Plotting urban growth - sss10.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk · I Navarro-Amezqueta, M Batista Pacheco & T...

SSS10 Proceedings of the 10th International Space Syntax Symposium

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Plotting urban growth: Fishing towns in southern Portugal, 1970-2014

Abstract

This paper examines the evolution of eight fishing towns in Algarve, in order to identify the spatial typologies that characterise changes in the urban fabric. The star model (Hillier et al., 2012) and the mean and maximum variables of normalised integration and choice (NAIN and NACH) were employed to compare the spatial configuration’s changes in two different periods: 1970 and 2014. The results show an increase in segregation from 1970 to 2014 as well as a more fragmented and less cohesive urban tissue in most of the towns.

Keywords

Space syntax, NAIN and NACH variables, star model, idealised geometric diagram, urban space evolution, southern Portugal towns.

1. Introduction

From fisheries to tourism: Urban changes in the coastal fishing towns of Algarve

Since the mid 1970’s, the coastal of Algarve in southern Portugal has experienced an intense urban evolution mainly due to tourism-induced development, attracting thousands of tourists every summer. Domestic tourism, which until then had merely supplemented foreign tourism, experienced great development being converted into a strategic sector (Almeida, 2012).

Based on space syntax concepts and models this paper attempts to build a model representing morphological changes that occurred in the urban configuration of a set of eight coastal fishing towns, which were confronted with tourism pressure. “Fishing towns” refers to urban settlements that before the tourism boom had an economy mainly based on fishing, counting on a fishing port or a small size commercial fishing marina. The purpose is to provide a description of the morphology of theses fishing towns, placed in a diachronic context and thus offer an understanding of the processes by which they are being transformed.

Itziar Navarro-Amezketa Architecture Department of the Higher Technical School of Architecture of Donostia-San Sebastián, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU [email protected] Mafalda Batista Pacheco Instituto Superior Técnico/ Universidade de Lisboa, IST UL [email protected] Teresa Heitor Instituto Superior Técnico/ Universidade de Lisboa, IST UL [email protected]

I Navarro-Amezqueta, M Batista Pacheco & T Heitor Plotting urban growth: Fishing towns in southern Portugal, 1970-2014

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Although these fishing towns have undergone significant morphological changes, research concerning these changes remains limited. Besides, these towns present key geo-morphological features, which could serve as a basis for explaining tourism-induced changes in coastal areas. This will provide a useful framework for future research and its operationalization will help to gain insight for morphological evolution of Algarve coastal area.

The morphological changes in this set of fishing towns under analysis are characterized by the expansion of the urban tissue together with the fragmentation or the dispersion of the historical core, following an expansion pattern where new developments are often discontinuous, low dense and extensive. The main research question is focused on how far theses changes are related with intrinsic spatial factors. It is argued, the main hypothesis, that although the foreground structure strengthened after the urban expansion, the background became segregated and even more the expansion areas, forming isolated cores.

Space syntax techniques and description tools are used to analyze these urban settlements in a comprehensive manner and to capture the relationships within their functional structure. Geometric and topological properties of the urban network on a global scale are also explored, such as integration and choice variables, measures based on both the axial map and the angular segment maps (Hillier and Iida, 2005). These variables identify structures that overcome the local area and connect semi-connected areas through the global network at different scales. Advances in angular analysis allow the comparison of systems of different sizes introducing normalisation of integration and choice variables (Hillier et al., 2012). The choice variable becomes a necessary condition to minimise the cost of segregation in the urban area, defined as the principle of cost-benefit, as introduced by Tao Yang (ibid.)). Cost-benefit approach postulates that people primarily move in a way that enables them to conserve effort, time and expense. In that sense, the cost-benefit measure refers to the outcomes of the urban configuration with regard to optimal accessibility patterns measured in terms of travel cost (distance, time and energy).

The star model (ibid.)) and the variables mean and maximum of normalized integration and choice (NAIN and NACH) are employed to compare the spatial configuration’s changes in two different periods: 1970 and 2014. The identification of the spatial configuration that characterize the urban fabric transformation, linked with the data and analysis obtained, will contribute to the current debate on the impact of tourism on the urban structure of the eight fishing towns under analysis.

The paper is organized in three parts: the first one introduces the study object; the second one clarifies the materials and methods used in the analysis; the third part describes the case studies and highlights the main urban changes occurred in eight southern coastal fishing towns in Portugal.

The urban framework

Eight fishing towns with a population between 15.000 and 65.000 inhabitants were selected to be analysed under the scope of this study (Figure 1). The historical cores of these fishing towns are based on an irregular street network of a radial (Quarteira, Faro and Tavira) or orthogonal form (Portimão and Vila Real Santo António) or both (Lagos, Albufeira and Olhão), being adapted to the topography and to the morphology of the sea front line. Their street network has a structuring value: it establishes directions, hierarchies and functions (Teixeira and Valla, 1999). The fishing port is a major landmark in real and symbolic terms: a convergence point linked to the fishing auction and market and to the main commercial axis as well as the fishing related industries. The church is also an import element, often located in a square. The built fabric is characterized by compacted blocks, narrow buildings, facing directly the street, with small back yards. The most accessible spaces are almost concentrated around the fishing port and limited by the sea - acting as a natural barrier. They form a continuous structure that extends through axis of greater dimensions parallel to the sea without penetrating deep into the interior of the system so as to articulate the surrounding areas.

Up to the mid-1960s, fishing and agriculture were the main activities of the population. After the 1970s, when the influx of tourists increased, the situation changed. Within the historical core, most of the traditional buildings were reconverted to satisfy tourist-related activities (e.g. restaurants,


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coffee shops, discotheques and rent-room facilities). The street network was expanded and the surrounded agriculture land changed use leading to new residential areas combined with other economic activities. Hotels of varying sizes, camping grounds and touristic resorts mostly composed of detached and semi-detached houses were located outside the town core in urban expansion areas, which tend to create secondary and autonomous nuclei. In spite of an apparent chaotic appearance and highly visible physical transformation, as a result of an uncontrolled development process these towns still preserve part of their traditional character.

Figure 1: Map of southern Portugal and the eight fishing towns under study.

2. Materials and method

In order to verify the main hypothesis, this sample was divided in three secondary hypotheses: 1) towns where the foreground was strengthened after the urban expansion; 2) towns where the background weakened after the urban expansion; and 3) towns where the local-global relationship became same pattern for all of them after the urban expansion.

Segment maps of the eight fishing towns were created considering their topological, metric and angular connections with radio “n”, in two periods: before and after tourism expansion (1970’s and 2014). The first period, named Historic Network, was informed and characterised following an archive surveys (Lagos (Padrão, 1967), Portimão (Padrão, 1969), Albufeira (Padrão, 1966), Quarteira (Anon., n.d.), Faro (Padrão, 1970), Tavira (Padrão (b), 1970) and Vila Real de Santo António (Padrão, 1967); Olhão (Martins, 1961); Data recorded from the Municipal Master plans and Google Maps (IGP/DGRF, 2014) platform were used to characterise the second period, called Current Network.


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The segment maps were designed in Autocad 2012 (Autodesk, 2012); and processed and calculated with the UCL depthmap software (Turner and Friedrich, 2011; 2000). Statistical analysis of the data was conducted with the R Software (Gentlement and Ihaka, 2015; 1993) and RKWard Software (Friedrichsmeier et al., 2015; 2002).

Firstly, the Star Diagram was used to compare urban networks based on normalised variables (Hillier et al., 2012), (Figure 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6).

The Star Diagram is composed of four vertices (ibid.)); at the top and bottom of the vertical axis are the mean values of the variables NACH (top) and NAIN (bottom); on the horizontal axis are the maximum values of NACH (right) and NAIN (left). All the measurements have a normalised score, oscillating approximately 0, with negative values towards the centre and positive values at the limits of the diagram.

Secondly, the Idealised Geometric Diagram (ibid.) was used to compare the structures of different towns by normalising the variable choice. A particular value for choice was specified, and values of the urban structures above and below that value were analysed. Segments with a value of 1.5 or higher identify the global structure of the system, foreground; those with 1.4 represent how the global structure is connected with local organisation, background; and those with 1.6 identify the NACH central core of the system (ibid.)).

Considering a global structure and how town sectors are accessible to each other and to outside sectors, the analysis suggests three structural features: 1) radial structure connecting the town centre to the outside; 2) lateral structure, connecting the town sectors independent of the centre; and 3) ring structure in specific scales to make local areas accessible to each other and the radial and lateral structures. These three structural features can be visualised in the Idealised Geometric Diagram for the urban system (Figure 2), which is an approximation of a proper urban network procedure (Hillier et al., 2012). The segments with background values of 1.3 (orange) and 1.4 (thin red), foreground values of 1.5 (medium-thick red) and central cores of 1.6 (thick red) on each segment map of the eight fishing towns were marked, forming structures according to the radial, lateral and ring categories (Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6).

Figure 2: Star Diagram and Idealised Geometric Diagram (ibid.): 1) radial, 2) lateral and 3) ring.

Thirdly, descriptive characteristics of the study data were analysed through exploratory data analysis using mean, standard deviation and a correlation analysis between the measured variables. The contrasting hypothesis method is parametric, formulating the null and alternative hypotheses with an error margin of 0.05.

3. Result and analysis

The Star Diagram and Idealised Geometric Diagram of the fishing towns.

Lagos. The Star Diagram of the current Lagos presents decreasing values of mnNAinteg, from 0.87 to 0.63, and of mnNAchoice, from 0.9 to 0.8 (Figure 3.1a). However, mxNAinteg and mxNAchoice


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remain approximately 1.1 and 1.4, respectively. The decrease in both background variables’ mean values signifies low accessibility of residential areas, creating more holes in these urban networks.

Regarding the urban structure before the expansion, the main streets were distributed radially through the centre and extended through the lateral with a NACH value of approximately 1.3 (Figure 3.1b). Even having higher movement compared with other areas, then, is not expected to result in much difference. In today’s Lagos (Figure 3.1c), the streets with maximum NACH values of 1.4 cause two main radials that cross along the lateral sides of the urban network without entering the background network.

Portimão. Comparing the variables of mxNAinteg, mnNAinteg and mnNAchoice for the Historic Network and Current Network, the variables values are reduced (mxNAinteg from 1.5 to 1.3, mnNAinteg from 1.1 to 0.8 and mnNAchoice 1.0 to 0.8). In contrast, the variable mxNAchoice, which represents the main urban network, rises from 1.4 to 1.6 (Figure 3.2a). These values indicate that the urban expansion lowered their integration and additionally increased the holes in the background network. Adding the fact that the urban foreground structure increased, the network remains far from cohesive. The foreground consolidation increases the segregation of the background, i.e., the expansion areas.

Analysing NACH geometry for the Portimão Historic Network (Figure 3.2b), the streets with main circulation surrounded the urban network, and the difficulty of accessing the centre and the residential area presents higher NACH values (1.4 and 1.3). However, the Current Network is structured through a main radial (with a NACH value of 1.5 in the centre), which passes through all the urban area and then subdivides into radials with NACH values of 1.4 and 1.3 (Figure 3.2c).

Albufeira. The Star Diagram shows that the variables mxNAinteg, mnNAinteg and mxNAchoice increased with the urban expansion (from 0.7 to 1.1, 0.5 to 0.6 and 1.4 to 1.6, respectively; however, the mnNAchoice value remains approximately 0.8.), which means that global accessibility improved and urban holes in the background were reduced (Figure 4.3a). Regarding NACH axial geometry of the Albufeira Historic Network, the maximum value is approximately 1.3, with low movement variation among streets (Figure 4.3b). Instead, in the Current Network, a main radial crosses the entire urban network, obtaining the highest value of 1.5 at the centre, also having some radial subdivisions (Figure 4.3c). This finding indicates that this radial accepts the main movement of the urban network, differing from the background, i.e., mostly residential areas.

Quarteira. In contrast with the previous urban network, all the variables analysed in Quarteira decreased, as seen in the Star Diagram: mxNAinteg decreased from 1.4 to 1.0, mnNAinteg from 0.95 to 0.7, mnNAchoice from 0.9 to 0.8 and mxNAchoice from 1.5 to 1.4 (Figure 4.4a). These findings indicate that urban accessibility and structuration worsened with the urban expansion. The Historic Network of Quarteira is characterised by a main radial that crosses the settlement with NACH values of 1.5 in the centre (Figure 4.4b), unobserved in other examples of the Historic Network. Instead, in the current network, the streets with superior movement fluxes are almost at the lateral, only crossing the network at the centre (Figure 4.4c). Furthermore, the foreground value decreases, reaching values far from the 1.5 of the Historic Network.

Faro. As the Star Diagram shows, all the variables increased their values with the urban expansion – mxNAinteg improved from 0.7 to 1.4, mnNAinteg from 0.5 to 0.9, mnNAchoice from 0.8 to 0.9 and mxNAchoice from 0.4 to 1.5 (Figure 5.5a). Faro is the only fishing town studied that improved in all the variables measured. The global network, foreground, of the Historic Network was articulated by a central radial, with an mxNAchoice value of 1.4 in the centre and 1.3 on the lateral sides (Figure 5.5b). Currently, radials, rings and lateral sides abound in the urban network. The global structure is strengthened in the centre, with an mxNAchoice value of 1.5, while the relationship with a local scale occurs in a constant way (Figure 5.5c).

Olhão. The mxNAinteg and mnNAinteg values increased, from 1.4 to 1.6 and 0.9 to 1.0, respectively (Figure 5.6a). Furthermore, the mnNAchoice variable decreased from 0.9 to 0.8, indicating that some holes were created in the local network configuration. The mxNAchoice values increased from 1.5 to 1.6, structuring the global scale regarding local. The axial geometry of the Olhão Historic Network I Navarro-Amezqueta, M Batista Pacheco & T Heitor Plotting urban growth: Fishing towns in southern Portugal, 1970-2014

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indicates that the main streets are mostly on lateral, with a global scale mxNAchoice value of 1.5, very different from the rest of the network (Figure 5.6b). In the Current Network, streets with higher movement create a radial structure, with some subdivisions and rings (Figure 5.6c).

Tavira. Comparing the Historic Network with the Current Network, the variable values (mxNAinteg, mnNAchoice and mxNAchoice) remain the same, except for the increase in mnNAinteg from 0.6 to 0.7 (Figure 6.7a), indicating that the Historic Network urban characteristics were preserved in the urban expansion (Figure 6.7c). The axial geometry of the Historic Network reveals a single radial street that articulates the entire nucleus with a maximum value of 1.5 of mxNAchoice in the centre and gradually decreases to the limits (Figure 6.7b). The current Network presents a radial that crosses the settlement, with small subdivisions to the laterals, without high values in structuration, i.e., in mxNAchoice (Figure 6.7c).

Vila Real de Santo António (VRSA). Comparing the Star Diagram values of the Historic Network with the Current Network, the variable values of global level accessibility (mxNAinteg from 2.1 to 1.9) decreased as local level accessibility (mnNAinteg from 1.8 to 1.2) and also reduced mnNAchoice (from 1.1 to 0.9), creating more holes. Only global structure increased significantly (mxNAchoice from 1.4 to 1.6) (Figure 6.8a). This finding indicates that in the Current Network, the foreground segregates the background even further, which considerably worsens the global-local relationship.

The axial geometry of the Historic Network of Vila Real de Santo António shows a hierarchy on the grid, without differences among streets, that does not constitute a strong structure (Figure 6.8b). Instead, the Current Network leans in a radial that crosses the entire network, reaching mxNAchoice values of 1.6, articulating main streets’ fluxes in this radial. The background structure remains perpendicular to this global structuration (Figure 6.8c).

Figure 3: Star Diagrams (a) and Idealised Geometric Diagrams of the fishing towns of Lagos and Portimão Historic Network (b) and their Current Networks (c).


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Figure 4: Star Diagrams (a) and Idealised Geometric Diagrams of the fishing towns of Albufeira and Quarteira Historic Network (b) and their Current Networks (c).


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Figure 5: Star Diagrams (a) and Idealised Geometric Diagrams of the fishing towns of Faro and Olhão Historic Network (b) and their Current Networks (c).


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Figure 6: Star Diagrams (a) and Idealised Geometric Diagrams of the fishing towns of Tavira and Vila Real de Santo António Historic Network (b) and their Current Networks (c).

Table 1 shows how the mean values of NAIN and NACH decrease in the background (from 0.9 to 0.8 in both mnNAinteg and mnNAchoice) and increase in the foreground (from 1.27 to 1.3 in mxNAinteg


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and 1.4 to 1.5 in mnNAchoice) in the current network after the tourism expansion, weakening the background network and strengthening the foreground.

Historic Network Current Network Mean Stand. Dev. Mean Stand. Dev.

mxNAinteg 1.2752 0.4239 1.3245 0.2913 mnNAinteg 0.9312 0.3969 0.817 0.1929 mxNAchoice 1.467 0.0506 1.5387 0.0515 mnNAchoice 0.9294 0.0993 0.8557 0.0422 Table1: Statistical mean of four variables of Historic Network and Current Network after tourist expansion.

Global structure, foreground (mxNAchoice and mxNAinteg variables)

Figure 7a shows the differences between the two periods under analysis. The Historic Network, are more dispersed and the slope of the regression line is small, while in the Current Network, the regression line and the slope is steeper.

In the group Historic Network, the regression coefficient, b, is 0.041 and the coefficient of determination R2 is 0.1178, i.e., having little explanatory power. In contrast, in the group Current Network, the regression coefficient is 0.1512, which is expected to change mxNAchoice for each increment mxNAinteg. The coefficient of determination is 0.730, and considering the values ranging from 0 to 1 (0< R2<1), we can state that the regression line has a good capacity to fit; therefore, there is a direct relationship between variables (Figure 7a).

Local structure, background (mnNAchoice and mnNAinteg variables)

The scatterplot 7b (Figure 7) shows that the two regression lines of the Historic Network and Current Network groups are parallel to each other and have a similar slope.

The group Historic Network has a regression coefficient of 0.23 and a coefficient of determination of 0.91, indicating that the data fit adequately to the model. The Current Network group has a regression coefficient of 0.2 and coefficient of determination of 0.84, lower than those of group 1 (Figure 7b).

Figure 7: 7a) Global Structure, foreground. Scatterplot of the independent variable mxNAinteg and the dependent variable mxNAchoice of the Historic Network and Current Network; 7b) Local Structure, background.


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Scatterplot of the independent variable mnNAinteg and the dependent variable mnNAchoice of the Historic Network and Current Network.

Local-global relationship (Global.Foreground and Local.Background variables) In the scatterplot of Figure 8, the two regression lines have equal slopes. The values of Current Network are approximately 1, as in the Historic Network. In the group Historic Network, the regression coefficient is 0.93 and the coefficient of determination R2 is 0.98, which has a higher capacity to fit. In the Current Network, the regression coefficient is 0.91 and the coefficient of determination R2 is 0.98, as in the group Historic Network.

In the Historic Networks of towns with high integration and low hierarchy of their networks, such as Lagos, Portimão, Quarteira and Vila Real de Santo António, in the Current Network, both the hierarchy of the foreground and segregation increased (Figure 8). While Albufeira, Faro, Olhão and Tavira had the lowest values in the local-global relationship of the Historic Network, axial and ring geometries were created in the expansion area, improving the integration value.

Figure 8: Scatterplot of the independent variable Local.Background and the dependent variable Global.Foreground of the Historic Network and Current Network.

4. Discussion

As observed in the descriptive analyses of the Star Diagrams and Idealised Geometric Diagrams, compared with the classification conducted by Hillier et al. (2012), Lagos, Portimão, Albufeira and Olhão enhance background structure, generalising the local structure, almost without regard to the global foreground structure, while Quarteira, Faro and Tavira exhibit a strong foreground structure due to a weak background structure, i.e., they have a strong foreground hierarchy. In VRSA, the


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value of the background is maximised to reduce the differences between the background and foreground networks.

Currently, more than half of the towns (Lagos, Portimão, Albufeira, Olhão and VRSA) decrease their mnNAchoice, creating more holes in the network, and increase their mxNAchoice. The consolidation of the foreground further segregates the urban network. Quarteira decrease its mnNAchoice and mxNAchoice values, resulting in a less differentiated foreground and a more segregated background. Tavira shows a different pattern. It increases mnNAchoice and improves the urban holes ratio while decreasing mxNAchoice. Faro achieves a more balanced development, raising its mnNAchoice, which now has fewer holes in its mesh, and its mxNAchoice, strengthening the structure of the foreground.

Statistical tests about the conjectures formulated above: acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis, H0

“The foreground was strengthened after the urban expansion” (global structure, foreground)

In the null hypothesis H0, the normalised variables of choice and integration in the foreground are independent in both the Historic Network and the Current Network after the touristic expansion;

In the alternative hypothesis Ha, the normalised variables of choice and integration in the foreground are interdependent, i.e., there is a relationship in both the Historic Network and the Current Network after the touristic expansion.

In the statistics of the group Historic Network, the p-value is 0.40>0.05; as a result, H0 cannot be rejected, i.e., the variables are independent and there is no relationship between mxNAinteg and mxNAchoice for the Historic Network.

In the statistics of the group Current Network, the p-value is 0.0068<0.05; therefore, mxNAinteg and mxNAchoice are dependent in the Current Network after the tourism expansion. Thus, the foreground structures of these towns strengthened after urban expansion.

“The background weakened after the urban expansion” (local structure, background)

In the null hypothesis H0, the normalised variables of choice and integration in the background are independent in both the Historic Network and the Current Network after the touristic expansion;

In the alternative hypothesis Ha, the normalised variables of choice and integration in the background are interdependent, i.e., there is a relationship in both the Historic Network and the Current Network after the touristic expansion.

In the statistics of the group Historic Network, the p-value is 0.00019<0.05; therefore, H0 is rejected, which means that the two variables are dependent, and mnNAinteg is able to describe mnNAchoice. Consequently, before the touristic expansion, most of the residential areas of the Historic Network were cohesive.

In the statistics of the group Current Network, the p-value is 0.001<0.05, discarding H0, so the variables are related. As in the Historic Network, the residential areas are related, although less consistently.

“After the urban expansion, the local-global relationship has the same pattern in the coastal fishing towns” (Global-Local relationship)

In the null hypothesis H0, the variables Local.Background (mnNAinteg/ mnNAchoice) and Global.Foreground (mxNAinteg/mxNAchoice) are independent in both the “Historic Network” and the “Current Network” after the touristic expansion;

In the alternative hypothesis Ha, the variables Local.Background (mnNAinteg/ mnNAchoice) and Global.Foreground (mxNAinteg/mxNAchoice) are interdependent, i.e., there is a relationship in both the Historic Network and the Current Network after the touristic expansion.


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In the statistics of the group Historic Network, the p-value is 1.144e-06<0.05; therefore, H0 is rejected, which means that the two variables are dependent.

In the statistics of the group Current Network, the p-value is 1.70e-06<0.05; consequently, H0 is discarded and the variables are related. As expected, the local-global relationship occurred before and after the urban expansion. The most important issue is that the mean value is present in both groups and that the data variation decreased from 0.3 to 0.18, having the same pattern in the network after the urban expansion.

Although the urban expansion strengthened the foreground, it did not help structure the urban network by integrating it but rather emphasised its segregation even further, disconnecting the background from both itself and the foreground. Faro is an exception because its network was not segregated and even creates rings that help integrate the background.

The importance of the segregated background, which includes the residential areas and resorts, as opposed to the structured foreground, as a basis for the expansion model of most towns, resulted in an urban fabric that was less integrated and the least local-globally cohesive.

5. Conclusion

The aim of this paper was to improve the understanding of morphological changes occurred in eight fishing towns in Algarve due to tourism-induced development. The general urban expansion scenario was addressed by comparing two different periods. The initial analytical approach has revealed that morphological changes occurred at a deep structural level of the urban network. Since the formal identification, characterization and quantification of these changes was inaccessible by means of traditional analysis techniques, the star model (Hillier et al., 2012) and the variables mean and maximum of normalized integration and choice (NAIN and NACH) were applied. This has allowed to efficiently extract quantitative information and to gain a better understanding of the expansion process. Nevertheless, this model should be tested to other coastal towns in order to evaluate the degree to which it can be used as a generalized description tool and to determine how far it must be enhanced. In particular is necessary to deep further the variables that configure the urban fabric, to carry out an objective diagnosis of the urban space, being able to apply corrective measures and approach urban theory and practice.

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Martins, A., Castro, C. and Torres, F. (2004 (1961), ‘Zona 6 – Algarve’. In: Arquitectura Popular em Portugal. Lisbon: Ordem dos Arquitectos, vol.2, pp.241-359.

Padrão, J. (1966; 1967; 1969; 1970), ‘Albufeira’; ‘Lagos’; ‘Vila Real de Santo António’; ‘Portimão’; ‘Faro’; ‘Tavira’. In: Prospecção, preservação e recuperação de elementos urbanísticos e arquitectónicos notáveis, em áreas urbanas e marginais viárias, na região do Algarve. Lisbon: Ministério das Obras Públicas de Portugal, vols. 5, 7, 12, 19, 22, 23.

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