Plug-In Electric Vehicle Policy AnalysisPlug-In Electric Vehicle Policy Analysis
Clean Cities Clean Cities Coalition/Western Coalition/Western
Michigan UniversityMichigan University
Rob Ozar PE, ManagerRob Ozar PE, Manager
Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency SectionSection
Michigan Public Michigan Public Service Service
CommissionCommission
Transportation ElectrificationTransportation Electrification
1) Balance of Trade/Oil Imports2) National Security3) Environment
Barriers to Electric Vehicle AdoptionBarriers to Electric Vehicle Adoption
Only 7% of car buyers are Only 7% of car buyers are likely to consider electric likely to consider electric vehicles.vehicles.
Source: Kelly Blue Source: Kelly Blue BookBook
Key Concerns:Key Concerns:
1) Range anxiety (drivable 1) Range anxiety (drivable range)range)
2) Availability of public 2) Availability of public charging stationscharging stations
3) Initial cost3) Initial costNissan Leaf
Ford Focus
Customer Wants…Customer Wants…
74% of customers indicated 74% of customers indicated that public fast charging that public fast charging facilities would influence facilities would influence their decision to purchase a their decision to purchase a PEV.PEV.
Source: MPSC/DTE/U of Source: MPSC/DTE/U of M GrantM Grant
Customers want…Customers want… Less than 15 minute Less than 15 minute
charge timecharge time 350 mile range350 mile range Additional Purchase Additional Purchase
IncentivesIncentives Source: Kelly Blue Source: Kelly Blue
BookBook
PEV Range from LansingPEV Range from Lansing(24 kWh - limited public charging stations)(24 kWh - limited public charging stations)
30 Miles each way
PEV Range from LansingPEV Range from Lansing(24 kWh - available public charging stations)(24 kWh - available public charging stations)
60 Miles
PEV Range from LansingPEV Range from Lansing(36 kWh - available public charging stations)(36 kWh - available public charging stations)
100 Miles
PEV Range from LansingPEV Range from Lansing(48 kWh - available public charging stations)(48 kWh - available public charging stations)
140 Miles
Short-ChargeShort-ChargeRange RealitiesRange Realities
ChargeCharge
TypeTypeCharge RateCharge Rate
(kW)(kW)Range Per 1 Hour Range Per 1 Hour
Charge (miles)Charge (miles)
Level 1Level 1 1.51.5 7.57.5
Level 2Level 2 3.33.3 16.516.5
Level 2Level 2 6.66.6 3333
Level 2Level 2 >6.6>6.6 >33>33
Policy Options Reducing Range Anxiety
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% Reduction in Range Anxiety
Battery Capacity
Public Charging Station Density
Public Charging Station
Economics with 5 year Payback
$0.22/kWh Mark-up
Conflicting Public PoliciesConflicting Public Policies Economic Policy promoting public charging stations to decrease Economic Policy promoting public charging stations to decrease
range anxiety may work against utility regulatory policy promoting range anxiety may work against utility regulatory policy promoting off-peak charging. off-peak charging.
Current limits regarding sale-for-resale need to be re-evaluated. Current limits regarding sale-for-resale need to be re-evaluated. Note FERC Order 888: “Note FERC Order 888: “The term “sale of electric energy at wholesale” The term “sale of electric energy at wholesale”
when used in this Part means a sale of electric energy to any person for resalewhen used in this Part means a sale of electric energy to any person for resale.”.”
Connors Creek / DTE