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Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Principles of Investigations Principles of Investigations and Report Writingand Report Writing
Criminal InvestigationsCriminal Investigations
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Principles of Investigations and Principles of Investigations and Report WritingReport Writing
A A criminalcriminal
investigationinvestigation isis
only as good only as good asas
the report the report thatthat
supports it.supports it.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Investigation BasicsInvestigation Basics
Who is an Who is an investigator?investigator?
What is an What is an Investigation?Investigation?
When does an When does an Investigation BeginInvestigation Begin
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Basic Legal Beginning of an Basic Legal Beginning of an investigation.investigation.
Probable causeProbable cause - -
Probable cause means thatProbable cause means that
police must have apolice must have a
reasonable belief that areasonable belief that a
crime crime has beenhas been committed, committed,
or is being committed, byor is being committed, by
the suspect the suspect
Reasonable Suspicion –Reasonable Suspicion –
an objectively justifiablean objectively justifiable
suspicion that is based onsuspicion that is based on
specific facts orspecific facts or
circumstances and thatcircumstances and that
justifies stopping andjustifies stopping and
sometimes searching asometimes searching a
person person may be may be involved ininvolved in
criminal activitycriminal activity
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Basics of Report Writing SkillsBasics of Report Writing Skills Write in the first Write in the first
person.person. Use chronological Use chronological
order.order. Use past tense.Use past tense. Use active voice.Use active voice. Use correct spelling Use correct spelling
and punctuation.and punctuation. Use correct subject/ Use correct subject/
verb agreement.verb agreement. Use correct pronoun Use correct pronoun
reference.reference.
Avoid jargon and Avoid jargon and wordiness.wordiness.
Write facts rather Write facts rather than opinions.than opinions.
Choose the correct Choose the correct word to describe word to describe the incident.the incident.
Organize the report Organize the report by using openings, by using openings, paragraphs, and paragraphs, and headings.headings.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
QualityQuality
““The best investigation is only as good as theThe best investigation is only as good as the
report completed about it. A quality report is anreport completed about it. A quality report is an
effective report, and to qualify as effective it effective report, and to qualify as effective it mustmust
be:be: CompleteComplete ClearClear ConciseConcise Accurate”Accurate”
Police Magazine,Police Magazine, May 1997May 1997
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Note TakingNote Taking
Purpose:Purpose: Record storageRecord storage Building BlocksBuilding Blocks Aid to MemoryAid to Memory
Mechanics of Note TakingMechanics of Note Taking ReadableReadable AccurateAccurate Concise Concise
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Notes to SentencesNotes to Sentences
0700 rec’d call, 459 now, 123 N. 0700 rec’d call, 459 now, 123 N. Main Street.Main Street.
0710 arrvd scene0710 arrvd scene 0711 PR R. Foster (3-16-59) arrvd 0711 PR R. Foster (3-16-59) arrvd
busins, 0645, frnt door open.busins, 0645, frnt door open.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Sentences to ReportsSentences to Reports
On February 6, 2005, I was assigned toOn February 6, 2005, I was assigned to
uniformed patrol, unit 1A12. At 0700 uniformed patrol, unit 1A12. At 0700 hours,hours,
I received a call of a burglary in I received a call of a burglary in progress atprogress at
123 North Main Street.123 North Main Street.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
ReportsReports
Source of Activity:Source of Activity:On February 6, 2005, I was assigned to On February 6, 2005, I was assigned to
uniformed patrol, unit 1A12. At 0700 hours, uniformed patrol, unit 1A12. At 0700 hours, I received a call of a burglary in progress at I received a call of a burglary in progress at 123 North Main Street. 123 North Main Street.
Observations:Observations:At 0710 hours, I arrived on scene were I was At 0710 hours, I arrived on scene were I was
met by the Person Reporting, Raymond met by the Person Reporting, Raymond Foster. Foster told me that he arrived at his Foster. Foster told me that he arrived at his place of business (123 N. Main Street) at place of business (123 N. Main Street) at 0645 hours and found the front door of the 0645 hours and found the front door of the business open.business open.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Tell the StoryTell the Story
What happened? What happened?
Create a mental picture soCreate a mental picture so
the reader knows what happened.the reader knows what happened.
The reader:The reader:
SupervisorSupervisor DetectivesDetectives VictimVictim
District AttorneyDistrict Attorney WitnessesWitnessesJudgeJudge
Defense AttorneyDefense Attorney YouYou
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Write in First PersonWrite in First Person
To make reports easier to read and to To make reports easier to read and to understand, most department ask officers understand, most department ask officers to write in the FIRST PERSON. to write in the FIRST PERSON.
The writer of the report refers to The writer of the report refers to himself/herself as himself/herself as I, I, and uses the first and uses the first person pronouns person pronouns me, my,me, my, and and minemine. .
The more formal third person The more formal third person this officerthis officer, , reporting officer (R/Oreporting officer (R/O) or ) or this writerthis writer reference is old-fashioned and reference is old-fashioned and unacceptable in modern unacceptable in modern law enforcementlaw enforcement. .
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Missing InformationMissing Information
Missing information can be used to Missing information can be used to inferinfer
that you are:that you are: Not very professionalNot very professional Not ThoroughNot Thorough Do not have certain expertiseDo not have certain expertise Not TruthfulNot Truthful
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Write in Chronological OrderWrite in Chronological Order
Chronological order is order by time. Chronological order is order by time. Your report should tell what happened Your report should tell what happened in the order that the events took place. in the order that the events took place.
Get all the facts and then list them in Get all the facts and then list them in the order in which they happened. It is the order in which they happened. It is much easier to understand what much easier to understand what happened if the details are written in happened if the details are written in chronological order, even if the people chronological order, even if the people involved do not involved do not telltell you the information you the information in chronological order.in chronological order.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Write in the Past TenseWrite in the Past Tense
Everything you write in your report has Everything you write in your report has already happened, so use the past tense.already happened, so use the past tense.
In present tense, you would write: In present tense, you would write: The suspect The suspect lives at 1010 Swanson Courtlives at 1010 Swanson Court.. A defense attorney A defense attorney might ask: “Does the suspect still live there?”might ask: “Does the suspect still live there?”
It’s likely you will have to say that you do not It’s likely you will have to say that you do not know. If you have to say, “I don’t know” many know. If you have to say, “I don’t know” many times, you will destroy your credibility. If you times, you will destroy your credibility. If you write in past tense, you can say that what is in the write in past tense, you can say that what is in the report was correct at the time you wrote the report was correct at the time you wrote the report.report.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Past TensePast Tense
Do notDo not use the emphatic form (the word use the emphatic form (the word diddid) in combination with other action words ) in combination with other action words (verbs). This form implies that something (verbs). This form implies that something else happened.else happened. Incorrect:Incorrect: I did issue a citation. (But it was I did issue a citation. (But it was
ignored.)ignored.) Correct:Correct: I issued a citation. I issued a citation.
Incorrect:Incorrect: Markly did say that Norman had a Markly did say that Norman had a gun. (But later he changed his statement.)gun. (But later he changed his statement.)
Correct:Correct: Markly said that Norman had a gun. Markly said that Norman had a gun.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Basic English RulesBasic English Rules
Or, the what your Or, the what your teachers have been teachers have been telling you for years!telling you for years!
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
AntecedentAntecedent
Basic Principle:Basic Principle:
A pronoun usually refers to somethingA pronoun usually refers to something
earlier in the report (its earlier in the report (its antecedentantecedent) ) andand
must agree in number — must agree in number — singular/plural —singular/plural —
with the thing to which it refers. with the thing to which it refers.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Spelling and PunctuationSpelling and Punctuation
Basic Principle:Basic Principle:
Spelling always counts!Spelling always counts!
Avoid looking –Avoid looking –
StupidStupid
CarelessCareless
UnprofessionalUnprofessional
UneducatedUneducated
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Use an Active VoiceUse an Active Voice Every sentence has a subject and a verb. Every sentence has a subject and a verb. Active Voice:Active Voice: When the subject performs When the subject performs
the action of the verb. the action of the verb. Active voice: Active voice: II askedasked the man about the broken the man about the broken
mirror. mirror. Passive Voice:Passive Voice: When the action is done to When the action is done to the subject. The subject receives the the subject. The subject receives the action of the verb.action of the verb. Passive voice: The Passive voice: The firefire was reportedwas reported by the by the
child.child. Reports should be written in active voice Reports should be written in active voice
whenever possible.whenever possible.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Use Active VoiceUse Active Voice
The report was The report was written by Officer written by Officer Jackson.Jackson. Passive voicePassive voice Seven wordsSeven words
Officer Jackson Officer Jackson wrote the report.wrote the report. Active voiceActive voice Five wordsFive words
If you save two If you save two words per sentence, words per sentence, in a five paragraph in a five paragraph report, you will save report, you will save approximately 40 approximately 40 words.words.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Subject/Verb AgreementSubject/Verb Agreement
Singular subjects require a singular verb. Singular subjects require a singular verb. (Note: Verbs that end in (Note: Verbs that end in ss are singular!) are singular!) II waswas not not awareaware of the new procedure. of the new procedure.
A plural subject must have a plural verb.A plural subject must have a plural verb. TheyThey werewere sent to the hospital. sent to the hospital.
The pronoun “you” always requires a The pronoun “you” always requires a plural verb.plural verb. YouYou werewere never good at telling a lie. never good at telling a lie. YouYou all all werewere to finish the exercise before you to finish the exercise before you
left the class.left the class.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Subject/Verb AgreementSubject/Verb Agreement
Singular (He/ She)Singular (He/ She) IsIs WasWas HasHas DoesDoes KnowsKnows WantsWants
Plural (They)Plural (They) AreAre WereWere HaveHave DoDo KnowKnow WantWant
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Subject/Verb AgreementSubject/Verb Agreement
Collective nouns are words which Collective nouns are words which indicate a group (like committee, jury, indicate a group (like committee, jury, department, squad).department, squad). If the noun is used to show the group as If the noun is used to show the group as
an entity or whole (one), use the singular an entity or whole (one), use the singular verb.verb.
The The juryjury waswas able to reach a verdict. able to reach a verdict. If the noun shows members acting as If the noun shows members acting as
individuals, use the plural.individuals, use the plural. The The SquadSquad castcast their votes for a new president. their votes for a new president.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Subject/Verb AgreementSubject/Verb Agreement
Certain subjects look like they are Certain subjects look like they are plural when they are really singular. plural when they are really singular. The words The words each, either, neither each, either, neither and and any word that ends in –one, -body, or -any word that ends in –one, -body, or -thing are singular.thing are singular. AnyoneAnyone AnybodyAnybody AnythingAnything No oneNo one NobodyNobody NothingNothing EveryoneEveryone EverybodyEverybody EverythingEverything SomeoneSomeone SomebodySomebody SomethingSomething
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Subjects Joined by Subjects Joined by AndAnd
If two or more singular subjects are If two or more singular subjects are joined by joined by andand, they are considered , they are considered plural. (1 + 1 = 2)plural. (1 + 1 = 2) Officer Officer ThompsonThompson and Officer and Officer SimsSims werewere
transferred to District 5.transferred to District 5. If singular and plural subjects are If singular and plural subjects are
joined by joined by and,and, they are plural. they are plural. Officer Officer GreenGreen and three and three teenagersteenagers werewere
asked to testify in court.asked to testify in court.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Subjects Separated by Subjects Separated by OrOr or or NorNor
If two subjects are separated by If two subjects are separated by oror or or nor, nor, the verb agrees with the subject the verb agrees with the subject positioned nearest to it in the positioned nearest to it in the sentence.sentence. Mrs. Gayle or her Mrs. Gayle or her sonssons werewere in the house in the house
at the time of the incident.at the time of the incident. Her sons or Mrs. Her sons or Mrs. GayleGayle waswas responsible responsible
for the fire.for the fire.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Pronoun Antecedent AgreementPronoun Antecedent Agreement
Basic Principle:Basic Principle:
A pronoun takes the place of a noun. EachA pronoun takes the place of a noun. Each
pronoun has an pronoun has an antecedentantecedent – the word that – the word that
the pronoun takes the place of and refersthe pronoun takes the place of and refers
to. Each pronoun refers to only oneto. Each pronoun refers to only one
antecedent.antecedent.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Pronoun Antecedent AgreementPronoun Antecedent Agreement
The pronoun must agree with the The pronoun must agree with the antecedent in gender and in number.antecedent in gender and in number. IncorrectIncorrect:: Each Each officerofficer must bring must bring theirtheir
notes to the meeting.notes to the meeting. Correct:Correct: Each Each officerofficer must bring must bring hishis (or (or
her)her) notes to the meeting. notes to the meeting. Better:Better: All All officersofficers must bring must bring theirtheir notes notes
to the meeting.to the meeting.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Pronoun Antecedent AgreementPronoun Antecedent Agreement
The same rules that apply to subject/ The same rules that apply to subject/ verb agreement also apply to pronoun verb agreement also apply to pronoun antecedent agreement.antecedent agreement. The female child held The female child held herher pencil in pencil in herher
closed fist. closed fist. Attorney Jim Spartus was asked to bring Attorney Jim Spartus was asked to bring
hishis estimates on the damage to estimates on the damage to hishis client’s boat to court on Wednesday.client’s boat to court on Wednesday.
The three The three suspectssuspects asked for asked for theirtheir lawyerslawyers
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Ambiguous PronounsAmbiguous Pronouns
When a sentence is When a sentence is written in such a written in such a way that the way that the reader does not reader does not know who or what know who or what the pronoun refers the pronoun refers to, the sentence to, the sentence has an ambiguous has an ambiguous pronounpronoun
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Ambiguous PronounsAmbiguous Pronouns
Each pronoun in a sentence should refer to Each pronoun in a sentence should refer to only one antecedent.only one antecedent. Incorrect:Incorrect: Officer Swanson saw the man Officer Swanson saw the man
carrying a television set, and carrying a television set, and hehe began to run. began to run. Who does Who does hehe refer to– Officer Swanson or the man? refer to– Officer Swanson or the man?
Correct:Correct: Officer Swanson saw the man carrying Officer Swanson saw the man carrying a television set, and the man began to run.a television set, and the man began to run.
Correct:Correct: Officer Swanson saw the man carrying Officer Swanson saw the man carrying a television set, and he, Swanson, began to a television set, and he, Swanson, began to run.run.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
What is Jargon?What is Jargon?
And, why should we avoid it?And, why should we avoid it?
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Avoid WordinessAvoid Wordiness
Good police reports can avoid Good police reports can avoid wordiness by doing the following:wordiness by doing the following: Use simple wordsUse simple words Use active voiceUse active voice Avoid wordy phrasesAvoid wordy phrases Avoid redundancyAvoid redundancy
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
ExamplesExamples
Incorrect:Incorrect: In In subsequent subsequent endeavors to endeavors to ascertain her ascertain her whereabouts on whereabouts on July 28, I July 28, I questioned the questioned the suspected suspected perpetrator as she perpetrator as she exited the premises exited the premises of her employment.of her employment.
Correct:Correct: I later I later questioned the questioned the suspect as she left suspect as she left work to learn work to learn where she had where she had been on July 28.been on July 28.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Avoid Wordy PhrasesAvoid Wordy Phrases
Each and everyEach and every Red in colorRed in color Due to the fact thatDue to the fact that If this should prove If this should prove
to be the caseto be the case Paced back and Paced back and
forthforth Members of the Members of the
ganggang
EachEach RedRed BecauseBecause IfIf
PacedPaced Gang membersGang members
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Avoid RedundancyAvoid Redundancy
Past experiencePast experience True factsTrue facts Future plansFuture plans Meet togetherMeet together Reduce downReduce down Final resultFinal result Join togetherJoin together Basic fundamentalsBasic fundamentals
ExperienceExperience FactsFacts PlansPlans MeetMeet ReduceReduce The resultThe result JoinJoin Basic/ fundamentalBasic/ fundamental
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Report Facts, Not OpinionsReport Facts, Not Opinions
How do you How do you know?know? SeeSee HearHear TasteTaste TouchTouch SmellSmell
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Report Facts, Not OpinionsReport Facts, Not Opinions
Report facts, not your opinions.Report facts, not your opinions. Opinion:Opinion: Peterson is a violent person. Peterson is a violent person. Fact:Fact: Peterson has been arrested twice for Peterson has been arrested twice for
domestic abuse.domestic abuse. Be sure to cite the source of your Be sure to cite the source of your
information.information. The victim entered the garage at The victim entered the garage at
approximately 2311 hours. (How do you know? approximately 2311 hours. (How do you know? Were you there?) Were you there?)
The victim said she entered the garage at The victim said she entered the garage at approximately 2311 hours.approximately 2311 hours.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Use Specific WordsUse Specific Words
Accuracy involves detail, so be sure your sentences are specific enough to give the reader a clear picture. The suspect was driving
recklessly. The suspect did not
stop the vehicle before it struck the child on the sled.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Attitude Toward ReportsAttitude Toward Reports
Defense Attorney:Defense Attorney: ““If it isn’t on paper, it didn’t happen.”If it isn’t on paper, it didn’t happen.” Defense attorneys always check to see Defense attorneys always check to see
who was the arresting officer. Every who was the arresting officer. Every officer earns a reputation for the quality officer earns a reputation for the quality of reports that he or she writes.of reports that he or she writes.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Attitudes Toward ReportsAttitudes Toward Reports
Juries:Juries: ““If I don’t hear it in court, it didn’t happen.”If I don’t hear it in court, it didn’t happen.” If something is not in the report, it is harder to If something is not in the report, it is harder to
bring up in court. If you testify about bring up in court. If you testify about information but it’s not in the report, you’ve information but it’s not in the report, you’ve lost credibility. There is no good answer to the lost credibility. There is no good answer to the question, “Why isn’t it in the report?”question, “Why isn’t it in the report?”
On the witness stand, if an officer can’t On the witness stand, if an officer can’t remember but says that the information is in remember but says that the information is in the report, the jury usually believes the report.the report, the jury usually believes the report.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Writing a ReportWriting a Report
Most reports will begin with a Most reports will begin with a face face sheet.sheet.
Face sheetsFace sheets are used to are used to Direct information gatheringDirect information gathering Record pertinent statisticsRecord pertinent statistics Organize informationOrganize information Reduce the length of the narrativeReduce the length of the narrative Provide a quick reference for othersProvide a quick reference for others
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Writing a ReportWriting a Report
Once your notes are Once your notes are in order, write the in order, write the narrative. Each narrative. Each narrative will have narrative will have An opening or An opening or Source Source
of Activityof Activity Chronological facts of Chronological facts of
the investigation or the investigation or ObservationsObservations
A closing or A closing or dispositiondisposition
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Writing a ReportWriting a Report
The opening will containThe opening will contain Who the officer(s) and complainant(s) Who the officer(s) and complainant(s)
areare What the officer was doing at the time What the officer was doing at the time
of the callof the call What the incident wasWhat the incident was When (time and date) the officer When (time and date) the officer
received the callreceived the call Where the incident occurredWhere the incident occurred
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Writing a ReportWriting a Report
A typical opening, with heading, may A typical opening, with heading, may read as follows:read as follows:Source of Activity:Source of Activity:
On Tuesday, March 18, 200-, I On Tuesday, March 18, 200-, I was on patrol alone. At approximately was on patrol alone. At approximately 1042 hours, Dispatch called and said 1042 hours, Dispatch called and said that a Henry Bartell had reported a that a Henry Bartell had reported a battery in progress outside Katy’s Café, battery in progress outside Katy’s Café, 123 Main Street. 123 Main Street.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Writing a ReportWriting a Report
The chronological narration of the The chronological narration of the incident should outline what you did incident should outline what you did to investigate the incident.to investigate the incident.
Use Use headingsheadings to keep your report to keep your report organized. Exact headings will organized. Exact headings will depend on the type of incident that depend on the type of incident that you are investigating.you are investigating.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Writing a ReportWriting a Report
Source of ActivitySource of Activity ObservationsObservations Victim’s StatementsVictim’s Statements Witness’ Witness’
StatementsStatements Officer’s ActionsOfficer’s Actions Suspect’s Suspect’s
StatementsStatements
Description of Description of Stolen GoodsStolen Goods
EvidenceEvidence DispositionDisposition
ArrestsArrests CitationsCitations Juvenile CustodyJuvenile Custody
StatusStatus
Headings may include:
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Writing a ReportWriting a Report
Under each heading use one or more Under each heading use one or more paragraphs. Use a new paragraph to paragraphs. Use a new paragraph to signalsignal A shift in focusA shift in focus
New perspective/ viewpointNew perspective/ viewpoint New topic or idea within a topicNew topic or idea within a topic
A change of timeA change of time A change of locationA change of location A new person or speakerA new person or speaker
Set off dialogueSet off dialogue A new section of the reportA new section of the report
Paragraphs may include numbered or Paragraphs may include numbered or bulleted lists.bulleted lists.
Copyright 2005-2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Principles of Principles of Criminal InvestigationsCriminal Investigations and and
Report WritingReport Writing
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