PM10 and PM2.5 exceedances, measures and future projections:
Barcelona case
Xavier Querol Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research
Spanish Research Council (CSIC)
PM-workshop, 18-19 June 2012
Representation of Sweden to the EU, Square de Meeus 30, Brussels
Objectives
• How to asses contributing sources and exceedances of PM in Barcelona?
• Evaluation of effectiveness of local (e.g. speed management) and national measures. Consider typical south European issue (i.e. windblown soil dust/dry climate)
• What is the expected trend for PM in Barcelona?
Outlook
• Metropolitan Area of Barcelona
• Urban PM Air quality in Barcelona
• PMx source apportionment in Barcelona: PM10, PM2.5, BC, UFP
• PM abatement measures
• PM trends
Automatic measurements
Manual measurements
ZQA1
ZQA2
Generalitat de Catalunya Departament de Territori i Sostenibilitat
Metropolitan Barcelona: zones 1&2
192 m
420 m
192 m
420 m
Llobregat BesosLlobregat Besos
Airport PortAirport Port
Barcelona city: 100 km2, 1.5 106 inhabitants
Metropolitan area: 725 km2, 4.0 106 inhabitants
Barcelona city: 16.000 inhab/km2
Metropolitan area: 5.200 inhab/km2
1.54 million passenger cars
0.49 million mopeds & motorcycles
0.34 million lorries (HDV & LDV)
50% diesel cars (70% annual sales 2011)
6 power plants
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bar
celo
na
Mad
rid
Val
ènci
a
Am
ster
dam
Bel
grad
e
Ber
lin
Ber
n
Bo
logn
a
Bu
dap
est
Sto
ckh
olm
Fire
nze
Fran
kfu
rt
Gen
oa
Ham
bu
rg
Hel
sin
ki
Lon
do
n20
07
Luxe
mb
urg
Mila
n
Mu
nic
h
Nap
oli
Osl
o
Pra
ha
Ro
ma
Tori
no
Wie
n
Zuri
ch
Cars x 1000 / km2
Very high density of vehicles (#/km2),
But also >50% of vehicles circulating in the city come from outside
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Ba
rce
lon
a
Ma
dri
d
Va
lèn
cia
Am
ste
rda
mB
elg
rad
e
Be
rlin
Be
rnB
olo
gn
a
Bu
da
pe
st
Sto
ckh
olm
Fire
nze
Fra
nk
furt
Ge
no
a
Ha
mb
urg
He
lsin
ki
Lon
do
n2
00
7
Luxe
mb
urg
Mil
an
Mu
nic
h
Na
po
li
Osl
o
Pra
ha
Ro
ma
To
rin
o
Wie
n
Zu
rich
Cars x1000
Metropolitan Barcelona: zones 1&2
Ámsterdam
Madrid
Barcelona
500m
6
ZQA1&2
NO2 Exceeding Annual Limit Value 11 stations over 25 (44%)
NO2 Exceeding Hourly Limit Value -
PM10 Exceeding Daily Limit Value 7 stations over 48 (15%)
PM10 Exceeding Annual Limit Value -
O3 Exceeding information threshold
1 exceedance at 3 stacions over 15 (20%)
SO2 No exceedances -
H2S No exceedances -
CO No exceedances -
PM2.5 No exceedances -
HCl No exceedances -
CI2 No exceedances -
C6H6 No exceedances -
Metals (As, Ni, Cd, Pb) No exceedances -
B(a)P No exceedances -
Evaluation of Air Quality: Metropolitan Barcelona z1&2
2011 (provisional data)
Leaching
I. Chromatography:
NO3-, Cl-, SO4
=
Colorimetry FIA
& ICP-AES:
NH4+, K+, Ca2+,
Mg2+,…
Acidic digestion
ICP-AES:
Al, Ca, K,
Na, Mg,
Fe, Ti, P
ICP-MS:
Li, Ti, V, Cr,
Co, Ni, Cu,
Zn, As, Se,
Rb, Sr, Y, Zr,
Cd, Sn, Cs,
Ba, La, Ce,
Pr, Nd, Hf, Tl,
Pb, Bi, Th, U
OC, EC
Accounted: 75-85% PM
1999-2012, 1/3 days sampling
PM10, PM2.5 and PM1
Evaluation of Air Quality: Metropolitan Barcelona z1&2 Assessment: E. inventories, modeling, source apportionment
Ex. Assessment of source contributions
Querol et al. (2001), Atmospheric Environment
Amato et al. (2009a), Atmospheric Environment
Vehicle Exhaust;
4.4; 30%
Nitrate; 2.8; 19%
Road dust; 0.3; 2%Heavy oil; 0.6; 4%
Industrial; 0.5; 3%
Sulfate; 5.6; 38%
Mineral; 0.2; 1%
Sea salt; 0.2; 1%
African dust; 0.3;
2%
Vehicle Exhaust;
6.6; 25%
Nitrate; 4.0; 16%
Road dust; 2.9;
11%Heavy oil; 0.8; 3%
Industrial; 0.9; 3%
Sulfate; 7.0; 28%
Mineral; 1.9; 7%
Sea salt; 1.0; 4%
African dust; 0.9;
3%Vehicle Exhaust;
7.5; 18%
Nitrate; 4.5; 11%
Road dust; 8.8;
22%Heavy oil; 1.0; 2%Industrial; 1.0; 2%
Sulfate; 6.7; 17%
Mineral; 5.6; 14%
Sea salt; 4.1; 10%
African dust; 1.5;
4%
PM10 PM2.5
PM1
Metropolitan Barcelona (2003-2010) How to assess source contributions?
Annual source contributions: ME2 Road traffic 45% Road traffic 46%
Road traffic 43%
Shipping 2% Shipping 3%
Shipping 4%
Non road
resuspension 14% Non road
resuspension 4%
Non road
resuspension 1%
Biomass b. 3% Biomass b. 3%
Biomass b. 5%
Pey J., et al. (2009) Atmospheric Environment
Source contribution to the mean annual N13-800
Fuel-Oil comb.; 0.1%
Traffic; 67%
Crustal; 1%
Marine; 2%
Photochem.; 3%
Siderurgy; 2%
Regional / Urban Back.; 25%
Receptor modelling for UFP Barcelona, 2004
Evaluation of Air Quality: Metropolitan Barcelona How to assess source contributions?
BC & UFP in 6 EU cities
Evaluation of Air Quality: Metropolitan Barcelona
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hour (UTC)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
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Bla
ck
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rbo
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g/m
3)
N (>2.5nm) BC
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/cm
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g/m
3)
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/cm
3)
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rbo
n (µ
g/m
3)
N (>7nm) BC
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Hour (UTC)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Bla
ck
Ca
rbo
n (µ
g/m
3)N (>7nm) BC
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Hour (UTC)
N (>7nm) BC
0
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hour (UTC)
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mb
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of
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(n
/cm
3) N (>5nm) BC
BCN LUG
BERN
NK
HU SCO
MR
Reche et al. (2011) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hour (UTC)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
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Bla
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rbo
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g/m
3)
N (>2.5nm) BC
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20000
25000
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35000
40000
45000
50000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hour (UTC)
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mb
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of
pa
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(n
/cm
3 ) N (>2.5nm) BC
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5000
10000
15000
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25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hour (UTC)
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pa
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les
(n
/cm
3)
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2
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6
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10
12
Bla
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Ca
rbo
n (µ
g/m
3)
N (>7nm) BC
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hour (UTC)
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mb
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of
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rtic
les
(n
/cm
3)
0
1
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3
4
5
6
Bla
ck
Ca
rbo
n (µ
g/m
3)
N (>7nm) BC
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Hour (UTC)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Bla
ck
Ca
rbo
n (µ
g/m
3)
N (>7nm) BC
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hour (UTC)
N (>7nm) BC
0
5000
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15000
20000
25000
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40000
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hour (UTC)
Nu
mb
er
of
pa
rtic
les
(n
/cm
3) N (>5nm) BC
BCN LUG
BERN
NK
HU SCO
MR
Air Quality Plans at Metropolitan Barcelona z1&2
Air Quality Plans at Metropolitan Barcelona z1&2 Legal framework
Air Quality Plans at Metropolitan Barcelona z1&2 A review of some major measures
Industry
Measures were taken in 23 industrial plants. Example: Implementation of fabric filters in
cement plants (instead of electric filters): 1.035 tonnes PM10/year reduction (44% of total
industrial PM10 emissions). 7 M € invested
Energy production
1. Since 2007, existing power plants (2480 MW/e) are natural gas combined cycles.
2. Closure of 3 old fuel-oil power plants: 1.780 tonnes NOx/year & 246 tonnes PM10/year
reduction
Domestic and residential
1. 2011-12 Renewal plans for boilers, domestic heaters, electric household appliances &
air conditioning: 6,5 M€
2. 2011-12 Renewal plans for windows, overtures and sun protection: 14,3M€
3. 2012 Renewal plan for commercial inner lighting: 1 M€
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
Cd
Data
Sen's estimate
99 % conf. min
99 % conf. max
95 % conf. min
95 % conf. max
Residual
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
SO
42
-
Data
Sen's estimate
99 % conf. min
99 % conf. max
95 % conf. min
95 % conf. max
Residual
Air Quality Plans at Metropolitan Barcelona z1&2
Urban mobility measures:
1. Green parking (reduced fare for residents but high fare for non-residents) covering the
whole city where Blue parking is not implemented
2. Increasing the sustainable transport quote:
- C58 BUS-High Occupancy Vehicles (+3) lane construction
- Vehicle fleet renovation funds 2010-12: (Hybrid, GNP ,GLP): 2,9 M€
2. Toll discounts in several access to Barcelona city since 01/02/2012:
- High Occupancy Vehicles (+ 3): 40% reduction, Multi-user (> 16 trips / month):
30% reduction, Clean vehicles: 30 % reduction
3. Speed management in fast roads
- Compulsory introduction of circulation speed limit to 80 km/h since 2008.
Since 2011: Implementation of circulation variable speed limit according PM10 and
congestion
Bus upgrades: fleet renewal and retrofit: TMB 1065 buses
1. Low emission buses: Hybrid bus fleet increment project in TMB:
- New Hybrid diesel buses. 16 new hybridbuses in 2012
- Retrofit diesel buses into hybrid buses: Fuel savings of 25-30%.
Now 31 buses in service
- Retrofit compressed natural gas buses to hybrid buses: 1 prototype
2. TMB fleet renewal: natural gas buses 411 (39% of the fleet) in June 2012, and 500
foreseen for 2017-18 (47% of the fleet)
3. 460 installed SCRT filters in April 2012 (43% of the fleet)
4. Change from radial to orthogonal bus network, in progress (reducing 30% of km)
Other
1. Public bicycle system: 6000 units, 52000 daily users
2. Supporting electric vehicles: 7.600 public reloading points for public access in 60 towns
and additionally 83.600 private ones in 2015
3. Measures for raising citizen’s awareness and education
4. 400 new stations for CNG and LPG
5. Mechanical sweeping and water flushing to abate road dust in all high traffic roads
6. 11% taxi cars are hybrid in April 2012 (1141 over 10523), and 6% CGN and LPG (647),
83% EURO4 and 5 (8768)
Air Quality Plans at Metropolitan Barcelona z1&2
Time series First year Last Year n Test S Test Z Signific. Q Qmin99 Qmax99 Qmin95 Qmax95 B Bmin99 Bmax99 Bmin95 Bmax95 % reduction
PM10 2003 2011 9 -26 ** -1.491 42.11 28%
OC 2003 2011 9 -24 * -0.405 5.94 54%
EC 2003 2011 9 -26 ** -0.244 3.15 62%
OM+EC 2003 2011 9 -31 *** -0.867 13.00 53%
SO42- 2003 2011 9 -30 *** -0.410 6.07 54%
NO3- 2003 2011 9 -10 -0.155 5.31 23%
Cd 2003 2011 9 -30 *** -0.045 0.47 76%
Time series First year Last Year n Test S Test Z Signific. Q Qmin99 Qmax99 Qmin95 Qmax95 B Bmin99 Bmax99 Bmin95 Bmax95 % reduction
PM10 2003 2011 9 -26 ** -1.491 42.11 28%
OC 2003 2011 9 -24 * -0.405 5.94 54%
EC 2003 2011 9 -26 ** -0.244 3.15 62%
OM+EC 2003 2011 9 -31 *** -0.867 13.00 53%
SO42- 2003 2011 9 -30 *** -0.410 6.07 54%
NO3- 2003 2011 9 -10 -0.155 5.31 23%
Cd 2003 2011 9 -30 *** -0.045 0.47 76%
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
PM
10
Data
Sen's estimate
99 % conf. min
99 % conf. max
95 % conf. min
95 % conf. max
Residual
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
YearO
M+
EC
Data
Sen's estimate
99 % conf. min
99 % conf. max
95 % conf. min
95 % conf. max
Residual
IPPC implementation, environmental measures, financial crisis, meteorology
ZUAP
8.‘Urban Zones of Protected Atmosphere (Zonas Urbanas de Atmósfera Protegida; ZUAP)'
progressively reducing emissions and limiting movement to polluting vehicles and number of cars.
8.2. Parking regulation, high fares for non-residents, and measures favoring eco-cars
8.3. Clean public transport and public fleet measures
8.4. Measures for domestic and residential emissions
FIRST PRIORITY: Measure n. 8
National Air Quality Plans for Spain
Eco-labeling of vehicles for a LOW EMISSION ZONE:
8.1. Implementation of LEZs
Barcelona: Effect of on different aerosols (daily averages)
0
30
60
90
7.4.0
8
8.4.0
8
9.4.0
8
10.4.0
8
11.4.0
8
12.4.0
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13.4.0
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15.4.0
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28.4.0
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30.4.0
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2.5.0
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4.5.0
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Ti
(ng
/m3)
0
4
8
12
16
Pre
p.(
mm
)
Street cleaning Precipitation Downwind site Upwind site
Mineral dust
0
10
20
30
7.4.0
8
8.4.0
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28.4.0
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29.4.0
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30.4.0
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1.5.0
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2.5.0
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3.5.0
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4.5.0
8
Sb
(n
g/m
3)
0
4
8
12
16
Pre
p.(
mm
)
Street cleaning Precipitation Downwind site Upwind site
Brake dust
010
2030
405060
7080
90100
7.4.0
8
8.4.0
8
9.4.0
8
10.4.0
8
11.4.0
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12.4.0
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25.4.0
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27.4.0
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28.4.0
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29.4.0
8
30.4.0
8
1.5.0
8
2.5.0
8
3.5.0
8
4.5.0
8
V (
ng
/m3)
0
4
8
12
16
Pre
p.(
mm
)
Street cleaning Precipitation Downwind site Upwind site
Fuel oil comb.
0
10
20
7.4.0
8
8.4.0
8
9.4.0
8
10.4.0
8
11.4.0
8
12.4.0
8
13.4.0
8
14.4.0
8
15.4.0
8
16.4.0
8
17.4.0
8
18.4.0
8
19.4.0
8
20.4.0
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21.4.0
8
22.4.0
8
23.4.0
8
24.4.0
8
25.4.0
8
26.4.0
8
27.4.0
8
28.4.0
8
29.4.0
8
30.4.0
8
1.5.0
8
2.5.0
8
3.5.0
8
4.5.0
8
EC
(µ
g/m
3)
0
4
8
12
16
Pre
p.(
mm
)
Street cleaning Precipitation Downwind site Upwind site
EC
0
5
10
7.4.0
8
8.4.0
8
9.4.0
8
10.4.0
8
11.4.0
8
12.4.0
8
13.4.0
8
14.4.0
8
15.4.0
8
16.4.0
8
17.4.0
8
18.4.0
8
19.4.0
8
20.4.0
8
21.4.0
8
22.4.0
8
23.4.0
8
24.4.0
8
25.4.0
8
26.4.0
8
27.4.0
8
28.4.0
8
29.4.0
8
30.4.0
8
1.5.0
8
2.5.0
8
3.5.0
8
4.5.0
8
Cl- (
µg
/m3)
0
4
8
12
16
Pre
p.(
mm
)
Street cleaning Precipitation Downwind site Upwind site
Sea salt
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
7.4.0
8
8.4.0
8
9.4.0
8
10.4.0
8
11.4.0
8
12.4.0
8
13.4.0
8
14.4.0
8
15.4.0
8
16.4.0
8
17.4.0
8
18.4.0
8
19.4.0
8
20.4.0
8
21.4.0
8
22.4.0
8
23.4.0
8
24.4.0
8
25.4.0
8
26.4.0
8
27.4.0
8
28.4.0
8
29.4.0
8
30.4.0
8
1.5.0
8
2.5.0
8
3.5.0
8
4.5.0
8
NO
3- (
µg
/m3)
0
4
8
12
16
Pre
p.(
mm
)
Street cleaning Precipitation Downwind site Upwind site
Nitrate
Amato et al. (2009b), Atmospheric Environment
Treated site Untreated site Treated site Untreated site
No effect Reduction
Effectiveness of measures Road dust: mechanical sweeping and water flushing
Recovery of road dust: Barcelona
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
t (hours after rain)
Du
st
load
ing
s (
g m
-2)
Dust loadings
DL
(g
m-2
)
DL=3.56E-03 - 3.53E-03 e -0.087*t
R2= 0.99
t (hours after rain)
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
In 8 hours, 50% of dust is recovered
In 24 hours, 90% of dust is recovered
Effectiveness of measures Road dust: mechanical sweeping and water flushing
Amato et al. (2012), Atmospheric Environment. In Press
PM10
µg/m3
NO2
µg/m3
2007-2008 reduction
Baldasano et al. (2010), Atmospheric Environment
Effectiveness of measures Speed limitation (80 km/h)
20
Annual mean PM10 ZQA1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YEAR
PM
10 (
µg
/m3)
VLa + M dT VLa Barcelona (c/ Lluís Solé i Sabarís)
Barcelona (Eixample) Barcelona (Gràcia - Sant Gervasi) Barcelona (pl. Universitat)
Barcelona (Zona Universitària) Barcelona (Sants) Esplugues de Llobregat (esportiu La Plana)
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat M olins de Rei (pl. del M ercat M unicipal) M olins de Rei (Ajuntament)
El Prat de Llobregat (pl. de l'Església) Sant Adrià de Besòs Santa Coloma de Gramenet (Ajuntament)
Sant Feliu de Llobregat Sant Vicenç dels Horts (Col·legi Sant Josep) Sant Vicenç dels Horts (Verge del Rocío)
Barcelona (Port Vell) El Prat de Llobregat (Jardins de la Pau) El Prat de Llobregat (CEM Sagnier)
Gavà Barcelona (IES Goya) Barcelona (IES Verdaguer)
Barcelona (Vall d'Hebrón)
Annual mean PM10 ZQA2
0102030405060708090
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
anys
PM
10 (
µg
/m3)
VLa + M dT VLa Barberà del Vallès (Ajuntament)
Caldes de M ontbui (Ajuntament) Castellar del Vallès (Ajuntament) Castellbisbal (av. Pau Casals)
Castellbisbal (M irador del Llobregat) Granollers (Vinyoli-Foix) M artorell (c/ Canyameres - c/ Sant A. M . Claret)
M ollet del Vallès (Pista M unicipal d'Atletisme) M ontcada i Reixac (pl. de Lluís Companys) M ontcada i Reixac (Ajuntament)
M ontornès del Vallès (CEIP M arinada) M ontornès del Vallès (pl. del Poble) Pallejà (M ercat M unicipal)
Rubí (Ajuntament) Rubí (Ca n'Orio l) Sabadell (Escola Industrial)
Sabadell (Gran Via - cra. de Prats) Sant Andreu de la Barca (CEIP Josep Pla) Sant Cugat del Vallès
Santa Perpètua de M ogoda Sentmenat (Ajuntament) Terrassa (M ina Pública d'Aigües)
Terrassa (rambla del Pare Alegre) M ontcada i Reixac (Can Sant Joan) Rubí (Escardívol)
el Papio l (centre dia Josep Tarradellas)
Evaluation of Air Quality: Metropolitan Barcelona z1&2 Trends 2011 (provisional data)
21
Evaluation of Air Quality: Metropolitan Barcelona z1&2 Trends
Annual evolution 90.4 percentile PM10 ZQA1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Anys
90.4
perc
en
tile
(µ
g/m
³)
Valor límit P90.4 Barcelona (c/ Lluís Solé i Sabarís)
Barcelona (Eixample) Barcelona (Gràcia - Sant Gervasi)
Barcelona (IES Goya) Barcelona (IES Verdaguer)
Barcelona (Vall d'Hebron) Barcelona (pl. Universitat)
Barcelona (Zona Universitària) Barcelona (Sants)
Barcelona (Port Vell) Esplugues de Llobregat (esportiu La Plana)
Gavà L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
Molins de Rei (pl. del Mercat Municipal) Molins de Rei (Ajuntament)
El Prat de Llobregat (pl. de l'Església) El Prat de Llobregat (Jardins de la Pau)
El Prat de Llobregat (CEM Sagnier) Sant Adrià de Besòs
Santa Coloma de Gramenet (Ajuntament) Sant Feliu de Llobregat (Eugeni d'Ors)
Sant Vicenç dels Horts (Col·legi Sant Josep) Sant Vicenç dels Horts (CEIP Verge del Rocío)
Annual evolution 90.4 percentile PM10 ZQA2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Anys
90.4
perc
en
tile
(µ
g/m
³)
Valor límit P90.4 Barberà del Vallès (Ajuntament)Caldes de Montbui (Ajuntament) Castellar del Vallès (Ajuntament)Castellbisbal (CEIP Mare de Déu de Montserrat) Castellbisbal (Mirador del Llobregat)Granollers (Vinyoli-Foix) Granollers (c/ Francesc Macià)Martorell (c/ Canyameres - c/ Sant A. M. Claret) Mollet del Vallès (Pista Municipal d'Atletisme) Montcada i Reixac (pl. de Lluís Companys) Montcada i Reixac (Ajuntament)Montcada i Reixac (Can Sant Joan) Montornès del Vallès (CEIP Marinada)Montornès del Vallès (pl. del Poble) Pallejà (Mercat Municipal)el Papiol (centre dia Josep Tarradellas) Rubí (Ajuntament)Rubí (Ca n'Oriol) Rubí (Escardívol)Sabadell (IES Escola Industrial) Sabadell (Gran Via - cra. de Prats)Sant Andreu de la Barca (Escola Josep Pla) Sant Cugat del VallèsSanta Perpètua de Mogoda Sentmenat (Ajuntament)Terrassa (Mina Pública d'Aigües) Terrassa (rambla del Pare Alegre)
2011 (provisional data)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2008 2009 2010 2011
An
nu
al m
ean
PM
2,5
(µg
/m³)
Anys
Annual means PM2.5 ZQA1
VLa + MdT Barcelona (c/ Lluís Solé i Sabarís)
Barcelona (Eixample) Barcelona (Gràcia - Sant Gervasi)
Barcelona (IES Goya) Barcelona (Vall d'Hebron)
Barcelona (pl. Universitat) Gavà
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat El Prat de Llobregat (CEM Sagnier)
Sant Adrià de Besòs Santa Coloma de Gramenet (Balldovina)
Sant Feliu de Llobregat (CEIP Martí i Pol) Sant Vicenç dels Horts (CEIP Verge del Rocío)
Evaluation of Air Quality: Metropolitan Barcelona z1&2
Heavy traffic
Urban background
ANUAL MEANS PM2.5 ZQA2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
An
nu
al M
ean
PM
2,5
(µ
g/m
³)
VLa + MdT Barberà del Vallès (Ajuntament)
Caldes de Montbui (Ajuntament) Granollers (c/ Francesc Macià)
Rubí (Ca n'Oriol) Sabadell (Gran Via - cra. de Prats)
2011 (provisional data)
Conclusions
1. Limit values of PM10 were exceeded regularly until 2009, in 2010, ALV and DLV were
met, but in 2011 a few exceedances of the DLV were recorded at a few traffic sites
2. A general PM decreasing trend is evident. Measures of the 2007-2011 AQ plan and
EURO4 & 5 were effective for PM
3. Mean National NO2 levels are markedly decreasing but not at high traffic sites in large
cities. This may reduce the effectiveness of PM measures by maintaining levels of
ammonium nitrate
4. High traffic density, the specific urban architecture and climate of the Spanish cities favor
the accumulation of pollutants and therefore specific measures are required to meet
requirements of the DLV at a few traffic sites (i.e. abatement of resuspension)
5. Non-technological measures of traffic (reducing the number of cars in the city center) are
necessary
6. Concerning future trends, evaluations have been done but these will depend very much
on evolution of financial crisis
Acknowledgements: TNO
Ministry of the Environment of Spain, Ministry of Sciences and Innovation of Spain Generalitat de Catalunya, Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Baleares, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla la Mancha, Castilla León, Euskadi, Extremadura, Galicia, Generalitat Valenciana, Madrid, Melilla, Murcia, Ayuntamiento de Madrid and Ajuntament de Barcelona
Thank you for your attention ! [email protected]
Fotografía: Observatori Fabra
