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The Nation in Crisis

H Growing Insecurity Unstable employmentStagnant wagesInsecure pensionsRoller-coaster stock market

H Greater BurdensLonger work hoursLoss of family timeRising costs of housing, health care, education, utilities, and food

H Stress, Isolation & Scapegoating Anger at immigrantsCriminalizationEnvironmental crisisEndless war


$60,000

$50,000

$40,000

$30,000

$20,000

$10,000

$70,000

Median Adjusted Household Income by Race, 1967-2016

Racial income inequality persists

White

Asian

Black

Latino

2007 20161997198719771967

$39,490

Source: Pew Research Center’s Tabulations of 1968-2016 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

$80,000

$90,000

$65,041

$47,675

$81,431

*Data on Asian Americans can be mis-leading. Many data sets group together populations of Asian immigrants that have very different civic, economic and cultural characteristics .


Median Annual Earnings for Women & Men, 1960-2015

$50,000

$45,000

$40,000

$35,000

$30,000

$25,000

$20,000

$15,0001960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

The gender wage gap continues

Notes: Annual earnings data include self-employed workers; weekly data are for wage and salary workers only. Annual earnings are for people 15 years old and older beginning in 1980 and people 14 years old and older as of the following year for previous years. Before 1989 annual earnings are for civilian workers only. Weekly earnings are for full-time civilian workers aged 16 and older in and are not restricted to full-year workers. Full-time is work for at least 35 hours per week, full-year for at least 50 weeks per year. Annual median earnings data are typically released in September by the U.S. Census Bureau. The annual average of weekly median earnings is usually released in February by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Both data series are derived from the Current Population Survey. Adjustments for data from earlier years to 2015 dollars are computed on the basis of the Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS); U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics <http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpiursai1977-2015.pdf> (accessed September 2016).

Source: Institute for Women’s Policy Research, IWPR Fact Sheet #C446, updated September 2016.

$51,212

$37,608$40,742

$22,819

Men

Women

2015


Median Annual Earnings by Race and Gender, 2014

Race and gender disparities intersect

White Latina/o Amerindian or Alaskan Native

African American / Black

Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander

Asian American*


Source: American Association of University Women (AAUW) http://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/

$0.25

$0.50

$0.75

$1.00Men Women


The income gap has expanded

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

+78%

Bottom 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Top 20% Top 5%

0%

80%

+54%

+26%

+12%

–12%

Top 1%

+185%

Real Family Income Growth by Quintile & for Top 5% & Top 1%, 1979 - 2014

Source: For quintiles and top 5%: US Census Bureau Historical Income Tables, Table F-1 (Income Limits 1947-2014) and Table F-3 (Mean Income 1947-2014). For income threshold for top 1%: “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998” Emanuel Saez with Thomas Piketty, Quarterly Journal of Economics, updated to 2014 in Excel format, June 2015 (TabFig2014prel.xls). For percent growth: of top 1% “Growing Together Growing Apart - Real Income Growth 1979-2012” by Colin Gordon <http://scalar.usc.edu/works/growing-apart-a-political-history-of-american-inequality/index>.

$29,101 -$52,697

$52,698 -$82,032

$82,033 -$129,006

$230,030and upUp to $29,100 $129,007

and up$423,090and up

+3%


120%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

+116%+100%

+111% +114%+99%

+86%

$9,861 -$16,215

$16,215 -$22,972

$22,972 -$31,632

$31,632 -and up

Bottom 20%

Second 20%

Middle 20%

Fourth 20%

Top 20%

Top 5%

This gap wasn’t as large before

Real Family Income Growth by Quintile & for Top 5%, 1947 - 1979

Sources: Analysis of Census Bureau data from The State of Working America 1994-95, Mishel, Lawrence and Bernstein, Jared, p. 37. Income ranges in 1979 dollars, from March 2000 Census Current Population Survey, Table F-1.

In 1979: up to

$9,861 $50,746 -

and up


What’s the Difference Between Income & Wealth?

Think of a running stream that flows through a lake.• Income is the money &

assets that flow into the lake.

•Expenses are the money & assets that flow out.

•Ifthere’sanythingleftover,that’syourNet Wealth.


Net Worth isASSETS minus DEBTS

(What You OWN minus What You OWE)

$17,600

$171,000

$20,700

Black WhiteLatino

Household Median Net Worth by Race, 2016

Source: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/recent-trends-in-wealth-holding-by-race-and-ethnicity-evidence-from-the-survey-of-consumer-finances-20170927.htm

$64,800

All Other


$30,000

$20,000

$10,000

$0$200

$15,640

$28,900

$100

BlackWomen

WhiteWomen

WhiteMen

LatinaWomen

Median Wealth for Single Women by Race/Ethnicity & Single White Men, 2013

Source: Center for Global Policy Solutions <http://globalpolicysolutions.org/resources/wealth-gap-women-color/>.

Gender- and race-based disparities limit women’s ability to build wealth.


Ownership of Household Wealth in the U.S., 2016

60.3%

Top 1%

Source: Billionaire Bonanza: The Forbes 400 and the Rest of Us by Chuck Collins and Josh Hoxie

Bottom 99%

The total net worth of the top 1% = $33.4 Trillion

39.7%


Ownership of Global Wealth, est. 2014

Top 1%

Source: Global Wealth Report 2014. Credit Suisse Research Institute, October 2014.

Bottom 99%

48.2%

51.8%


The Power Shift Since the 1970s

On the Rise

Big Campaign Contributors

Corporate Lobbyists

Corporations

Big Asset Owners

CEOs

Wall Street

In Decline

Popular Political Movements

Voters

Labor Unions

Wage Earners

Employees

Main Street


Rule Changes Since the 1970s

Policy changes reflect and reinforce the power shift.

Minimum Wage: Not raised to keep up with inflation & increased cost of living.

Unions: Anti-union climate weakens the power & voice of workers.

Trade: Global treaties benefit corporations, not workers or communities.

Taxes: Taxes descreased for the corporate elite and increased for workers.

Budget: Public services cut. Corporate subsidies expand.

Privatization: Government outsourcing plus no-bid contracts hurts taxpayers, workers, and public safety.

Criminalization: People of color targeted, keeping racial divide in place.


The Minimum Wage and the Poverty Line, 1968-2015

$11.00

$10.00

$9.00

$8.00

$7.00

$6.00

$5.00

$4.00

$3.00

$2.00

$1.00

$0

The federal minimum wage does not keep pace with the rising cost of living.

Poverty Line $1.71

Minimum Wage $1.60

196894% of the poverty wage

Minimum Wage $2.90


Poverty Line $3.56

Sources: Living wage is calculated by dividing that year’s poverty threshhold for a family of four by 2080 hours (52 weeks x 40 hours). Poverty threshholds for 1968 and 1979 from U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Poverty Tables, Table 1. Poverty threshholds for 2015 from the U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty thresholds by Size of Family and Number of Children.

Minimum Wage $7.25

Poverty Line $11.60



Percentage of the Workforce in a Union, 1930-2017

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017

Anti-union policies weaken the power & voice of workers.

1981: Reagan Breaks

PATCO

1937: Wagner Act

1936: Sit-Down Strike

in Flint, MI

Manufacturing Declines in U.S.

1947: Taft-Hartley Act

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

“Right-to-work” rules Expand to 25 states

2017: 10.7% Unionized


“Free” Trade Treaties Help Corporations, Not Workers or Communities

The aim of treaties such as NAFTA is to reduce “barriers” to trade. The worldwide result:• Jobs shifted to low-wage countries• Lower wages and living standards• Weakened worker rights• Environmental damage

• Weakened economies in developing nations• Cuts in social safety nets• Rise in poverty

New trade & investment agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) . . .• permit foreign corporations operating in the U.S. to ignore

U.S. laws that protect the environment and workers’ rights;• threaten laws that protect community lending, health and

safety, pay equity, pro-human rights government purchasing rules, public control of water & education, etc.

FORSALE


• Restricts credit - no loans to small farmers

• Lowers tariffs & opens markets - cheap imports flood the marketplace

• Reduces government spending to pay back foreign debt - cuts welfare, education, health care, etc. - but continues support for the military

• Lowers wages & cuts price subsidies

• Privatizes state industries

• Deregulates financial markets

Structural Adjustment


Top Marginal Income Tax Rates for the Top 1%and the Median Family, 1947-2018

Big tax breaks for the wealthy - No tax relief for working families

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%1947 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2018

90%

91%

Top 1%70%

50%

Median Family

19%

31%

40%35%

22%25%28%25%

Source: Tax Foundation <http://www.taxfoundation.org/files/federalindividualratehistory-200901021.pdf>. & <https://taxfoundation.org/2018-tax-brackets/>

37%

22%


21%

77%

17%

80%

12%

84%

9%

87% 87%

10%

Corporations Individuals

1962 1970 1980 1990 2000

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

80%

Source: Congressional Budget Office, “Revenues by Major Source, 1962 to 2018. (Note: 2018 projected April, 2018)

Taxes:Percent of Federal Tax Collections from

Individuals & Corporations

Taxes have shifted from corporations to individuals.

81% 84%

11%7%

2015 2018


Privatizing Public Services Helps Investors, Hurts Consumers and Workers

BAD IDEAS


U.S. State and Federal Prison Population, 1925-2015

Incarceration has increased substantially...

1,600,000

1,400,000

1,200,000

1,000,000

800,000

600,000

400,000

200,000

019581950194219321925 1966 1974 1982 1990 1998 2006 2015

Source: The Sentencing Project. Fact Sheet: Trends in U.S. Corrections < http://sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections.pdf>

1,476, 847


1,608

8561000

2000

0

324

African American WhiteLatino

U.S. Incarceration Rates by Race, 2016

Number of people incarcerated per 100,000

Sources: U.S. Department of Justice

Note: In 2010 American Indian and Alaskan Native were at 895 per 100,000 people.

People of Color are 26% of the U.S. population yet are roughly 60% of those in prison!


Deportations from the U.S., 1900-2013

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2012

2013

4.6 14.5 7.2

419.3

368.6

Thousands400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Source: Department of Homeland Security

188.4

50.930.018.012.2

246.4

Thousands

387.2


G.I. Bill: Free College

Homesteading Laws

Home Mortgage Interest Deduction

Social Security

FHA Loans

Boosts on the Escalator to the Middle Class


Blocks on the Escalator to the Middle Class

G.I. Bill: Free College

Homesteading Laws

Home Mortgage Interest Deduction

Social Security

FHA LoansRacist Images

Immigration Quotas

Redlining

Predatory Lending

Jim Crow Laws

Slavery

Loss of Land

Bracero Program


When women are employed doing work performed largely by men they EARN LESS than their male counterparts.

Our Economy Devalues Women’s Work

The work of child-rearing, care for the elderly and work in the home is often UNPAID WORK and is performed largely by women.

Women are concentrated in the LOW-WAGE WORKFORCE.

Source: Race, Gender and Work by Julie Matthaei & Teresa Amott, 1999


Median Earnings by Race and Gender, 2014

Race and gender disparities intersect

White Latina/o Amerindian or Alaskan Native

African American / Black

Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander

Asian American*


Source: American Association of University Women (AAUW) http://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/

$0.25

$0.50

$0.75

$1.00Men Women


• Women are only 46% of the total workforce but make up THREE-QUARTERS of LOW-WAGE workers.

Low-Wage Workforce

Low-Wage Workforce by Gender and Race, 2013

Source: National Women’s Law Center calculations based on IPUMS-CPS (2013). The “low-wage worfkforce” is defined as the 10 largest low-wage occupations with median wages of less than $10.10 per hour per BLS, Occupational Employment Statistics.

76%Women • Women of color are only16% of

the total workforce but make up 37% of LOW-WAGE workers.

37%Women of

Color

Low-Wage Workforce by Gender and Race, 2013


Unpaid Work by Gender in the U.S.

21

13

Average number of hours per week Unpaid work includes:

•Householdmanagement

•Caringforandhelping householdmembers

•Buyinggoodsandservices

•Cooking

•Cleaning

•Laundry&sewing

•Lawnandgardencare

•Maintenanceandrepair

•Travelrelatedtoother unpaidworkactivities...

Source: Pew Research Center analysis of 2012 American Time Use Survey, ATUS-XNotes: Ages 16 and older Paid-work related activities include time on the job, commute time, and any other time spent on job-related activities

MenWomen


1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

5.6 6.710.4 11.7 10.4

19.8

2010

The number of foreign-born people in the U.S. reflects push and pull factors such as job loss and immigration quotas.

Total Number of Foreign-Born in the U.S. 1870 - 2010

Millions40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

36.7

28.4

14.1

9.69.714.0 14.313.6

9.3


15%

1870

12%

9%

6%

3%

0%

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

14.413.3

14.813.6

14.713.2

11.6

8.8

6.9

5.4 4.7

6.2

7.9

10.4

2010

12.7

The percentage of foreign-born people in the U.S. reflects push and pull factors such as job loss and immigration quotas.

Percent of Foreign-Born in the U.S. 1870 - 2010

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.


Our Theory of Change: Social Movements


Principles of a Fair Economy

H Equity in all dimensions (race, class, ethnicity, gender, etc.)

H Solidarity and Cooperation

H Political & Economic Democracy

H Sustainability

H Pluralism and Diversity

H Accountability

H Respect & Dignity for People and Planet


Strategies for Building a Fair Economy

HEducate & Change the Conversation

HCampaign to Build Power & Change the Rules

HConnect the Dots and Build a Movement


We Need New Rules to Reduce Wealth & Income Inequality

Lift the Floor for Lower Income PeopleH Establish Living Wage standardsH Raise the minimum wage

H Invest in job creation & trainingH Increase the supply of affordable housing

Level the Playing Field for EveryoneH Fair taxes that treat income from investments and work the sameH Postal banking services H Medicare for AllH Trade policies that benefit wage-earners, consumers, & the environmentH Quality education as a Constitutional right

Address the Concentration of Wealth and PowerH Progressive taxation of wealth and incomeH Reduced subsidies for excessive CEO payH Campaign finance reform to get big money out of politicsH Accountability for corporations receiving public subsidies


What You Can Do Today

Educate Yourself and OthersH Host a UFE Popular Economics

Education workshop. H Learn to lead UFE workshops.H Educate yourself — look at the

resources on our list.

Influence the MediaH Write articles or letters to the editor. H Organize a writers’ group. H Stage a flash mob creative action.

Build PowerH Use your religious congregation as an

organizing base.H Join or support a labor union.H Get involved in coalitions or civic groups.

Support United for a Fair EconomyH Make a donation and become a UFE member.H Encourage friends and colleagues to join.H Organize a fundraising house party.H Help us with outreach.

Join Campaigns to Change the RulesH Support progressive tax proposals, such as the Robin Hood Tax.H Support local Living Wage campaigns and the Fight for $15.

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C

Second Quintile$29,101 - 52,697

D

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E

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I1913

Alien Land Laws

1882Chinese Exclusion Act & Other Asian Exclusions

1852–1953Denial of Naturalization

1898Possession of

Philippines 1942-45

Japanese Internment

1898Annexation of Puerto Rico 1845–1848

Annexation of Mexican Land

1824Monroe Doctrine

1848Mexican Land Loss

1924US Border

Patrol

1965Immigration

Quotas

1954Operation Wetback

1919English Only

Laws 1943Bracero Program

1994NAFTA

1787Slavery in

Constitution

Jim Crow Laws

1850Fugitive Slave Law

1896Plessy

(Segregation Legal) 1960

Farm Loss Due to USDA

1935FHA Redlining

Indian Land Thefts1830

Indian Removal Act 1887

Allotment Act

1953Tribal

Termination

1968 Tribal

Taxation

1893Hawai‘i

Annexed

62 Summer St., 2nd Fl., Boston MA 02110www.faireconomy.org

1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Colonial Early US 2010sWW IIWW I

Great Depression

Vietnam W ar1776 Civil War

Election of Obama

Subprime Mortgage Bubble

Open Doors to European Immigration

1862Homestead

Acts

Pre–1776Land

Grants to Colonists

1849 Gold Rush

Land Claims1790

Naturalization Act

1853 Preemptive

Acts

1935New Deal

Federal Housing LoansSocial SecurityLabor Rights 1944

GI Bill

1913 Home Mortgage

Interest Deduction

1997 Tax Cuts for Asset

Owners

1977 Community

Reinvestment Act

1952 Asian

Naturalization1964

Civil Rights Act & Affirmative Action

1865, 186813th and 14th Amendments

1934 Indian

Reorganization Act

1986Amnesty for Immigrants

1988Japanese

Reparations

1962 Cuban Refugee Assistance Act1865-69

Freedmen’s Bureau

GOVERNMENT BOOSTS AND BLOCKS TO BUILDING WEALTHB

oo

sts

Blo

cks

J

J

0

10M

9M

8M

7M

6M

5M

4M

3M

2M

1M

1820s

151,824

1830s

599,125

1840s

1,713,251

1850s

2,598,214

1860s

2,314,824

1870s

2,812,191

1880s

5,246,613

1890s

3,687,564

1900s

8,795,386

1910s

5,735,811

1920s

4,107,209

1930s

528,431

1940s

1,035,039

1950s

2,515,479

1960s

3,321,677

1970s

4,493,314

1980s

7,338,062

1990s

9,095,417

2000s

10,400,000

Nu

mb

er

of

Imm

igra

nts

PUSHFactors

Trends & Events Outside the U.S

PULLFactors

Trends, Events, Policies & Laws Inside

the U.S

WW I

Great DepressionWW I

WW II

WW II

Immigration Act of 1819

Indian

Mexican-American War

Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo (1848)

Civil War

OTHER LAWS &

POLICIES AFFECTING MIGRATION TO THE U.S.

Chinese Exclusion Acts

(1882-88)

Contract Labor Law of 1885


Irish Potato Famine

Industrial Revolution in Europe

Pogroms in Russia and Ukraine



Deportations of Mexicans

Industrial Revolution in the U.S.

Tyding-McDuffie Act 1934

McCarran-Walter Act

of 1952

Naturalization Act of 1790

Korean War

Vietnam War

Embargo of Cuba

Free Trade Agreements

Bracero Program

Free Trade Agreements

Immigrant Act of 1965

IndoChina Migration & Refugee

Assistance Act 1975-77

USA PATRIOT

Act2001

Illegal Immigration Reform & Immigrant

Responsibilities Act1996

Creation of ICE 2003

Prop. 187 1994

Immigrant Reform & Control

Act1986

14.4% 13.3% 14.8% 13.6% 14.7% 13.2% 11.6% 8.8% 6.9% 5.4% 4.7% 6.2% 7.9% 10.4%

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Britain repeals

Passenger Acts1827

Homestead Act

(1862)Displaced Persons Act 1948


Emergency Quota Act

of 1921

14th Amendment

(1868)

Structural Adjustment Programs

U.S.-lead War on Drugs in Latin America

12.7%

11M

Financial Crisis &Great

Recession2008-

Slavery

U.S. Military Intervention in Central America

PUSH & PULL FACTORS OF IMMIGRATION TO THE U.S.

184 High St. Suite 603, Boston, MA, 02110 • www.faireconomy.org • [email protected] • 617-423-2148K

Attitudes Toward Immigrants - 1

“[Immigrantsofthisgroup]…threatennothinglessthanthepossibilityofagreatandperilouschangeintheveryfabricofour[Anglo-Saxon]race.…Ifalowerracemixeswithahigherinsufficientnumbers,historyteachesusthatthelowerracewillprevail.”

184 High St. Suite 603, Boston, MA, 02110 • www.faireconomy.org • [email protected] • 617-423-2148L

“With respect to [these immigrants]we arecommitting cultural suicide.Thebarbariansat thegatewillonlyneed togiveus a slightpush, and the emancipatedbodyofWesternCivilizationwillcollapseinaheap.”



“Whenthehordesofotherlandsarepermittedtocomehere,asisthecasedaily;whenignorance,poverty,crimeisallowedtolanduponourshores...itistimethatgoodmenliftedtheirarmsandsoundedtheirvoicesagainsttheabomination...Becauseitiseverydayweakeningthestrength,anddestroyingthecharacterofthecountry.AmericacanonlybeAmericabykeeping itAmerican.Americansmustfillouroffices,greatandsmall...ThisisOURland.Weownit.”

M


184 High St. Suite 603, Boston, MA, 02110 • www.faireconomy.org • [email protected] • 617-423-2148N

“[Immigrantsofthisnationality]areariffraffofdesperatescoundrals,ex-convicts,andjailbirds.”


184 High St. Suite 603, Boston, MA, 02110 • www.faireconomy.org • [email protected] • 617-423-2148O

“[Theimmigrantsofthisnationality]arenothingbut‘importedbeggars’and‘animals’,amongrelmassofignoranceandcrimeandsuperstition,asutterlyunfitforsociety’sdutiesastheyarefor the common courtesies anddecencies ofcivilizedlife.”



1. Italian immigrants in New York City — Senator Henry Cabor Lodge (1909)

2. Mexicans — Congressman Tom Tancredo, In Mortal Danger - The Battle for

America’s Borders and Security (2006)

3. German and Catholic immigrants — The American Crusader (1854)

4. Russians, Hungarians, Poles, Italians, Greeks, and Asians — NYC Police Commissioner Theodore Bingham (1908)

5. Irish — The American Standard, a New Jersey newspaper (1859)

P

Attitudes Toward Immigrants

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