymu, Carmudi, OLX, Cheki, cdiscount, Zando, Vendito

Transportation Uber, EasyTaxi, GoMyWay, Snappcab, Tranzit

Workplace Jobberman, BrighterMonday, Everjobs

Food delivery Hellofood, EasyAppetite

Travel Jovago, hotels.ng, SafariNow, Wakanow

Money M-Pesa, Paga, Kopo Kopo, Jumpstart Africa

Gaming Chesscube, ChopUp, Kiro’s Games

Social Networking Evly, Eskimi

Media IrokoTV, MobileFliks, SaniFilms, Real Nolly

Health Truppr

Platform based business models are being tested in frontier markets

Global landscape—innovation hubs

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Source: P. Evans, Global Platform Survey Database, CGE, 2016.

Who profits from platforms?

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Gross profits of top 50 public platforms, 2012 Q3 -2016 Q2

Americas

Asia

Europe

Profits and national systems of innovation

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Source: Investments extracted from Crunchbase, 2015

Funding Round Type

Sample of 275 companies that have received funding from Google, Google Ventures or Google Capital, 2005-2014

Capital accumulation is driving diverse pattern of technology investment, 2005-2014

Google’s investment clusters

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Data Collection and Management

Models for global data collection

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The Correlates of War Project was founded in 1963 by J. David Singer, a political scientist at the University of Michigan. The original and continuing goal of the project has been the systematic accumulation of scientific knowledge about war. Joined by historian Melvin Small, the project began its work by assembling a more accurate data set on the incidence and extent of inter-state and extra-systemic war in the post-Napoleonic period. To do this scientifically Singer and Small found they needed to operationally resolve a number of difficult issues such as what is a “state” and what precisely is a “war.”

Source: http://www.correlatesofwar.org/history 1963

History

Penn State

1998 20161972

U of Michigan

Zeev Maoz

J. David Singer

Stuart A. Bremer

D. Scott Bennett

Paul F. Diehl

Correlates of War Project offers an example of one successful project

Correlates of War governance

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Data Topics and Hosts

Alliances (Formal) - Doug Gibler, University of Alabama

Contiguity (Direct & Colonial) - Paul Hensel, University of North Texas

Cultural - Errol Henderson, Penn State University; Zeev Maoz, UC-Davis

Diplomatic - Resat Bayer, Koc University

IGOs - Tim Nordstrom, University of Mississippi; Jon Pevehouse, University of Wisconsin; Meg Shannon, University of Colorado

Intrastate War - Jeff Dixon, Texas A&M-Central Texas; Meredith Sarkees, Global Women's Leadership in International Security (GWLIS)

Interstate & Extrastate War - Meredith Sarkees, GWLIS; Frank Wayman, University of Michigan-Dearborn

MIDs - Glenn Palmer, Penn State University

MIDs Location - Alex Bratihwaite, University of Arizona

National Material Capabilities - Michael Greig and Andrew Enterline, University of North Texas

System Membership - Volker Krause, Eastern Michigan U.; Phil Schafer, University of Michigan

Territorial Change - Paul Diehl, University of Illinois

Trade - Katherine Barbieri, University of South Carolina; Omar Keshk, The Ohio State University

DirectorZeev Maoz, University of California, Davis

Associate DirectorD. Scott Bennett, Pennsylvania State University

Distributed system of data set hosting based on the notion of “coordinated decentralization”

Member Advisory Board & Term

Patricia Sullivan, University of North Carolina, through April 2016

Paul Hensel, University of North Texas, through April 2016

Brett Ashley Leeds, Rice University, through April 2017

Resat Bayer, Koc University, though April 2017

Jessica Weeks, University of Wisconsin, through April 2018

Alex Braithwaite, University of Arizona, through April 2018

Michaela Mattes, University of California-Berkeley, through April 2018

Will Moore, Florida State University, through April 2018

Megan Shannon, University of Colorado-Boulder, through April 2018

Source: http://www.correlatesofwar.org/history

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Platforms and Data

Building and improving existing data sets

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Parting thoughts

Literature database

Benefits

Provide a single, high quality data source for researchers, professionals and graduate students

Reveal gaps in existing research

Point to new productive areas for platform research

Challenges

Determining the boundaries of the “platform” literature- What’s in? What’s out?

Overcoming collective action/ free rider problem associated with maintaining the database

Global Company Database

Benefits

Provide a single, high quality global data base to support a wide range of platform research themes

Fill gaps in existing research related to platform globalization, national systems of innovation etc.

Challenges

Determining and keeping track of which companies belong in the database.

Overcoming collective action/ free rider problem associated with maintaining and/or expanding the database

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Follow me on Twitter @pevans_c

Peter Evans, PhDVice PresidentCenter for Global Enterprise

Small n, Large n and public goods issues

Platform Strategy Research Symposium

Platform Research Agenda

25

July 14, 2016

Boston University Questrom School of Business