SUMBER ENERGI UNTUK

PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK

Permasalahan GHG (Gas Rumah

Kaca) serta Solusi dengan

ENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

COALBED METHANE

(CBM) or coalbed gas

COALBED METHANE (CBM) or coalbed gasis a form of natural gas extracted from coalbeds. In recent decades it has become an

important source of energy in United States, Canada, Indonesia and other countries.

It was commonly to think that nuclear energy is absolutely safe until some

serious incidents occurred on nuclear power plants of the USA(Three Mile Island),

Japan(Kashiwaszki-Kariwa) and the most dangerous incident in the former USSR

(Chernobyl). The last of them had very serious consequences. All these events changed

the opinion of people about the safety of nuclear energy. However the danger of nuclear

energy was not only in the nuclear accidents.

Let’s see the full list of dangers

connected with nuclear power plants:

Release of radioactive particles

Radioactive isotopes pollution

Water temperature increases

The threat of nuclear accidents

The threat of nuclear terrorism

Release of radioactive

particles Usually the radioactive particles appear

from radioactive isotopes and in fission

process. In most cases speaking about

radioactive particles pollution, people

mean gamma-radiation, which is easily

determinated by a Geiger counter. At the

same time there are many beta-

radiators, which are badly determinated

by the most of existing devices.

Radioactive isotopes pollution

Radioactive contamination is typically the result of a spill or accident during the production or use of radionuclides (radioisotopes), an unstable nucleus which has excessive energy. However the production of those radionuclides is controlled by filters and other equipment. The biological effects of internally deposited radionuclides depend greatly on the activity and the biodistribution and removal rates of the radionuclide, which in turn depends on its chemical form.

Water temperature increase

For the NPPs just as for the thermal power stations heat release into is typical.

It is marked that the temperature of water in the area of nuclear power station is higher than without it. Because of that the balance of water evaporation is disturbed and the amount of salt in water increased. This changes can lead to extinction of some species of animals.

The treat of nuclear accidents

The most actual question appealed to

NPP is the question of nuclear

accidents. Thought the chances of such

accident is very small the danger it

carries is very serious.

Nuclear terrorism threat Another actual

question of the NPP’s

safety is nuclear

terrorism.

The NPP could be

captured by terrorists

and used like a

nuclear weapon.

Nuclear power plants

technologies that provide safety

The most widespread causes of the

NPP accident are:

Reactor design flaws.

Mistakes and incompetence of personnel.

It is important to learn by your own

mistakes. So the Chernobyl disaster

were carefully examined and analyzed.

After that new standards of safety and

new technologies were adopted.

Reactor design flaws

We’ll take a Chernobyl as an example for reactor design flaws. There were several serious design flaws in the Chernobyl RBMK: The scram button that supposed to stop the reaction

accelerated it instead.

the heat from the graphite, which operates at 700 degrees Centigrade, flows from the graphite back through the pressure tubes and is taken away by the boiling water. "However, the problem with graphite at high temperatures is that if it is exposed to air, it will burn slowly.

The RBMK reactor was a large one and it could not be put in containment.

These reactors are not used nowadays and all known design flaws are removed from new reactors.

Mistakes and incompetence of

personnel.

Six human errors were identified.

Two permanent operating rules were violated: not to run the reactor for any length of time at reduced power level (below 700 Megawatts-thermal), and never to have fewer than thirty control rods fully inserted into the core

If any one of these six errors had not been committed, the explosion would not have occurred.

However it’s not the fault of personnel, it’s the fault of their not sufficient training.

After Chernobyl disaster some new laws of safety were adopted.

Major incidents regarding NPPsChernobyl Three Mile Island Kashiwazaki-

Kariwa

Reactors used •A high-power,

boiling water type

reactor (RBMK)

•TMI-2 reactor •BWR

The main causes of

the accident

•The operators

violated plant

procedures and

were ignorant of the

safety requirements

needed by the

RBMK design.

•The sequence of

certain events - -

equipment

malfunctions,

design related

problems and

worker errors.

•Earthquake

consequences •The Ukrainian

Ministry of Public

Health in April 1995

said 125,000

already dead.

•Economically, the

consequences

have been

•None people died.

There were no

environment

pollution

•None died. No

environmental

pollution.

Chernobyl Three Mile Island Kashiwazaki-Kariwa

Pic

ture

s

15 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is Generation IV?

Generation IV is an advanced class of nuclear reactor systems that will offer

great improvements in sustainability, economics, safety and reliability,

proliferation resistance, and physical protection in comparison to all other

existing commercial reactors throughout the world.

Source: DOE

16 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Generation III+ vs. Generation IV

• Generation III+

– Adapted from proven technology

– Working toward design certification

• Generation IV

– Still in early phases of R&D, mostly expected to be deployable around 2025

– Minimize waste and proliferation concerns

– Some designs could be used in hydrogen generation

17 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Westinghouse AP-1000

• Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

• 1090 MWe capacity

• Passive safety features – no operator action required for 72 hours

• Plant simplification – reduces initial capital cost, and lowers maintenance and inspection cost

18 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

General Electric ESBWR

• Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

• 1380 MWe capacity

• Passive plant safety systems

• Natural circulation replaces recirculation pumps

19 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AELC) ACR-700

• 731 MWe light water cooled evolutionary pressurized reactor

• Based on light water and CANDU heavy water technology

• On-line fueling • Higher thermal efficiency than previous designs

• No reactor vessel • 36 month construction schedule

Source: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited

20 Copyright © 2004 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Very-High-Temperature Reactor

• Helium cooled once-through Uranium cycle

• Further in design process than other Gen. IV technologies, estimated deployment by 2020

– Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR), 286 MWe per module

– Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR), 165 MWe per module

• Designed for thermochemical hydrogen production, high hydrogen production efficiency with reactor outlet temperatures >950ºC

• Inherent safety features

Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor

PBMR

Pebble Bed

Modular

Reactor (PBMR)