Policy ImplementationPolicy Implementation-- How to develop LCS study How to develop LCS study -- 脱温暖化
2050
http://2050.nies.go.jpp g jp
Junichi Fujino([email protected])NIES
2008 AIM Training Workshop, Tsukuba28 Oct, 2008
What LCS model can offer?
What LCS model should answer?What LCS model should answer?
Forecasting from now and Backcasting Forecasting from now and Backcasting from future prescribed/normative worldfrom future prescribed/normative world
Technology development,socio-economic change projected by historically
d
Forecasting Reference future
ldtrend worldMitigation
Technology developmentRequired
P li e ntion
3. We need
Service demand
Policy intervention and
Investment
pres
sur
int
erve
n
“Innovation”to realize visions
Long-terBack casting
changeby changing social
behavior, lifestyles and institutions
required intervention policy m
enta
l p
Requ
ired
2. We need“Vi i ”
rm target ye
ReleaseA
IM re
Back-casting
Normative target world
and measures
Envi
ronm
Checyear(2
Checyear(20
R “Visions”1.”Target” is tough
2020 20502000
ear
e of esult
gE cking015)
cking025)
is tough50% reductions
In the world
Japan Low Carbon Society Scenarios toward 2050
[FY2004-2008, Global Environmental Research Program, MOE][FY2004 2008, Global Environmental Research Program, MOE]
Study environmental options toward low carbon society in Japand b d
Green buildingsSelf-sustained city
Decentralized services
Eco awarenessEffective communication
Dematerialization
Next generation vehiclesEfficient transportation system
Advanced logistics
Techno-Socio Innovation studyAdvisory board:advice to project
Decentralized services Dematerialization Advanced logistics
BaU scenarioE i h
Urban structure IT-society
Development of socio-economic scenarios io
nTransportation
system ReductionTarget study
BaU scenario
EE improvement
New energy
Energy saving
Structure change
Life-styleh
Tech. innovationeconomic scenarios, evaluating counter-measures with social-economic-technology models GH
G em
issi
-1135
Valid
EquityEffective
990
000
020
050
010
Interventionscenario
changeGHG reduction target(eg. 60-80% reduction by 1990 level)
Evaluate feasibility of GHG reduction target
Integration Team
Suitable
19 20 20 2020
Middle-termTarget year
Loge-termTarget year 5 teams
60 Researchers
4
60 ResearchersPropose options of long-term global warming policy
GHG 70% reduction in 2050 Scenario A: Vivid Techno-driven SocietyDemand side energy -40% + Low carbonization of primary energy+CCSwith moderate cost of technological options as 0.3% of GDP in the year of 2050
Change of activityChange of activity
・High economic growth, Increase of service demand per household, Increase of office floor (increase)
・Servicizing of industry, Decline in number of households, Increase of public transportation (decrease)
with moderate cost of technological options as 0.3% of GDP in the year of 2050
621
6124
1013of
y Re
duction
of dem
and
ector Indu
stry
Reduction of service demandImprovement ofenergy intensityImprovement of
・Farm products produced and consumed in season
on
90
13
38
97
Improvem
ent o
energy
intensit
of end
‐use
nergy de
mandse
dential &
mmercial
Improvement ofcarbon intensity
Reduction of service demand
Improvement of
・Fuel switch from coal and oil to natural gas
・Insulation・Energy use management (HEMS/BEMS)
・Efficient heat pump air‐conditioner, Efficient water heater,
70%redu
ctio
36
7
28
17
Emission
Emission
Improvem
ent o
f carbon
intensity
of end
‐use
Etor
ation
Resid
com Improvement of
energy intensityImprovement ofcarbon intensity
Efficient heat pump air conditioner, Efficient water heater, Efficient lighting equipment
・Development and widespread use of fuel cell・All‐electric house・Photovoltaic
77
41
36CCS
1990
CO
2 E
2000
CO
2 E
mprovem
ent o
f arbo
nintensity
f e
nergy supp
ly
nergy supp
ly sect
Transporta
Reduction of service demand
Improvement ofenergy intensity
・Advanced land use / Aggregation of urban function・Modal shift to public transportation service・Widespread use of motor‐driven vehicle such aselectric vehicle and fuel‐cell electric vehicle
CCS
2 Em
ission
Im ca ofE
nergy supp
ly
gy yImprovement ofcarbon intensity
Improvement of
・High efficiency freight vehicle・Improvement of energy efficiency (train/ship/airplane)
・Fuel mix change to low carbon energy sources such as natural gas, nuclear energy, and renewable energy
Carbon CaptureStorage
2050
CO En Improvement of
carbon intensity
・Power generation without CO2 emission・Hydrogen production without CO2 emission
・Effective use of night power / Electricity storage・Hydrogen (derived from renewable energy) supply
7. Pedestrian Friendly City Design
A Dozen Actions towards Low-Carbon SocietiesResidential/commercial sector actions
Press release on May 22, 2008
1. Comfortable and Green Built EnvironmentEfficiently use of sunlight and energy efficient built environment design. Intelligent buildings.
City design requiring short trips and pedestrian (and bicycle) friendly transport, augmented by efficient public transport
2. Anytime, Anywhere Appropriate AppliancesUse of Top-runner and Appropriate appliances. Initial cost reduction by rent and release system resulting in improved availability
8. Low-Carbon Electricity Supplying low carbon electricity by large-scale renewables, nuclear power and CCS equipped fossil (and biomass) fired plants
Energy supply sector actions
resulting in improved availability.
3. Promoting Seasonal Local FoodSupply of seasonal and safe low-carbon local
and CCS-equipped fossil (and biomass) fired plants9. Local Renewable Resources for Local DemandEnhancing local renewables use, such as solar, wind, biomass and others
Industrial sector actions
foods for local cuisine4. Sustainable Building Materials Using local and renewable buildings materials and products.
biomass and others.
10. Next Generation Fuels Development of carbon free hydrogen- and/or biomass-based energy supply system with required infrastructure5. Environmentally Enlightened Business and
Industry Businesses aiming at creating and operating in low carbon market. Supplying low carbon and high value added goods and services
system with required infrastructure
11. Labeling to Encourage Smart and Rational ChoicesVisualizing of energy use and CO2 costs information
Cross-sector actions
carbon and high value-added goods and services through energy efficient production systems.
6. Swift and Smooth Logistics
Visualizing of energy use and CO2 costs information for smart choices of low carbon goods and service by consumers, and public acknowledgement of such consumers
Transportation sector actions
12. Low-Carbon Society Leadership Human resource development for building “Low-Carbon Society” and recognizing extraordinary contributions.
6. Swift and Smooth LogisticsNetworking seamless logistics systems with supply chain management, using both transportation and ICT infrastructure
http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/abespeech/2007/05/24speech_e.html
Japanese PM outlines green
http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/resources/daily_news/climate_change/japanese_pm_outlines_green_fukuda_vision
Japanese PM outlines green 'Fukuda vision‘ on 9th June
• Japanese prime minister Yasuo Fukuda on Monday announced a new emissions trading trial set• Japanese prime minister Yasuo Fukuda on Monday announced a new emissions trading trial set for this autumn and pledged to cut of 60-80 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions based on current levels by 2050.
• Under the new ETS scheme, countries will be able to impose upper limits on greenhouse gas p pp g gemissions and issue credits to large firms.
• Japan will also set out a mid-term reduction target of a 14 per cent cut in emissions by 2020 based on of 2005 level, said Mr Fukuda.
• Japan will contribute up to $1.2 billion to a new multilateral fund with the US and Britain to help developing countries fight global warming, Mr Fukuda said in his speech.
• Analysts said Tokyo is aiming to boost the perception that it is playing a leading role in fighting• Analysts said Tokyo is aiming to boost the perception that it is playing a leading role in fighting climate change at the July G8 summit in Hokkaido, where world leaders will meet to discuss arrangements for the successor to the Kyoto protocol, which expires in 2012.
• Japan says it will use more clean energy such as wind and solar and cut overall output, consumption and waste.
• Speaking at the Japan National Press Club, the Japanese premier outlined the 'Fukuda Vision', saying: "We must see the transition to a low-carbon society as an opportunity for new economic growth "growth.
• Japan is currently the world's fifth largest carbon emitter.
July 7-9 2008, Hokkaido, Japan
Summary of the Hokkaido Toyako SummitJuly 9, 2008
(2) Environment and Climate Change(2) Environment and Climate Change
(a) Prime Minister Fukuda stated at the beginning that this was a very important summit, one that should determine whether humanity can move toward a low-carbon society, severing its dependence on fossil fuels and addressing challenges including globalsevering its dependence on fossil fuels and addressing challenges including global warming and resource depletion countries.
(b) Long-term GoalWith respect to the goal of achieving at least 50% reduction of global emissions by 2050 the G8 leaders agreed to seek to share and adopt it with all Parties to the2050, the G8 leaders agreed to seek to share and adopt it with all Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
(c) Mid-term GoalsIn order to achieve absolute emission reductions in all developed nations, G8 leaders agreed to implement ambitious economy-wide mid-term goalsagreed to implement ambitious economy-wide mid-term goals.
(d) Sectoral ApproachIt was recognized that sectoral approaches are useful tools for achieving national emission objectives and for reducing GHG emissions.
(e) Climate Investment Funds(e) Climate Investment FundsG8 leaders welcomed and supported the establishment of the Climate Investment Funds administered by the World Bank to support the efforts of developing countries, and welcomed commitments from other donors.
Chair’s Summary yG8 Environment Ministers Meeting
Kobe, Japan, pMay 24-26, 2008
T iti i t l b i ti d t bli hiTransitioning to low-carbon societies and establishing an international research network on low-carbon societies5. To realize such long-term goals, it is necessary to change the g g , y gcurrentsocio-economic structures and transition to low-carbon societies. In so doing there was general recognition of the importance of all theso doing, there was general recognition of the importance of all the countries to have a clear vision of low-carbon societies. Strong support for establishing an international research network of i tit ti i l d i th h l b i tiinstitutions involved in the research on low-carbon societies was shown by a number of countries, and other countries also expressed their support for the consideration of its establishment.
http://www.env.go.jp/earth/g8/en/img/G8EMM%202008%20Chair'sSummary_Final_.pdf
Chair’s Summary G8 Environment Ministers Meeting
Kobe, JapanMay 24-26, 2008
A ti t li l b i tiActions to realize low-carbon societies6. To achieve low-carbon societies, all countries need innovations in
their lifestyle, production and consumption patterns, and social y p p pinfrastructure in addition to technological innovations. It was recognized that technology transfer and capacity building are necessary to achieve low-carbon societies at the global scale. Thenecessary to achieve low carbon societies at the global scale. The importance of research and development, information infrastructures and institutional planning was also pointed out. It was highlighted that there is a need to promote further development of technologiesthat there is a need to promote further development of technologies such as carbon capture and storage and biofuels. Carbon offsetting was also recognized as an effective mechanism that provides a wide range of stakeholders such as citizens companies andrange of stakeholders such as citizens, companies, and governments with opportunities to contribute to mitigation actions. It was observed that in shifting toward low-carbon societies, international cooperation on carbon offsets will play an important role.
http://www.env.go.jp/earth/g8/en/img/G8EMM%202008%20Chair'sSummary_Final_.pdf
Carbon Reduction in PortlandStrategies and SuccessStrategies and Success
Megan SteinCity of Portland Office of Sustainable Development
Portland Profile
We are here!We are here!
1993 Carbon Dioxide Reduction StrategyStrategy
Built on 1979Built on 1979 Local Energy Plan
Integrated Energy with:
Housing
Land Use
TransportationTransportation
Business
2001 Local Action Plan on Global WarmingWarming
CO Reduction Goal:CO2 Reduction Goal:10% below 1990 levels by 2010by 2010
Over 100 government actions & community initiatives
PolicyR bl ERenewable Energy TransportationBuildingsBuildingsSolid WasteForestryForestry
2001 Local Action Plan on Global WarmingWarming
Energy
Transportation
Green Building
R li dRecycling and Composting
Energy
Internal energy efficiency and renewable energyefforts save the City over $2 7 million annuallyefforts save the City over $2.7 million annually
Biogas generation, representing $500,000 annual savingssavings
Solar panels, hydroelectric turbines and a small wind turbine
Energy
Portland’s operations use p173 million kWh per year
$Roughly $13 million
100% renewable energy100% renewable energy for City operations by 20102010
2001 Local Action Plan on Global WarmingWarming
Energy
Transportation
Green Building
Recycling and Composting
Transportation
Urban Growth Boundary
Transportation
Renewable Fuels StandardAll Diesel = 5% BiodieselAll Gasoline = 10% EthanolAll Gasoline = 10% Ethanol2010 = 10% Biodiesel
2001 Local Action Plan on Global WarmingWarming
Energy Use
T t tiTransportation
G B ildiGreen Building
Waste Reduction & Recycling
Green Building
LEED Gold certification required for municipalLEED Gold certification required for municipalowned buildings:
New constructionExisting buildings and remodelsSpecial requirements for roofs and re-roof projects
LEED Silver certification for city funded, privateprojects
2001 Local Action Plan on Global W iWarming
Energy
T t tiTransportation
Green BuildingGreen Building
Recycling andRecycling and Compostingg
Recycling and Composting
63% Recovery Rate63% Recovery Rate
75% Recovery Goal
Mandatory recycling for businesses and construction sitesconstruction sites
Mandatory composting for food generators
Accomplishments
Achieving the New 2050 Goal
Portland 2010 Goal: 10% below 1990 levels10% below 1990 levels
Emissions level required to stabilize the climate
Achieving the New 2050 Goal
18,000,000
14 000 000
16,000,000
8,000,000
Business as usual
12,000,000
14,000,000
O2e
Buildings/ electricity
8,000,000
10,000,000
met
ric to
ns C
O
Buildings/ natural gas
4,000,000
6,000,000
m
Passenger transportation
0
2,000,000Commercial transportationGoal
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Achieving the New 2050 Goal: Possible StrategiesPossible Strategies
Establish an investment fund to leverage privateEstablish an investment fund to leverage private capital to finance comprehensive energy efficiency improvements and clean distributed
tigeneration
Require energy performance ratings forRequire energy performance ratings for residential and commercial buildings at time of sale
Require all evaluations of land use options to include forecasts of greenhouse gas impacts g g p
Make it possible for residents to access key community goods and services within walkingcommunity goods and services within walking distance
地方自治体の低炭素社会目標地方自治体の低炭素社会目標
目標値はそれぞれカリフォルニア州1 1
1.2
2050年 目標値はそれぞれの地域での基準年比排出量。
カリフォルニア州
カリフォルニア州ニューメキシコ州
ニューメキシコ州
コネッチカット州
コネッチカット州オレゴン州
オレゴン州ジュネーヴ
広島市柏0.9
1
1.1
基準年は地域によって異なるが、1990年が多い。
ロンドン
チェルトナム
ウォキング
オレゴン州ストックホルム
ベルリン
ミュンヘン 豊中
豊中
横浜柏
千代田区
東京都
ニューヨーク市
0 6
0.7
0.8
排出量
1990年が多い。
ロンドン ブリストル
チェルトナム
ウォキング
ウォキングレスター
ベルリン
ベルリン
ミュンヘン
豊中
横浜
横浜
広島市
0.4
0.5
0.6
基準年比
排
ロンドン ブリストル
カリフォルニア州ニューメキシコ州
オレゴン州豊中
0 1
0.2
0.3
基
60%~100%削減目標
ストックホルム
ジュネーヴ0
0.1
1990 2010 2030 2050 2070目標年目標年
環境モデル都市プロジェクト(内閣官房地域活性化統合本部、2008)に提案された温室効果ガス排出削減目標
1.2
• 82件(89自治体)の
応募、
宇都宮市
堺市
高知市
釧路市
帯広市
宇都宮市
太田市
川口市松戸市
松戸市流山市
江戸川区
江戸川区福生市
相模原市大垣市
多治見市
刈谷市
後熊本市
1• 大幅な削減目標や実
現可能性、地域の特
色など、五つの選定宇都宮市
大阪市
富良野市
下川町
洞爺湖町
鹿追町
青森市
飯豊町
太田市
太田市川口市
柏市
流山市
千代田区豊島区
調布市
福生市
横浜市
相模原市上越市 富山市
金沢市
珠洲市
山梨市
各務原市豊田市東近江市
京丹後市
岸和田市
出雲市真庭市
上勝町
高松市
北九州市
長崎市
熊本市
水俣市
日田市
那覇市
うるま市
0.8
目標
値
出量
基準により、
• 環境モデル都市とし
て 6自治体(北海道
土浦市
北区
中津川市
札幌市 札幌市
下川町
つくば市
戸田&白河市
北本市福生市
横浜市相模原市
金沢市
山梨市 飯田市岐阜市 岐阜市
大垣市静岡市
名古屋市刈谷市
刈谷市
近江八幡市
高島市京都市
大阪市松山市
熊本市 水俣市鹿児島市
う 市
0.6
基準
年比
排出
目
※
基準
年比
排出 て、6自治体(北海道
帯広市、北海道下川
町、横浜市、富山市、
北九州市、熊本県水
俣市)中津川市
釧路市帯広市富良野市
下川町
洞爺湖町
飯豊町
土浦市
松戸市柏市
流山市千代田区
豊島区調布市川崎市
珠洲市
飯田市
各務原市御嵩町豊田市近江八幡市
京都市
吹田市
真庭市
広島市
高松市
松山市
高知市北九州市
長崎市熊本市
日田市
0.4
※
基 俣市)、
• 「環境モデル候補都
市」として、東京都千名古屋市
洞爺湖町鹿追町青森市宇都宮市太田市川口市
崎市上越市富山市山梨市
飯田市
岐阜市多治見市
中津川市静岡市
近江 幡市東近江市
京都市
京丹後市長岡京市
堺市岸和田市
吹田市
新宮市出雲市
広島市
上勝町
州市杵築市
鹿児島市
那覇市うるま市けいはんな
0.2 代田区、長野県飯田
市、愛知県豊田市、
京都市、大阪府堺市
高知県梼原町 沖静岡市 京都市 上勝町
0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055
年目標年
、高知県梼原町、沖
縄県宮古島市を選ん
だ。
Japan-UK Joint Research ProjectLCS through Sustainable DevelopmentLCS through Sustainable Development
for Global ParticipationTh Fi k h h ldThe First workshop was held
in Tokyo, June14-16, 2006. G8 Gleneagles 2005
Participants from 19 countries;
G8 Japan
Participants from 19 countries;Asia: Japan, China, India, Thailand, Taiwan (China)Africa: South Africa, NigeriaEurope: UK France Germany G8 Japan
July 2008Europe: UK, France, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Netherlands, RussiaLatin America: Brazil, Mexico, ChileNorth America: US, Canada
The Second workshop was held in London, June13-15, 2007.
The Third workshop was held in Japan, Feb13-15, 2008.
http://2050.nies.go.jphttp://2050.nies.go.jpDeveloping and Diffusing Innovations for our good life and LCS through SD
JapanJapan‐‐UK Joint Research ProjectUK Joint Research ProjectSustainable LowSustainable Low‐‐Carbon Societies Carbon Societies ((LCSsLCSs))In 2006, the Governments of Japan and UK established an innovative joint research project with participation from a diverse group of some 20 countries.
Launch of the Project : 16th Feb 2006 (Anniversary of Kyoto Protocol)
Former Japanese Environment Minister Yuriko Koike and UK Ambassador to Japan Sir. Graham Fry announced the launch of the joint research of theannounced the launch of the joint research of the Low‐Carbon Societies (LCSs)
1 t W k h J 2006
A l t ti f i th d f
1st Workshop: June 2006 Developing Visions for a LCS through Sustainable Development
A long‐term perspective focusing on the need for urgent action to reduce CO2 towards 2050.Achievement of LCS will involve the development d d l t f l b t h l iand deployment of low carbon technologies,
changes to lifestyles and institution, and need to align with sustainable development.Tokyo
JapanJapan‐‐UK Joint Research ProjectUK Joint Research ProjectSustainable LowSustainable Low‐‐Carbon Societies Carbon Societies ((LCSsLCSs))In 2006, the Governments of Japan and UK established an innovative joint research project with participation from a diverse group of some 20 countries.
2nd Workshop: June 2007 Achieving a Sustainable LCSA wide range of stakeholders‐ from governmentA wide range of stakeholders‐ from government, business, and civil society need to be engaged in finding solutions. A significant share of GHG is due to cities Effective
3rd Workshop: Feb 2008 Roadmap to Low Carbon World
A significant share of GHG is due to cities. Effective Action can be and is being undertaken.London
Tokyo3rd Workshop: Feb 2008 Roadmap to Low Carbon World
Creation of appropriate incentives for business using long‐term policy signals to strengthen carbon pricing.Expanding financial flows, international cooperation inlow‐carbon approaches.Building trust between countries and stakeholders
Co‐chairs: Shuzo Nishioka(NIES), Jim Skea(UKERC)
though enhancement of communications is important.
Group 1Group 1Group1: Behavior change and its impact on delivering LCSsGroup1: Behavior change and its impact on delivering LCSsGroup chairs: Jeremy Watson (Arup, UK) and Yuichi Moriguchi (NIES, Japan)Rapporateur: Steve CorneliusRapporateur: Steve Cornelius
Key QuestionsWh t th i l i b h i h h t b iWhat are the main levers in behaviour change, what barriers need to be overcome?, and
• What roles exist for different actors i.e. individuals, businesses, Governments etc?Governments, etc?
• What are the roles of policy options, including regulations and setting standards, for behaviour change?
• In particular, how consumption patterns of the developed p , p p pcountries can be tackled in the context of behavior change?
Group 2Group 2Group2: Delivering LCS through Sustainable DevelopmentGroup2: Delivering LCS through Sustainable DevelopmentGroup chairs: P.R.Shukla (IIM, India), Taka Hiraishi (IGES, Japan)Rapporateur: Sunil Malla (Technology Consultancy ServicesRapporateur: Sunil Malla (Technology Consultancy Services, Kathmandu), Tomoki Ehara (MHIR)
Key QuestionsKey QuestionsWhat are the differences among developing countries in terms of adapting to and mitigating the climate change?What are the differences between SDPAMs and LCSWhat are the differences between SDPAMs and LCS approaches and what advantages do LCS approaches provide to achieve SD?How approaches to LCS can be integrated into SDPAMs?How approaches to LCS can be integrated into SDPAMs?
Group 3Group 3Group 3: Enabling LCSs: InvestmentGroup 3: Enabling LCSs: InvestmentHow to inspire innovation, driving force to make it happenGroup chairs: Jose Garibaldi (Enegeia Mexico), Takejiro Sueyoshi (UNDP)Sueyoshi (UNDP)Rapporateur: Andy Bolhito
K Q tiKey QuestionsWhat conditions (rules, institutions, price signals) will stimulate investment for LCSs? H d t th i ti t d i dHow do we create the necessary incentives to drive and enhance innovation?What are the roles of the governments to make necessary investments happen?investments happen?
Group 4Group 4Group 4: Barriers and opportunities: approaches to sensitiveGroup 4: Barriers and opportunities: approaches to sensitive LCS sectorsWiping out concerns, bright futures, level playing fields, impacts to industry and other sectorsimpacts to industry and other sectorsGroup chairs: Jim Watson (SPRU, UK), Naoya Tsukamoto (MoEJ, Japan)Rapporateur: Jiang Kejun and Toshi ArimuraRapporateur: Jiang Kejun and Toshi Arimura
Key QuestionsWhat sectors are most sensitive and/or vulnerable in theWhat sectors are most sensitive and/or vulnerable in the transition to LCS?What kind of inertia hinders transition to LCSs (concepts, social systems economic systems infrastructure etc)?social systems, economic systems, infrastructure, etc)?What opportunities exist for such sectors in new “green” markets and what policy measures exist to achieve international level playing fields?p y g
Behaviour Change and its impact onBehaviour Change and its impact on delivering a Low-Carbon Society
Co-chairs – Yuichi Moriguchi, Jeremy Watson
Rapporteur – Stephen CorneliusRapporteur – Stephen Cornelius
Overview
• Leadership
• Instruments to drive Behaviour Change
• Tools for Behaviour Change• Tools for Behaviour Change
• Markets
• Psychology of Behaviour Change
• Timely and appropriate Behaviour ChangeTimely and appropriate Behaviour Change
• Engagement
Leadership
• Governments are expected to play a leading role by creating enabling frameworks
• business want a framework with an appropriate balance of incentives and penalties and with long-term policy certaintyincentives and penalties and with long term policy certainty
• consumers welcome leadership and clear vision from governments rather government inaction
• Each group sees the onus to act first as being the responsibility of the others (government / business / i di id l )individuals)
Instruments to drive Behaviour Change
• Regulationt d d t h i d l tt ti d• standards – e.g. worst choices made less attractive or removed
• obligations – e.g. mandatory emissions reduction targets
M t• Monetary• fiscal (taxes and incentives – e.g. London congestion charge)• procurement – e.g. C40 (energy efficiency purchases for publicprocurement e.g. C40 (energy efficiency purchases for public
buildings)• emissions trading
• Exemplar projects• low-carbon, low waste housing (e.g. BedZED)
Tools for Behaviour Change
• Information / guidance• product labelling – e.g. life-cycle costs, energy ratings• household- and company-level emission inventory – e.g. energy
meters & accountingmeters & accounting• web resources – e.g. carbon calculator• support on how to change behaviour – e.g. advice helpline
l i t k• learning networks• mass media
A il bilit f it bl lt ti / h i• Availability of suitable alternatives / choices• product versus service choice• transport modal shifttransport modal shift
Markets
• Recognise the value of market-based instruments to influence behaviours in the medium to long-term
• need a price on carbon (i.e. value on emission reduction) • power of informed consumer choice (e g consumer-durables)• power of informed consumer choice (e.g. consumer-durables)
• Supply (production) and Demand (consumption)• decarbonising energy supply (e g renewables CCS nuclear)• decarbonising energy supply (e.g. renewables, CCS, nuclear)• the benefit of incremental efficiency improvements may be offset
by increased consumption (rebound effect) and switching to more energy intensive alternatives
Psychology of Behaviour Change
• Encourage positive attitude• not “don’t” but “let’s do”• small individual actions can be cumulatively powerful (e.g.
recycling)• turn aspirations to be greener into actions that matter• turn aspirations to be greener into actions that matter• Change should be desirable – fashionable and fun!
• Change mind set• Change mind-set • consumer items not as important as the service they provide• become aware that ownership carries responsibility• focus on quality-of-life rather than on mass-consumption and
disposal
• Social responsibility and peer pressure• family, neighbours, colleagues
Timely and appropriate Behaviour Change
• Need more than incremental changes to rapidly transition to LCS
• move LCS philosophy from the periphery into the mainstream • likely to involve paradigm shifts• likely to involve paradigm shifts
• Recognising difference in circumstance• Recognising difference in circumstance• strategies for LCS will vary for different countries – depending
on national circumstance (resource endowment, development level etc)
• city-level action may also differ due to varying opportunity to act • leapfrogging – assistance to develop on a low-carbon pathway leapfrogging assistance to develop on a low carbon pathway
through appropriate technology transfer, financing and investment, joint venture exemplar projects etc
Engagement
• Broad participation is needed to achieve a LCSp p• actions are required by all stakeholders – citizens, corporations
and government
• Government• city plans should be at least enabled and preferably supported
by national frameworksby national frameworks• advanced city-level action can be used as pilots for national
action
Report fromReport fromGroup 2:G oup
“Delivering LCS through g gSustainable Development”
Recognitionsg• “Developing countries” include a vast range of countries,
with differences in, for instance, population, natural , , p p ,resource endowment, stage of economic development, as well as political or geological conditions. Therefore, It is not proper to elaborate LCS questions monotonally onis not proper to elaborate LCS questions monotonally on “developing countries”.
• LCS actions and SD actions are required in both qdeveloped and developing countries, in line with their needs, priorities and within the available resources.Th G l b t d th LCS i ith b d ti• The Group elaborated the LCS issues with a broad time framework of “LCS by 2050”, while the Group was fully recognizant of the urgency of climate actions, in g g y ,particular, viz. extremely vulnerable countries. The Group also considered that actions towards “by 2050” would contain many early actions even in the near future term”contain many early actions even in the near future term .
Recognition (2)g ( )• SD is meant to achieve sound development,
dd i i t t i haddressing many important issues such as; poverty, equity, health, technology, etc., which would not prevent development of futurewould not prevent development of future generations.
• SD concept has been with us for a couple of p pdecades (cf. Brundlunt Report (1987)), but there are numerous “definitions” reflecting the underlying background and the purpose of useunderlying background and the purpose of use. While essentially all the countries are committed to seek for its implementation, many countries p yare faced with a variety of difficulties.
Major ConclusionsMajor Conclusions
Relationship between LCS and SD• The Group believes that between LCS
and SD there are manyand SD, there are many commonalities and, possibly, many
t ll ti tmutually supportive components.• Detailed analysis of this aspect might y p g
be not only academically interesting, but it might accrue to valuable hints gfor future international actions on LCS/SD and on leap-frogging of p gg gdeveloping countries, though It would take significant time and resources.take significant time and resources.
Provision of Visions on LCSProvision of Visions on LCS• Rather, the Group considered, as a matter
f i it di i ti d i i fof priority, dissemination and provision of “visions on LCS” to the world community is imperative so that governments andimperative, so that governments and relevant stakeholders can take well-informed and timely actions towards LCSinformed and timely actions towards LCS.
• For this purpose, the Group recommends that a detailed information/guidancethat a detailed information/guidance package on LCS should be prepared in the UK-Japan LCS scheme. [“Visions”]the UK Japan LCS scheme. [ Visions ]
“Visions on LCS” (1)The “Visions on LCS” should address
issues such as: Principlesissues such as: Principles, Considerations, Means or Options. More specifically; The Visions should;specifically; The Visions should;– be clear that appropriate pathways to (certain types
f ) LCS ld t h i thof ) LCS, would not hamper economic growth.– state that LCS and SD should be synergistic.– be clear on societal benefits, expected from LCS.– propose a set of principles on Government’s
intervention.– allow dynamic and proactive changes in the
course of process towards LCS.
“Visions on LCS” (2)( )The Visions should also;
ff ti ( f i di id l li i ) t l d– offer options (of individual policies), tools, and means (including international actions), possible
h d h d t llphased approaches and steps, as well as proposed timeline of actions.
– address requirements (especially, funds, technologies and human resources), and possible actions or means to obtain them.
– contain considerations on Implications on, and, p , ,by other policies, including fiscal policies (e.g., subsidies).)
“Visions on LCS” (3):For the purpose of facilitation, the Visions
should also;should also;
– share good examples, or show cases.g p– contain discussions on cautions:
eventual problems in policyeventual problems in policy implementation (use of LCA?).
– consideration immediate (developmental) needs, of developing ( p ) , p gcountries.
What LCS model can offer?
What LCS model should answer?What LCS model should answer?