WOMEN’S WRESTLING-SOME OBSERVATIONS FROM A COACH AND SCIENTIST

Podlivayev B. A. , Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Moscow, Russia

RAJKO PETROV – TRAINER, SCIENTIST, PUBLIC FIGURE

THE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS AND NUMBER OF COUNTRIES AT THE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS IN 1987-2000

Year Venue Number of participants

Number of countries

1987 NOR 48 8

1989 SUI 53 13

1990 SWE 45 12

1991 JPN 64 13

1992 FRA 83 20

1993 NOR 75 21

1994 BUL 54 19

1995 RUSSIA 137 24

1996 BUL 88 20

1997 FRA 92 21

1998 POL 86 21

1999 SWE 85 21

2000 BUL 90 24

THE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS AND NUMBER OF COUNTRIES AT THE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS IN 2001-2014

Year Venue Number of participants

Number of countries

2001 BUL 100 282002 GRE 150 342003 USA 154 292005 HUN 159 432006 CHN 164 472007 AZE 198 542008 JPN 139 412009 DEN 172 522010 RUS 155 522011 TUR 215 622012 CAN 111 282013 HUN 142 412014 UZB 186 32

THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PHASES OF OVARIAN-MENSTRUAL CYCLE (CMC) ON THE STATUS AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE WOMEN

• the condition and performance of female athletes change periodically depending on the OMC phase;

• female athletes achieve peak performance levels during post-menstrual and post-ovulatory phases;

• Women’s body functional systems and performance capacity are at their lowest during the pre-menstrual, menstrual, and ovulatory phases;

• OMC frequency is usually the same; the 28-day cycle is the most common;

• premenstrual syndrome, which negatively affects many women, requires close attention during women athletes’ training;

• in any case, the sports doctor and coach must know the individual OMC schedule of every athlete, as well as the peculiarities of their body system responses throughout each phase of the cycle.

NEGATIVE PHENOMENA INHERENT TO WOMEN ATHLETES (SHAHLINA L.G., 1995)

insufficient caloric intake;

menstrual irregularity;

increased fragility of the

bones (osteoporosis).

THE RESULTS OF THE MONITORING SOMATOMETRICOS INDICATORS OF MEN AND WOMEN ENGAGED IN VARIOUS SPORTS (T. SOCHA, 2001)

the structural and functional peculiarities of the female body influence sports technique, tactics and the results of competition activity;

accurate knowledge of how male and female morphofunctional systems differ allows us to effectively correct the process of women’s sports training;

the specifics of the development of adaptation processes in a woman’s body under the influence of training loads are predetermined by their parameters and the contents of recreational and prophylactic events.

THE MAIN CAUSES ABNORMALITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN ATHLETES (T. S. SOBOLEVA, 1999)

physiological aspects, including the different degree of expression of morphological masculinization and the high frequency of reproductive function pathology;

psychological aspects, including the female athletes’ psychological masculinization, difficult adaptation to married life and frequent psychosexual development malfunctions;

social aspects, including rapid emancipation of women’s sports and gender conflicts in modern-day sports.

THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF GENDER DIFFERENTIATION OF WOMEN ATHLETES (SOBOLEVA T.S., 1997; KALININA N.A., 2003; RODOMANOVA S.S.,2007; ARTAMONOVA T.V.,2007; S. HAAMER S.,1979; WROBLEWSKI E. P., 2009; ETC.)

women with a high level of male hormones found among the general population of elite athletes have a gender identity similar to that of males and a masculine somatotype, which, in turn, give them an advantage in developing speed-strength abilities;

the best results are reached by men and women with elevated levels of male hormones;

sportswomen of high qualification women with high content in the body of male sex hormones, are similar to the male gender identity and masculine somatotype, which, in turn, give them an advantage in the development of speed-power abilities;

the high performance sport forms a rigid model of activity, attracting women masculine somatotype, which can be used in training men's training procedures, but with strict individualized control of the current functional status of each athlete.

ENERGY ABILITY ADAPTATION OF WRESTLERS TO CARDIAC STRESS LOADS

Athletes Activity duration, min., s.

VО2 ml/min/kg

MV l/min %О2 HR AT bpm

HRmax bpm

La mol/l

Greco-Roman wrestling, n=20

8.82±0.54 50.1±0.82 142±1.7 3.67±0.01 147±0.90 168±1.40 11.3±0.52

Prize-winners, n=4 8.9±0.75 50.0±1.40 152±2.80 3.60±0.09 154±1.50 167±1.90 12.00.57

Non-prize-winners, n=16 8.7±0.58 50.3±1.25 133±1.50 3.63±0.01 133±1.40 169±1.35 11.00.48

Freestyle wrestling, n=24

9.64±0.52 53.2±0.75 148±1.50 4.25±0.01 156±0.80 172±1.25 12.2±0.45

Prize-winners, n=8 9.82±0.65 54.0±0.95 156±1.90 4.30±0.05 162±1.20 170±1.62 13.1±0.36

Non-prize-winners, n=16 8.92±0.94 52.8±1.02 136±1.20 3.82±0.01 148±1.05 168±1.24 11.8±0.52

Women’s wrestling, n=20

7.84±0.52 40.6±1.24 138±1.94 3.24±0.11 146±1.40 162±2.15 10.6±0.54

Prize-winners, n=6 8.00±0.65 46.5±1.65 142±1.78 3.42±0.09 152±1.84 165±2.10 12.1±0.72

Non-prize-winners, n=14 7.58±062 38.4±1.82 134±1.68 3.18±0.10 1421.66 158±1.94 9.5±0.65

ADAPTATION OF WRESTLERS’ ANALYTICAL SYSTEMS TO CARDIAC STRESS LOADS

Athletes Activity duration, min., s.

M-response, mlA Sensorimotor reaction speed, mls

М-1 М-2 Simple reaction

Selective reaction

Greco-Roman wrestling, n=20

8.82±0.54 9.80±0.64 24.5±0.78 284±1.40 372±1.75

Prize-winners, n=4 8.90±0.75 9.00±0.72 21.0±1.02 260±1.80 337±1.90

Non-prize-winners, n=16 8.70±0.58 9.50±0.78 27.8±0.74 290±1.50 374±1.65

Freestyle wrestling, n=20 9.64±0.52 9.40±0.56 22.5±0.65 280±1.20 356±1.25

Prize-winners, n=4 9.82±0.65 8.60±0.56 18.8±0.95 255±1.60 306±1.62

Non-prize-winners, n=16 8.92±0.54 9.20±0.64 24.2±0.56 280±1.25 340±1.45

Women’s wrestling, n=20 7.84±0.52 9.80±0.72 19.80±0.75 294±2.25 397±2.45

Prize-winners, n=4 8.00±0.65 10.00±0.75 20.5±0.68 285±1.85 368±2.03

Non-prize-winners, n=16 7.58±062 9.60±0.68 19.6±0.70 306±2.12 418±2.18

INDICATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL AND STRENGTH FITNESS OF ATHLETES OF VARYING AGE AND QUALIFICATIONS

Test subjects Indications at rest

PWC170

kgm/kgVC, ml Gench test, s. Right hand

max. strength, kg

Adult athletes (n=20)

25.6±2.1

4720±36.8

50.5±2.1

42.5±1.83

Juniors (n=20)

27.0±1.9

4100±41.0

37.3±1.8

36.1±1.94

Cadets (n=20)

26.1±2.8

3500±44.5

30.1±2.1

30.1±2.1

INDICATIONS OF THE CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM AND CNS RECOVERY IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMPETITION

Test subjects Indications after the match

HR bpm 1 min. rec. HR bpm 2 min. rec. Spatial orientation, degree, error

Adult athletes (n=20)

177 ±1.7 124 ±1.5 2.3 ±2.3

Juniors (n=20) 190 ±1.1 138 ±1.4 3.6 ±2.1

Cadets (n=20) 196 ±1.6 162 ±1.9 11.8 ±1.8

INDICATIONS OF THE CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM DURING LATER PHASES OF THE RECOVERY PERIOD

Indications Adult athletes Juniors Cadets

Evening, after

dinner

Morning, after sleep

Evening, after

dinner

Morning, after sleep

Evening, after

dinner

Morning, after sleep

HR bpm85.6±1.3 68±1.4 88.2±1.3 80.1±1.55 96.2±1.1 88.1±1.55

Ruffier index, points

10.2±1.5 4.7±1.6 13.4±1.65 9.9±1.4 14.1±1.65 12.7±1.4

AP mm Hg112/75±1.4

 115/78±1.1

 116/85±1.24

 

THE RESULTS OF THESE STUDIES

the degree of realization of the potential reserves of the body when performing a competitive exercise depends on the functionality of the cardiorespiratory system (level PWC170, and VC, the delay time of breath), power potential and state of the CNS;

a high level of consistency of systems of the body defines an effective adaptation to a competitive load and rapid recovery of the cardiovascular system of adult athletes after graduation;

compared to highly skilled athletes juniors characterizes somewhat reduced reserve capacity of the cardiorespiratory system and power potential, which is reflected in the reduction in the speed of recovery process and indication of the deterioration of the efficiency of intersystem regulation;

The cadets celebrated the fatigue of the Central nervous system, manifested in the deterioration of coordination of movements, the intensity of the cardiovascular system immediately after the bout and in the later phases of recovery, due to insufficient functional capacity.

METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TRAINING OF WOMEN IN WRESTLING

when planning training women need to consider the optimal sequence when performing the training loads of different orientation;

the implementation loads a large volume and moderate intensity (to the threshold of anaerobic metabolism) has promoted the aerobic capacity, the increase in the volume of the cavities of the heart and the power of the infarction, the formation of an adequate peripheral vascular responses, consistent morphological and functional improvement of slow and fast muscle fibers;

as a result of applying such loads also increases the efficiency of mitochondrial apparatus of muscle cells that combine to provide increase the capacity of the aerobic mechanism of energy supply to perform intensive loads, i.e. the increase in the threshold of anaerobic metabolism;

along with loads of large and moderate intensity it is necessary to increase the maximum aerobic capacity, which are subject to high requirements in competitive bouts;

loads of high intensity in the zones of maximal and submaximal intensity increases not only the maximum reserves of breathing, circulation and maximum aerobic function, but also simultaneously promote the growth of anaerobic (alactate and glycolytic) capabilities.

SUMMARY:

The level of performance in high-intensity competitive loads is determined by the amount of reserve capacity, provide stable functioning of the organism in extreme conditions.

With age and educational qualifications the efficiency of intersystem regulation and performance in competitive intensity increases.

When planning training loads young athletes need to consider age features of development of the organism and use a training load that is adequate to their functionality.

The most important indicator in evaluating the effectiveness of adaptation to competitive stress is the rate of recovery of body systems and their normalization in the later phases of the recovery period.

Thank you for your attention!