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Poetry Terms
Free Verse
• Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme. This poetry imitates the natural rhythms of speech.
Blank Verse
• Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Blank means not rhymed.
• Verse used by William Shakespeare.
Iambic Pentameter
• Five iambs - The most important verse in poetry form in the English epic and dramatic poetry.
Sonnet
• A fourteen line poem, a lyric, and usually in iambic pentameter.
Ballad
• A fairly short narrative poem written in a songlike stanza form.
Lyric
• Poetry that does not tell a story but aims at expressing an author’s thoughts or emotions.
Imagery
• Word pictures that appeal to the five senses
Catalog Poem
• A catalog poem is built on a list of images.
• Sometimes it builds into a rolling rhythm.
Scene
• A setting which includes time and place
• Setting may be implied or stated directly
Haiku
• A Japanese poetry form
• 17 syllables, 5-7-5
• presents images from everyday life
• Contains seasonal word or symbol
• Presents a moment of discovery or enlightenment
Extended Imagery
• Images that continue through several lines of poetry.
Example of Extended Imagery
“Then a mile of warm sea-scented beach;
Three fields to cross till a farm appears,
A tap at the pane, the quick sharp scratch
And blue spurt of a lighted match.”Robert Browning
From “Meeting at Night”
Cliche
• An overused word, worn-out expression or phrase
Allusion
• A reference to a statement, person, place, event, or thing that is known from literature, history, religion, myth, politics, sports, science, or pop culture.
Symbolism
• A person, place, thing, or event that stands for itself and something beyond itself.
Figures of Speech
Simile
• A figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike, using such words or phrases as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems.
Metaphor
• A figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike.
Personification
• A figure of speech in which human attributes are given to an animal, an object, or a concept.
Hyperbole
• An exaggeration for effect
Rhyme
• Repetition of similar sounds or words, within a line or at the end of a line
Half-rhyme
• Also called near rhyme or slant rhyme
• Words are alike in some sound but do not exactly sound the same
• Example: now and know
Approximate RhymesNear RhymesSlant Rhymes
• Two words are alike in some sound but do not rhyme exactly
• Example:
now and know
Stanza
• Group of consecutive lines in a poem that form a single unit
• Couplet 2
• Tercet 3
• Quatrain 4
• Cinquain 5
Stanza Continued
• Sestet 6
• Heptastich 7
• Octave 8
Rhyme Scheme
• Applying the letters of the alphabet to new sounds of words at the end of each line.
• I will go a
• To the show a
• We will eat b
• At our seatb
Meters
• Monometer = 1
• Dimeter =2
• Trimeter =3
• Tetrameter =4
• Pentameter =5
• Hexameter =6
Meter continued
• Heptameter = 7
• Octameter = 8
Sound Words
Alliteration
• Repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close together
Consonance
• Repetition of consonant sounds within the words in a line of poetry
Assonance
• Repetition of similar vowel sounds that are followed by different consonant sounds
Example: base and fade
young and love
Repetition
• Words, phrases, or lines that repeat in the poem
Internal Rhyme
• Words that rhyme within one line of poetry.
Internal Rhyme
• Rhymes in the middle of a line
• “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary.”
Edgar Allan Poe, from “The Raven”
Onomatopoeia
• Words that sound like their meaning
Rhythm
• Alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in language
Meter
• Poetic feet
• A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
Kinds of Feet Meter or Rhythm
• Iamb da Dah
• Trochee Dah da
• Anapest da da Dah
• Dactyl Dah da da
• Spondee Dah Dah
• These sounds are syllables or words.
Scansion
• Reading in an exaggerated way to find the rhythm (meter).
Theme
• The underlying meaning or idea of the poem
Oxymoron
• A figure of speech that combines apparently contradictory ideas.
• Example: jumbo shrimp
Apostrophe
• A figure of speech in which a writer directly addresses an absent or dead person, an abstract quality, or something non-human as if it were present and capable of responding.
Implied Metaphor
• Comparison that suggests rather than directly states that one think is something else.
• Words suggest the nature of the comparison.
Narration
• Type of writing or speaking that tells about a series of related events. (The other types of writing are description, exposition, and persuasion.)
Style
• The choice of words, phrases, and sentences
• Placement on the page
• Dialect or regional speech
• Poetic forms, such as ode, ballad, sonnet, or lyric, to name a few
Diction
• Choice of words
Speaker
• The voice that is talking to us in a poem.
Pun
• Play on multiple meanings of a word or two words that sound alike but with different meanings. Shakespeare was a great punster.
Dialect
• Way of speaking that is characteristic of a particular region or a particular group of people.
Rhetorical Question
• A question asked but not intended by the speaker to be answered.
Understatement
• To represent as less than is the case
Epithet
• A short descriptive phrase pointing out an outstanding quality of a character.
Implied Ideas
• Information in a poem that implies meaning, but it does not say explicitly.
• Many poems ask the reader to “read between the lines.”
Irony
• Verbal - The difference between what one says and what one means
• Situational – The difference between what seems appropriate and what really happens, or when what we expect to happen is in fact quite contradictory to what really does take place.
Irony Continued
• Dramatic Irony – When the audience or the reader knows something important that a character in a play or story does not know.
Extended Metaphor
• A comparison developed over several lines or the entire poem.
Analogy
• An analogy is a comparison of two pairs of words. The words in each pair have the same relationship to each other.
Paraphrase
• A restatement of the content of a poem designed to make its prose meaning as clear as possible.
Tone
• The author’s attitude toward his/her material. Tone depends on word choice.
Conflict
• Struggle or clash between opposing characters or between opposing forces.
• External conflictsMan vs. Man social
Man vs. Nature physical
Man vs. Fate metaphysical
Conflict Continued
• Internal ConflictMan vs. Himself- psychological
Rhyme Scheme
• Assigning letters of the alphabet to rhyming lines in order to establish the kind of poem.
Rhymed Couplet
• Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme.
End-stopped Line
• Punctuation at the end of the line.
Run-on Line
• No punctuation at the end of the line, which means that the reader continues the phrases without pausing or stopping.
Shakespearean Sonnet
• Three, four line stanzas, plus a couplet.Each stanza reflects a thought and the couplet give an answer or a conclusion.
• Abab, cdcd, efef, gg
Italian Sonnet
• Also called Petrarchan Sonnet
• One octave, one sestet
• The octave establishes a problem, the sestet gives a solution
• Abba, abba, cde, cde
Prose Poem
• A prose poem is a compact and rhythmic composition written in the form of a prose paragraph.
• Like any poem, a prose poem often presents its message by means of a vivid figure of speech.
Denotation
• Dictionary definition of a word
Connotation
• All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests
Dramatic Monologue
• A dramatic monologue is a poem in which a character speaks to one or more listeners. The reactions of the listener must be inferred by the reader.