Please take out your Module 46 reading assignment

Module 46Double-check your chart with mineCheck your multiple choice1.C2.B3.D4.A5.E

Energy Test ResultsMultiple ChoiceA = 31.5B = 28C = 24.5- 27.5D = 21-24

Retakes for scores of 24 and below must be done by next Friday.

Short AnswerA = 9-10B = 8-9C = 7-8D = 6-7

Retakes for scores of 6.5 and below

Energy Test Corrections1. Re-do FRQ parts that were incorrect2. For each multiple choice, write the down the

major/concept or definition that you missed. These can overlap.

3. These are due next Friday if you don’t finish them today.

4. Done? Move on to book notes on modules 47-48, with multiple choice!

Air PollutionAir pollutants come from three sources:

Mobile (cars)Stationary (factories)Natural (volcanoes, animals)

Due to gravity, pollutants tend to stay near in the troposphere (lowest layer of atmosphere)

Primary Air PollutantsPrimary pollutants: materials released into

the atmosphere in unmodified formsCarbon Oxides (CO and CO2)Nitrogen Oxides (NO, NO2)ParticulatesSulfur Dioxide (SO2)VOC’sCFC’s

Secondary pollutants: materials created when primary pollutants, sun and/or water mix

Carbon Monoxide (CO)Colorless, odorless, toxic gas formed by

incomplete burning of carbon compoundsSources: car exhaust, burning wood, tobacco

smokeCO attaches to hemoglobin, a protein in red

blood cells that carries oxygen After several hours of exposure, red blood cells

no longer carry oxygen, causing death

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Colorless, odorless gas93% of CO2 in troposphere is from natural

carbon cycle; 7% from human activityBurning of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, coalBurning of forests and grasslands

Major cause of climate change (rise of atmospheric

temperatures since the Industrial Revolution)

Nitrogen Oxides (NO and NO2)Combustion in factories and car engines give

off NO (nitrogen oxide)NO combines with O2 in air to make NO2

(nitrogen dioxide), a reddish brown gasBoth nitrogen oxides are major contributors

to smog

ParticulatesParticulates = tiny pieces of solid materials

floating in atmosphereFrom burning fossil fuels, building

demolition, fires, industrial plants giving off ash

Can be carcinogenic (cancer causing), and can prevent lungs from exchanging CO2 and O2Prolonged exposure is key: asbestos, mining,

etc.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)Colorless gas that smells like rotten eggs1/3 comes from natural sulfur cycle2/3 comes from human activities

Burning of coalRefining of crude oilCan cause breathing problemsCan form H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) when it

combines with water vapor in atmosphere

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s)Organic compounds that exist as gases in

the airEx: CH4 (methane), C6H6 (benzene)

1/3 from natural causes; 2/3 from human activityLandfills, cows, industrial solvents, car and

power plant emissions, tobacco smokeMethane contributes to climate change;

Benzene can cause leukemia, blood disorders, and immune system damage

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)CFC’s (also called freons) are odorlesss,

colorless, and non-toxicUsed as coolants in refrigerators, cleaners,

propellants for aerosol productsBreak down into reactive chlorine, flourine,

and bromine atoms in the stratosphere, breaking down the ozone layer

Visualizing Air PollutionToday: firm up your general knowledge of

types and sources of air pollutionNext week: look specifically at photochemical

smog, acid rain