pneumatics control.doc

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

APPLIED HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS

UNIT IV PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS

Introduction

Before the 195!"# $neu%&tic" '&" %o"t co%%on() u"ed &" & 'or*in+ %ediu%

in the for% of "tored ener+), Durin+ the 195!" the "en"in+ &nd $roce""in+ ro(e"

de-e(o$ed in $&r&((e( 'ith 'or*in+ re.uire%ent", Thi" de-e(o$%ent en&/(ed 'or*in+o$er&tion" to /e contro((ed u"in+ "en"or" for the %e&"ure%ent of %&chine "t&te" &nd

condition", The de-e(o$%ent of "en"or"# $roce""or" &nd &ctu&tor" h&" (ed to the

introduction of $neu%&tic ")"te%",

In $&r&((e( 'ith the introduction of tot&( ")"te%"# the indi-idu&( e(e%ent" h&-e further

de-e(o$ed 'ith ch&n+e" in %&teri&(# %&nuf&cturin+ &nd de"i+n $roce""e",

Pneu%&tic" h&" for "o%e con"ider&/(e ti%e /een u"ed for c&rr)in+ out the "i%$(e"t

%ech&nic&( t&"*"# /ut in %ore recent ti%e" h&" $(&)ed & %ore i%$ort&nt ro(e in the

"$here of &uto%&tion,

In the %&0orit) of $neu%&tic &$$(ic&tion" co%$re""ed &ir i" /ein+ u"ed for one or

%ore of the fo((o'in+ function" 2

• to en&/(e "en"or" to deter%ine "t&tu" of $roce""e"• to &((o' "'itchin+ of &ctu&tor" /) u"in+ fin&( contro( e(e%ent"

• to c&rr) out 'or*

Indu"tri&( A$$(ic&tion" E%$(o)in+ Pneu%&tic"

Thi" i" & "%&(( "e(ection of &$$(ic&tion" 'hich h&-e /eco%e co%%on $(&ce in %odern

%&nuf&cturin+ $roce""e", Method" of %&teri&( h&nd(in+2

C(&%$in+

Inde3in+

Po"itionin+

Orientin+

A$$(ic&tion"2P&c*&+in+

Feedin+

Meterin+

Door or chute contro(

Tr&n"fer of %&teri&("

Turnin+ &nd in-ertin+ of $&rt"

Sortin+ of $&rt"

St&c*in+ of co%$onent"

St&%$in+ &nd e%/o""in+ of co%$onent"

Pneu%&tic &$$(ic&tion" c&n &("o /e u"ed in c&rr)in+ out %&chinin+ &nd 'or*in+o$er&tion", ie2

A4SHAA CO66EGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNO6OG


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Dri((in+

Turnin+

Mi((in+

S&'in+

Fini"hin+For%in+

7u&(it) contro(

8h) "e Pneu%&tic":

Pneu%&tic" h&-e di"tinct &d-&nt&+e" &nd di"tin+ui"hin+ ch&r&cteri"tic" due to

the uti(i"&tion of co%$re""ed &ir, The"e c&n /e "u%%&ri"ed &" /e(o'2

A-&i(&/i(it) Air i" &-&i(&/(e $r&ctic&(() e-er)'here in un(i%ited .u&ntitie",

Tr&n"$ort Air c&n /e e&"i() tr&n"$orted in $i$e(ine"# e-en o-er (&r+e di"t&nce",

Stor&+e A co%$re""or need not /e in continuou" o$er&tion, Co%$re""ed &ir c&n /e

"tored in & re"er-oir &nd re%o-ed &" re.uired, In &ddition# the re"er-oir c&n /etr&n"$ort&/(e, Te%$er&ture Co%$re""ed &ir i" re(&ti-e() in"en"iti-e to te%$er&ture

f(uctu&tion", Thi" en"ure" re(i&/(e o$er&tion# e-en under e3tre%e condition",

E3$(o"ion $roof Co%$re""ed &ir offer" %ini%&( ri"* of e3$(o"ion or fire# hence no

e3$en"i-e $rotection &+&in"t e3$(o"ion i" re.uired, C(e&n(ine"" n(u/ric&ted e3h&u"t

&ir i" c(e&n, An) un(u/ric&ted &ir 'hich e"c&$e" throu+h (e&*in+ $i$e" or co%$onent"

doe" not c&u"e cont&%in&tion, Thi" i" &n i%$ort&nt $oint 'hen con"iderin+ the food#

'ood &nd te3ti(e indu"trie", Co%$onent" The o$er&tin+ co%$onent" &re of "i%$(e

con"truction &nd &re therefore re(&ti-e() ine3$en"i-e, S$eed Co%$re""ed &ir i" & -er)

f&"t 'or*in+ %ediu%, Thi" en&/(e" hi+h 'or*in+ "$eed" to /e &tt&ined,

Ad0u"t&/(e 8ith co%$re""ed &ir co%$onent"# "$eed" &nd force" &re infinite()

-&ri&/(e, O-er(o&d "&fe Pneu%&tic too(" &nd o$er&tin+ co%$onent" c&n /e (o&ded to

the $oint of "to$$in+ &nd &re therefore o-er(o&d "&fe, In order to &ccur&te() define the

&re&" of &$$(ic&tion of $neu%&tic"# it i" &("o nece""&r) to /e &c.u&inted 'ith the

ne+&ti-e ch&r&cteri"tic" Pre$&r&tion Co%$re""ed &ir re.uire" +ood $re$&r&tion or

"er-icin+, Dirt &nd conden"&te "hou(d not /e $re"ent, Co%$re""i/(e It i" not &('&)"

$o""i/(e to &chie-e unifor% &nd con"t&nt $i"ton "$eed" 'ith co%$re""ed &ir,

Force Co%$re""ed &ir i" econo%ic&( on() u$ to & cert&in force re.uire%ent, nder

the nor%&( 'or*in+ $re""ure of ;2< /&r =; to &nd de$endent on the tr&-e(

&nd "$eed# the out$ut (i%it i" /et'een ? &nd @ Ne'ton",

Noi"e (e-e( The e3h&u"t &ir i" (oud, Thi" $ro/(e% h&" no'# ho'e-er# /een (&r+e()

"o(-ed due to the de-e(o$%ent of "ound &/"or$tion %&teri&( &nd "i(encer",Co"t" Co%$re""ed &ir i" & re(&ti-e() e3$en"i-e %e&n" of con-e)in+ $o'er, The hi+h

ener+) co"t" &re $&rti&(() co%$en"&ted /) ine3$en"i-e co%$onent" &nd hi+her

$erfor%&nce,

F&ctor" In-o(-ed in S)"te% De"i+n &nd Se(ection

A co%$&ri"on 'ith other for%" of ener+) i" &n e""enti&( $&rt of the "e(ection $roce""

'hen con"iderin+ $neu%&tic" &" & contro( or 'or*in+ %ediu%, Thi" e-&(u&tion

e%/r&ce" the tot&( ")"te%# fro% the in$ut "i+n&( ="en"or"> throu+h to the contro(

=$roce""or># to out$ut de-ice" =&ctu&tor">, F&ctor" to /e con"idered# ie 2 8or* or

out$ut re.uire%ent"# Preferred contro( %ethod"# Re"ource" &nd e3$erti"e &-&i(&/(e to

"u$$ort the $ro0ect

E3i"tin+ ")"te%" 'hich &re to /e inte+r&ted 'ith the ne' $ro0ect



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The &/o-e "hou(d /e &n&()"ed &nd &$$(ied to the t)$e" of 'or*in+ &nd contro( %edi&

&-&i(&/(e# ie 2

Mech&nic&(

E(ectric&( E(ectronic

H)dr&u(ic

Pneu%&tic H)dro2$neu%&ticA co%/in&tion of the &/o-e

A (i"t of "e(ection criteri& for the 'or*in+ &nd contro( "ection" of & t)$ic&( $roduction

f&ci(it) &re "ho'n in T&/(e @, /e(o'

T&/(e @, Co%$&ri"on of 8or*in+ &nd Contro( Function Medi&

WORKING CONTROL

Force Re(i&/i(it) of co%$onent"

Stro*e Sen"iti-it) to en-iron%ent&( inf(uence"

T)$e of %otion =(ine&r# rot&r)> E&"e of %&inten&nce &nd re$&ir

S$eed S'itchin+ ti%e of co%$onent"

Sie Si+n&( "$eed

Ser-ice (ife S$&ce re.uire%ent"Sen"iti-it) Ser-ice (ife

S&fet) &nd re(i&/i(it) Tr&inin+ of o$er&tor" &nd %&int&iner"

Ener+) co"t" Modific&tion of the contro( ")"te%

Contro((&/i(it)

H&nd(in+

Stor&+e

Overview Of A Pneumai! S"#em

A $neu%&tic ")"te% c&n /e /ro*en do'n into & nu%/er of (e-e(" re$re"entin+

h&rd'&re &nd "i+n&( f(o',

The -&riou" (e-e(" for% & contro( $&th for "i+n&( f(o' fro% the "i+n&( =in$ut> to the

'or* =out$ut>,

COMPONENTS O$ A PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Ener+) Su$$()

The &ir "u$$() for & $&rticu(&r $neu%&tic &$$(ic&tion "hou(d /e "ufficient &nd of

&de.u&te .u&(it),

Air i" co%$re""ed to &$$ro3i%&te() 1


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&nd ; /&r =5 2 ; *P&> for econo%ic u"e, Due to the $re""ure (o""e" in the

di"tri/ution ")"te% the co%$re""or "hou(d de(i-er /et'een ;,5 &nd < /&r =;5 2 to &tt&in the"e fi+ure",

An &ir recei-er "hou(d /e fitted to reduce $re""ure f(uctu&tion", In nor%&( o$er&tion

the co%$re""or fi((" the recei-er 'hen re.uired &nd the recei-er i" &-&i(&/(e &" &

re"er-e &t &(( ti%e", Thi" reduce" the "'itchin+ c)c(e" of the co%$re""or, See Fi+ure@,1@

If oi( i" re.uired for the $neu%&tic ")"te% then thi" "hou(d /e "e$&r&te() %etered

u"in+ &ir "er-ice e.ui$%ent, In & nor%&( "itu&tion# co%$onent" "hou(d /e "e(ected for

the contro( ")"te% th&t doe" not re.uire (u/ric&tion, See Fi+ure @,1 for &n e3&%$(e of

&n &ir "er-ice unit,

The &ir "er-ice unit i" & co%/in&tion of the fo((o'in+ 2

Co%$re""ed &ir fi(ter

Co%$re""ed &ir re+u(&tor

Co%$re""ed &ir (u/ric&tor

The correct co%/in&tion# "ie &nd t)$e of the"e e(e%ent" &re deter%ined /) the

&$$(ic&tion &nd the contro( ")"te% de%&nd, An &ir "er-ice unit i" fitted &t e&ch contro(

")"te% in the net'or* to en"ure the .u&(it) of &ir for e&ch indi-idu&( t&"*,

Co%$re""ed &ir fi(ter2

The co%$re""ed &ir fi(ter h&" the 0o/ of re%o-in+ &(( cont&%in&nt" fro% theco%$re""ed &ir f(o'in+ throu+h it &" 'e(( &" '&ter 'hich h&" &(re&d) conden"ed, The


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co%$re""ed &ir enter" the fi(ter /o'( throu+h +uide "(ot", 6i.uid $&rtic(e" &nd (&r+er

$&rtic(e" of dirt &re "e$&r&ted centrifu+&(() co((ectin+ in the (o'er $&rt of the fi(ter

/o'(, The co((ected conden"&te %u"t /e dr&ined /efore the (e-e( e3ceed" the

%&3i%u% conden"&te %&r*# &" it 'i(( other'i"e /e re2entr&ined in the &ir "tre&%,

Co%$re""ed &ir re+u(&tor 2

The $ur$o"e of the re+u(&tor i" to *ee$ the o$er&tin+ $re""ure ="econd&r) $re""ure>-irtu&(() con"t&nt re+&rd(e"" of f(uctu&tion" in the (ine $re""ure =$ri%&r) $re""ure> &nd

the &ir con"u%$tion,

Co%$re""ed &ir (u/ric&tor2

The $ur$o"e of the (u/ric&tor i" to de(i-er & %etered .u&ntit) of oi( %i"t into & (e+ of

the &ir di"tri/ution ")"te% 'hen nece""&r) for the u"e /) $neu%&tic contro( &nd

'or*in+ co%$onent",

Pneu%&tic &(-e"

&(-e" c&n /e di-ided into & nu%/er of +rou$" &ccordin+ to their function in re(&tion

to "i+n&( t)$e# &ctu&tion %ethod &nd con"truction, The $ri%&r) function of the -&(-e

i" to &(ter# +ener&te or c&nce( "i+n&(" for the $ur$o"e of "en"in+# $roce""in+ &nd

contro((in+, Addition&(() the -&(-e c&n /e u"ed &" & $o'er -&(-e for the "u$$() of 'or*in+ &ir to the &ctu&tor, Therefore the fo((o'in+ c&te+orie" &re re(e-&nt 2

Direction&( contro( -&(-e"

Si+n&((in+ e(e%ent"

Proce""in+ e(e%ent"

Po'er e(e%ent"

Non2return -&(-e"

F(o' contro( -&(-e"

Pre""ure contro( -&(-e"

Co%/in&tion&( -&(-e"

Direction&( Contro( &(-e"

Direction&( contro( -&(-e" in $&rticu(&r# &" their n&%e i%$(ie"# contro( f(uid f(o'

direction, The) &re &$$(ied in $neu%&tic circuit" to $ro-ide contro( function" 'hich2

contro( direction of &ctu&tor %otion =$o'er -&(-e>

"e(ect &n &(tern&ti-e f(o' $&th ="hunt -&(-e>

$erfor% (o+ic contro( function" =AND# OR function">

"to$ &nd "t&rt f(o' of f(uid =on 2 off -&(-e>

"en"e %&chine &nd &ctu&tor $o"ition" =(i%it -&(-e">,

Direction&( contro( -&(-e" &re c(&""ified &ccordin+ to their "$ecific de"i+n

ch&r&cteri"tic"

1, Intern&( -&(-e %ech&ni"% =intern&( contro( e(e%ent> 'hich direct" the f(o' of the

f(uid, Such & %ech&ni"% c&n either /e & $o$$et di"c# & $o$$et /&((# & "(idin+ "$oo(# &rot&r) $(u+# or & co%/in&tion of $o$$et &nd "$oo(,

?, Nu%/er of "'itchin+ $o"ition" =u"u&(() t'o or three>, So%e -&(-e" %&) $ro-ide

%ore th&n three# &nd in e3ce$tion&( c&"e" u$ to "i3 "'itchin+ $o"ition" ="e(ector

-&(-e">,

@, Nu%/er of connection $ort" =not c&((ed nu%/er of '&)">, The"e $ort" connect the

$neu%&tic $re""ure (ine" to the intern&( f(o' ch&nne(" of the -&(-e %ech&ni"% &nd

often &("o deter%ine the f(o' r&te throu+h it,

, Method of -&(-e &ctu&tion 'hich c&u"e" the -&(-e %ech&ni"% to %o-e into &n

&(tern&ti-e "'itchin+ $o"ition &nd return the -&(-e to it" ori+in&( "t&te,

See circuit $re"ent&tion for %ore on -&(-e "che%&tic re$re"ent&tion,

&(-e Mech&ni"%"



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Direction&( contro( -&(-e" con"i"t of & -&(-e /od) or -&(-e hou"in+ &nd & -&(-e

%ech&ni"%, So%e -&(-e" &re %ounted to & "u/2$(&te, The $ort" in the "u/2$(&te or on

the -&(-e /od) &re thre&ded to ho(d the tu/e fittin+" 'hich connect the -&(-e to the

f(uid conductor (ine" =tu/e">, So%e -&(-e" h&-e the tu/e fittin+" %ou(ded into the

-&(-e /od), Thi" i" nor%&(() the c&"e 'here the -&(-e /od) i" %&de fro% $(&"tic, The

-&(-e %ech&ni"% direct" the $re""uri"ed f(uid =co%$re""ed &ir> throu+h the -&(-e /od) to the "e(ected out$ut $ort" or "to$" the f(uid fro% $&""in+ throu+h the -&(-e,

Po$$et# "$oo(# f(&t "(ide# to++(e di"c &nd "$oo($o$$et %ech&ni"% &re $redo%in&nt()

u"ed in direction&( contro( -&(-e" 'here&" $o$$et" &nd /&((" &re the $referred

%ech&ni"% in chec* -&(-e" &nd (o+ic OR function &nd AND function -&(-e",

Nor%&(() C(o"ed And Nor%&(() O$en &(-e"

The"e ter%" &re +ener&(() &$$(ied to three $ort -&(-e", The -&(-e "ho'n in Fi+ure

@,15 =to$> i" & t'o $o"ition three $ort -&(-e $er%ittin+ no f(o' fro% $re""ure $ort 1 to

out$ut $ort ? in it" nor%&( "$rin+ /i&"ed $o"ition, In the c&"e of the nor%&(() o$en

-&(-e# Fi+ure @,15 =/otto%># the "u$$() i" &((o'ed to "tre&% to out$ut $ort ? 'hi(e the

-&(-e i" in it" nor%&( $o"ition, Both -&(-e" 'hen o$er&ted "'itch their f(o' %ode to

the f(o' confi+ur&tion de$icted in the (eft h&nd ".u&re of the -&(-e ")%/o(,

Method" Of &(-e Actu&tion

The ter% &ctu&tion in re(&tion to $neu%&tic -&(-e" refer" to the -&riou" %ethod" of

%o-in+ the -&(-e %ech&ni"% into &n) of it" &(tern&ti-e "'itchin+ $o"ition", &(-e"

c&n /e &ctu&ted /) fi-e /&"ic %ethod"

%&nu&(()

%ech&nic&(()

e(ectric&(()

h)dr&u(ic&(()

$neu%&tic&(()

In co%$(e3 %&chine &$$(ic&tion" &n) of the"e %ethod"# or co%/in&tion" of the%# %&)

/e u"ed to +&in o$ti%u% contro(, M&nu&( %ethod" u"e h&nd or foot &ctu&tor" "uch &"

(e-er"# $u"h /utton"# *no/" &nd foot $ed&("# e(ectric&( %ethod" u"e A,C, or D,C,

"o(enoid", For $neu%&tice(ectronic contro( inte+r&tion "o%e %&nuf&cturer" %&*e (o'

'&tt&+e coi(" for direct P,6,C, connection, So(enoid" r&n+e fro% 1? to ? -o(t", Mo"t

"o(enoid &nd &ir $i(ot -&(-e" &re &("o e.ui$$ed 'ith & %&nu&( o-erride /utton" or $(un+er", Thu" the -&(-e %ech&ni"% c&n /e o$er&ted e-en 'hen the &ir $i(ot "i+n&( or



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the e(ectric&( "i+n&( "hou(d f&i(, In h)dr&u(ic&(() &nd $neu%&tic&(() o$er&ted -&(-e"

the f(uid $i(ot "i+n&( i" %&de to &ct onto & $i"ton or it %&) &ct direct() onto the -&(-e

%ech&ni"% &nd thu" %o-e it to it" &(tern&ti-e $o"ition,

S$rin+2Actu&ted &(-e"

The ter%" "$rin+2/i&"ed or "$rin+2off"et# &nd in the c&"e of three2$o"ition -&(-e"

"$rin+2centred# refer to the &$$(ic&tion of "$rin+" 'hich return the -&(-e %ech&ni"%to it" re"t $o"ition &" "oon &" the $i(ot "i+n&( co%%&nd i" c&nce((ed, Such co%%&nd"#

'hether the) /e $neu%&tic# e(ectric or %&nu&(# %u"t /e %&int&ined &" (on+ &" the

-&(-e i" to re%&in in it" non2nor%&( or &ctu&ted $o"ition,

A -&(-e 'ithout & "$rin+ /i&" i" &ctu&ted entire() /) it" e3tern&( contro("# &nd c&n

therefore f(o&t or drift /et'een it" t'o e3tre%e $o"ition" 'here-er the e3tern&(

contro( i" c&nce((ed, To &-oid thi"# & detent %ech&ni"% or friction2$roducin+ "e&(

rin+" &re u"ed to +i-e the -&(-e & /)2"t&/(e =or %e%or)> ch&r&cteri"tic, Thu" 'hen the

-&(-e i" "'itched ="e(ected> into & "$ecific f(o' condition# it 'i(( re%&in in th&t

condition unti( "'itched into it" &(tern&ti-e condition,

In %odern -&(-e de"i+n"# the "$oo( -&(-e# "ho'n in Fi+ure @,1;# i" %o"t fre.uent()

u"ed, S$oo( -&(-e" offer & nu%/er of &d-&nt&+e" o-er $o$$et &nd f(&t2"(ide -&(-e"# "ee

Fi+ure

S$oo( -&(-e" %&) /e u"ed for f(o' re-er"&(,

Since f(o' force" &ctin+ onto the (&nd" &re e.u&( =e.u&( $re""ure on e.u&( &re&> the

-&(-e i" "&id to /e /&(&nced &nd u"e" therefore on() "%&(( &ctu&tin+ force",

S$oo( -&(-e" %&) o$er&te 'ithout e(&"to%eric "e&(" if the "$oo( to /od) to(er&nce i"*e$t "%&(( =/e(o' ,@ %%> &nd f(uid $re""ure doe" not e3ceed 9 *P& =9 /&r>,

S$oo( -&(-e" %&) /e /ui(t for %ore th&n t'o "'itchin+ $o"ition"# /ut then the "$oo(

i" nor%&(() "$rin+ centred# "ee Fi+ure @,1;# or h&nd (e-er o$er&ted 'ith detented

$o"ition",

8ith "$oo( -&(-e" c&re %u"t /e t&*en to %ount the -&(-e onto & re&"on&/() f(&t

=$refer&/() %&chined> "urf&ce# "ince on() "(i+ht /od) di"tortion %&) '&r$ the -&(-e

/od) "ufficient() to %&*e the c(o"e() to(er&nced &nd (&$$ed "$oo( "eie# or hinder it

fro% %o-in+ free() 'hen &ctu&ted, The "&%e %&) &("o /e "&id for /o(tin+ the -&(-e

too( fir%() &+&in"t it" %ountin+ "urf&ce,

S$oo( -&(-e" &re "u"ce$ti/(e to cont&%in&tion fro% $oor() conditioned co%$re""ed

&ir, Therefore c(o"e %onitorin+ of the &ir .u&(it) 2 it" fi(tr&tion &nd (u/ric&tion i"re.uired



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F(&t S(ide &(-e"

F(&t "(ide -&(-e" &re & %odern &d&$t&tion of the o(d "te&% -&(-e u"ed on "te&%

(oco%oti-e", The f(&t "(ide i" c&rried to &nd fro /) & +roo-ed $i"ton, See Fi+ure @,1,



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The "e&( c&rrier ="$oo(> i" "u"$ended /et'een the t'o $re2ten"ioned di"c" &nd

%o-e" friction2free to &nd fro,

Actu&tion of the di"c %o-e" it o-er the to++(e $oint &nd ten"ion force" "n&$ the di"cr&$id() into it" &(tern&te $o"ition# thu" +i-in+ r&$id f(o' "'itchin+ &nd %e%or)

function,

Air cont&%in&tion c&nnot i%$&ir -&(-e %o-e%ent &nd (u/ric&tion of the co%$re""ed

&ir i" not re.uired,

The -&(-e i" f(o' re-er"i/(e 'hich %e&n" $ort 1 %&) /eco%e $ort @ &nd -ice -er"&,

A" & $o'er e(e%ent the direction&( contro( -&(-e %u"t de(i-er the re.uired .u&ntit) or

&ir to %&tch the &ctu&tor re.uire%ent" &nd hence there i" & need for (&r+er -o(u%e

f(o' r&te" &nd therefore (&r+er "ie", Thi" %&) re"u(t in & (&r+er "u$$() $ort or

%&nifo(d /ein+ u"ed to de(i-er the &ir to the &ctu&tor,

F(o' Contro( For Pneu%&tic"

The f(o' contro( -&(-e re"trict" or thrott(e" the &ir in & $&rticu(&r direction to reducethe f(o' r&te of the &ir &nd hence contro( the "i+n&( f(o', If the f(o' contro( -&(-e i"



10/36


(eft 'ide o$en then the f(o' "hou(d /e &(%o"t the "&%e &" if the re"trictor i" not fitted,

In "o%e c&"e" it i" $o""i/(e to infinite() -&r) the re"trictor fro% fu(() o$en to

co%$(ete() c(o"ed, If the f(o' contro( -&(-e i" fitted 'ith & non2return -&(-e then the

function of f(o'2contro( i" unidirection&( 'ith fu(( free f(o' in one direction, A t'o

'&) re"trictor re"trict" the &ir in /oth direction" of f(o' &nd i" not fitted 'ith the non2

return -&(-e, The f(o' contro( -&(-e "hou(d /e fitted &" c(o"e to the 'or*in+ e(e%ent&" i" $o""i/(e &nd %u"t /e &d0u"ted to %&tch the re.uire%ent" of the &$$(ic&tion,

F(o' contro( -&(-e" &re fre.uent() u"ed in $neu%&tic ")"te%", Their u"e i" (i%ited to

the contro( of co%$re""ed &ir to &nd fro% the &ctu&tor &nd their %&in function" &re 2

to contro( the %&3i%u% "$eed of the &ctu&tor $i"ton &nd it" &tt&ched

(o&d#

to $ro-ide con"t&nt "$eed for the %&in $&rt of the &ctu&tor $i"ton "tro*e 'hen

&cce(er&tion i" co%$(eted#

to cu"hion the (o&d i%$&ct &t the end of the &ctu&tor "tro*e or dece(er&te & (o&d to &

(o'er "$eed#

to $re-ent free f&((in+ of & he&-) (o&d on -ertic&( %o-e%ent",

Si%$(e Re"trictor T)$e F(o' Contro(Thi" -&(-e# /ein+ -&ri&/(e &" f&r &" the cro"" "ection of the orifice i" concerned# i"

therefore &("o c&((ed & -&ri&/(e re"trictor f(o' contro( -&(-e or -&ri&/(e orifice f(o'

contro( -&(-e, It i" %o"t() u"ed on the out(et of the $o'er -&(-e" &nd re"trict" the f(o'

of &ir in /oth direction" See Fi+ure @,?

The"e" -&(-e" con"i"t of & -&(-e /od) &nd & thrott(in+ "cre' 'hich &d0u"t" the orifice

cro""2"ection to &chie-e the de"ired "$eed on the &ctu&tor,

&ri&/(e Re"trictor 8ith Free Re-er"e F(o'

8here "$eed contro( =f(o' contro(> in on() one -&(-e direction i" re.uired# & chec*

-&(-e i" /ui(t into the f(o' contro(, Thi" $er%it" unre"tricted f(o' of &ir in the re-er"e

direction, See Fi+ure @,?1

The con"truction of thi" t)$e of -&(-e &$&rt fro% the in/ui(t chec* -&(-e i" identic&( to

the "i%$(e re"trictor t)$e, The chec* -&(-e con"i"t" of & ru//er rin+# 'hich c&n f(e3

u$'&rd if re-er"e f(o' i" re.uired# &nd & rin+ hu/ to ho(d the di"c onto the chec*

-&(-e orifice durin+ the thrott(in+ function,

So%e $neu%&tic co%$onent %&nuf&cturer" &("o %&*e %ini&ture t)$e f(o' contro(

-&(-e" 'hich &re direct() /ui(t into the e3h&u"t $ort" of the $o'er -&(-e, Other"

%&nuf&cture &n &ctu&tor "'i-e(2fittin+ 'hich cont&in" & "%&(( f(o' contro( -&(-e 'ith

free re-er"e f(o', Such in/ui(t -&(-e" "&-e "$&ce# e3tr& connector" &nd in"t&((&tion

co"t",

H)dr&u(ic Chec* S$eed Contro(

An) for% of $neu%&tic "$eed contro( no %&tter ho' effecti-e # c&n ne-er $ro-ide&/"o(ute "$eed con"i"tenc), See Fi+ure @,??, S$eed con"i"tenc) i" i%$er&ti-e for

%&chinin+ o$er&tion" or &$$(ic&tion" in %&nuf&cturin+ 'here the .u&(it) of the

$roduct de$end" on &/"o(ute unifor% "$eed o-er the entire "tro*e (en+th,

For "uch c&"e" &n h)dr&u(ic chec* c)(inder %&) /e u"ed, The h)dr&u(ic oi(# 'hich i"

-irtu&(() inco%$re""i/(e# i" u"ed to $ro-ide $reci"e &nd unifor% "$eed contro( 'hich

i" inde$endent &nd un&ffected /) (o&d -&ri&tion" of the $neu%&tic &ctu&tor, The

$neu%&tic &ctu&tor i" (in*ed to the h)dr&u(ic chec*



11/36



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c)(inder, The force needed to %o-e the h)dr&u(ic $i"ton &nd it" $i"ton rod co%e" fro%

the $neu%&tic &ctu&tor 'hich (iter&(() dr&+" the h)dr&u(ic $i"ton &(on+, The di"$(&ced

oi( i" forced -i& & h)dr&u(ic f(o' contro( -&(-e 'hich $ro-ide" the re.uired "$eed

contro(, An oi( re"er-oir 'ith & "$rin+ (o&ded $i"ton co%$en"&te" for the differin+ oi(

-o(u%e" di"$(&ced /) the h)dr&u(ic $i"ton &nd %&*e" u$ for oi( (o""e" due to $i"ton

rod (u/ric&tion,

In"t&((&tion Method" For Re"trictor T)$e F(o' Contro("

T'o /&"ic %ethod" &re co%%on() u"ed to in"t&(( re"trictor t)$e f(o' contro(", The"e

%ethod" &re 'ide() *no'n &" %eter2in f(o' contro( &nd %eter2out f(o' contro(, Both


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%ethod" h&-e their di"tinct &d-&nt&+e" &nd di"&d-&nt&+e"# /ut 'here $o""i/(e %eter2

out "hou(d /e +i-en $reference,

Meter2in "$eed contro(

8here &n &ctu&tor h&" in"ufficient &ir -o(u%e on the e3h&u"t "ide of the %o-in+

$i"ton# "o th&t the e3h&u"tin+ &ir c&nnot /e "ufficient() co%$re""ed /) the f(o'

contro( to c&u"e &n &ir2cu"hion# then %eter2in "$eed contro( %u"t /e u"ed, Thi" i"%&in() the c&"e 'ith "%&(( di&%eter or "hort "tro*e &ctu&tor", Meter2in %u"t &("o /e

u"ed for "in+(e &ctin+ &ctu&tor",

Meter2out "$eed contro(

Meter2out $ro-ide" the nece""&r) /&c*2$re""ure 'hich i" i%$er&ti-e for "%ooth &nd

con"t&nt $i"ton "$eed,

The /&c* $re""ure /rou+ht &/out /) %eter2out "$eed contro( reduce" the force out$ut

of the &ctu&tor# 'hich de%&nd" th&t & (&r+er $i"ton %u"t /e "e(ected to %o-e the +i-en

(o&d, The &d-&nt&+e" +&ined fro% %eter2out "$eed contro( &re nu%erou" &nd %&) /e

(i"ted &" 2

A free f&((in+, "u"$ended or "u$$orted (o&d c&n /e contro((ed,

The /&c* $re""ure c&u"ed /) & %eter2out "$eed contro( re"i"t" the &d-&ncin+ $i"ton'hich i" dri-en for'&rd /) the $re""ure on the o$$o"ite "ide, Thi" for% of "$eed

contro( $ro-ide" e3ce((ent &nd con"t&nt contro( of the &ctu&tor "$eed,

Pneu%&tic end2cu"hionin+ i" +re&t() enh&nced 'ith the &ir $re""ure cu"hion c&u"ed

/) the %eter2out "$eed contro( re"trictor -&(-e,

Po'er -&(-e e3h&u"t $ort "$eed contro(

To &chie-e o$ti%&( "$eed contro( it i" &d-i"&/(e to %ount the f(o' re"trictor" ="$eed

contro( -&(-e"> direct() onto the &ctu&tor,

Fre.uent() the"e -&(-e" &re %ounted onto the e3h&u"t $ort" of the $o'er -&(-e", 8ith

thi" in"t&((&tion# ho'e-er# there i" ri"* of d&%&+in+ the $neu%&tic "e&(" in"ide the

$o'er -&(-e or ru$turin+ the &ir ho"e /et'een the &ctu&tor &nd the $o'er -&(-e, Thi"

%&) occur /ec&u"e of $re""ure inten"ific&tion induced /) &n o-er"ie $i"ton rod,

Non Return &(-e" And Deri-&ti-e"

The non2return -&(-e &((o'" & "i+n&( to f(o' throu+h the de-ice in one direction &nd

in the other direction /(oc*" the f(o', There &re %&n) -&ri&tion" in con"truction &nd

"ie deri-ed fro% the /&"ic non2return -&(-e, Other deri-ed -&(-e" uti(i"e fe&ture" of

the non2return -&(-e /) the incor$or&tion of non2return e(e%ent", The non2return

-&(-e c&n /e found &" &n e(e%ent of the one '&) f(o' contro( -&(-e# .uic* e3h&u"t

-&(-e# "hutt(e -&(-e &nd the t'o2$re""ure -&(-e,

AND Function &(-e =t'o $re""ure -&(-e>

So%e co%$onent %&nuf&cturer" %&*e & "$eci&( $ur$o"e AND function -&(-e =t'o

$re""ure -&(-e>, Thi" -&(-e en"ure" th&t /oth e3$ected in$ut "i+n&(" %u"t /e $re"ent on the -&(-e /efore either of the% i" $er%itted to $&"" throu+h to the out(et

$ort, The fir"t &rri-in+ "i+n&( "hift" the -&(-e e(e%ent =t'in $o$$et># &nd the 'e&*er or

"econd &rri-in+ "i+n&( find" it" '&) to the out(et $ort thu" it %&) /e "&id th&t /oth

in$ut "i+n&(" &re re.uired, The -&(-e i" e3tre%e() "i%$(e in it" con"truction &nd co"t"

(e"" th&n &n &ir $i(ot o$er&ted "$oo( or "$oo($o$$et -&(-e, Thi" t)$e of -&(-e i"

'ide() &-&i(&/(e &nd h&" the &d-&nt&+e th&t the 'e&*er "i+n&( %&) /e u"ed &" the $i(ot

"i+n&( &nd the "tron+er "i+n&( $&""e" throu+h the -&(-e, See Fi+ure @,?@

OR Function &(-e ="hutt(e -&(-e>

Mo"t co%$onent %&nuf&cturer" %&*e & "$eci&( $ur$o"e OR function -&(-e ="hutt(e

-&(-e>, See Fi+ure @,? Thi" -&(-e connect" either in$ut 1 or in$ut ? to the out(et $ort

A# /ut $re-ent" &n) cro"" f(o' fro% in$ut 1 to in$ut ? or -ice -er"&, It i" to /e notedth&t & T2connector %u"t not /e u"ed to %er+e t'o $i(ot "i+n&( (ine",



14/36


6ine&r Actu&tor" =C)(inder">

The $neu%&tic c)(inder h&" & "i+nific&nt ro(e &" (ine&r dri-e unit# due to it" re(&ti-e()

(o' co"t# e&"e of in"t&((&tion# "i%$(e &nd ro/u"t con"truction &nd &-&i(&/i(it) in

-&riou" "ie" &nd "tro*e (en+th",

The $neu%&tic c)(inder h&" the fo((o'in+ +ener&( ch&r&cteri"tic"

For e3&%$(e2

Di&%eter" ; to @? %%

Stro*e (en+th" 1 to ? %%

A-&i(&/(e force" ? to 5 N

Pi"ton "$eed ,? to 1 %"

Pneu%&tic (ine&r &ctu&tor" &re u"ed to con-ert the "tored ="t&tic> ener+) of

co%$re""ed &ir into (ine&r %ech&nic&( force or %otion, A(thou+h the &ctu&tor it"e(f

$roduce" (ine&r %otion# & -&riet) of %ech&nic&( (in*&+e" &nd de-ice" %&) /e &tt&ched

to it to $roduce & fin&( out$ut force 'hich i" rot&r)# "e%i2rot&r) or & co%/in&tion of

(ine&r &nd rot&r), 6e-er" &nd (in*&+e" %&) &("o /e &tt&ched to &chie-e force

%u(ti$(ic&tion or force reduction &" 'e(( &" &n incre&"e or reduction of %otion "$eed,

Actu&tor" c&n /e /ro*en do'n into +rou$"

6ine&r &ctu&tor"Sin+(e &ctin+ c)(inder

Dou/(e &ctin+ c)(inder

Rot&r) &ctu&tor"

&ne t)$e

Air %otor"

The +ener&tion of (ine&r thru"t force 'ith & $neu%&tic &ctu&tor i" -er) "i%$(e &nd

direct, The co%$re""ed &ir 'hen de(i-ered to one end of the &ctu&tor# &ct" &+&in"t the

$i"ton &re& &nd $roduce" & force &+&in"t the $i"ton =force J $re""ure 3 &re&>, The

$i"ton 'ith the &tt&ched $i"ton rod "t&rt" to %o-e in (ine&r direction &" (on+ &" the

re&ctin+ force i" "%&((er, The de-e(o$ed force i" u"ed to %o-e & (o&d 'hich %&) /e

&tt&ched either to the $rotrudin+ $i"ton rod or to the &ctu&tor hou"in+, The di"t&ncethrou+h 'hich the $i"ton tr&-e(" i" *no'n &" the "tro*e,


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15/36


Sin+(e &ctin+ &ctu&tor"

Sin+(e &ctin+ &ctu&tor" $roduce $neu%&tic force in one direction on(), The"e &ctu&tor"

%&) /e %ounted in -ertic&( direction# thu" $er%ittin+ the $re-iou"() %o-ed or (ifted

(o&d to return the $i"ton to it" initi&( $o"ition, 8hen the &ctu&tor %u"t /e %ounted

horiont&(() or 'hen no e3tern&( force c&n /e u"ed to return the $i"ton# then &n in/ui(t

"$rin+ i" u"ed to c&u"e retr&ction or return of the $i"ton,8hen u"in+ & "in+(e &ctin+ &ctu&tor the force &-&i(&/(e fro% the &ir o$er&ted "tro*e i"

reduced /) the o$$o"in+ "$rin+ force, It %u"t /e noted th&t the force due to the "$rin+

co%$re""ion i" $ro+re""i-e() decre&"in+ &(on+ it" "tro*e, Sin+(e &ctin+ &ctu&tor" &re

u"u&(() /ui(t 'ith & "tro*e (en+th u$ to 1 %%,

So%e %&nuf&cturer" of $neu%&tic &ctu&tor" %&*e & "$eci&( t)$e of "in+(e &ctin+

&ctu&tor# c&((ed & "hort "tro*e c(&%$in+ c)(inder or di&$hr&+% &ctu&tor, The"e

&ctu&tor" h&-e e3tre%e() "hort "tro*e" r&n+in+ fro% 1 to 1 %% &nd $i"ton &re&"

r&n+in+ fro% 1 to @ %%?# 'here/) the (&r+e $i"ton =di&$hr&+%> &ctu&tor"

nor%&(() h&-e the e3tre%e() "hort "tro*e" of 1 to ? %%,

Such c(&%$in+ &ctu&tor" &re nor%&(() retr&cted /) either &n in/ui(t "$rin+ or /) the

$re2ten"ioned di&$hr&+%,Dou/(e &ctin+ &ctu&tor"

Dou/(e &ctin+ &ctu&tor" $er%it the &$$(ic&tion of $neu%&tic force in /oth "tro*e

direction", Ho'e-er# the retr&ction "tro*e de-e(o$" & %uch "%&((er force th&n the

e3ten"ion "tro*e# "ince the co%$re""ed &ir &ct" on & "%&((er &re& *no'n &" the &nnu(&r

&re&, See Fi+ure @,?5

Dou/(e2ended &ctu&tor" 'ith rod" $rotrudin+ on /oth &ctu&tor end" &re u"ed 'here the

de-e(o$ed force %u"t /e e.u&( for /oth $i"ton2rod %o-e%ent direction" =e3ten"ion

&nd retr&ction>, Since the -o(u%e" to /e fi((ed 'ith co%$re""ed &ir &re e.u&( for

e3ten"ion &nd retr&ction# the re"u(tin+ $i"ton "$eed" &re &("o e.u&( for /oth "tro*e",

Dou/(e ended &ctu&tor" $ro-ide &("o /etter $i"ton rod +uid&nce "ince (o&d" &re /orne

o-er t'o /e&rin+ /u"he" one on e&ch &ctu&tor end, Dou/(e ended &ctu&tor" %&) &("o

$ro-e &d-&nt&+eou" 'here the (i%it -&(-e" =$o"ition "e.uence -&(-e"> or e(ectric&(

(i%it "'itche" c&nnot /e $(&ced ne&r the reci$roc&tin+ $i"ton rod, Thi" %&) /e the

c&"e 'here the tr&n"$orted (o&d %o-e" in & ho"ti(e en-iron%ent# or in &n &re& of

e3tre%e he&t# or in & (i.uid, In "uch & c&"e# the re&r $i"ton rod i" u"ed to &ctu&te the

(i%it -&(-e" &nd the front $i"ton rod %o-e" the (o&d,

Pneu%&tic end2$o"ition cu"hionin+



16/36


Pneu%&tic end2$o"ition cu"hionin+ ="i%$() c&((ed cu"hionin+> refer" to the contro((ed

dece(er&tion of the %&"" in %otion durin+ it" fin&( $&rt of the &ctu&tor "tro*e, The

*inetic ener+) re(e&"ed on i%$&ct &t the "tro*e end %u"t /e &/"or/ed /) the intern&(

"tro*e (i%it "to$", The"e "to$" &re u"u&(() & $rotrudin+ /u"h 'hich i" &n e3tended $&rt

of the end c&$",

For (&r+e &nd f&"t %o-in+ %&""e" or for &ctu&tor" 'ith $i"ton di&%eter" &/o-e ?5 %% $neu%&tic end2cu"hionin+ i" reco%%ended, Fi+ure @,?; "ho'" & cro""2"ection of &

$neu%&tic cu"hionin+ %ech&ni"% /ui(t into the end c&$" of $neu%&tic &ctu&tor", The

$i"ton i" fitted 'ith & t&$ered cu"hionin+ /u"h =/o"">, 8hen thi" /u"h enter" into the

&ir e3it /ore of the end c&$ =durin+ the fin&( $&rt of the "tro*e># the %&in &ir e3it

/e+in" to "hut unti( it fin&(() c(o"e" off co%$(ete(), Thi" fir"t "t&+e of e3it f(o'

thrott(in+ %&) c&u"e &n initi&( "(i+ht "$eed reduction, The re%&inin+ &ir in the &nnu(&r

c&-it) &round the cu"hionin+ /o"" i" no' tr&$$ed &nd the %o%entu% of the %&""

c&rrie" the $i"ton on &+&in"t the tr&$$ed &ir thu" co%$re""in+ it to & hi+h $re""ure, A"

the $re""ure ri"e"# the re"u(tin+ re"i"tin+ force for%" & cu"hion &nd /e+in" to

dece(er&te the $i"ton &nd it" %&"" =(o&d>

A" the *inetic ener+) i" di"$e((ed# the %&"" i" "(o'ed do'n to & %uch reduced "$eed'hich %&tche" the r&te of &ir f(o' $er%itted &nd &d0u"ted /) the cu"hionin+ -&(-e, A

chec* -&(-e i" &("o /ui(t in &" $&rt of the cu"hionin+ %ech&ni"%, Thi" chec* -&(-e

&((o'" fu(( &ir f(o' in re-er"e direction to &chie-e f&"t &nd fu(( force /re&*2&'&) fro%

the end $o"ition,

Actu&tor f&i(ure

St&nd&rd t)$e &ctu&tor" &re not de"i+ned to &/"or/ $i"ton rod "ide (o&din+, Thu"

&ctu&tor" %u"t /e %ounted 'ith c&re &nd &ccur&c)# to en"ure th&t the (o&d %o-e"

$reci"e() $&r&((e( &nd in &(i+n%ent 'ith the &ctu&tor centre (ine,

For %&n) &$$(ic&tion" the $i"ton rod i" /e"t fitted 'ith & c(e-i" or & "$heric&( /e&rin+

rod2e)e or the &ctu&tor %u"t /e &((o'ed to "'i-e( &round & trunion %ount# $er%ittin+

it to "'in+ &" the direction of the (o&d ch&n+e", A "e(f &(i+nin+ $i"ton2rod cou$(in+

c&n &("o /e u"ed to co%$en"&te for /oth &n+u(&r &nd r&di&( %i"&(i+n%ent# /ut the

&n+u(&r %i"&(i+n%ent %u"t not e3ceed de+ree" in either direction &nd the r&di&(

&(i+n%ent %u"t not /e %ore th&n 1 %%,

F&i(ure of the rod /e&rin+ u"u&(() occur" 'hen "ide (o&d i" not detected e&r() enou+h

or c&nnot /e &-oided, In "uch c&"e" one %&) u"e & dou/(e ended $i"ton rod t)$e

&ctu&tor or &n &ctu&tor 'ith o-er"ie $i"ton rod 'hich i" (e"" f(e3i/(e th&n & "t&nd&rd

"ie $i"ton rod,



17/36


Rod(e"" &ctu&tor"

Fe' $neu%&tic de-ice" h&-e en0o)ed "uch i%%edi&te "ucce"" &nd 'ide"$re&d&$$(ic&tion &" the rod(e"" &ctu&tor, An in+eniou" de"i+n e(i%in&te" the $i"ton rod &nd

cut" in"t&((&tion (en+th &(%o"t to h&(f co%$&red to con-ention&( dou/(e &ctin+ (ine&r

&ctu&tor", Pre"ent()# there &re four de"i+n t)$e" of rod(e"" &ctu&tor" &-&i(&/(e,

Pro/&/() the %o"t $o$u(&r of the"e i" the Ori+& Rod(e"" C)(inder, 8ith the

ORIGA rod(e"" &ctu&tor $rinci$(e# force fro% the %o-in+ $i"ton i" tr&n"ferred to the

c&rri&+e /) %e&n" of & $i"ton )o*e th&t "(ide" &(on+ the /&rre( "(ot, It" "(ot "e&(# &("o

c(&i%in+ to /e &/"o(ute() free of &ir (e&*"# con"i"t" of & thin "tee( "tri$ on the in"ide of

the tu/e &nd & du"t or dirt "e&( "tri$ on the out"ide of the tu/e, Both "tee( "tri$" $&""

throu+h the $i"ton )o*e# 'hich "e$&r&te" the% &" the $i"ton "(ide" &(on+# &nd c(o"e"

the% &+&in &nd force" the% &+&in"t & ho(din+ %&+net &tt&ched to the /&rre( "(ot, The

&ir in(et ho(e" &re (oc&ted in the end2c&$" &nd "o &re the end2cu"hionin+ /u"he", TheORIGA rod(e"" &ctu&tor i" e3tre%e() ri+id due to it" e3truded t)$e /&rre(

con"truction &nd $ro-ide" & %&3i%u% force out$ut of ?; ne'ton" 'ith & $i"ton

di&%eter of %% &t & %&3i%u% &ir $re""ure of *P& = /&r>, ORIGA &ctu&tor"

&re %&de 'ith # ;@ &nd %% $i"ton di&%eter &nd & %&3i%u% tr&-e( di"t&nce of

B) the u"e of r&c* &nd $inion dri-e" or other %ech&nic&( ")"te%" the (ine&r &ctu&tor

=or c)(inder> c&n /e u"ed to $ro-ide & rot&r) %o-e%ent &nd "o $ro-ide & tor.ue

out$ut, A(thou+h "uch "'i-e( &ctu&tor" &re "uit&/(e for %&n) &$$(ic&tion"# the) &re not

to /e %i"t&*en for &ir %otor", S'i-e( &ctu&tor" or "e%i2rot&r) &ctu&tor" &re +ener&(()

/ui(t &nd de"i+ned to $ro-ide & rot&r) tor.ue out$ut u$ to & @; de+ree rot&tion,


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Air %otor"# ho'e-er# $roduce & continuou" tor.ue out$ut 2 thu" dri-in+ & re-o(-in+

dri-e "h&ft 2 &nd &re re+&rded &" the $neu%&tic counter$&rt to &n e(ectric %otor,

Re-o(-in+ &ir %otor" &re $ut to e3tre%e() di-er"e u"e" fro% denti"t!" dri(( to the dri-e

for & c&ter$i((&r tr&c*ed tunne( /orin+ %&chine, The %&nuf&cturin+ indu"tr) in

$&rticu(&r i" & (&r+e u"er of & 'ide r&n+e of t)$e" &nd "ie" of &ir %otor dri-en too("

"uch &" nut runner"# dri(("# "cre' dri-er"# +rinder" &nd "&nder",Air %otor" u"e the ch&r&cteri"tic" of co%$re""ed &ir $o'er tr&n"%i""ion to their /e"t

&d-&nt&+e# 'hich %e&n" the) &re e&"i() &d0u"ted for -&r)in+ "$eed" &nd tor.ue# c&n

/e re-er"ed# c&n "&fe() /e o$er&ted in &n e3$(o"i-e en-iron%ent# &nd c&n /e "t&((ed

indefinite() =thu" &re o-er(o&d "&fe>, The"e

o$er&tion&( ch&r&cteri"tic"# co%/ined 'ith their e3ce((ent $o'er fe&ture"# th&t %&*e

&ir %otor" "o -er"&ti(e &nd 'ide() &cce$ted,

Air %otor" c&n /e c(&""ified into fi-e /&"ic t)$e"# e&ch of 'hich $roduce" & "$ecific

r&n+e of $o'er out$ut &nd h&" &n o$er&tin+ ch&r&cteri"tic 'hich %&*e" it ide&(()

"uited for & $&rticu(&r indu"tri&( &$$(ic&tion, The"e t)$e" &re 2-&ne %otor"

+e&r %otor"

$i"ton %otor"

tur/ine %otor"

root" %otor"

In e&ch de"i+n t)$e the $re""ure e3$o"ed dri-in+ "urf&ce &re& %u"t /e connected

%ech&nic&(() to the %otor out$ut "h&ft, In(et &nd out(et &ir %u"t h&-e & ti%ed $ortin+

&rr&n+e%ent to $roduce continuou" rot&tion =thi" fe&ture doe" not &$$() to tur/ine

%otor">,

M&3i%u% $erfor%&nce -&rie" +re&t() /et'een the -&riou" de"i+n t)$e" of &ir %otor"

&nd i" deter%ined /) 2

the &/i(it) of it" intern&( $re""ure e3$o"ed &re&" to 'ith"t&nd the force" &ctin+ u$on

the%

the intern&( (e&*&+e ch&r&cteri"tic" of the %o-in+ $&rt" 'hich "e&( the hi+h $re""ure

in(et fro% the (o' $re""ure out(et

the efficienc) of the %ech&ni"%" 'hich (in* the %o-in+ $re""ure e3$o"ed $&rt" to

the %otor dri-e "h&ft =out$ut "h&ft>,

&ne %otor"

The -&ne %otor i" the %o"t co%%on t)$e of &ir %otor u"ed in the %&nuf&cturin+

indu"tr), It co-er" & (&r+e r&n+e of $o'er out$ut" fro% (e"" th&n 1 *8 to &round ?5

*8# 'hich %&*e" the% -er"&ti(e &nd 'ide() &cce$ted, See Fi+ure @,?9 "ho'" & cro"""ection of & re-er"i/(e -&ne %otor, A rotor "h&ft 'hich c&rrie" & nu%/er of "(idin+


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-&ne" i" %ounted eccentric&(() in & c)(indric&( c&"in+ or "t&tor, The -&ne" &re u"u&(()

%&de of fi/re 'hich h&" e3ce((ent 'e&r $ro$ertie"# &nd the %ore -&ne" u"ed =u$ to &

$r&ctic&( (i%it> the /etter the "t&rtin+ tor.ue 'i(( /e, Ho'e-er# incre&"ed friction fro%

the -&ne" reduce" efficienc),

Fi+ure @,1 H&rd'&re &nd Si+n&( F(o'

The e(e%ent" in the ")"te% &re re$re"ented /) ")%/o(" 'hich indic&te the function of

the e(e%ent, The ")%/o(" c&n /e co%/ined to re$re"ent & "o(ution for & $&rticu(&r

contro( t&"* u"in+ & circuit di&+r&%, The circuit i" dr&'n 'ith the "&%e "tructure &"

the "i+n&( f(o' di&+r&% &/o-e, A /re&*do'n of the"e $ri%&r) (e-e(" c&n /e "een in

Fi+ure @,11,

Fi+ure @,11 Pri%&r) 6e-e(" of & Pneu%&tic S)"te%

The direction&( contro( -&(-e =DC> %&) h&-e & "en"in+# & $roce""in+ or &n &ctu&tin+

contro( function, If the DC i" u"ed to contro( & c)(inder %otion# then it i" & contro(

e(e%ent for the &ctu&tor +rou$, If it i" u"ed in the function of $roce""in+ "i+n&("# then

it i" defined &" & $roce""or e(e%ent, If it i" u"ed to "en"e %otion"# then it i" defined &"

& "en"or, The di"tin+ui"hin+ fe&ture /et'een e&ch of the"e ro(e" i" nor%&(() the

%ethod of o$er&tin+ the -&(-e &nd 'here the -&(-e i" "itu&ted in the circuit di&+r&%,

Thi" c&n /e "een in Fi+ure @,1?,


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SMBO6S AND STANDARDS IN PNEMATICS

S)%/o(" &nd de"cri$tion" of co%$onent"

The de-e(o$%ent of $neu%&tic ")"te%" i" &""i"ted /) & unifor% &$$ro&ch to the

re$re"ent&tion of the e(e%ent" &nd the circuit", The ")%/o(" u"ed for the indi-idu&(

e(e%ent" %u"t di"$(&) the fo((o'in+ ch&r&cteri"tic"

Function

Actu&tion &nd return &ctu&tion %ethod"

Nu%/er of connection" =&(( (&/e((ed for identific&tion>

Nu%/er of "'itchin+ $o"ition"

Gener&( o$er&tin+ $rinci$(e

Si%$(ified re$re"ent&tion of the f(o' $&thA ")%/o( doe" not re$re"ent the fo((o'in+ ch&r&cteri"tic"

Sie or di%en"ion" of the co%$onent

P&rticu(&r %&nuf&cturer# %ethod" of con"truction or co"t"

Orient&tion of the $ort"

An) $h)"ic&( det&i(" of the e(e%ent

An) union" or connection" other th&n 0unction"

The ")%/o(" for the ener+) "u$$() ")"te% c&n /e re$re"ented &" indi-idu&( e(e%ent"

or &" co%/ined e(e%ent", The choice /et'een u"in+ "i%$(ified or det&i(ed ")%/o(" i"

de$endent u$on the $ur$o"e of the circuit &nd it" co%$(e3it), In +ener&( 'here

"$ecific technic&( det&i(" &re to /e +i-en "uch &" re.uire%ent" for non2(u/ric&ted &ir or

%icro2fi(terin+# then the co%$(ete det&i(ed ")%/o( "hou(d /e u"ed, If & "t&nd&rd &ndco%%on &ir "u$$() i" u"ed for &(( co%$onent"# then the "i%$(ified ")%/o(" c&n /e


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u"ed, For trou/(e2"hootin+ the det&i(ed ")%/o(" &re %ore "uit&/(e, But the det&i(

"hou(d not &dd to the co%$(e3it) of the circuit for re&din+,

Direction&( contro( -&(-e"

The direction&( contro( -&(-e i" re$re"ented /) the nu%/er of contro((ed connection"

&nd the nu%/er of $o"ition", E&ch $o"ition i" "ho'n &" & "e$&r&te ".u&re, The

de"i+n&tion of the $ort" i" i%$ort&nt 'hen inter$retin+ the circuit ")%/o(" &nd the-&(-e &" fitted to the $h)"ic&( ")"te%, To en"ure th&t the correct (ine"# connection" &nd

-&(-e" &re $h)"ic&(() in $(&ce# there %u"t /e & re(&tion"hi$ /et'een the circuit &nd the

co%$onent" u"ed,

Therefore &(( ")%/o(" on the circuit %u"t /e de"i+n&ted &nd the co%$onent" u"ed

"hou(d /e (&/e((ed 'ith the correct ")%/o( &nd de"i+n&tion", See Fi+ure @,@?

A nu%/erin+ ")"te% i" u"ed to de"i+n&te direction&( contro( -&(-e" &nd i" in

&ccord&nce 'ith ISO 5599 See Fi+ure @,@@

Port or Connection ISO 5599

Pre""ure $ort 1

E3h&u"t $ort @

E3h&u"t $ort" 5# @

Si+n&( out$ut" ?#

Pi(ot (ine o$en" f(o' 1 to ? 1?

Pi(ot (ine o$en" f(o' 1 to 1

Pi(ot (ine f(o' c(o"ed 1


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Method" of &ctu&tion

The %ethod" of &ctu&tion of $neu%&tic direction&( contro( -&(-e" i" de$endent u$on

the re.uire%ent" of the t&"*, 8hen &$$(ied to & direction&( contro( -&(-e#con"ider&tion %u"t /e +i-en to the %ethod of initi&( &ctu&tion of the -&(-e &nd &("o the

%ethod of return &ctu&tion, Nor%&(() the"e &re t'o "e$&r&te %ethod", The) &re /oth

"ho'n on the ")%/o( either "ide of the $o"ition /o3e", There %&) &("o /e &ddition&(

%ethod" of &ctu&tion "uch &" %&nu&( o-erride"# 'hich &re "e$&r&te() indic&ted,

Pre""ure re+u(&tin+ -&(-e"

Pre""ure re+u(&tin+ -&(-e" &re +ener&(() &d0u"t&/(e &+&in"t "$rin+ co%$re""ion, The

")%/o(" &re di"tin+ui"hed &ccordin+ to the fo((o'in+ t)$e"

Pre""ure "en"in+ do'n"tre&%# u$"tre&% or e3tern&(

Re(ie-in+ or non2re(ie-in+ &nd f(uctu&tin+ $re""ure

Ad0u"t&/(e or fi3ed "ettin+"

The ")%/o(" re$re"ent the $re""ure -&(-e &" & "in+(e $o"ition -&(-e 'ith & f(o' $&thth&t i" either o$en or c(o"ed initi&((), In the c&"e of the $re""ure re+u(&tor the f(o' i"

&('&)" o$en# 'here&" the $re""ure "e.uence -&(-e i" c(o"ed unti( the $re""ure re&che"

the (i%it -&(ue &" "et on the &d0u"t&/(e "$rin+, See fi+ure @,@

Non2return -&(-e" &nd deri-&ti-e"

The non2return -&(-e =chec* -&(-e> i" the /&"i" for the de-e(o$%ent of %&n)

co%/ined co%$onent", There &re t'o %&in confi+ur&tion" for non2return -&(-e"# 'ith

&nd 'ithout the "$rin+ return, See fi+ure @,@5

F(o' contro( -&(-e"

Mo"t f(o' contro( -&(-e" &re &d0u"t&/(e, The one '&) f(o' contro( -&(-e $er%it" f(o'

&d0u"t%ent in one direction on() 'ith the non2return fitted, The &rro' "ho'" th&t the

co%$onent i" &d0u"t&/(e /ut doe" not refer to the direction of f(o' it i" di&+r&%%&ticon(), See fi+ure @,@5


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6ine&r &ctu&tor"

The (ine&r &ctu&tor" or c)(inder" &re de"cri/ed /) their t)$e of con"truction &nd

%ethod of o$er&tion, The "in+(e &ctin+ c)(inder &nd the dou/(e &ctin+ c)(inder for%

the /&"i" for de"i+n -&ri&tion", The u"e of cu"hionin+ to reduce (o&d" on the end c&$"

&nd %ountin+" durin+ dece(er&tion of the $i"ton i" i%$ort&nt for (on+2(ife &nd "%ooth

o$er&tion, The cu"hionin+ c&n /e either fi3ed or &d0u"t&/(e, The cu"hionin+ $i"ton i""ho'n on the e3h&u"t &ir "ide of the $i"ton, The &rro' indic&te" &d0u"t&/(e cu"hionin+

&nd not the direction of cu"hioned %otion, See fi+ure @,@5

Rot&r) &ctu&tor"

Rot&r) &ctu&tor" &re di-ided into continuou" %otion &nd (i%ited &n+(e of rot&tion, The

&ir %otor i" nor%&(() & hi+h "$eed de-ice 'ith either fi3ed or &d0u"t&/(e "$eed

contro(,

nit" 'ith (i%ited &n+(e of rot&tion &re fi3ed or &d0u"t&/(e in &n+u(&r di"$(&ce%ent,

The rot&r) &ctu&tor %&) /e cu"hioned de$endin+ u$on the (o&d &nd "$eed of

o$er&tion, See fi+ure @,@;

Au3i(i&r) ")%/o("

There &re & nu%/er of i%$ort&nt ")%/o(" for &cce""orie" 'hich &re uti(i"ed incon0unction 'ith $neu%&tic", The"e inc(ude the e3h&u"t &ir ")%/o("# -i"u&( indic&tor"

&nd the %ethod" of connection of co%$onent", See fi+ure @,@;

S&fet) re.uire%ent" for $neu%&tic ")"te%"

There &re & (i%ited nu%/er of "t&nd&rd" &nd re+u(&tion" for $neu%&tic ")"te%",

Therefore for &(( f&ctor" &ffectin+ "&fet)# reference %u"t /e %&de to e3i"tin+ +ener&(

+uide(ine" &nd re+u(&tion" fro% & nu%/er of different en+ineerin+ fie(d",

Con"ider&tion "hou(d /e +i-en to the fo((o'in+ +uide(ine" 'hen o$er&tin+ $neu%&tic

c)(inder" under c(&%$in+ condition",

The contro( ")"te% for the $neu%&tic c(&%$in+ de-ice" "hou(d /e de"i+ned or

&rr&n+ed in "uch & '&) &" to &-oid &ccident&( o$er&tion, Thi" c&n /e &chie-ed /)

%e&n" of

M&nu&(()2o$er&ted "'itchin+ de-ice" 'ith $rotecti-e co-er"

Contro( inter(oc*"

T'o h&nded o$er&tion

Prec&ution" %u"t /e t&*en to $re-ent h&nd in0urie" c&u"ed /) the c(&%$in+ de-ice,

M&chine" 'ith $neu%&tic c(&%$in+ de-ice" %u"t /e e.ui$$ed in "uch & '&) th&t the

dri-e of the 'or*in+ "$ind(e or feed c&nnot /e "'itched on unti( the c(&%$in+ i"

confir%ed co%$(ete, Thi" c&n /e &chie-ed /) chec*in+ the c(&%$in+ condition" /)

%e&n" of

Pre""ure tr&n"ducer"# or

Pre""ure "e.uence -&(-e"A f&i(ure of the &ir "u$$() %u"t not c&u"e the c(&%$in+ de-ice to o$en durin+ the

%&chinin+ of & c(&%$ed 'or*$iece, Thi" c&n /e &chie-ed /) %e&n" of

Pre""ure re"er-oir"

Contro( inter(oc*" =%e%or) -&(-e">



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En-iron%ent&( $o((ution


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T'o for%" of en-iron%ent&( $o((ution %&) occur in $neu%&tic ")"te%"

Noi"e c&u"ed /) the e"c&$e of co%$re""ed &ir

Oi( %i"t c&u"ed /) (u/ric&nt" 'hich h&-e /een introduced &t the co%$re""or -i& &

"er-ice unit &nd 'hich &re di"ch&r+ed into the &t%o"$here durin+ the e3h&u"t c)c(e",

E3h&u"t noi"e

Me&"ure" %u"t /e t&*en &+&in"t e3ce""i-e e3h&u"t noi"e, Thi" c&n /e &chie-ed /)%e&n" of

E3h&u"t "i(encer"

Si(encer" &re u"ed to reduce the noi"e &t the e3h&u"t $ort" of -&(-e", The) o$er&te on

the $rinci$(e of e3h&u"t &ir f(o' contro( /) cre&tin+ & +re&ter or (e""er f(o' re"i"t&nce,

Nor%&( "i(encer" h&-e on() (i%ited inf(uence on the "$eed of the $i"ton rod, In the

c&"e of thrott(e "i(encer"# ho'e-er# the f(o' re"i"t&nce i" &d0u"t&/(e, The"e "i(encer"

&re u"ed to contro( the "$eed of the c)(inder $i"ton rod &nd the -&(-e re"$on"e ti%e",

Another %ethod of noi"e reduction i" to fit %&nifo(d" 'ith connection" to the e3h&u"t

$ort" of the $o'er -&(-e" &nd thu" to di"ch&r+e the &ir -i& & (&r+e co%%on "i(encer or

to return it to & re"er-oir,

Oi( %i"tThe e3h&u"t &ir of %ech&nic&(() dri-en too(" or %ech&nic&(() contro((ed %&chine"

cont&in" &to%i"ed oi( 'hich often re%&in" in & roo% for "o%e con"ider&/(e ti%e in the

for% of & -&$our# 'hich c&n /e /re&thed in, Po((ution of the en-iron%ent i"

$&rticu(&r() &cute in c&"e" 'here & (&r+e nu%/er of &ir %otor" or (&r+e2di&%eter

c)(inder" &re fitted in &n in"t&((&tion, Effecti-e counter%e&"ure" %u"t /e t&*en to

reduce the &%ount of oi( %i"t th&t e"c&$e" to the &t%o"$here,

O$er&tion&( "&fet)

8hen %&int&inin+ or 'or*in+ 'ith $neu%&tic ")"te%"# c&re %u"t /e t&*en in the

re%o-&( &nd the reconnection of &ir (ine", The ener+) "tored in the tu/e or $i$e 'i(( /e

e3$e((ed in & -er) "hort ti%e 'ith enou+h force to c&u"e "e-ere 'hi$(&"h of the (ine

'hich c&n end&n+er $er"onne(, 8here $o""i/(e the &ir "hou(d /e i"o(&ted &t t'o

different $oint"# re%o-in+ the &ir $re""ure /efore the di"connection i" %&de, An

&ddition&( d&n+er i" in the di"tur/&nce of $&rtic(e" due to the &ir /(&"t 'hich c&u"e"

e)e h&&rd",

CIRCIT PRESENTATION AND CONTRO6 PROB6EM ANA6SIS

Reco%%end&tion" for circuit &rr&)

There &re no intern&tion&( "t&nd&rd" for circuit $re"ent&tion &nd (&)out &t $re"ent# "o

"o%e 'e(( $ro-en $rinci$(e" &re (i"ted /e(o'

Dr&' &(( ")%/o(" 'here $o""i/(e in horiont&( $o"ition &nd &tt&ch (ine" to the ri+ht

h&nd ".u&re for t'o $o"ition -&(-e" or the centre ".u&re for three $o"ition -&(-e"

Do not %irror2in-ert ")%/o(" if &-oid&/(e# "ince thi" $r&ctice confu"e" theco%$rehen"ion of "i+n&( direction# f(uid2f(o' &nd -&(-e function

Dr&' &(( -&(-e" in their de2&ctu&ted# un$re""uri"ed re"t $o"ition# e3ce$t for tho"e

-&(-e" 'hich &re &ctu&ted either /) & (e-er# c&% or %&chine $&rt# 'hen the %&chine i"

&t re"t# or &t the end of & c)c(e, For "uch -&(-e" one %u"t indic&te 'ith & c&% or

"i%i(&r de-ice th&t the -&(-e i" &ctu&ted &nd &(( &tt&ch%ent &nd $re""ure (ine" &re to /e

connected to the (eft h&nd ".u&re,

T'o2$o"ition -&(-e" 'hich &re not "$rin+ /i&"ed &nd c&n free() &""u%e /oth

"'itchin+ $o"ition" =/i2"t&/(e -&(-e"# %e%or) -&(-e" or detented -&(-e"> %&) /e

dr&'n in 'h&te-er f(o'2$&th confi+ur&tion i" de%&nded /) the &ctu&tor $o"ition or

initi&( $o"ition 'hen the %&chine i" &t re"t, But here &+&in# the $re""ure (ine" "hou(d

/e connected to the ri+ht h&nd ".u&re for %e%or) -&(-e" in "e.uenti&( contro( circuit"



29/36


'hich %&int&in their (&"t "e(ected $o"ition to $ro-ide the "t&rt "i+n&( for & ne'

%&chine c)c(e,

8here co%$(e3 "che%&tic dr&'in+" &re /ein+ +ener&ted &nd $o"ition "en"in+ -&(-e

"i+n&(" or $re""ure "en"in+ -&(-e "i+n&(" h&-e to /e di"tri/uted to & nu%/er of

de"tin&tion" for circuit inter(oc*in+# it i" &d-i"&/(e to &do$t the /u"2/&r di"tri/ution

")"te%# "ee Fi+ure @,@, The /u"2/&r "hou(d /e re+&rded &" & %&nifo(d (ine 'ith /othe3tre%itie" c(o"ed off,

Contro( Pro/(e% &n&()"i"

The fir"t "te$ i" the definition of o/0ecti-e" for the $ro0ect 'ith & c(e&r definition of

the $ro/(e%=">, De"i+n or de-e(o$%ent of the "o(ution i" not



30/36


in-o(-ed &t the &n&()"i" "t&+e, A f(o' ch&rt of the tot&( $ro0ect $(&n c&n /e de-e(o$ed

to define the "te$2orient&ted $roce""e",

The +rou$in+ of the tot&( contro( circuit into "u/2circuit" "ee%" to /e one of the %&in

difficu(tie" 'hich confront circuit de"i+ner", Ho'e-er# the"e o/"t&c(e" c&n /e

dr&"tic&(() reduced /) &n&()"in+ the tot&( contro( $ro/(e% &nd then "$(ittin+ the de"i+n

into four %&in c&te+orie" $o'er circuit


http://lh3.ggpht.com/-A3OyfhH6BX0/Tw1YqPBFXXI/AAAAAAAABTM/Z9V4AJX1lJQ/s1600-h/clip_image061%5B6%5D.gif


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"e.uenti&( circuit

frin+e condition %odu(e"

co%/in&tion&( circuit

The $o'er circuit con"i"t" of the &ctu&tor" &nd their direction&( contro( -&(-e" =$o'er

-&(-e">, It &("o inc(ude" the "$eed contro( -&(-e" &nd co%$re""ed &ir (ine" 'hich

connect the &ctu&tor" to the $o'er -&(-e",Th&t $&rt of the circuit 'hich contro(" the "te$$in+ or "e.uencin+ of the &ctu&tor" i"

+ener&(() c&((ed the "e.uenti&( circuit, It con"i"t" of %e%or) -&(-e"# AND function#

OR function &nd ti%e2de(&) -&(-e",

The frin+e condition circuit"# 'hich $refer&/() &re &rr&n+ed in %odu(e"# &ffect the

"e.uenti&( circuit &t it" frin+e &nd +ener&(() &ffect it" "t&rt or "to$ ch&r&cteri"tic" ="t&rt

$er%itted or not# e%er+enc) "to$# etc,>, The"e frin+e condition %odu(e" &re &dded in

the fin&( $&rt of circuit dei+n &nd &re de"i+ned "e$&r&te(),

There &re t'o $ri%&r) %ethod" for con"tructin+ circuit di&+r&%"

The "o2c&((ed intuiti-e %ethod"# &("o fre.uent() ter%ed con-ention&( or tri&(2&nd2error

%ethod"

The %ethodic&( de"i+n of & circuit di&+r&% in &ccord&nce 'ith $re"cri/ed ru(e" &ndin"truction"

8here&" %uch e3$erience &nd intuition i" re.uired in the fir"t c&"e &nd &/o-e &((# &

+re&t de&( of ti%e 'here co%$(ic&ted circuit" &re concerned de"i+nin+ circuit

di&+r&%" of the "econd c&te+or) re.uire" %ethodic&( 'or*in+ &nd & cert&in &%ount of

/&"ic theoretic&( *no'(ed+e,

Re+&rd(e"" of 'hich %ethod i" u"ed in de-e(o$in+ the circuit di&+r&%# the &i% i" to

end u$ 'ith & $ro$er() functionin+ &nd re(i&/(e o$er&tin+ contro(, I%$ort&nce i" no'

&tt&ched to o$er&tion&( re(i&/i(it) &nd e&"e of %&inten&nce /) & c(e&r (&)out &nd

docu%ent&tion, Re+&rd(e"" of 'hich %ethod &nd 'hich techni.ue i" u"ed to $roduce &

circuit di&+r&%# fund&%ent&( *no'(ed+e of the de-ice" concerned &nd & *no'(ed+e of

the "'itchin+ ch&r&cteri"tic" of the"e de-ice"# i" re.uired

INTRODUCTION TO $LUID LOGIC

INTRODUCTION

$%ui&i!# =&("o *no'n &" $%ui&i! %'(i! > i" the u"e of & f(uid or co%$re""i/(e

%ediu% to $erfor% &n&(o+ or di+it&( o$er&tion" "i%i(&r to tho"e $erfor%ed 'ith

e(ectronic",

The $h)"ic&( /&"i" of f(uidic" i" $neu%&tic" &nd h)dr&u(ic"# /&"ed on the theoretic&(found&tion of f(uid d)n&%ic", The ter% Fluidics i" nor%&(() u"ed 'hen the de-ice"

h&-e no %o-in+ $&rt", Therefore# ordin&r) h)dr&u(ic co%$onent" "uch &" h)dr&u(ic

c)(inder" &nd "$oo( -&(-e" &re not referred to &" f(uidic de-ice", The 19;" "&' the

&$$(ic&tion of f(uidic" to "o$hi"tic&ted contro( ")"te%"# 'ith the introduction of the

f(uidic &%$(ifier,

I" &n &ction ri+ht or 'ron+ & %oti-e +ood or /&d & conc(u"ion true or f&("e: Much of

our thin*in+ &nd (o+ic in-o(-e" tr)in+ to find the &n"'er" to t'o2-&(ued .ue"tion" (i*e

the"e, The /in&r) or t'o2-&(ued n&ture of (o+ic h&d & %&0or inf(uence on Ari"tot(e

'ho 'or*ed out $reci"e %ethod" for +ettin+ to the truth# +i-en & "et of true&""u%$tion", 6o+ic ne3t &ttr&cted %&the%&tici&n"# 'ho intuiti-e() "en"ed "o%e *ind



32/36


of &(+e/r&ic $roce"" runnin+ throu+h &(( thou+ht, KBoo(e&n &(+e/r&L i" the &(+e/r& of

(o+ic &nd it '&" ori+in&(() &n &/"tr&ct %&the%&tic&( for%, Geor+e Boo(e# it" in-entor

$u/(i"hed the i%$ort&nt $&$er KM&the%&tic&( An&()"i" of 6o+icL# in 1# Sh&nnon '&" &/(e to &n&()e &nd de"i+n co%$(ic&ted "'itchin+ circuit"

u"in+ KBoo(e&n A(+e/r&L,

)* $LUID LOGIC

To e3$re"" the (o+ic&( "e.uence" in /ui(din+ the (o+ic circuit" -&riou" ")%/o(" &re

u"ed, In /&"ic for% the) &re "&%e for &n) fie(d or techno(o+) "uch &" e(ectronic"#

e(ectric&( or f(uid $o'er, Ho'e-er# 'hen the circuit i" "ho'n u"in+ the ")%/o( of

&ctu&( de-ice" it 'i(( /e different /&"ed on the fie(d, Ne-erthe(e""# the (o+ic circuit

%&) &("o /e different for the "&%e "e.uence" of o$er&tion" &" %&*in+ & (o+ic

o$er&tion" in & fie(d one h&" to u"e %ore th&n one de-ice 'here &" it i" $o""i/(e 'ith

"in+(e de-ice for &nother fie(d, In c&"e of f(uid $o'er it %&) /e co%%on &nd

ordin&r) de-ice" of f(uid $o'er# 'hich &re u"ed for /oth dri-e &nd contro(# or

KF(uidicL de-ice",

)*) Definii'n

A K+&teL i" & (o+ic circuit 'ith one out$ut &nd one or %ore in$ut", An out$ut "i+n&(

occur" on() for cert&in co%/in&tion" of in$ut "i+n&(",

A Ktruth t&/(eL ="o%eti%e" c&((ed & KT&/(e of co%/in&tion"L> i" & (i"t =or t&/(e>

th&t "ho'" &(( in$utout$ut $o""i/i(itie" for & (o+ic circuit,

The nu%/er of horiont&( ro'" in & truth t&/(e e.u&(" ? r&i"ed to the $o'er n# 'here ni" the nu%/er of in$ut", For & t'o in$ut +&te =for e3&%$(e> the truth t&/(e h&" ro'",



33/36


A three in$ut +&te 'i(( h&-e & truth t&/(e 'ith ro'",

In ordin&r) &(+e/r& 'hen 'e "o(-e &n e.u&tion for it" root"# 'e %&) +et & re&(

nu%/er2$o"iti-e# ne+&ti-e# fr&ction&( &nd "o forth, In other 'ord" the "et of nu%/er"

in ordin&r) &(+e/r& i" infinite, In Boo(e&n &(+e/r& 'hen 'e "o(-e &n e.u&tion# 'e +et

either or & 1, No other &n"'er i" $o""i/(e# /ec&u"e the "et of nu%/er" inc(ude" on()the /in&r) di+it" &nd 1,

Another "t&rtin+ difference &/out Boo(e&n &(+e/r& i" the %e&nin+ of KL =$(u"> "i+n,

The "i+n ")%/o(ie" here the &ction of &n KORL +&te, Thi" KORL +&te %&) /e

thou+ht of &" & de-ice th&t h&" t'o in$ut"# "&) A B &nd &n out$ut# "&)# ), Moreo-er#

'hen o-er A OR B OR /oth of the% &re in the "t&te of 1# the out$ut -&(ue of )

/eco%e" 1, If the"e in$ut co%/in&tion" &re not $re"ent# the out$ut ) /eco%e" ,

S)%/o(ic&(() it i" 'ritten &" ) J AB &nd i" re&d &" ) e.u&(" A OR B, So# here# the

"i+n doe" not "t&nd for ordin&r) &ddition it "t&nd" for OR &ddition 'ho"e ru(e" c&n

/e"t /e under"tood fo((o'in+ it" truth t&/(e2 1 &" /e(o',

Si%i(&r() the %u(ti$(ic&tion "i+n KQL h&" & ne' %e&nin+ in Boo(e&n &(+e/r&, 8hen iti" 'ritten ) J A B J A , B JAB# it %e&n" th&t in thi" KANDL de-ice t'o in$ut" A AND

B /oth %u"t /e e.u&( to 1 to +et &n out$ut ) J 1, If &n) of the% re%&in" # the out$ut

/eco%e" ero, The truth t&/(e c&n /e de$icted &" in Truth T&/(e

Truth

T&/(e"

INPTS OTPT INPTS OTPT INP9TS OTPT

A * B J ) J )A B J ) A A

1 * J O J

1 O J 1

* 1 J O 1 J 1

O 1 J 1

* J 1 O J 1

1 * 1 J 11 O 1 J 1

T&/(e2

? AND G&te 2 t'o in$ut" T&/(e2 @ NOT o$er&tion

T&/(e2 1 OR G&te 2 t'o

in$ut"

E-en thou+h the Q or dot "i+n doe" not %e&n %u(ti$(ic&tion in the ordin&r)

"en"e# the re"u(t" of KANDL %u(ti$(ic&tion" &re the "&%e &" ordin&r)

%u(ti$(ic&tion",Another o$er&tion of Boo(e&n &(+e/r& i" the NOT o$er&tion, NOT i%$(ie" in-er"ion



34/36


&nd i" 'ritten &" A J NOT A, Thu" if the -&ri&/(e A J 1 &t & $&rticu(&r in"t&nt of

ti%e A J &nd -ice -er" i,e, if A J# A J 1,

The fo((o'in+ ru(e c&n /e e&"i() chec*ed /) Truth t&/(e2@ e,+, A A 1# 'hich

fo((o'" fro% the identit) A J A,

Fo((o'in+ Truth t&/(e2@ If y A A Then A A 1,

a#i! ru%e#

Se-er&( /&"ic ru(e" &nd theore%" of Boo(e&n &(+e/r& &re &" fo((o'" =T&/(e2>

=OR> =AND>

1, Identitie" A J A A * 1 J A

?, Identitie" (&'" A A J A A * A J A

@, The Co%%ut&ti-e (&'" A B J B A A * B J B * A

, The &""oci&ti-e (&'" =AB> C J A =BC> =AB> C J A =BC>

5, The di"tri/uti-e (&'" A =BC> J ABAC A O BC J =A O B> =A O C>

T&/(e2 B&"ic Ru(e" in 6o+ic

The "econd re(&tion =under(ined> i" not -&(id in ordin&r) &(+e/r&, Ho'e-er# it c&n

e&"i() /e "ho'n /) truth t&/(e =t&/(e25> th&t it i" -&(id for Boo(e&n &(+e/r&,

E&ri&/(e" Ri+ht "ide 6eft "ide

1 ? @ 5 ; <

A B C A O B A O C =AB> =AC> B*C AOBC

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

Truth T&/(e 2 5 Di"tri/uti-e (&'2 A BC J =A B> =A C>



35/36


Other (&'" &re &" fo((o'"

;, A AB J A 11, De Mor+&n" theore%"

&nd =9> &re identic&(, So &("o &re co(u%n" =11> &nd

=1?> /et'een the%"e(-e",



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