Poland's Quiet Revolution: The Unfolding of Shale Gas Exploration and its Discontents in Pomerania

7/31/2019 Poland's Quiet Revolution: The Unfolding of Shale Gas Exploration and its Discontents in Pomerania

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PolAnds Quiet revolution:

of shAle gAs exPlorAtion

And its disContents in

PomerAniA

E M

Arac: This research highlights the unravelling of Polands shale

gas revolution and analyses the structural problems faced by villagerswho oppose testing, drilling, wildcatting, and the production of sha-

le gas in their rural communities in northern Poland. I argue that the

bed-fellowship between global energy (oil and gas) companies1 and thePolish government have ignored villagers complaints and excluded thepublic from discussions on shale gas exploration and its ecological ef-

fects. Due to the lack government-sanctioned legal protections againstshale gas exploration granted to villagers, the rural poor have been bur-dened with the task of reaching out to international organisations and

the academic community to establish alliances and leverage inuencein order to be heard by their own government. Lastly, I argue that the

transition into the market economy for these villagers is over as theynow have to ght for the very private property rights they fought for du-

ring Solidarity and are now entering into the larger, rural struggles onthe global level against global companies intrusion and dispossessingthem of their natural environments, private property, and rural liveli-

hoods. I urge post-socialist scholars, ethnographers, citizens, activistswith access to such rural communities to help amplify their voices in the

international sphere.

Kor: she gs, i pnies, widtting, veents,Pnd, tnsitin

T Qu Roluo: T Uol o Sal

Ga Elorao Ear Euro

A get injstie tht hs hteised the nding the she gsevtin in Pnd sine 2010 nens the tep disjnte

between when intin is de pbi (bt she gs) vess


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when tht se intin hd edy been knwn t pivtepnies nd the Pish gvenent. Ang the eiest edi

vege she gs in Epe ws eesed in Deebe 2009 inwhih The Economist, bsing its intin n esh 2009 GASH2

stdy n she gs eseves in Epe, tey pedited thtAss Epe, stethy nd-gb is nde wy nd stted thtTny Hywd, BP Exetive, ed the hshed enhent

she gs exptin in Epe qiet evtin.3 In de theshe gs evtin t be pete, the pnies nd thei ied

gvenents st t ste thn Epen pbis n gnise,biise nd nte the. In de the evtin t wk,pnies nd gvenents st be seve pges hed pb-

i: nessins st be gnted bee pbis gees, pniesst di be-hes bee pbi dends tht e heent

she gs ws be pssed, pnies st test she gs with hyd-i ttin (king) bee pbi n sk wht hei

ntin e being sed in the pess, pnies st jp site t site (widt) bee pbi dends pensti-n seve-kiete, deep be-hes died in thei bkyds

nd ntinting thei eds. The e ginst tie is s ginstthe gnistins: the pnies nd the gvenents wi hve

edy dne engh envinent dge bee the EpenUnin (EU) psses she gs egtins ndting tht petins

st be nited by tside gnistins, bee hn ightsgps dend tht she gs exptin be e tnspent ndtht pnies st be hed ntbe ining nities

nd envinents nd gvenents st be hed ntbe sqndeing deti debte nd piitising eign pny

ights ve itizens ights. Tie tnstes int eed nd piti-

evege s pbi pys th-p nd gives gvenent ndpnies vntge pint t hep stee the debte, ete ded-ends dissentes, nd nish thei evtin.

F expe, in Feby 2011, the US Enegy Intin Adi-nisttin (EIA) epted tht Pnd hd tehniy evebe187 tiin bi eet4 she gs eseves, the gest in Epe,the ninth in the wd, nd engh t ke the nty gs inde-

pendent the next 300 yes.5 It ws the st tie tht the pbiws de we hw h she gs hd been ted n Pish

teity. By the tie EIA ept de its edi spsh nd she


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gs enteed ntin disse, hweve, Pnds nthen p-vine (Penin vivdship) hd edy been zned int ge

nessins nd gb i, enegy nd gs pnies wee gn-ted exptin ienses by Pnds Ministy Envinent t

jpstt the exptin pess. As ey s Otbe 2007, LneEnegy Pnd sbsidiy 3LegsReses (UK) hd edybeen gnted nessins Pnds Ministy Envinent

t expe she gs in its Siin gs shes.6 This hs hd envin-ent eets, s heis sed ding she gs exptin hd

edy been sed n testing sites nd envinent side-eetspi t pbi debte nd tside niting by envinentgps. Seve yes te in Jy 2010, Pnd jined the US ed

Gb She Gs Inititive (GSGI), whih pened the fd gtes e gb she gs exptin in nthen Pnds Bti

Bsin.7 As GSGI ebe, Pnd diety beneted U.S.tehni expetise t jpstt exptin.8 Cnessins gn-

ted by Pnds Ministy Envinents Deptent Gegynd Gegi Cnessins9 wee given t the gb i, gs, nd

enegy pnies: 3Legs Reses, BNK Pete, C Enegy,10Chevn,11 CnPhiips,12 ENI,13 ExxnMbi,14 Gs Ps,15 LneEnegy,16 M Oi,17 Mthn Oi, PGNiG, Re Enegy Intenti-

n, Sn Len Enegy,18 Spnis Investents,19 Siin Hwd,Tisn Enegy, Tt SA (TOT),20 et . By Septebe 2010, jst

seve nths te te Pnds entne int the GSGI, the B-ti Bsins st she exptin wes hd edy been died by

CnPhiips nd 3Legs Reses in the viges Lebien LE1nd gw LE1.21 It is ne jst hw ey n the gb -

pnies nd gvenents wee we the she gs eseves inEpe nd in Pnd bee the news ght p with the pbi.

Pesby, h the eseh n she gs ndetken by pi-vte pnies hs been behind sed ds; nt pbiy debtedin the edi by tivist gps n , ntin intentin

eves. Gb i, enegy nd gs pnies nd the Pish gven-ent hve ted in dvne the expeted wve pbi stiny,

with itte tnspeny, nd t the expense deti, pbidebte nd viges ess t intin n she gs exptinin thei bkyds. In Pnd, sh exptin d hve evded

the pbi eye bese the gvenent initiy gnted nessi-

ns n stte ppety, ths viding the ptentiy isky pess


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sking viges t nsent nti te seeted pnies weetby pesent in the pvine. The speed she gs exp-

tin ve the pst yes hs, theee, been ing t stete thn intentin gnistins n ept n.

Er Scur a a Goolcal Framor

When Pnds she gs evtin ws expsed t pbi stiny,the gvenent ttepted t e it s n pptnity t inese

the ntys pestige nd pwe. In Nvebe 2011, ding his -eptne speeh te the Pienty Eetins hed in Otbe2011, Pie Ministe Dnd Tsk stted tht she gs exptin

ws Pnds hne t tp int des ndegnd iheswhih wi ntibte t te deisins n tx eies, new-bn

bby wne, nd singe, nives eie in the pen-sin nd.22 She gs enthsists in the edi nd gvenent

ntiipted tht she gs eny d ete p t 100,000jbs nd genete h needed expt evene tht wd sve

all Pnds eni pbes with nepyent, w wges,k nni seity the te genetins. She gs p-dtin wd we the st eissins, nd en p Pnds

dependene n i-pting nd ingeni s.23 Exptinpnies s dvetised sii gnd visins. The Pish-stte

wned PGNiG exptin pny ed the ntys she gsb, fe hpe,24 e- t its eni henges. A-

ding t Petinvest pesident Betnd Le Gen, Pnd deven bee send Texs Nwy.25 She gs d be Pn-

ds key t e-bnded, gb eny ess ike EU ebe sttesnd e ike the US nd eniy ike Nwy.

Des side, t nvine Pnd nd the EU tht she gs ex-ptin ws neessy, the bzz te enegy seity26 eegedwhih enpsted bth the gb pnies she gs eve nd

the Pish sttes gepiti inteests in peting with shpnies. Its igins e ted t US Seety Stte, Hiy

Cintn wh instied the US gepiti visin n enegy seePnd when she invited the tte t jin the GSGI ebeshipp bk in Jy 2010 ding he tip t Pnd t sign the US-

Pnd Bite Missie Deense Bi with Pnds Feign Minis-

te Rdsw Sikski. Cintn stted tht the US wnts t ke


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Pnd enegy independent nd ede in Epe n enegy -tentives.27 Centy, Pnd ipts tw-thids its nventi-

n gs, nn nsptin, the Rssin stte-ntedgint Gzp nd its pesent ntt wi teinte in 2022.I

Pnd deveps she gs pdtin by tht dte, it wd nt e-new its ntt with Rssi nd y even sp p Rssis WestEpen stes. In dditin t Gzps Y-Epe pi-

peine tht enty ts hiznty ss nthen Pnd intGeny, the Nd Ste pipeine, pened in Agst 2011, n-

neting Rssis nventin gs t Fne, Hnd nd Genyndeses the dependene West Epe n Gzp. In thepst, t gin piti evege, Rssi hs bied EU ebe sttes

by thetening t seve gs sppies t Epen nties nd seekkets in Asi.28 Enegy seity in Pnd epesents n tenti-

ve t Gzp Epen nties. Indeed, Pnds enegyindependene d bing egin gepiti hnges t eted

t tentive enegy, within the EU. In s, n the ntin ndintentin eves, she gs inteests in Pnd e n intesetin

US gepiti inteests, gb nd ntin i, enegy, nd gspnies eni inteests nd the Pish gvenents de pspes Pnd independent Rssi nd ede in the

EU.

Gr Mar: T Co Gr I a

Polc o Hraulc Fracuao

Athgh she gs is gepiti nd eni pne bthPnd nd the EU, its tehni exetin hs gneed te in-

tentin esistne. She gs hs been bnded s en nd

tentive enegy se t nd de i.29

On 25 Jny2012, Pesident Bk Ob, in his Stte the Unin Addess,stted tht

O [Aein] expeiene with she gs, expeienewith nt gs, shws s tht the pys n these pbi

investents dnt wys e ight wy. Se tehn-gies dnt pn t; se pnies i. Bt I wi ntwk wy the pise en enegy.30

In eity hweve, the exptin, testing, nd exttin

she gs eqies pited ethds dependnt n high-qity


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expetise, hn pit, nd we-deveped instt sys-te in nd nd the bses tht enses the eieny ving

teis, extting she gs, dispsing wstewte nd hei-s, nd its pdtin nses. Fist, exptin p-

nies y t seisgi testing t detet she gs in the kswhih, in densey ppted es, n ete gnd tes ndinstt dge. I she gs is pesent then the pny

dis, seve kiete deep be hes int the gnd t teststhe qity the gs. The exttin she gs indes the n-

tvesi tehniqe hydi ttin, king, whih,ding t the US Enegy Intin Adinisttin (EIA) web-site,

invves the inetin e thn iin gns wte, snd nd heis t high pesse dwn nd

ss int hiznty died wes s s 10,000 eetbew the se. The pessized ixte ses the

k ye ... t k. These sses e hed pen by thesnd pties s tht nt gs the she n fwp the we.31

The dieene between the exttin she gs nd nven-tin gs kiete ndegnd is tht: nventin gs

depsits e ped in bsin k sses nd eqie tppingint ndegnd ps whees she depsits e tpped wi-

thin the k nd invve the pess hydi ttin textt the she gs the k itse.32 Ths, she gs ext-

tin eqies king: ntvesi, sine it is sspeted n-tinting wte-tbes, geneting w ses bve-gnd,

the seeping et-ve heis t the se, nd geneydging the esyste. The disps the ntinted,

hei wte nd snd s eqies highy-nited in-stte t ense tht the heis d nt ek int the en-vinent. The ng-te envinent eets e nnded

by the pess widtting, whih ens diing be hes,testing the she gs, nd eving the be-he t expe t n

tente site s the ppety wne des with the envinenteets the be-he n his/he nd. Whie Ob iedtht se pnies i ding the pess exptin, he

did nt entin tht entie esystes i s they e dispsses-

sed thei envinents in the pess. She gs exptin


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ies teends envinent isk tht is igned thghits bnding en enegy.

Envinentists hve denstted tht wte-tbe pbeshve been sed diety by king bth in the US nd Cnd. In

Deebe 2011, US Envinent Ptetin Ageny (EPA) eptied tht king ntibted t gndwte ptin in Wy-ing,33 hweve in ses, the exptin pnies hve denied

diet etinship, iing insted tht ntintin is de tnt pesses neted t she gs exvtin, hd existed

pi t the diing. Ading t Geenpee, hydi ttinis weking hv n nities ve the nty, s we s n ite.34 It ges tht king indes ve 260 heis in

the king kti tht txi, ingeni nd tgeni nd nntinte gndwte de t ie the integity the we

be nd igtin ntinnts thgh sbse pthwys.When the king wte is dispsed , The vp tht ises

the evptin pits whee king wstewte is ten sted hsbeen eded s ntining the ptent ingen benzene nd

sty, when y inde the bn tpint king the pdtin the heis t the npted eissins gs int the tsphee the gb wing ptin d be s

bd wse thn . F piti, eni nd envinentesns, Gzp s hs tken stnd ginst she gs exp-

tin, inditing tht The pdtin she gs is ssited withsignint envinent isks, in pti the hzd se

nd ndegnd wte ntintin with heis ppied inthe pdtin pess.35 It is dnge t dinking wte.36 Indeed

with espet t she gs exptin in Epe nd Pnd, envin-ent gps nd Gzp hve bee ies. F sh envin-

ent nens, tis n she gs exptin hve beenpssed in Fne, the Pvine Qebe (Cnd), nd New YkStte (ptiy ited), Mynd, New Jesey nd hs et widesped

esistne in the Nethends, the UK whie in Bgi, thee weetipe ptests in S in (2011) ing ti n she

gs exptin.Tking envinent dnges int nt, Epen nties

e spit between the gepiti vess envinent eits

she gs exptin. Whie pst-Sviet sttes sppt expti-

n nd v gepiti ve envinent gents, West


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Epen sttes hve tken evesed stne (thgh when sh-e gs is in pdtin, thse sttes wi pbby nse she

gs Pnd). The EU hs been inediby sw n this nt.In Jne 2011, the Epen Pients Diette Gene

Inten Piies eesed ept sggesting tht the EU devep pehensive ining w, pbiy vibe egty -ewk n she gs exttin, ndt ndty, n-site

niting37 se wte fws nd i eissins, sttistis npints nd idents:

(b)ese the pex nte pssibe ipts ndisks t the envinent t hn heth hyditing nsidetin shd be given t deveping

new dietive t Epen eve egting isses inthis e pehensivey.38

It ied,In ny ses, ining ights e pivieged ve itizens

ights, nd piti thities ten d nt hve ninfene n pssibe pjets ining sites s these e

gnted by ntin stte gvenents nd thei th-ities.39

She gs exptin nd exttin in Pnd nd the pts

Esten Epe is the i nd enegy pnies e ginst EUtie. Ading t Miej Oex-Szzytwski, spei dvis t P-

nds Ministy Feign Ais, Pnd wi ttept t vet EUttepts t eting Epen-wide egtins n she gs exp-

tin. Ciing tht she gs exptin shd be deided nthe ntin-eve the thn vi Bsses, PGNiGs depty hieexetive Mek Kb stted tht she gs exptin is n

enegy seity isse40 evey nty. Ths, Pnds investent

in she gs is s deep tht it is wiing t e she gs expti-n s ntin, the thn Epen isse, nd vests it pn thevey denitin wht sveeign ntin n nd nnt d in the

EU. Ths, The te she gs is, theee, ing gid-k inthe EU. Pnd wnts t devep she gs independenty witht

EU egtin bese it beieves tht pdtin wi benet theEUs psitin with egds t Gzp; yet it is wiing t d sby pising its psitin in the EU nd the EUs envinen-

t ed. West Epen nties seek Epen stin t

she gs pdtin t ptet thei envinents bt sti e, s


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individ nties, high pies nd dependene n Rssis G-zp. S, the tie between nw nd when she gs egtin is

being vted n in Bsses, Pes wh e ginst she gs exp-tin e in iti psitin t ke thei vies hed, t ke

envinent is ginst sh exptin nd piy theise thgh ntin nd intentin disses.

Pnds pbi vs the gepiti the thn envinen-

t visin she gs exptin. The test sttistis Sep-tebe 2011 by the Pbi Opinin Reseh Cente (CBOS) shw

tht 73% Pes gee t she gs diing, 4% disgee, nd 23% ense.41 Hweve, when sked whethe nt hydi t-tin ws se the envinent, 43% Pes sid it ws se,

16% sid it ws nse, nd 41% wee nse.

42

Whie st Peswnt she gs exptin they d s whie nt being nvined

bt its envinent eits s en enegy. And the 41% whe nse bt hydi ttin eve nsidebe pti-

n the Pish pbi whse pinins d be sti swyed.Athgh the Pish gvenent hs epted Pnds inevi-

tbe te s pspetive she gs ket, the eity is thtthe te she gs pdtin eins netin. Adingt Stnisw Ryhiki, spevisy bd hin Pish st-

te-wned PGNiG whih enty hds she gs nessins innthen Pnd, pnies e sti tying t ge t whethe

the qntity eseves nd sts diing nd pdtin wi best-eetive in the ng-n.43 Diing sts in Pnd (nd Epe

in gene) e e expensive thn in the US bese she gs isted deepe ndegnd nd e dit t extt. Sinking

ne we in Pnd sts bt thee nd h ties e (bt$14 iin) thn in the US. Pnd s des nt hve bst she

gs exttin instte nd estbishing n expt ket wieqie get de instt investent nd devepent.Epe is s e densey ppted, ening tht the envin-

ent hzds sed by she gs exttin e ikey t ete pepe even i exptin is ntined within the teity

singe nty. As, whie in the US the ine ights e pi-vtey wned, in Epe nd Pnd, they e wned by the gve-nent, whih ens tht gvenent inteests st espnd

with thse the i nd gs pnies. Whie the Pish gve-

nent des nt hve pehensive she gs w, its ine


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ws e bsed n the peise tht gegi tins nstitte pbi gd nd the piitistin pnies inteests ve

dissenting pbi inteests ve she gs en tht the gvenentis piking nd hsing. The t tht ine ights e ntin,

nt pivte, d ipy tht we-gnised pbi d bbyt gent thse ws in thei inteests. At this pint hweve,the Pish pbi is dending ti n she gs

exptin. Yet, these bve-entined henges pniesnstitte the Ahies hee she gs exptin, piti site

tht viges shd pitise i they wish t seisy jepdisethe nding the she gs b.

Sal Ga Maa Pomraa

Disnnetin is j thee ndeying Pnds expeienewith she gs exptin. The tep disnnetin between

she gs exptin nd distibtin intin t the pbisphee, the disnnetin between gepiti nd envinentdisses n the ve she gs exptin t siety, the pi-

y disnnetin between the EU nd Pnd, eves dishnyn she gs exptin whie pnies e degding entie

envinents. This wk nw tn t nysing the Pish vigeswh ennte exptin. It ves the disnnetin ngst

nd between Pish viges, between viges nd thei ndntin gvenent, nd s thei issed nnetins betweenbth envinent tivists in the Epen Cissin nd in

Wsw. The sites whee nnetins wi be ged in this she gsni wi etiny be the st sess t ppting viges

gs.

This qiet evtin hs edy sed iepbe dge tpish viges. Gb pnies k espnsibiity ed-ting the pbi bt the pess she gs exttin t its spe-ed exptin nd the Pish gvenents k egd

edting its itizens nd estbishing deti debte btthe she exptin pess. The veent gete tnsp-

eny, ess t intin, nd the dends pbi debteshve hd t the gnd-p, bt gging behind seve

yes bee the qiet evtin ty begn. Pivte in-

tin bt pbi gds (sh s ines, gegy, envinent)


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ks tnspeny nd hs stied get nsin ng viges,envinent gps, gvenents ne they hd disveed

the eephnt in the : tht thei pivte ppeties e beingdegded by the bed ewship gb pnies nd the Pish

gvenent whie they wee nt inded in the initi tks n dnt they hve ess t detied intin the pess (be-pints, pns, heis, et) itse.

The Structure of Local-level Dissent against Shale Gas Exploration

As Deebe 2011, 85% the se nthen Pnds P-enin Vivdship (heneth: Peni) ws veed by she

gs nessins.44 In dditin t the 104 nessins tht the Mi-nisty Envinent hd edy given t t 19 pnies,45 s

Jny 2012, she gs ienses e ntinsy being gnted ndshe gs exptin ks set t ein in nthen Pnd.46 De

t the spti sqeeze between the gb pnies nd the ped-innty pvine, the nbe pbes nd ptests

e gwing; being egin pbe. Whie n the ntineve sttistis shw tht Pes sppt she gs, n the ndegin eve, whee exptin s, dieent sty nds.

As with ny exptin enzy expnding vst gegphi ex-pnse, the stges ding whih dieent i pnies n thei

seisgi nd di testing hs been n neven pess. Sepnies eeived nessins sne nd begn eie; thes

te. Se the eie sttes wee nsess in thei stbe-hes, nd begn t new sites. Ths, the eedbk theviges in dieent es Peni hs s been n ne-

ven seies espnses, bsed n pins t dieent stges

the exptin pess. In gene, this hs de inte-vige n-senss dit t btin bese nt eveyne is nde the senessin nd nt ing the se gephysi sevies pny.

Hweve, nthed viges e ening qiky widttedviges nd e biding nsenss ng theseves; devepingsttegies t keep thei viges ee exptin. Tht t hs

bee vey neven, essy pess ed with ntditins,isnitin, hypebes, spegting, iespnsibiity nd

nnttins with thities tht denstte shing visins.

Additiny, intin is s distibted neveny bt the


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viges thgh the edi, with etin viges pviding ny pie-es the pzze this eeging, disgnised veent ginst

exptin in the pvine.This neven nveing she gs exptin in nthen

Pnd hs geneted gnistin hdes viges nd -heent, inte-vige veent. Witht hb gnistine, dissent is ing in dieent s disssin nd th-

gh dieent sttegies, individs t iny gnisedgps viges, t y gnised viges with gve-

nents sppting thei vige-eve tis. Dissent is stited within septe teiti nits the nties (gi-ns) the thn in the n inte-vige veent ss

the egin. Meve, vege the viges is s vey i-ited nd bnd t dti nnttins between viges nd

pnies in vige eetings. The wing setins seek t shedse ight n these veents nd thei disntents.

Private Property Rights as Weapon against Dispossession andOrganisational Tool

Mining ws in Pnd e nt pivtised nd nessins e

gnted by the Ministy the Envinent. In ses whee ndhs been depivtised ding the tnsitin t ket eny,

etin pnies hve been tnte t sipy gin nsent the ntin bnh gvenent tht ntins the ights ttht nd. Othe pnies hve t gin nsent the ppe-

ty wnes theseves. Ths, pivte ppety ights, in sittinwhee the ntin gvenent is n the side the dispssess,

nstitte n iptnt wepn ginst she gs exptin.

Se viges e ny nw being geeted by epesenttives the st tie, sking nsent t di n thei nd. Hweve,the expeienes viges whih wed she gs exptin esetting the peedent the vige. One vige Kpy,

Ew Wyzykwsk, stted tht We knw, tht the testing is nt these s exttin, bt i we d nt w it, then sne te

they wi be diing hee.47 An inesing nbe viges e

being nsis the sippey spe giving she gs p-nies nsent t expe (nt even di yet) thei ppeties. I she

gs is nd, then the vige is ikey t hve t be the pesene


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gs pny n indeteinte peid tie. And, i theppety wne des nt sign nsent the pny t

seh she n his ppety thee is nt h tht n be dne.The eity is nt s bk nd white espeiy when the e-

ni stkes e s high. In the vige Niezbyszew, eWene Rtkwski is sing Gezyk T (GT) gephysisevies pny sbntted by BNK Pete t ndt

seisgi testing nd peiiny diing beh pivteppety. Mi, his wie, ied tht the GT ew dve nt the

ppety te the es hd expiity denied t give nsent the petin. GT pgised nd ied tht thee ws hne invved nd tht sh es in ge-se exptin

pjets. Hweve, the i is sti with the pie wh wi deidewhethe nt this ws n intentin beh ppety, nd i

the denttin GT ws sing ws sied. Ading t theinident ept, this ws nt the st tie GT hd been sing ss-

piis tehniqes in Niezbyszew.48 In ses whee the pnyhd t pvide penstin, it wd g t the vige epesen-

ttive nd sked hi t sign n pivte esidents penstinpkges, t whih he esed bese he did nt epesent eveysinge pivte pesn. Ths, ny the isses with the viges

nd the GT pny hve been bsed n ntt signtes,nd isses bt pivte ppety. T viges ike Rtkwski wh

wn thei ppety ights ding the tnsitin Cnis,dispssessin gin, this tie t the hnds gb ptins,

e stting thsnds esidents wh hve hd engh withdispssessin nd wnt t ght thei nd, sing thei ppetyights.

T ptet thei nd, entie neighbhds within viges hve

s ed etive petitins ginst enhent n thei ppe-ties. In Gbie, neighbhd wte ette in sidity withthe the s viges in the nty ginst she gs exptin.

The ths, viges Mgzt Pybysk-Pitk nd Leszek Pitk,The (GT) enhed witht pdn nt the tein neighbhd, nt wning s, setting p esing pes n the

tein the wnes ppeties, i they wee nt ened, nd nthe enes, wheeve the iy s hd the. In tht se, the

neighbhds e ting s gp t piy thei vies g-

inst wht they etivey see s beh thei individ pivte


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ppeties. In sii se, seventy-ve Miszw esidents ed pint ginst BNK Psk nd ied We d nt hve ny-

thing ginst she gs exptin, bt we d nt wnt this tbe dne in the viinity hes.49

In the se Sty whee jity the viges e niedginst she gs exptin, the y (wjt) the vige,Tsz Bzskwski tk pbi stnd ginst sh exptin,

ejeted the pnys penstin pkge nd stted tht sn entie vige, We e ging t ptet seves s s the

w ws.50 By stiking tgethe, the viges nd thei g-venent ipsed n in ti by bking theippeties t ny she gs exptin n nty teity.51 This

is h e sess sttegy in whih the viges e p-teted by the gvenents. Ths, the ight t pivte ppety

is n iptnt edi gnising nd viing dissent n theindivid, neighbhd, nd vige-wide eves. It n s be n

eetive ne i ptied when viges nd gvenents eigned pitiy nd eniy.

Preservation of Pristine Environments as Expression of Traditionand Rural Heritage

Evey vige dissenting t she gs exptin hedges thei g-

ents n n ginis nd envinentis tht hs wedthe t peseve the nt envinent. In Nynk, GT epe-

senttives went nd gtheing nsent s jint n-essin the teity shed by Indin Investents nd BNKPsk (bth sbsidiies BNK Pete).52 The epesenttiveswent t the viges ding the tenn nd eeived ppv

the edes whie thei idde-ged hiden wee t wk.With thei signtes, the edey sd t the next genetin es. When the ynge genetin hd disveed wht the

edes signed, eeting ws set p in the vige whee 86 the116 tt viges ed t nd signed petitin ginst she gs

exptin in thei vige. Sh petitin eds ike niesttht deqtey enpstes ny the viges espet theenvinent nd the iestye in the pvine:

Nynk is beti, isted pe, snded by

ests, kes nd expnses eds nd edws. The


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esidents Nynk ve qiet nd pee, en i,istin the bn es, nd st the p-

tetin nte, whih pesents nsy d-ting nditins ie in this egin...The exptin nd

exttin she gs ettes s, esidents, int seies bdens. We d nt wnt in Nynk nd its envinsinesed veents tks nd hines nd with

the, nise, ptin nd dst. We ejet the destti-n ds hevy tnspt tehngy. We

d nt wnt t be etteed t the isk ked bidings the eets eesing seisi tes. We wi ntw the desttin the nt envinent in

Nynk nd in its neighbing tein ...The eese she gs d in wte eses, whih d be

h t pepe nd nis. We d nt gee t end-ing the nise diing hines nd dit ighting,

nd s bething in eissins genets by thedis. Eegenies nd hn ekessness n the te-ins exttin n ed t n npeedented egi

tstphe in s thend. We hve n gn-tee, tht in the se destyed bidings nd git

nd we wi eeive hethy penstin.53

The petitines inde tht they e hw envinent deg-

dtin, ndspe bight, wi hve n the heth thei hidennd the envinent.54 Thei petitin densttes in deti the

qities ie the viges ve nd the sies they d ntwnt t ke in thei ives the teity tht es ng with

she gs exptin. The petitin ws sent bth t the gve-nent dinisttin nd the Ministy the Envinent.55 As

Jny 2012, Nynk esidents e witing eeting with GTpny nd the nty gvenent.56

Siiy, in the gin Ksin, thity viges vis vi-

ges signed petitin in whih they ied she gs exptinwd penenty in thei envinent nd tht they wd

pee tht the nty invest in g-tis. The tentive g-tis wd be ess envinenty dging nd ds bing in evene the nty. The viges ied tht

ndeneth the vige ns esh-wte qie whih they e

wi bee ntinted. They wnt t pss dwn tht qie


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nthed t the next genetin, ying i t pistine nde-gnd eses s being testent t thei espnsibiity s

pepe in peseving thei heitge nd espet nte.Rn Bke, the nty j, stted tht F s, the wi

esidents is the st iptnt [...] tht is why we sent thei ettet the Ministy the Envinent, whih is the gn tht is e-ding this tivity.57

Bth Nynk nd Ksin eve gps viges wh ewied tht she gs exptin wi nt w the t pss n

pistine envinent t thei hiden nd te genetins. Inbth ses, these viges de thei is bt thei espet the envinent thgh the ette/petitin nd sent it

t the Ministy Envinent, gvenent gn tht is spp-sed t be n thei side, bt is insted distibting the nessins.

Ths, it is dit t igine tht the Ministy Envinentwi he thei vies nd espnd t the n vbe tes t

the viges. Thse ettes shd be sent insted t envinen-t gps n the intentin sphee tht d hd sii v-es. Ths, in pisn t the pivte ppety sttegy disssed

bve, espet the envinent, tditin, nd heitge ispbby nt engh t ke dieene in these nities in

the ng-te.

A Town-hall Meeting in Niestkowo between Villagers, Gmina and

Company Representatives

Whie the bve-entined viges (ins Nynk) wee pte-ting theseves ginst the st ennte with she gs p-

nies, the viges Niestkw e ttepting t evese thei n-

sent s whih they hd edy signed. Athgh the vigeshd signed the s they wee nhppy with the qity ie thtthe Cndin-Astin-Itin pny Spnis Investents hd

bght whie diing behes.58 Ding n pen twn-h ee-ting in Niestkw, the jity viges vied thei disppv

the di testing. A epte ied thtThe ptiipnts the eeting wee ntsting. Theyephsised tht n ne nsted with the bt

jbs, whih wee edy tken [by tsides] ding the

se expty testing. They pined bt


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nnynes, espeiy the nise, whih de it dit the t seep. Se even et tes ding the di-

ing.59The isse jbs tht viges bght p ws iptnt sine

the jbs enty n the di bses e speiist jbs, nnewhih the viges d ptke in, yet they e the nes gingthgh the innveniene, witht penstin. The viges

e beginning t expeiene disnnet between the pise jbs tht she gs exptin wi bing t the egin vess the

eity n the gnd: tht the jbs e jst being tken by ei-gnes wh e speiists in the ed. One vige t the twn-heeting std p nd sid:

We did nt phse tent gdens (dziki) nd bidhes big ss ney in the vige s tht tn-

qiity nd pee wd be tken s. I y wnt tpt extting gs, d it in pes whee pepe d

nt ive.60Viges t the eeting wee s nened bt the nti-

ntin the si nd wte; whethe, thght the exttin,thee wd be expsins nd ditive heis.61 Ths, theywee qite we tht the heis in hydi ttin wd

be dnges t thei envinent nd heth.The eeting ws ttended by seve ys the e-

s s we s epesenttive the Cini-bsed enegypny BNK Pete (thee t en bt the eetings). The

vte t the end the eeting sw the jity viges vtingginst diing in thei vige.62 Bt, the diing did nt stp be-

se the viges hd edy signed nsent s t w thediing in the st pe. Vige Jsw pined They di

evey dy, even nti night. I nt ginst diing gs, bt Id nt ndestnd, why the di twe is psitined between ne-ighbhds, nd nt kiete the.63 Unti then, the dis

wi ntine t nish thei nessin ntts.64 Viges epised tht the nise ws ny tepy nd i she gs ente-

ed int pdtin, then thee wd ny be pipes.65 In dditin, epesenttive the Ntin Gegi Institte (Pstwy

Instytt Gegizny) ped t the nni d nd stted thtI the gin wi nt wish t hve di n its tein, then it


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wi pbby be pt tside the bde, bt the gin wi ntptke in the tting the ke.66

Sh tits n the the pise ihes she gspts e psitining the gin nd its nstiteny t dds with

ne nthe, s the gin wnts the dditin evenes t the ex-pense the viges. The y Niestkw sid tht L g-venents d nt wnt t se diing pnies wy it ens

instte, ppety txes nd ney.67 Even i n she gs isnd nd the diing eves penenty, Niestkw wi hve t

de with the ptenti envinent eets the testing withn pise penstin. Bt the events the twn-eetingshw wht sts ttis thse wh e in psitins pwe dep-

y t nvine the viges nd thei gvenents t eptshe gs exptin n thei nd.

The Aftermath of Shale Gas Exploration: What Chevrons WildcattingLeft Behind in Rogw

The envinent eets widtting e beginning t shw. Inthe vige Rgw, the dinking wte hs been ntinted inthe wes nd ets. One vige expined tht ne dy ding

seisgi testing st ye, the wte the sink e tbk, sey nd gey.68 The ests tests e in nd the wte

ws highy ntinted with high nts in, ngnesend the i btei. In tht e, GT ws sbntted by the

Aein gint Chevn.69 The viges, whie they e se thtthe seisgi testing sed the wte ptin, they hve n

p bese pevis wte tests hd nt been dne pi t theseisgi testing. Insted, GT sent pesnne t hep dig new

wes the viges, whih they nw se. Bt the nning wteis nt ptbe.70 De t the ptests the viges, Chevn hn-ged its tin t nthe pt the gin, bt inidenty,

even thgh they denied tht seisgi testing sed the w-te ntintin, Chevn hnged the sbntt GT

new pny, Nt Pi.71 Witht deqte eseh tht sp-peents widtting, viges hve n wy hding the Aei-n i pny ntbe nd they d nt hve the sppt

thei gvenents t y t n investigtin. Wht they

e et with e be-hes nd ntinted wte. Ading t


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Stephnie Pie, Chevn epesenttive, the wte pbes in R-gw e nt sed by Chevn nd tht viges hd pined

dity wte nths bee exptin begn. He stteent wssppted by Tdesz Seki GT, the sevies pny.72 The

se Rgw shws hw dit it wi be viges t pvethei is ginst the deni bth the i pnies nd thegephysi pnies tht bvisy degded thei nd.

Wheneve pints tipe viges e vied, they esipy stk dwn by tw pbi etins epesenttives the

exptin pny nd the gegi sevies pny. Sepnies hve begn envinent testing, bt the wng e-sns. Ading t Bgsw Snik, Civi Pt epesenttive

t the Epen Pient,Etins nd the exttin she gs e es-

ting. It is vey iptnt the envinent t be ni-ted sey ding the wks [...] It is esy t inite pni

in the nity. This is wte the i -tivists ginst she gs.73 Ths, the tend exptin

pnies ndting envinent tests is teptetin ginst viges is, thgh even whenpbe, it is nikey tht the pnies wd se thei

wn pivte dt ginst thei eni inteests.The gvenent is s deveping n gnising bdy t edi-

te the egin disptes; the wng esns. The egin e-ve Peni is ttepting t i tht the se disptes

e the t bth the viges nd the pnies. MiezyswStk, the Penin sh ied tht the se the p-be ws the k edtin s nd the iespnsibiity

the wnes the nessins.74 He ged tht viges need t

hve e ess t intin bt she gs exptin in ge-ne.75 The ptnising ssptin tht viges d nt ndes-tnd thei the tnstins in thei envinents is bsd.

Thee is vey itte hne, tht viges wi nsent t she gsexptin i they e enightened with the ight intin. In

the wds, the egin gvenent jst needs t eed the ighttype intin t the viges t win thei nsent. Stting1 Feby 2012, the pvine wi intde egin gnistin

(nned) t ke intin essibe n the intenet nd be

nfit-estin te t sve envinent, gegi, nd


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nity isses.76 The ntin the gnistin wi be bitn the peise tht she gs exptin is hee t sty nd tht

the deqte essge needs t be deveped, esistne dised,in de she gs exptin t ntine.77 Thee is n ptin

estbishing gvenent gn tht ws viges t vie theitt ejetin she gs n thei nd. Theee, i viges stiwnt t expnge pnies thei nty, they wi need t

estbish h stnge netwks nd epesenttin within theintentin nity.

Tie is espeiy ppessive t sh , ndeveped, -nities in pvini Pnd wh hve ny swy enteed theden ge whie ny d nt se the intenet, e nt invved

in ivi siety, e ten ibie, nd e ny piti. It ispehps the st tie sine the Sidity Mveent in the 1980s

tht viges e pitiy gnising gin n the eve, ne-gtiting ngst theseves the n pinipes tht thei

viges stnd n, nd deveping sttegies expessing thei e-jetin she gs exptin. This des nt e witht jhenges. Biding netwks in tdys wd ens ening t

se the intenet, knwing the Engish ngge t bid netwksss ntin bdes, essing the EU t thee, nd ening

hw t bnd thei stgges in wd whee eh nty is -ed with pptin ghting ginst gb gint wh is sing

dge t thei nities. F the genetin the SidityMveent, the wd hs hnged, nd ths the ethds they stse t gnise thei dissent st be nw ght n these dieent

piti sites (Bsses, the intenet, netwks with inteetnities nd tivist gnistins) tht e invisibe in thei

diy ives. They st tns int n gnistin theseves

nd expess thei dissent t the -eve dispssessin theippety ights n ti-s eve. The esns sheddingight n these vies nd thei tnstin e ny seving s pbi ed pting the dissenting vies the viges

ginst qiky hnging ndspe, piying the tiisstgges tht e being dwned t by gb nd gepiti in-

teests Pnd t the intentin en, nd it gesshs t bth knwedge tht tht pst-siis is enteing

new phse in its etinship with the gb tht eqies esh

nyti nd theeti investigtin.


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The Disconnect Between Villagers and Alter-globalisation Activism

Viges in Penin hve ng wy t g in tes n-neting thei essge t intentin dvy gps nd the EU.

Nt engh independent gnistins e ehing t t theseviges nd heping evege thei vie n the intentin sphe-

e, t pt pesse n the pnies nd the Pish gvenent.Even when they d eh t, thee ppes t be disnnetin

between the het the veent by viges nd wht WestenEpens knw bt Pnd.

On 15 Jne, 2011 viges Gbwie tveed t Wsw t

eet with Js Bv, Vie-Chi the Cittee n Agite

nd R Devepent in the Epen Pient nd knwn -te-gbistin tivist wh ght ginst the Mdndistin Fne.78 They hd ehed t t hi when the GT pny

ied t seisgi tests Chevn nd the Aein -pny deided tht it wnted t di tests n thei git nd.

The dis wee ted 250 etes six pivte gitpts. The seisgi testing hd edy pted thei wte inthe wes nd de it ndinkbe, se ndtins in the hes

hve given t nd the hes hd ked ws. The gin ds

wee dged, bt it eeived penstin the pny.Ading t stteent issed by the GT epesenttives tht eying t the seisgi testing Chevn in the gin,

the pny hs pvided penstin t the esidents, whih is tine petin ding seisgi testing ening thtpenstin ws nt t the diny bt tht whees ne

gs ws extted sing dynite, tdy the ethd seisgi- testing is h e dvned nd ess invsive.79 At the twn-

h eeting between Chevn epesenttives, gvenentnd the viges, n nsenss ws ehed. Ths, the viges,

stk between he nd nvi80 ehed t t Bv with ette t the Pish gvenent. A dy te, n 16 Jne 2011, the

Fenh tivist et with Tsk nd Vie-Pie Ministe WdePwk nd the Agit Ministe Mk Swiki ding whih

he pesented ette witten by viges ginst seisgi te-sting whih hs edy pded ntinted wte.81 The ettews e sybi geste, nd did nt pde ny ge-se

edi ttentin pbi disssin. A nth te, hweve, n


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6 Jy 2011, Bv nd thes issed Witten Detin n shend gs i exptin in whih indites tht Mebe Sttes hve

been issing she gs exptin ienses. The detin s n EU ti ginst she gs, i exptin nd exttin,

the sspensin ienses by EU sttes nd stt envinentipt nd ite stdies by thse sttes.82 Ths, whie the pe-pe Gbwie ight hve ntibted t Bvs detin

ti, the ette bght n sht-te etns the vi-ges.

By Agst 2011, in viges nd gin Gbwie, eswee sti pining tht Chevn ntined with testing ndtht the GT ntined diing wes whih ws sing tes

nd hd ked e ws in the hes nd ined wes. Insted ehing t t e intentin gnistins, viges hve

begn steing bes nd highy speiised eqipent (28,000 z-ty bt $8,600 eh)83 t stp the diing. Witht ntined

intentin sppt by Bv, s hve begn sing s ts sbtge t stp the petins. Wht this se densttes is it

is nt engh Westen tivists t swp dwn t Pnd nddeive ettes, bt tht thee needs t be ng-te pn tintht estbishes etinship between tivists nd viges. I nt,

viges wi jst be steing bes.Seve nths te, n 20 Septebe, 2011, Bv ptiipted

in n nti-she gs pspeting ptests in Siekieki Wiekie -ted in Wiekpskie vivdeship, diety sth the Penin

vivdeship in nth-ent Pnd.84 The ptest hweve, ws ge ssi qid p q85 bese tht pti pny t

the site the nti-she ptest ws extting nventin gs.The nned gs pny stted in ept tht n s pti-

ipted in the ptest tht the ptestes hd ived eentnti-she gs neene in Ww.86 Ognise Mek Kyzned tht he bght the gests the neene t the

site bese it ws se thn the t she gs sites87 nd hewnted t ise weness bt the dnges she gs, inding

sinks thing e, nd dnges heis tht hve n eet nthe hn nevs syste.88 The nti-she gs ptest ge ws

ieditey itiised by the edi nt being deqtey inednd ws denised tking t h thei intin

Aein Jsh Fxs denty Gsnd (2010) n the eets


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she gs exttin in the US Westen, et-wing tivists tht epbby the viges st pssinte ies in the intentin

sphee hve edy been itiised epesenting disnne-ted tivis tht is esiy idied by the nsevtive,

p-she, edi tets in Pnd.89 In de the nnetinbetween viges n the eve wh e nwe Westen-stye tivis nd intentin gnistins wh n hep the

bt e nwe thei histy nd te t wk, bth gpsneed t edte ne nthe the bt thei ethds pe-

tin.

Blac PR Cara PR a Pol Frac

Sorm Wara

Thee is se hpe t the nti-she gs veent in Pnd. D-ing the She Gs Wd Epe 2011 neene hed t the Hitn

Hte in Deebe 2011 with ttendees sh s Hibtn, T-bn Reses, TXMOi & Gs Exptin Ltd ng st the thes isted bve et t disss she gs; yet the egisttin

ees wee s inediby high (ve 4,00090) nd the event ws sexsive tht n ne wh wd ey be eted by the diing

wd d the tnspttin the ees t ttend sh ne-ene ed with i pnies nd gegi sevies pnies.91

De t the sed-ds pph nd k hethy, pbi de-bte bt the eits diing, gp Pish tivists st-

ed the neene, st n the stge nd esed t eve.92 Theytd the diene she gs exetives nd dignities:

Distingished gests, be wned! The esidents the -wing egins hve edy denstted tht they wi

nt w thei nd t be expited nd they wi ghtny ttept t thei dispssessin. T ne ny ew the: Zdnwie, Vieneve-De-Beg, Szyn, Sy-

se, Sty, S, Qebe, Rgw, RPA, Pittsbg,Nynek, New Yk Stte, Niestkw, Niezbyszew,

Ndhein-Wesen, Nnt, Mynd, Mntei, Ki-nk, Phidephi, B, Abny, Adehe, Wsw ndsses the pepe in the ities.93

Wht is inteesting is tht the gp hs expnded its netwks

the viges t the esidents wh she the se type diing


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pbes pded by gb enegy pnies in the nties.Cpnies steine thei tivities ss dieent nties,

nd pde etin expeiene nd thse di sites tht nbe shed ss bdes, nd n be site piti tivity ss

ngges nd tes nd eni gps. Biding sidityss bdes hs bee n inteesting devepent, s Pishyth eh t ss the gb gid t hep bby thei gven-

ents, hnge pbi pinin, nd ght thei nd n the eves. The intenet-svy, edted, bn, Pish yth ight be

the issing key between viges nd the intentin -nity.

At the neene, ge bnne hng the iing n whih

thee ws st with idde nge pinting p depiting n i ignd the sign ed Fk y. Eeven pepe wee ested den-

ding pbi disssin nd ti n she gs exptinnd e nw ed with p t ye in pisn. The Pish Fsh-

Mbbes eesed sht denty thei wn whih seeks tshw the vies the viges, whih it ied e being igned.In ne pint, vige sttes Whee e we? In the bnn epb-

i, I think eeing t the peipheistin nd dispssessin thei vies. The dentin ied tht thee is k p-

bi disssin in Pnd nd tht thee is ythi de beingppgted tht Pnd wi being wethy, gs-ih nty.

They eesed stteent,F Peni t Phidephi, Syse t S-zyn, Lewin t Lnshie, esidents diing

twns hve expeiened the nseqenes hyditing nd e dending the se thing: n end t

thei dispssessin nd ht t the tgi degdtin

the envinent.94

In Pnd, the esidents diing sites e being inesin-gy veed by the , egin nd ntin edi. The sbvesi-

ve ntive ed by viges nd envinentists hs been ineds bk PR (zny PR) by the Pish gvenent. Pnds Feign

Pie Ministe Rdsw Sikski espnded t eptes qes-tin bt the igin Bk PR with Y ty t gess nd thenntined t expin tht the s hve t bee bette in-

ed bt the pess: We jst hve t keep expining t envi-

nentists nd pepe wht its bt.95 On the eve,


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viges hve eptedy begn sbtging diing sites, with ste-ing seisi bes nd hiney, bking ds t diing sites.96

Bk PR is site gittin the Pish gvenent nd Be-nd Bszzyk, Vie-Ministe the Envinent in Pnd stted

tht We wi d eveything t ense tht ptests e nt be tstp she gs exptin in Pnd.97 T stp the esting pbidisppv she gs exptin nd the Epen Pients

ipending vte n she gs exptin, the Pish gvenent-nted PGNiG SA tht hds she-gs nessins bght t

-pge ds in tw the ntys st ited newsppesging edes t Dnt pt t the fe he nd nttMebes the Epen Pient t ge the t ejet EU

tin t pssing she gs egtins.

98

Ths, the Pish gven-ent is tivey ttepting t pit Pes she gs ginst vi-

ges ginst she-gs exptin n the EU-eve in Bsses.99Ove pbi ppsitin t the gvenents enthsis she

gs exptin t the expense the viges is biding. As nePityk tie n 24 Jny 2012 ied The [Pish] gven-

ent is pshing gs. In 23 yes the pdtin she gs isexpeted t ene in Pnd. Ae we biding n epie nisin?100 Whie the pbi ppsitin is swy snwbing, it is

ny by pe ptestes in Wsw seve jnists in theedi. It is nt engh veent tht wi bing j ests

in this e ginst tie.

Toar a Po-rao Prc o

Gloal-local Ecour Ear Euro

The intentin pign tentive e ses nd geen

enegy des nt neessiy en tht the envinent, en-i, nd piti isses ed by viges ed with its pdtinin thei bkyds wi be ny ess ed with injstie, stti-

n, siening, nd sense pweessness. Viges pints enteed with pbi etins epesenttives sipy stting tht

the viges ents hve n eit, e bkwds, bsedn ssptins de t k knwedge bt the tine p-ess she gs exptin. Rthe thn the bden being n the

pnies t denstte tht hydi ttin is bd

the envinent, the bden is n the viges t ste p the


26/30

j1/2012

214

intentin ttentin, dei stdies t pde the evideneginst the she gs evtin. Viges pints bt wht

they see in thei envinents whee they hve dweed dedeshds n ve egitiy in the pbi sphee dinted by p-

she gs exptin vege spnsed by the gvenent ndthe exptin pnies. In the t be hed, these viges wihve t bid stng, ti-s ines n the , egin,

ntin nd intentin sphees gvenent nd ivi sietyin de t gin piti evege n the eve. It is steep nd

dnges ntin t ib. As the st setin denstted,the yth e key in bidging the gp between viges nd the in-tentin diene.

These sets enntes between pspeting pnies ndthe viges denstte pst-siist sbjets e n nge -

sing n the tnsitin between siis nd the ket en-y, bt e the h e pexy ipited in the sets

etins tht e with the teity gbistin. In this newpsitin s ti-s t, the vige tdy n nge tsint the tegy pst-siist sbjet. The ennte pes

viges int the gb dige with t est pepe in the -pidy-deveping nties. This is the se why we s shs

need t k beynd pstsiis by sing n the tnsitin t gb ket eny, nd t z in n viges vies nd

tnstin in this new ennte with the gb. It is in thtwy we n ty piy thei vies.

Ea Mara is ited t the Deptent Gegphynd Envinent t the Lndn Sh Enis nd PitiSiene nd y be ehed t [email protected]

No o Pa 189-213

1 Fn nd Oksisk (2011), Fiy enegetyzne wz si d szk-

ni gz pkweg.

2 In Septebe 2008, the GFZ Gen Reseh Cente Gesienes,

Hehtz Cente Ptsd ws jst setting p its She Gs in Epe

(GASH) eseh gend tht te ed t the widey distibted st-

dies n she gs eseves in Epe in 2009 See: Hehtz Cente

Ptsd (2009), She Gs in Epe: A Fte Se Enegy?. It


27/30

Edyta Materka

215

ppes tht the Pish gvenent ws we tht she gs existed in

its ks bee ny j stdies wee pbished.

3 The hnt she gs in Epe: Bbbing nde, p. 1.

4 5.3 tiin bi etes.

5 US Enegy Intin Adinisttin, Wd She Gs Reses:An Initi Assessent, Tbe 1-3. Risked Gs In-Pe nd Tehniy

Revebe She Gs Reses: 32 Cnties.

6 Hsed nd Shz, Gsh Shes in Epe: n indsty pjet...

nw pen ptiiptin, 3. As, the Pish gvenent sti wns

get de npivtised stte s, ths the she gs testing d

hve been peted witht the nsent pivte ppety wnes.

7 The Bti Bsin in the nth ts ss stte ines veing 102,000

sqe ies in Pnd, Lithni, Rssi, Ltvi, Sweden, nd the B-

ti Se. Se: U.S. Enegy Intin Adinisttin, Wd She

Gs Reses: An Initi Assessent, V-3.

8 Oe the Cdint Intentin Enegy Ais, Gb Sh-

e Gs Inititive (GSGI).

9 N Pz jest gz z pkw.

10 BNK Pete, Pnd Pjets.

11 PGNiG: zsby gz pkweg n knesjh spki k. 900 d. .

sze.

12 Ibid.

13 Meki, Psk gz pkweg n 300 t!

14 PGNiG: zsby gz pkweg n knesjh spki k. 900 d. .

sze.

15 BNK Pete, Pnd Pjets.

16 W 2012 n ynek t gz pkwy z dwietw n Pz.

17 Wsi bd szk gz z pkw w Tjiesie.

18 Dszzyk, Kney wydbywze ywizj kejne knesje p-

kwe.

19 Othes, ike the Jpnese Mitsi & C. Ltd. hve qiing stkes

in Pnds she gs nessins thgh the i pnies (Kk, J-

pnese Fis Eye Des in Pnd.)20 Kk, Myni. Pnd t Vet EU-Leve Attepts t Regte She

Gs (dne)

21 Wd She Gs Reses: An Initi Assessent. V-6.

22 Tsks speeh: Re in Pnd, t st?, p. 4.

23 Cienski, Pnd hpes t tp big eseves she gs.

24 Sbzyk, Pish Fi Lbbies Aginst EU-Wide She Gs Bn.

25 Petinvest: Pnd send Texs she gs nd Gzeszk nd -

k, Bdjey dg Nwegi: Czy gz pkwy dieni Psk.

26 Dixn, Pish PGNiG, KGHM, PGE, Tn jin es n she gs.


28/30

j1/2012

216

27 U.S. Deptent Stte, Inteview With TVPs Tsz Lis. Hiy

Rdh Cintn Inteview.

28 Mine, Gzp thetens Epes gs sppy.

29 Ading t U.S. Enegy Intin Adinisttin (EIA) pjeti-

ns, 14% tt gb gs sppies wi be epesented by she gsby the ye 203015 (Oe the Cdint Intentin Enegy

Ais, Gb She Gs Inititive (GSGI).)

30 Ob, Stte the Unin Addess 2012, 29:53.

31 Newe, She Gs nd the Otk U.S. Nt Gs Mkets nd

Gb Gs Reses.

32 Kk, Pnd Sees Cee Pite n She.

33 United Sttes Envinent Ptetin Ageny, Investigtin

Gnd Wte Cntintin ne Pviin, Wying, pp. 33-39.

34 Geenpee, Fking.

35 Gnht-Pedesen, Rssi Snds A n She Gs nd Kbik,

Gzp tkje pki.

36 Sbzyk, Resistne t Pnds She Gs Exptin Pns Ee-

ging.

37 As Nvebe 2011 dt, Chevn, PGNiG nd Oen ndt thei

wn wte niting testing t the di sites. Dszzyk, Chevn,

PGNiG i Oen spwdz jk wd w dwieth.

38 Epen Pients Diette Gene Inten Piies, I-

pts she gs nd she i exptin n the envinent nd n

hn heth, p. 79.

39 Ibid, p. 77.

40 Kk, She Gs Shd Be Regted by Cnties, Nt Bsses, P-

ish Fi Sys.

41 CBOS Cent Bdni Opinii Speznej, Wydbyw? Py G-

zie pkwy, p. 3.

42 Ibid.

43 Kk, Pnd Sees Cee Pite n She.

44 Pze: Kpni inyjn dtyz pszkiw gz z p-

kw.45 Tzs ziei, b szkj gz pkweg.

46 PGNiG wnts e she gs exptin ienses nd Kk, Gs

Pwes Weste in Pnd,

47 Rdski, W pdspskiej Kpie nie h pszkiw gz pkwe-

g.

48 Szynwski, Pw. bytwski: Rnik zy dniesienie n p-

szkiwzy gz.

49 Meki, W Miszewie nie h pszkiwni gz pkweg w p-

bi wsi.


29/30


217

50 Ciki, Gin Sty nie he zyskw z gz pkweg.

51 Sty: Nie h siebie eksptji gz pkweg.

52 Gin Czn Dbwk. Mwi nie gzwi pkwe. Dgj

si knstji speznyh.

53 Ibid.54 Ibid.

55 Szynwski, Pw. bytwski: Rnik zy dniesienie n p-

szkiwzy gz.

56 Gb, Ptest pzeiwk pszkiwni gz pkweg.

57 Okniewsk, Gin Ksin: Miszky pzeiwni piszkiwni

pi i gz.

58 Tbik-Czpk, Gz pkwy n Pz: Spnis kntynje b-

dni w kih Niestkw.

59 Meki, Mieszky Niestkw nie h, by t wydbywn gz

pkwy.

60 Ibid.

61 Ibid.

62 Ibid.

63 Gb, Gin Ustk: Mieszky ptestj, wieeni id pen

p.

64 Ibid.

65 Ibid.

66 Ibid.

67 Ibid.

68 Szew, Nie bd j szk gz pkweg. Mieszky: Wd nie

ndje si d pii.

69 Ibid.

70 Ibid.

71 Ibid.

72 Dszzyk, Kneny wydbywze ywizj kejne knesje p-

kwe.

73 Dszzyk, Kneny pkwe bd siy bd jk wdy.

74 Pze: Kpni inyjn dtyz pszkiw gz z p-kw.

75 Ibid.

76 Netk, Pbe z gze pkwy zwi zespy eginne.

77 Dszzyk, Gz pkwy j w ty k gzeje dy n Pz.

78 Wjtkwski, Gz pkwy dziei ieszkw giny Gbwie.

79 Zieni wi szkdh zwiznyh z pki, Gezyk zpze-

z.

80 Wjtkwski, Gz pkwy dziei ieszkw giny Gbwie.

81 Nii z pkw? Uni z Pse kdy pd ngi.


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j1/2012

218

82 Jvin, Bve, Este, et ., Witten Detin psnt t Re 123

the Res Pede n she gs nd i exptin.

83 Gz pkwy n Lbeszzynie: Ptesty nikw i kdziee kb.

84 Kisk, Ptest pzeiw pk: zestnizyi w ni tyk pzy-

jezdni.85 Nie h gz z pkw ptest w Gwzewie.

86 Ibid.

87 Ibid.

88 Ptest pzeiw gzwi pkwe: Wd si zpi.

89 Ciepie, Ptesty speznie nie pwinny pwstzy wydbyi

gz pkweg.

90 Abt 10,000 zty, whees st Pes en bt 1,000 zty pe

nth.

91 She Gs Wd Epe Website, Sttegy nd pptnity E-

pes gs pdes.

92 Phiips, Pish Ftivists Opy Epen She Gs Cneene.

93 Fk y p., Psk Det Nig-zbkwn kneenj She

Gs Wd Epe 2011, 03.25-04.05.

94 Pnd: Fking ppnents bk She Gs Wd Epe 2011

neene.

95 Kk, Gs Pwes Weste in Pnd.

96 Pnd: Fking ppnents bk She Gs Wd Epe 2011

neene.

97 Ciepie, Ptesty speznie nie pwinny pwstzy wydbyi

gz pkweg.

98 Sbzyk, Pish Fi Lbbies Aginst EU-Wide She Gs Bn.

99 A sii ptten is ing in the United Sttes with enegy -

pnies injeting ney int pigns nd bbies t ty t evese

tis in etin sttes ike New Yk. Se: Jhnsn, Enegy

Cpnies Thw $3.2 Miin Int Ltest P-Fking Psh.

100 Gzeszk nd k, Bdjey dg Nwegi: Czy gz pkwy

dieni Psk.

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