POLARIZATIONDEPENDENT ELECTROMAGNETIC BAND
GAP (PDEBG) STRUCTURES WITH CIRCULARLY
POLARIZED ANTENNA: A REVIEW
Alka Verma
PhD scholar, Electronics Engineering, A.K.T.U, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Neelam Srivastava 2Rajkiya Engineering College, Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Abstract—In the field of wireless communication the
Polarization dependent Electromagnetic Band gap
(PDEBG) structures have proved in being very beneficial
in using them with circularly polarized microstrip
antenna due to its independent behavior of polarization
sensitivity. In this paper we have reviewed the work so
done on circularly polarized antenna based on PDEBG
structures with detail analysis on the working principle of
these structures. It also discusses its effect on antenna
parameters like impedance bandwidth and gain.
Keyword— Circular polarization, axial ratio, gain, return
loss, impedance
[1] INTRODUCTION
Circularly polarized antennas due to its merit of
reduction of multipath,low profile,low cost,
compactness and flexibility in orientation of angle of
transmitter and receiver has led to its development in
wireless communication[1]Various techniques have
been implemented such as cutting slots[2],slits[3] on
patch,perturbation techniques,implementation of
parasitic elements etc[4].But these methods though led
to generation of circular polarization but it suffered from
low gain due to surface waves being generated with led
to poor radiation due to presence of back lobe .So to
improve the performance of antenna and to meet the
requirement of high gain and impedance bandwidth
researchers introduced Electromagnetic band Gap
structures (EBG).EBG are artificial periodic /non
periodic structures which avoid the propagation of
surface wave in certain stop bands [5]. Many work
related to these structures have been done in which
researchers were implementation of mushroom shape,
fork, dumbbell shape,etc[6-8]on circularly polarized
antenna are done to inhibit the propagation of surface
waves and improve the characteristics of antenna .But
these structure being isotropic in nature acted as
polarization-invert reflectors.Designing structures which
acted as polarization agile reflector surface led to the
invention of polarization dependent Electromagnetic
band gap structures (PDEBG).In this paper, in section 2
we have analyzed the behavior of such structure and in
section 3 we have reviewed the work done so far.
II. ANALYSIS OF POLARIZATION DEPENDENT
ELECTROMAGNETIC BAND GAP (PDEBG)
STRUCTURES
Polarization dependent EBG structure are also named as
polarization-invert reflectors.They are so called as the x
and y polarization component of reflected wave is
zero.Whereas in conventional EBG, Perfect Electric
conductor(PEC) and Perfect Magnetic Conductorit is
observed that when the wave is of Right–Handed
Circularly Polarized (RHCP) the reflected wave from
such structures are left hand circularly polarized
(LHCP).The phenomenon of these structures can be
explained by the mathematical expressions in [9] and are
shown below.
If the incident waveEi is RHCP which travels in the
negative Z directionand reflected wave is Er as shown
by eguation 5 and 6 respectively.
�� 𝑖 = (𝑥+j�� ) • 𝑒𝑗𝑘𝑧 (5)
�� 𝑟 = (𝑥 • 𝑒𝑗Ɵ𝑥+j�� • 𝑒𝑗Ɵ𝑦) • 𝑒−𝑗𝑘𝑧
(6)
�� 𝑟=𝑒−𝑗𝑘𝑧 • 𝑒𝑗Ɵ𝑥[��LHCP
•(1+𝑒𝑗(Ɵ𝑦−Ɵ𝑥)
√2)+��RHCP •(
1−𝑒𝑗(Ɵ𝑦−Ɵ𝑥)
√2)] (7)
The phase difference (𝛥Ɵ ) of the E-fields orthogonal
components is given by equation 8
𝛥Ɵ = Ɵ y - Ɵ x (8)
Where Ɵx and Ɵy are of the x and y polarized
components reflection phases respectively and ELHCP
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 2, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Page 272 of 276
and ERHCP are the left and right-hand circularly
polarized unit vectors respectively and are given by:
��LHCP =𝑥+𝑗��
√2
��RHCP =𝑥−𝑗��
√2
As shown in table below these surface handle
polarization in the ways given below
Surface 𝛥Ɵ= 0
Incident
wave
Reflected
wave
PEC Zero RHCP LHCP
PMC Zero RHCP LHCP EBG Zero RHCP LHCP PDEBG 𝜋 RHCP RHCP
Due to the attractive feature of 180 degree phase
difference among the x and y components of
reflected wave. These structures are used in
Circularly polarized antenna to improve its
performance and to maintain its polarization [18-
20].
III. RECENT TRENDS ON PDEBG BASED
CIRCULARLY POLARISED ANTENNA
Asaf Khan [10] designed a circularly polarized
dipole antenna with a novel PDEBG which
operated at 5.8 GHz. It has been observed that
proposed dipole antenna has an axial ratio
bandwidth of 5.98%s obtained (5.58 GHz to 5.93
GHz). The novel PDEBG structure achieved
militarization by showing a reduction of 15%.A
wider frequency bandwidth of 6.02% was also
achieved.
Fig.1: Proposed PDEBG unit cell[10]
Fig.2:At 5.8 GHz the axial ratio verses elevation
angle in the XZ, YZ planes atΦ=45˚[10]
Sadiq Ullah[11]discussed the polarization
sensitive of EBG structure and designed a cross
via which created a polarization sensitive surface
which led to the design of a low profile antenna.
By adjustment of cross via arm lengths the
proposed surface in frequency range of 3to 4.5
GHz showed polarization sensitive behavior.
Firstly he designed a rectangular cell EBg then
added crossed shape solid-vias to obtain better
tunning and fIexibility.
Fig.3:EBG surface with a 2 mm thicker cross
shape via[11]
Alican Uysal[12] achieved an improvement in
axial ratio bandwidth by implementing PDEBG
structures around the patch. As much as four times
the axial ratio bandwidth of the truncated patch
was achieved which resulted in 6.7% axial ratio
bandwidth.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 2, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Page 273 of 276
Fig.4: Proposed antenna structure [12]
Fig.5:Axial ratio and gain versus frequency [12]
Huan Yi[13] designed dual circular polarization by
using PDEBG as a reflector and thus achieved
impedance bandwidth of 13.4% and 3.2% at the
two bands with an axial –ratio bandwidth in the
two band as 2.4% and 3.5% respectively as shown
in figure7. It depicted that the PDEBG acted as a
reflector to convert the radiated wave ofdipole
which is linearly polarized wave into circular
polarized wave
Fig.6: Proposed antenna wth dual-band PDEBG,
and dipole. (a) Top view. (b) Side view[13]
Fig.7:S11 versus frequency and axial ratio versus
frequency [13]
S.Ullah[14]proposed a dual band CP antenna by
using the PDEBG surface with a bazooka-balun
dipole.He also analyzed the properties of PDEBG
surface by studying a novel sheet via PDEBG
surface and depicted the properties of PDEBG by
varying the via angle and the length.
Fig.8:PDEBG surface with dipole located
centrally[14]
Y. Q. Fu [15]studied mushroom-like
electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with
anisotropic structure.The three structures shown
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 2, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Page 274 of 276
below showed that the dependency on frequency
of in-phase reflection on the polarization of
incident plane wave
Fig.9:Three EBG structures with anisotropic
periodicity[15]
Fan Yang[16]designed novel polarization-
dependent electromagnetic band gap (PDEBG)
structures. The three structures rectangular-patch
EBG, slot-loaded EBG, and EBG with offset vias
reflection phase were simulated and studied He
depicted that x and y polarized component of
reflection wave is made 180 degreesby proper
adjustment of the geometry of the reflectors the °
and thus making such reflectors suitable for low
profile antennas
Fang yang [17] designed a dipole tilted at 45
degree of length 0.38h and height is 0.02h using
PDEBG in the ground plane by including
rectangular patches of 8x 11 and obtained a -20db
return loss and RHCP as shown in figure 11.
Fig.10:A PDEBG surface with a low profile
circularly polarized dipole antenna [17]
Fig.11:Return loss of the proposed antenna [17]
IV. CONCLUSION
Polarization dependent EBG (PDEBG) surfaces
disscussion followed by reviewing of circularly
polarized based PDEBG structures has been done
in this paper.Such structures have overcome the
limitation of polarization dependency of EBG
structures and hence proved to be a boon in the
field of wirelesscommunication were ever
circularly polarization is required.
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