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University of Zagreb Faculty of Science Department of Geology Ljerka Marjanac PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF KVARNER, NORTHERN DALMATIA AND SOUTHERN VELEBIT Mt. - EVIDENCE OF DINARIC GLACIATION DOCTORAL THESIS
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Page 1: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

University of ZagrebFaculty of Science

Department of Geology

Ljerka Marjanac

PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL ANDPERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF

KVARNER, NORTHERN DALMATIA ANDSOUTHERN VELEBIT Mt. - EVIDENCE

OF DINARIC GLACIATION

DOCTORAL THESIS

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Sveuèilište u ZagrebuPrirodoslovno-matematièki fakultet

Geološki odsjek

Ljerka Marjanac

PLEISTOCENSKE GLACIJALNE IPERIGLACIJALNE NASLAGE

KVARNERA, SJEVERNE DALMACIJE IJU�NOG VELEBITA - DOKAZDINARIDSKE GLACIJACIJE

DOKTORSKA DISERTACIJA

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BASIC DOCUMENTATION CARD

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Doctoral Thesis

PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF KVARNER, NORTHERN

DALMATIA AND SOUTHERN VELEBIT MT. - EVIDENCE OF DINARIC GLACIATION

LJERKA MARJANAC

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Abstract

The research comprised field study of Quaternary sediments on Krk, Rab and Pag Islands, SenjskaDraga, Jablanac, South Velebit, the coast of Velebit Channel, and Northern Dalmatia (Novigrad Sea,Karin Sea, Obrovac, Paljuv and Smilèiæ), detailed logging, outcrop mapping and radiometric dating,and the sedimentological data confirmed glacigenic interpretation of the studied sediments, namelly:Glacial sediments, tills or tillites form ground, medial or lateral moraines, and their maincharacteristics are clasts with glacial striae, ice-shaped (faceted, bullet-shape and conical) andice-shattered clasts. Glacifluvial sediments comprise glacial outwash deposits of braided streams andflood plains, and fluvial deposits of meandering rivers. The glacigenic origin is based on theiroccurrence with tills or tillites, and glacially-derived debris. Glacilacustrine sediments compriseclay-silt sediments with classic varves, and varve-like calcisiltites with drop-stones. Glacideltaicsediments are conglomerates, calcarenites and calcisiltites in alternation. Ice-striated clasts, and theirassociation with glacilacustrine sediments, document their glacigenic origin.

The following depositional paleoenvironments were reconstructed: a) glacial environment isdocumented by ground and lateral moraines. The ground moraines are indentified as Rujno, Paklenicaand Novigrad members and two tentative members are Sklopine and Raduè. The Paklenica member,found also on Krk and Rab Islands, documents the furthest extent of glaciation. Another characteristiclandform of ice-contact zone are kame terraces well preserved on the Krk and Pag Islands. b)proglacial environment influenced by melting ice and glacial outwash processes is widespread inNorthern Dalmatia, and proglacial lacustrine sediments of �drilo, Seline and Novigrad. c) periglacialenvironment, is recognized in sediments of Novigrad section, were ice-wedge casts and kettle-formsoccur, which indicate freezing and thawing of sediment.

The sedimentological data proved far seawards extention of the Dinaric glaciation which at the mostadvanced phase reached islands of Krk, Rab and Pag, a large part of Northern Dalmatia, and the wholeVelebit Channel. Chronostratigraphic correlation of sediments is based on allostratigraphy and !Cand U-series ages of sediments, which allowed attribution of the Middle Pleistocene age to most of thestudied sediments.

D$(H)%:&;Middle Pleistocene,sediments, glacial, periglacial, Dinaric glaciation, Adriatic, Velebit

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PLEISTOCENSKE GLACIJALNE I PERIGLACIJALNE NASLAGE KVARNERA, SJEVERNE

DALMACIJE I JU�NOG VELEBITA - DOKAZ DINARIDSKE GLACIJACIJE

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Ovaj rad obuhvaæa terensko istra�ivanje kvartarnih sedimenata na Krku, Rabu i Pagu, u Senjskoj dragi,Jablancu, na ju�nom Velebitu, du� obale Velebitskog kanala i u sjevernoj Dalmaciji (Novigradskomore, Karinsko more, Obrovac, Paljuv i Smilèiæ), snimanje detaljnih sedimentoloških stupova,kartiranje izdanaka i radiometrijsko datiranje. Sedimentološki podatci su potvrdili glacigenuinterpretaciju istra�enih sedimenata, i to: glacijalnih sedimenata, tilova i tilita koji tvore podinske,središnje i boène morene, a njihova su glavna karakteristika klasti s ledenjaèkim strijama, ledomoblikovani klasti (fasetirani, konièni i kopljasti) i raspuknuti klasti, glaciofluvijalnih sedimenata kojiobuhvaæaju sedimente ispiranja, istalo�ene u prepletenim koritima i poplavnim ravnicama, tesedimente meandrirajuæih rijeka koji su pridru�eni tilovima i tilitima, a sadr�e ledom doneseni detritus,glaciolakustrinskih sedimenatai koji obuhvaæaju glinovito-siltne sedimente s klasiènim varvama ivarvama sliène siltite s ledenjaèkim utruscima, te glaciodeltaiènih sedimenata zastupljenihkonglomeratima, kalkarenitima i kalcisiltitima u izmjeni, na èije ledenjaèko porijeklo ukazuju klasti sastrijama i njihovo pojavljivanje u zajednici s glaciolakustrinskim sedimentima. Rekonstruirani susljedeæi talo�ni okoliši: a) glacijalni koji obuhvaæaju podinske, središnje i boène morene. Podinskemorene su izdvojene kao alo-èlanovi Rujno, Paklenica i Novigrad, te dva moguæa èlana Sklopine iRaduè. Paklenica-èlan dokumentira najdalji doseg leda. U zoni kontakta s ledom razvijene sukame-terase na otoku Krku i Pagu, b) proglacijalni okoliš pod utjecajem lada koji se topio i glacijalnogspiranja a koji je rasprostranjen u sjevernoj Dalmaciji s jezerskim sedimentima kod �drila, Selina iNovigrada, i c) periglacijalni okoliš koji se nalazi u Novigradskom podruèju i obuhvaæa ledenjaèkeklinove i kotlaste forme koje ukazuju na višekratno smrzavnaje i taljenje sedimenata i tla.Sedimentološki podatci potvrdili su daleko prostiranje Dinaridske glacijacije koja je unajintenzivnijem razdoblju zahvatila Krk, Rab i Pag te velik dio sjeverne Dalmacije i Velebitski kanal.Kronostratigrafska korelacija sedimenata zasniva se na alostratigrafiji i datiranju po 14C i U-seriji, štoje omoguæilo odreðivanje srednje pleistocenske starosti za veæinu istra�enih sedimenata.

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CONTENTS

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1.

INTRODUCTION

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2.

PREVIOUS RESEARCH OF PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS

IN EASTERN ADRIATIC AND COASTAL DINARIDES,

A REVIEW

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3.3. NORTHERN DALMATIA (ND)

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Page 74: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

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Page 75: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

3.3.4. OBROVAC / ND(O)

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Page 76: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

3.3.5. NORTHERN DALMATIA SITES IN PRELIMINARY STUDY

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Page 77: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

!

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Page 78: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

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Page 79: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

4.

RESEARCH METHODS

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4.1. FIELD METHODS

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', $"+*(".0 &!%#%&0"#*$0*&$2 -*0!',%&*"$ %.+ 0!"*# #"-%0*'.$?

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Page 80: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

!"#$%!& '!&$(!)" %*++$)+ ,#' -#..$!& */" #" '$"!' ,0!.! '!&$(!)"' #.! !12*'!& $) '$+)$3$-#)"

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Page 81: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

!"# $%# & !''( )' $%# ($*+, -).# /0"1234"35 6%# &0)&7*# $#&%.!7*# 83( 9#0, %# :'* ;*$ .)$ 3 83,(

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4.2. LABORATORY METHODS

4.2.1. SEDIMENTARY ANALYSES

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Page 82: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

!"!#$!#%"& '()%*$$#+, )- ,("+.&)/*!(#% 0"!" 1"$ "$ "+ "00#!#)+"& /*!2)0 -)( #+!*('(*!"!#)+ )-

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4.2.2. DATING OF SEDIMENTS

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5.

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Page 91: PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF ...

5.2. GLACIGENIC SEDIMENTS

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5.2.1. GLACIAL SEDIMENTS - TILLS AND TILLITES

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