Pliagiarism CPD April 2011

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PLAGIARISM

Mohammed Fauzi Abdul RaniInternational Islamic University Malaysia



Content Summary Definition

Extent

Types

Excuses

Examples Consequences

Acknowledgement



Core Principle

In Western Society, a person¶swords and ideas are considered tobe the property of the person whooriginates them.



Islamic View Recent phenomenon.

It is known as "al-huqooq al-fikriyyah" or "al-huqooq al-ma'nawiyyah" (intellectual propertyrights, or copyrights).



Islamic ViewIntellectual property is considered the

right of the author after the hard

work and the ³financial´ implicationtied to it.

The punishment is not similar to

³Theft´ and on the judge and itsseverity



Does Islam recognize intellectual

rights?International Islamic Fiqh Academy in Kuwait, in Jum Al-

Ula 1 : 6, 1409 A.H. / Dec 10 - 15, 1988

First: Trade name, corporate name, trade mark, literary

production, invention or discovery, are rights belonging totheir holders and have, according to contemporaryconventions, an acknowledged financial value. Such rightsare recognized by the Shariàh, and thus, they should notbe violated.

Second: It is permissible to dispose of a trade name, acorporate name, or a trade mark for a price, as long as

there is no fraud, swindling or forgery, since it has becomea financial right.



Does Islam recognize intellectual

rights? Third: Copyrights and patent rights are protected by the

Shariàh; their holders are (fully) entitled to dispose of them, and they should not be violated.

Professor Dr.Àbdul-Karim Zaydan in his book N azharat Fi Al-Shariàh [Reviews on the Shariàh]:

" How much of the Qur'an do you know (by heart)? " Theman replied, "I know such and such surah," [naming

the surahs ]. The Prophet (saw) then said, " Go, I let youmarry her for what you know of the Quran (asher mahr )". Ibn Hajar: "It means (joining in marriage)for teaching the Qur'an as a financial mahr".



IP Protection in Malaysia

Comprises of patents, trademarks, industrial

designs, copyright, geographical indication and

layout designs of integrated circuitsMember of WIPO, signatory to Paris and Berne

Conventions, that govern IP

Signatory to Trade Related Aspects of IPS under

WTO

Our laws conform to international standards



Definition:

Plagiarism is the act of presenting thewords, ideas, images, sounds, or thecreative expression of others as yourown.



Plagiarism is:

From Webster's Third New International

Dictionary:

Plagiarize - \'pla-je-,riz also j - -\ vb -rized; -riz·ing vt [plagiary] : to steal and pass off (the

ideas or words of another) as one's own : use

(a created production) without crediting the

source vi: to commit literary theft: present asnew and original an idea or product derived

from an existing source.



The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as follows:

³The action or practice of taking someoneelse's work, idea, etc., and passing it off asone's own; literary theft.´

(Oxford English Dictionary:http://dictionary.oed.com)



Plagiarism can also be defined as«

cheating or deception.

If you attempt to use another person's work as if it were your own, without adequate

acknowledgement of the original source; and if this is done in work that is submitted for an

academic grade then it is an attempt to deceive.In other words, plagiarism is cheating and it is

deceitful in that the person is trying to claim the credit for something that is not his or her work.



In the real world, this means«..

Using another person's words without giving

them credit.

Using another person¶s ideas without givingthem credit.

Using another person¶s research, results,

diagrams, or images without giving them credit.



Content Definition

The Extent

Types of Plagiarism

Excuses

Examples

Consequences

Acknowledgement



How serious is the problem?

³A study of almost 4,500 students at 25 schools,suggests cheating is . . . a significant problem inhigh school - 74% of the respondents admitted

to one or more instances of serious test cheatingand 72% admitted to serious cheating onwritten assignments. Over half of thestudents admitted they have engaged insome level of plagiarism on written

assignments using the Internet.´Based on the research of Donald L. McCabe, Rutgers

UniversitySource: ³CIA Research.´ Center for Academic Integrity, Duke

University, 2003<http://academicintegrity.org/cai_research.asp>.



Is it really such a big problem?

According to the websitePlagiarism.org

³R ecent studies indicate thatapproximately 30 percent of allstudents may be plagiarizing on

every written assignment theycomplete.´



According to the websitePlagiarism.org

³80% of college students cheatingat least once´

³36% of UG in written work´³90% students believe cheaters

never caught or punished´

³60% in 60s, 80% in 80s´

³Lecturers aren¶t that bothered too´




Extent

Types

Excuses

Examples

Consequences

Acknowledgement



Actions that lead to plagiarism may be

inadvertent Buying, stealing, or borrowing

a paper

Copying from another sourcewithout citing

Building on someone else¶sideas without citation

Using the source too closelywhen paraphrasing

DeliberatePlagiarism

MaybeAccidentalPlagiarism



Two types of plagiarism: Intentional

Copying a friend¶s work

Buying or borrowing

papers Cutting and pasting

blocks of text fromelectronic sourceswithout documenting

Media

³borrowing´withoutdocumentation

Web publishing withoutpermissions of creators

Unintentional Careless paraphrasing

Poor documentation

Quoting excessively

Failure to use your own ³voice´



Other types of plagiarism: Sources Not Cited

The Ghost Writer-wholesome copy

The photocopy-blind partial copy

The Potluck Paper-many sources fit together

The Poor Disguise-only key words and phrases altered

The Labour of Laziness- paraphrase the whole paper

The Self Stealer-repeat hisown work

Sources Cited The Forgotten Footnotes

paraphrasing-incomplete

citing The Misinformer-sources

inaccurate

The Too PerfectParaphrase-no quotes

The Resourceful Citer-nooriginal work!

The Perfect Crime-partial citing




Extent

Types

Excuses

Examples

Consequences

Acknowledgement



Excuses: Intentional

Searching versusresearching

Their words are better Making the grade

Everyone else is doingit

Poor planning

Unintentional Careless paraphrasing

Citation confusion

Just copying my notes

Could not locate source

Thought quote notneeded

Confusion aboutresearch



Rationale for academic integrity

When you copy you cheat yourself. You limit yourown learning.

The consequences are not worth the risks!

It is only right to give credit to authors whoseideas you use

Citing gives authority to the information youpresent

Citing makes it possible for your readers to locateyour source

Education is not an ³us vs. them´ game! It¶sabout learning to learn!

Cheating is unethical behavior



Summary Definition

Extent

Types

Excuses

Consequences

Examples

Acknowledgement



Shame of Dr Copycat: TV

shrink Raj Persaud usedwork of others as his own







Is this important?



Summary Definition

Extent

Types

Excuses

Consequences

Examples

Acknowledgement



Does this mean I can¶t quote

from or refer to anyone else¶swriting?

No, it doesn¶t mean that.

You can use other people¶s writing if you follow the right rules.



Any time I leave the impression

that the words or ideas Iµve written are

mine,when actually they came from someoneelse,

I am plagiarizing.

This is academic fraud and academic theft.



So what are the boundaries?

Some boundaries are obvious:

If I copy material from a book or article,don¶t use quotation marks and don¶t providea citation to the source, I am stealingsomeone else¶s words and pretending theyare mine.



If I get someone else to write my paper or buy apaper from a commercial source or simply copy awhole paper off the Internet (access versus

plagiarism), I am clearly plagiarizing.



Other boundaries are not so clear:

What if I use a chart or some other graphic off the Internet, something that isn¶t reallywords? Is that plagiarism?

Yes it is. It is still content, even if it isn¶twords. As such, it is the property of the one

who created it, and passing it off as yours isplagiarism.



Just a paragraph of a text and just change a fewwords to make it my own? Am I still a plagiarist?

Yes you are. The problem here is a subtle one,so let¶s try to understand it.

The structure of the original is still there ± Youmay change some of the words, but you arestealing the structure.



If it was just an idea, can I use it?

Only if you create a citation to show that the idea isnot yours but came from this other author.

Otherwise you are stealing an idea.



What ties them all together?

It¶s the idea of ³Intellectual Property.´ Whatcomes out of my mind and is communicated to

others remains my property. If you use myintellectual property as if it were your own, youare plagiarizing.





Your own ideas

Your own analysis/evaluation of other people¶s ideas(once you have provided citations for the ideas

themselves)

Common knowledge ± knowledge that you find inseveral sources that are not themselves depending on

a single earlier source.



Examples of common knowledge

Tunku Abdul Rahman was our first primeminister

The date of independence was 31st

August 1957

If you see a fact in three or more sources,

and you are fairly certain your readersalready know this information, it is likely tobe ³common knowledge.́

But when in doubt, cite!



Some Tricky Situations

1. You are planning to use somematerial from a source, but you wouldrather not quote from it. Isparaphrasing OK?



This depends on what you mean by ³paraphrasing.´ By its etymology ± ³para´

meaning ³with´ and ³phrase´ meaning (well) ³phrase´ - a paraphrase is a phrase by phraserewriting of text into your own words (ormostly your own words).



Example

The original:

The paraphrase

Study both for a few seconds.



The paraphrase you looked at is just a doctoredversion of the original, changed a bit so it looks likesomething different.

But the word order, paragraph structure, and evensome of the actual words are the same.

That¶s plagiarism. If you don¶t believe it, go back and

look at the previous slide again. Even with thechanges, the whole paraphrase is still 80% theintellectual property of the original author.



How do you avoid the paraphrasing trap?

Simple. Don¶t paraphrase ± INTERPRET!!





What¶s the difference betweenparaphrasing and interpreting?

In paraphrasing, you are rewriting the original phraseby phrase, sentence by sentence.

When you interpret, you read the text, step back andask, ³What is this person saying?´ With interpretation,you are not depending on what the author said phraseby phrase, but what the author meant overall.



Here¶s a simple example:

Your friend says to you, "I haven¶t eaten for a

long time, so why don¶t we stop at McDonalds?"Someone nearby says, "What does he want?"

Paraphrase: ³He hasn¶t had a meal for awhile andwants to go to McDonalds.´ (Changes words but not basic

structure. No attempt to interpret)

Interpretation: ³He¶s hungry and wants to get aburger." (Gets at underlying meaning)





Some Tricky Situations

2. The source you are reading says it muchbetter than you could. What¶s wrong withusing the writer¶s words, if they help thereader of your paper to understand the

situation better?



You can as long as you quote them and createa citation (note or reference) to the source.

Better still ± Quote a short portion (no more

than 4 or 5 lines) and present the rest as yourown interpretation:

³Quotation, blah, blah.´ Brown goes on to

argue that the real answer to this problemis«etc. (Brown 2004)



Don¶t fear your own words. Most researchpapers major on interpretation rather thanquotation, e.g.:

At the graduate level, it appears that students preferintegrating their information literacy assignment workwith their own projects and that they value face toface interaction with their information literacyinstructors (Turnbull, Frost, & Foxlee, 2003;Washington-Hoagland & Clougherty, 2002).

(an interpretation of these sources, rather thana quotation)



Are the Following Plagiarismor Not?

Original source: The effort required to provideonline information literacy instruction is intense.

Your paper: The effort required to provide onlineinformation literacy instruction is intense.



Plagiarism

It quotes the source without any indicationthat the words are not yours.





Your paper: ´The effort required to provide onlineinformation literacy instruction is intense.´ (Smith2006, p.42)



Not Plagiarism

You¶ve used quotation marks and cited thesource so that no one believes that these areyour own words





Your paper: Smith (2006, p.42) argues thatproviding online courses in information literacy is hardwork.



Not Plagiarism

You¶ve interpreted without quoting, have citedyour source, and have not used a great dealof the original terminology





Your paper: The work needed to provide onlineinformation literacy teaching is intense.



Plagiarism

Your version is a paraphrase of the originalwith a lot of the original terminology still there

as well as the same sentence structure.



To sum upIt¶s plagiarism if you use any text or ideasfrom another source in such a way that youleave the impression that the material is

yours.

Unless you know the information is commonknowledge (found in several sources that do

not depend on a single original source), usingit is plagiarism

When in doubt, provide a citation.



Important Facts About

Plagiarism Some more examples:



Identifying Plagiarism

Original Source:

If the existence of a singing ape wasunsettling for artists, it was also startlingnews for animal behaviorists (Davis 26).

Student¶s Paper:The existence of a singing ape wasunsettling for artists, and was also startlingnews for animal behaviorists.

Is this plagiarism?



Verdict: PlagiarismThe student should have used quotation marksaround the words that he copied directly from theoriginal source. Also, there is no parenthetical

reference with the page number of the sourcestatement.



Identifying plagiarism

Original Source:

If the existence of a singing ape wasunsettling for artists, it was also startling newsfor animal behaviorists (Davis 26).

Student¶s Paper:

The existence of a singing ape unsettled artistsand startled animal behaviorists (Davis, 26).

Is this plagiarism?





Identifying Plagiarism

Original Source:

If the existence of a singing ape wasunsettling for artists, it was also startling newsfor animal behaviorists (Davis 26).

Student¶s Paper:If the presence of a singing chimp was disturbingfor artists who regularly sing, it was alsosurprising to scientists studying animalbehavior (Davis, 26).

Is this plagiarism?



Verdict: Still Plagiarism

Even though the writer has substituted synonymsand cited the source, the writer is plagiarizing

because the source's sentence structureis unchanged. It is obvious that the writer couldnot have written his sentence without a copy of the source directly in front of him.



Identifying plagiarism

Original Source:

If the existence of a singing ape wasunsettling for artists, it was also startlingnews for animal behaviorists (Davis 26).

Student¶s Paper:

According to Flora Davis, professional artists andanimal behaviorists were unprepared for the newsthat a chimp could sing (Davis, 26).

Is this plagiarism?



Verdict: Not Plagiarism

The student has cited the source, andappropriately paraphrased the original source

into his own words.



Strategies to avoid plagiarism

�Practice good research methods

�Consult your supervisor

�Plan

�Document well

�Know how to quote, how to cite

�Know when something is commonknowledge

�Know how to paraphrase



Practice good research methods Be careful about paraphrasing while

taking notes

Be sure to keep track of each source youuse

Indicate in your notes which ideas aretaken from sources and which are yourown insights

Record all of the relevant documentationinformation in your notes



When Quoting, you need quotation marks, areference, and an item in your bibliography

³Information literacy is the natural extension of theconcept of literacy in our information society.Information literacy is the catalyst required to transformthe information society of today into the learning societyof tomorrow.´ (Bruce, 2002)

Bibliography

Bruce, C. (2002). Information literacy as a catalyst for educational change: A

background paper.W

hite Paper Prepared for Unesco, the USN

ational Commission on Libraries and Information Science, and the N ational Forum onInformation Literacy, for use at the Information Literacy, Meetings of Experts, Prague, the Czech Republic, 1-17. Retrieved July 14, 2006 fromhttp://www.infolit.org/International_Conference/papers/bruce-fullpaper.pdf

When referring to an author¶s work, you don¶t



When referring to an author s work, you don tneed quotation marks, but you do need a

reference, and an item in your bibliography

Maughan (2001) demonstrates that the informationliteracy gap in higher education is leaving universitygraduates devoid of the very skills they require to

function well within the information workplace.

Bibliography

Maughan, P. D. (2001). Assessing information literacy among

undergraduates: A discussion of the literature and the University of California-Berkeley assessment experience. College & Research Libraries,62(1), 71-85.



Know how to quote Mention the name of the quoted

person in your text

Put quotation marks around the textyou are quoting

Use brackets ([ ]) and ellipses ( « )

Use block quotes when necessary Quote sparingly



Cite your sources Why should you cite your sources?

Citations show you have done research

As a courtesy to your reader Your arguments become stronger when

you can back them up

Ensures others receive fair credit fortheir work



Citing Internet Sources Material on the Internet is not ³free.´ It still needs to be cited.

Don¶t avoid citing Internet sourcesand articles from electronicdatabases just because you don¶t

know how.



Know when to cite� Always give a citation for quoted words or

phrases.

� Always give a citation after paraphrasedsentences.

� Always give a citation for specificstatistics, percentages, and numbers

given in your text.

� You don¶t need to cite facts or ideas thatare common knowledge.



³Cyber-cheating´ in the digital age

Plagiarism before the Internet era: books, journals, fraternity test files, etc.

In the present day: far easier to cheat,but it¶s also growing easier to detect



³Cyber-cheating´ in the digital age

Technology has made it easier to trackdown and identify cases of plagiarism ±you won¶t get away with it.

TurnItIn.com





Methods of detecting plagiarism

More accurate search engines

Full-text journal articles in library

databases Commercial plagiarism-detection services

aimed at lecturers

As always, the experts may well

recognize the source.



Some telltale signs

It doesn¶t sound like the person¶s writing.

It was printed from a web browser and still has a header/footeron it.

The free essay has a tagline at the end that the person forgot to

remove. Page numbers don¶t make sense; fonts switch around; material

is off-topic or seems patched together

References to charts, graphs, accompanying material that isn¶tthere

References to material not owned by the library

Dead links All citations are to old material ± or historical events referred to

in the present tense

The person can¶t identify citations, provide copies of the citedmaterial, or answer questions about it



Some Issues

Adjudication Council

Private Institutions

Awareness Resources and Training



Recommended Resources

http://www.hamilton.edu/academic/Resource/WC /AvoidingPlagiarism.html

http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/wts/plagiarism.html

http://www.virtualsalt.com/antiplag.htm

http://alexia.lis.uiuc.edu/~janicke/plagiary.htm



Sources Cited

³Avoiding Plagiarism.´ Virtual Writing Center. 8 August2001.

<http://www.madison.tec.wi.us/is/writingcenter/plagarism

.htm>

³Avoiding Plagiarism: Mastering the Art of Scholarship.´ UCDavis Student Judicial Affairs. 2001. 8 August 2001.http://sja.ucdavis.edu/avoid.htm

Plagiarism.org. 8 August 2001. www.plagiarism.org

http://www.sdst.org/shs/library/powerpoint/plagiarism.ppt

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