Policy Report for MEF(2)

Policy Analysis Report:

Establishment of an Institute for Environmental Services Certification and Accreditation in Ethiopia*

In view of Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) and CRGE Strategy Framework Joan M Jahn, MPH

Report for Ministry of Environment and Forest (MEF) Government of Ethiopia *COPYRIGHTS: This report is a segment of policy analysis report intended for publication. Climate Science Centre (CSC)-‐ IESCA PROJECT/Report/1000 Issue Number 0.1 Date 03/04/2014

Policy Analysis Report for Ministry of Environment and Forest

Objectives of this report

Rationale: Why establish an Institute for Environmental Services Certification and Accreditation?

The objective of establishing an institute for environmental services that conforms to standards for certification and accreditation follows a policy-‐driven and market-‐based approach. It recognizes a need or demand for independent third-‐party conformity assessment in view of environmental standards in order to safeguard the environment and to ensure quality of life of people as the country drives its growth and productivity. In Ethiopia, key strategic policies, when harmonized, provide the enabling legal framework with a net effect of climate resilient-‐sustainable growth — (1) the Ethiopian Environmental Policy provides a framework for environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resource; (2) the Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy for green growth embodies national response to climate change impacts through sector-‐specific adaptation and mitigation measures in line with the (3) National Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP); and (4) the National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) Strategy that established an internationally recognized system designed to accompany economic growth with standards development, conformity assessment, accreditation, and legal metrology toward a vision for quality and global competitiveness.

Objectives of this report—

§ This report therefore aims to provide an analysis of the enabling legal framework and the existing institutional arrangements for the establishment of the proposed Institute for Environmental Services Certification and Accreditation (IESCA). The main objective is to provide a policy discourse and evidences on the key issues arising from roles and functions of the proposed Institute vis-‐à-‐vis mandates of governmental bodies and line ministries involved or impacted by its establishment, particularly the Ministry of Environment and Forest, and to reach a consensus toward a final endorsement.

§ This report also aims to provide answers to some specific questions pertaining to institutional arrangements and mandates of MEF and the envisaged Institute:

-‐-‐What could be a future role of the IESCA in building capacity of Ethiopian experts and professionals in the field of environmental protection and climate change actions? -‐-‐How is the IESCA’s programmes link to mandates of MEF, the NQI systems of certification and national accreditation toward meeting international and national standards for the environment, as well as in mitigating and adapting to climate change impacts arising from social and economic development?

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Objectives of this report

-‐-‐What could be a future role of IESCA for review and verification of environmental impact assessments and GHG monitoring reports in the country? -‐-‐What could be a future role of IESCA in supporting a national GHG MRV system and the larger environmental M&E system in the country? -‐-‐What is the legal authority of MEF to designate IESCA as one provider of independent verification and certification of environmental services in the country? -‐-‐What mechanism or modality of cooperation would ensure “optimization” of IESCA that is in line with the mandates of MEF? -‐-‐How is the sustainability of IESCA planned following its establishment?

In view of both policy and legal framework, it is a primary intention of this report to therefore provide an analysis of legal mandates particularly of the MEF and the NQI institutions vis-‐à-‐vis the envisaged IESCA, to determine any overlaps in jurisdiction, conflict, duplication of tasks, or complementarity.

Structure of the report—

This particular report for the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MEF) is structured in two parts: Part I, Summary Report for the Minister, provides a summary of the key issues discussed and the recommendations that follow. Part II, Contents, provides a more detailed discourse or analysis of the policy and legal evidences supporting the establishment of IESCA.

The content of this report is an attempt to provide analysis and knowledge in view of those key issues. The aim is to present the analysis in a more concise manner, and by intention of the author, is presented in this abridged format which is to be considered as segment only of a larger policy analysis report. The policy report that is about to be finalized upon receiving inputs from MEF, and when final consensus has been reached will then be presented to all other relevant line ministries.

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Policy and Legal Framework: GTP, Environmental Policy, CRGE Strategy, NQI Strategy

-‐This report considers those four key national policies to be the most instrumental and purposive public instruments to bring net positive changes for the benefit of people and environment in Ethiopia. The net effect or impact of these policies on the state of the environment is yet to be studied in the future, using policy impact evaluation methodologies.

-‐ The environmental policies, CRGE, NQI strategy, and the GTP, when harmonized, provides an overall enabling framework for the justification of establishing an institute for environmental services in Ethiopia, in particular the envisaged IESCA.

-‐The policy and legal framework therefore both enables and requires for the establishment of an independent entity who would act as “service provider” in the context of “conformity assessment”, notwithstanding the added value for quality assurance, and increasing manpower pool for environmental protection in the country.

What are needed to strengthen the implementation of National Environmental Policy and the CRGE strategy? What is the role of NQI system?

The envisaged IESCA, when established, would provide complementary role to the MEF and to the sector-‐specific line ministries in the CRGE framework. The analysis of mandates presented in this report show a synergy between the mandates of the ministries, more importantly the MEF, and the IESCA programmes. Evidence shows that synergy or cooperation between and among implementing units of a system produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. Such net effect of collaboration amongst IESCA, the MEF and other CRGE line ministries are expected outcomes of the IESCA programmes, as follows:

1-‐ Capacity Building Programme

-‐ The IESCA programmes such as the competency-‐based capacity building to be promoted as “ACES Training Program” (ACES=Accredited Certification of Environmental Services) is designed to actually enhance standards-‐based competencies of environmental professionals particularly those in the line ministries and in the regional environmental units, the academia, and research institutions in this field.

2-‐ Environmental Services to strengthen implementation of environmental policies and regulations in Ethiopia toward protection of the environment, promotion of safety, and reducing GHG emissions—

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Management Systems and Environment Audit, GHG MRV System, Environmental M&E, Environmental Personnel Certification (based on ISO 14001), Verification and Certification of Environment Reports

I. Summary Report for the Minister

Evidence shows that synergy or cooperation between and among implementing units of a system produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.

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3-‐ Quality improvement and assurance

What is the role of Certification and Accreditation in capacity building and quality improvement?

How the mechanisms of NQI system provide the enabling framework for IESCA in the area of conformity assessment?

Conformity Assessment Bodies – preferably private, independent, and highly credible

4-‐ Measurement and verification of impacts of investments on the environment

What existing mechanisms attempt to measure environmental impacts of investments and projects in the country?

EIA

CRGE Strategy

Impact Evaluation

What is the role of verification in reporting environmental and GHG status?

Verification of GHG emission report (sector-‐specific reporting, facility and corporate level)

5-‐ Technical assistance (TA) mobilization to provide support the establishment of a national GHG MRV system under the coordinating role of the MEF

Is there a national target for GHG emission?

What is the role of MEF in building a national GHG MRV system?

What is the legal framework for building a national MRV system?

What is the government regulation on GHG emission?

Mandatory vs. Voluntary reporting

6-‐ Strengthening of national environmental monitoring, evaluation, and reporting through the data base management system, and technical assistance (TA) for the review of EIA studies, and other reports.

Environmental Reports: EIA Report, State of the Environment Report, National GHG Communication Report to UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol

I. Summary Report for the Minister

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_____

Some key recommendations with implications for policy and programme:

1. Establishing an independent third party verification and certification system for the key environmental services, particularly the EIA, to ensure conformity to environmental protocols, standards and regulations.

2. Establishing a national GHG MRV system – beginning with sector-‐specific GHG emission inventories, sector-‐specific reporting, and independent verification/conformity assessment.

-‐ Mandatory vs. Voluntary reporting of GHG emission

3. Strengthening capacity building programmes of line ministries aimed at improving technical competence of both institutions and personnel, with corresponding budget allocation, for environmental audit, monitoring and evaluation, and preparation of national environmental reports (National Communication Report to UNFCCC, State of the Environment Report), conducting impact evaluation).

4. Strengthening an integrated knowledge management system for the environment, building upon the existing national environmental M & E, data base management, and environmental regulation compliance systems within the Ministry.

5. Leveraging the role of academia and education sector for building knowledge and competence on environment and climate through research, education and training, and technical assistance and advisory support to sector line ministries and regional environment units.

Summary Report for the Minister

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Page 2 Objectives of the Report 4 Part I: Summary Report for the Minister 6 Part II: Contents 7 Policy and legal framework 12 Mandates Analysis 25 Institutional mechanisms for Environmental Policy and CRGE 28 National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) 32 Conclusions and Way Forward 33 Annexes 41 Acknowledgements

II. Contents

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Introduction: Ethiopia as a country has embarked on a strong commitment to propel its growth and transformation toward a goal of reaching a middle-‐income status by the year 2025. This national vision is anchored on environment-‐responsive investments and green growth. The Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) recognizes the principles of sustainable growth as embodied in the 1997 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia. In 2011, the Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy has been adopted as a national policy framework to embody both sustainable green development goals and climate change mitigation and adaptation actions of the country. The CRGE is well received by governmental executive bodies as well as stakeholders at international and national levels, sub-‐national and regional communities. The participation of private commercial organizations has also already begun through various donor-‐assisted projects such as the SCIP Fund. A strong leadership by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) and the newly mandated Ministry of Environment and Forest (MEF) plus a good support from the donors has manifested the vibrancy of its implementation beginning the fiscal year 2014. A major challenge facing the Environmental Policy and the CRGE strategy though is the need to build and enhance national capacity and systems to meet all crucial requirements that will ensure success of implementation at all levels in the country. A result of a SCIP Fund assessment of national capacity and capability for the CRGE has shown a huge gap in organizational capacity for implementation particularly amongst the CRGE sector line ministries (see OCAM report). There is a strong felt need to strengthen the existing capacity building programmes of the government in order to facilitate a more effective and efficient implementation of the CRGE strategy and the policy for environmental protection and safety. The Climate Science Centre (CSC) of the College of Natural Sciences Addis Ababa University and in consultation with (then) Federal Environmental Protection Authority or EPA (now Ministry of Environment and Forest) has initiated a response to this compelling need for national capacity building in view of the goals and objectives of the National Environmental Policy of Ethiopia and the CRGE Strategy.

Policy and Legal Framework

The Constitution of Ethiopia— provides for the rights of all persons to a clean and healthy environment.

(FDRE Article 44 of the Constitution: Environmental Rights, Sub-‐Article 1)

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The “intervention” is designed to actually establish an accredited institute for environmental services verification and certification systems that are based on standards, both national and international. The intermediate objective of which is to provide certified training of environmental professionals in the country toward a quality delivery of environmental services. A critical objective is to support the larger environmental monitoring and impact evaluation of environmental protection policies as well as the control and reporting and verification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

National policy framework for environment, safety and climate change—

The 1997 National Environmental Policy of Ethiopia and the Environmental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation of 2002 (Proc. No. 295/2002) provide the overarching legal context for public policy responses to environment and climate change. The Environmental Policy outlines objectives that pertain to climate change, including a focus on climate monitoring, control of greenhouse gases and use of renewable energy. Proclamation No. 295/2002 established the Environmental Protection Agency and gave it the statutory mandate to coordinate the national response to climate change (FDRE 2002). Proclamation 803/2013 passes this mandate onto the Ministry of Environment and Forests (FDRE 2011).

The National Environmental Policy has outlined specific mechanisms for ensuring environmental protection, in particular the Strategic Land Use, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Auditing, Environmental Information, and Environmental Education and Awareness. Although a need for independent review and verification of EIA reports is required, a system for its implementation has been deficient in terms of existence of an independent review body outside the government sector. Currently EIA report reviews and decisions with regard to assessment of impact on the environment and affected populations are being done by line ministries (industry, mines, agriculture, transport, water, irrigation and energy, and urban development, housing and construction) designated by MEF. However constraints in conducting a good review emanates from weak organizational capacity of designated line ministries, a small number of competent human resource to conduct the review of EIA studies, and a weak monitoring system to assess the implementation mitigation actions and report on associated negative environmental impacts of the projects.

This major institutional gap in EIA has brought the idea of establishing an institute (IESCA) that is capable of conducting independent review of EIA studies, providing guidance in technical assessment, monitoring and reporting of mitigation actions, and at the same time one that could potentially boost organizational and human resource capacity within the environment sector.


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The Environmental Policy although covering already a wide range of resource sectors (i.e., soil, forest, woodlands, biodiversity, water, energy, minerals, urban environment, environmental health, industrial pollution, atmospheric pollution, and cultural and natural heritage), encompassing cross-‐sector issues such as population and the environment, community participation and the environment, tenure and access rights to land—the aspects of GHG measurements, reporting and verification (MRV) systems, and the larger Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) are still lacking. There was also no mention of the need for full integration of climate change adaptation and nationally appropriate mitigation measures in the policy. This deficiency could largely be attributed to a fact that the climate change issues were not high on the national political agenda at the time of crafting the policy. The 2011 Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy otherwise known as the green economy strategy provides a complementary policy framework to the Environmental Policy and the 5-‐year Growth and Transformational Plan (GTP). The CRGE policy gave importance to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and tackling the problems of unsustainable use of natural resources as inevitable consequences of a fast economic transformation that the country has embarked on for the past 15 to 20 years in order to achieve ambition of middle-‐income status by 2025. Under current practices, Ethiopia’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions would increase by more than double, from 150 Mt CO2 emissions in 2010 to reach as high as 400 Mt CO2 emissions in 2030. Therefore the plan is to follow a green path that fosters sustainable development. There were 60 priority initiatives identified in order for the country to achieve economic growth targets while limiting GHG emissions to a level that it is today, some 150 Mt CO2e to a limit of 250 Mt CO2e. The green economy plan is based on four pillars: 1. Crop and livestock green practices for production 2. Forest protection, conservation and re-‐establishment 3. Renewable energy generation for domestic and regional electrification 4. Application of modern green technologies for transport, construction, industries.


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The 2010-‐2015 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) represents an opportunity to build climate-‐resilient green economy. It recognizes the potential for agriculture, the multiple benefits of harnessing water resources, massively expanding access to modern technology and combining climate change adaptation and mitigation measures toward green economic development.

The plan also recognizes climate change both a threat and opportunity for Ethiopia. Climate change impacts are evident in annual loss of two to six per cent of production. The plan therefore recognizes the crucial role that environmental management and climate mitigation and adaptation measures would play in achieving sustainable development. Thus it declares the government’s commitment to building green economy anchored on the environmental policies and laws of the country.

In addition to adaptation measures, the plan recommends the preparation of action plans, laws and standards, raising and enhancing public awareness, scaling-‐up of best practices, certification, standardization and accreditation of experts and organizations working on environmental issues and climate change mitigation, embarking on aggressive economic expansion and development measures in the areas of renewable energy resources, building climate change mitigation capacity and implementation of environmental management practices.

The 2009 National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) Strategy on the one hand established a foundation for an internationally recognized national system for ensuring quality and safety, standards certification, accreditation, and measurements. The NQI strategy provides the policy framework for the re-‐organization of then QSAE (Quality Standards Authority of Ethiopia) and establishment of four independent entities of quality infrastructure system: Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA), Ethiopian National Accreditation Office (ENAO), Ethiopian Conformity Assessment Enterprise (ECAE), and Ethiopian National Metrology Institute (ENMI) by virtue of Council of Ministers regulations (Reg. Nos. 193, 194, 95, 196) under direct authority of the Prime Minister. Except for the metrology unit, the three institutions for standards, accreditation, and conformity assessment are all placed under the authority of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST).


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As Ethiopia embarks on a more robust export-‐driven growth, it has become necessary to implement the new NQI strategy to meet internationally set rules and avoiding conflict of interest that potentially arise when institutions that are authorized to enforce technical regulations and standards are the same the organization authorize to provide conformity assessment and accreditation. This was the case of the former QSAE set up. Although QSAE has endeavored to provide the required services diligently over many decades since its inception, the concept of a totally integrated system has come under severe pressure in world markets, because it also leads to unacceptable conflicts of interest, generally manifesting as a serious impediment to trade. The lack of international recognition of QSAE has become a major constraint for Ethiopia to fully participate in world trade markets. (NQI, 2009)

The NQI institutions and system are now established thereby allowing the country to participate in global trade under the World Trade Organization parameters. This major reform in policy has provided the needed check-‐and-‐balance in trade practices in the country, more importantly for mandatory standards enforcement including environmental health and safety standards. This in turn is expected to yield positive impacts to economies derived from export as well as ensuring that domestic markets are compliant with standards.

The NQI strategy also stimulates a fertile ground for technology capability and accumulation, complementing therefore the overall strategies of the GTP. It also provides for the creation of proper technical and cultural environment for the application of quality systems, including environmental management in both public and private domains to ensure improvement of quality of goods and services, thus improving overall competitiveness of Ethiopia in the global economy toward a sustainable growth and ultimate goal of enriching quality of life of the Ethiopian people.

The NQI overarching goal is to build national competitiveness through an inter-‐linked system of standards-‐conformity and ability to provide internationally recognized certification and accreditation. Among its objectives is to ensure that goods and services are designed to match consumer needs and expectations as well comply with technical regulations thereby ensuring the health and safety of society and the environment. The role of institutional capacity building and developing of human resources is highlighted among its foundational pillars.

See supplementary materials:

Annex 1,2,3: Summary tables of environmental policies, proclamations and regulations


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Mandates Analysis

The roles and mandates of line Ministries for environment protection, safety and addressing climate change vis-‐à-‐vis the envisaged institute for environmental services certification and accreditation (IESCA)—

Proclamation No. 691/2010— A PROCLAMATION TO PROVIDE FOR THE DEFINITION OF POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE EXECUTIVE ORGANS OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA (amended) provides for the establishment of the 21 line ministries of the Federal government of Ethiopia and the mandates described under the duties and powers sections.

For the purpose of this report, only those line ministries directly involved in the implementation of the Environmental Policy, NQI, and CRGE are included in the analysis of mandates vis-‐à-‐vis the envisaged institute for environmental services certification and accreditation (IESCA).

This report attempts to provide an analysis of those mandates vis-‐à-‐vis the proposed IESCA to determine any overlaps in jurisdiction, conflict, duplication of tasks, or complementarity. A Synergy Mapping Matrix is presented at the end of this section to aid the discussions.

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MEF)

The 1997 National Environmental Policy and the Environmental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation of 2002 (No. 295/2002) provide the overarching policy and legal context for public policy responses to climate change and environmental protection and safety.

The establishment of the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MEF) by virtue of an amendment Proclamation No. 803/2013 gave the statutory mandate for MEF to coordinate the national response for environment and climate change in the country. The proclamation has also provided the transfer of all powers and duties of the former Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) to the newly constituted Ministry, including the passing of all activities related to forest from the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) to MEF (FDRE Amendment Proc. No. 803/2013, Sub-‐Article 11 of Article 37; and Sub-‐Article 2 of Article 33).

The transfer of all the rights and obligations, duties and powers of former EPA as well as all related forest activities of the MoA now renders the MEF as mandated government authority for environmental protection and safety, forest, as well the lead agency for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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Mandates Analysis

Specific mandates of MEF that are found to be relevant and enabling the establishment of IESCA—

§ By virtue of Proclamation 803/2013 (A Proclamation to Amend the Proclamation on the Definition of Powers and Duties of the Executive Organs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia), the objective of the MEF as an authority body for environmental protection and forest is “to formulate policies, strategies, laws and standards, which foster social and economic development in a manner that enhance the welfare of humans and the safety of the environment (are) sustainable, and to spearhead in ensuring the effectiveness of the process of their implementation“ (Article 5, Proc. No. 255/2002).

§ Part of its mandate is to “coordinate measure to ensure that environmental objectives provided under the Constitution and the basic principles set out in the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia are realized.

§ Coordinate actions on soliciting the resources required for building a climate-‐resilient green economy in all sectors and at all governance levels as well as provide capacity building support and advisory services;

§ Set of environmental standards and ensure compliance with those standards, in consultation with the competent agencies;

§ Establish a system for environmental impact assessment of public and private projects, as well as social and economic development policies, strategies, laws and programmes;

§ (e) Establish a system for the evaluation of environmental impact assessment of investment projects submitted by their respective proponents by the concerned sectoral licensing organ or the concerned regional organ prior to granting a permission for their implementation in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation;

§ Coordinate, promote and, as may be appropriate, carry out research on environmental protection;

§ Promote or assist in the formulation of environmental protection action plans and projects and solicit support for such action plans and projects;

§ Advise and, as feasible and subject to the consent of the Environmental Council, provide financial as well as technical support to any organization or individual having as its objective the management and protection of the environment;

§ Provide advice and support to regions regarding the management and protection of the environment;

§ Undertake study and research; collect, compile and disseminate information; undertake capacity building activities; as well as provide advise and assistance to regional states— by virtue of the provisions on common duties and powers of Ministries (Article 10 of Proc. No. 691/2010 (amended)).

§ Prepare and disseminate a periodic report on the state of the country’s environment and forest as well as climate resilient green economy;

§ Establish an environmental information system that promotes efficiency in environmental data collection, management, and use;

§ Enter into contracts; delegate some of its powers and duties, as it may be deemed appropriate, to other agencies*;

*Agency is defined in this report as “competent agency" which means any federal or regional government organ entrusted by law with a responsibility related to the subject specified in the provisions where the term is used”. (Article 2, Environmental Protection Proclamation Organs Establishment Proc. No. 295/2002).

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Mandates Analysis

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STAKEHOLDERS’ SYNERGY MAPPING Complementarities between the IESCA programme mandates and the statutory mandates of MEF toward a common goal for environmental protection and climate change actions are shown in the following matrix, referred in this report as Stakeholders’ Synergy Mapping:

!

!

IESCA!

Programmes!

MEF!Mandates!!

(Article!33,!Powers!and!Duties!of!the!Executive!Organs!Proclamation!Amendment!Proclamation!No.!803/2013)!

(b)! (c)! (d)! (e)! (f)! (g)! (h)! (l)! (m)! (n)! (o)! (p)!

Capacity!Building!&!ACES%Training!Programme! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!!!!!Environmental!Management!System!+!Environment!Audit! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! X! ! !

!!!!!!!Environment!Impact!Assessment!(EIA)! X! ! ! X! ! ! ! ! X! ! ! !

!!!!!!!GHG!MRV!! ! X! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! ! ! !

!!!!!!!Environmental!M&E! ! ! ! X! ! ! ! ! X! X! ! !

Verification!and!Certification! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! ! !

Expertise!Support/Technical!Assistance!(TA)!! ! ! ! ! X! X! X! ! ! ! ! !

Research! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! ! ! !

Knowledge!Management/Data!Base!System! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! ! ! X! !

EnvironmentTCRGE!Awareness!and!Education! ! ! X! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X!

Selected mandates of MEF derived from Proclamation No. 803/2013 (amended)— Article 33/1 (b) establish a system for environmental impact assessment of public and private projects, as well as social and economic

development policies, strategies, laws, and programmes; (c) prepare a mechanism that promotes social, economic, and environmental justice and channel the major part of any benefit

derived thereof to the affected communities to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases that would have otherwise resulted from deforestation and forest degradation;

(d) coordinate actions on soliciting the resources required for building a climate resilient green economy in all sectors and at all governance levels as well as provide capacity building support and advisory services;

(e) establish a system for the evaluation of environmental impact assessment of investment projects submitted by their proponents by the concerned licensing organ or the concerned regional organ prior to granting permission for their implementation in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation;

(f) prepare programmes and directives for the synergistic implementation and follow up of environmental agreements ratified by Ethiopia pertaining to the natural resource base, desertification, forests, hazardous chemicals, industrial wastes and anthropogenic environmental hazards with the objective of avoiding overlaps, wastage of resource and gaps during their implementation in all sectors and at all government levels;

(g) take part in the negotiations of international environmental agreements and as appropriate, initiate the process of their ratification;

(h) formulate or initiate and coordinate the formulation of policies, strategies, laws, and programmes to implement international environmental agreements to which Ethiopia is a party; and upon their approval, ensure implementation;

(l) establish an environmental information system that promotes efficiency in environmental data collection, management land use (m) coordinate, as may be appropriate carry out, research and technology transfer activities that promotes the sustainability of the environment and the conservation and use of forest as well as the equitable sharing of be accruing from them while creating opportunities for green jobs; (n) (n) in accordance with the provisions of the relevant laws, enter any land, premises or any other place that falls under the

federal jurisdiction, inspect anything and take samples as deemed necessary with a view of discharging its duty and ascertaining compliance with the requirements of environmental protection and conservation of forest;

(o) prepare and disseminate a periodic report on the state of the country’s environment and forest as well as climate resilient green economy; (p) promote and provide non-‐formal education programs, and coordinate with competent organs with the view to integrating environmental concerns in the regular curricula.


Mandates Analysis

Specific mandates of other pertinent line ministries that are found to be relevant and enabling the establishment of IESCA (Article 22; Definition of Powers and Duties of Executive Organs Proclamation No. 691/2010 (amended))—

Ministry of Science and Technology (Article 22)

§ 4/ coordinate science and technology development activities and national research program, ensure that research activities are conducted in line with the country’s development needs;

§ 5/ organize science, technology and innovation database, compile information, set national standards for information management, prepare and ensure the application of science and technology innovation indicators.

§ 6/ facilitate interaction and collaboration among government and private higher education and research institutions and industries with a view to enhance research and technological development;

§ 7/ prepare and follow up the implementation of the country’s long-‐term human resource development plans in the field of science, technology and innovation; cooperate with the concerned organs to ensure that the countries educational curricula focus on the development of science and technology;

§ 8/ facilitate capacity building of public and private sector institutions and professionals involved in science and technological activities;

§ 9/establish and implement a system for granting prizes and incentives to individuals who have contributed to the advancement of science, technology and innovation.

§ 11/ encourage and support professional associations and academies that may contribute to the development of science and technology.

Ministry of Trade (Article 21)

§ 1/(b) create conducive conditions for the promotion and development of the country’s export trade and extend support to exporters;

§ (d) establish foreign trade relations, coordinate trade negotiations, sign and implement trade agreements;

§ (e) establish and follow up the implementation of comprehensive system for the prevention of anti-‐competitive trade practices; provide protection to consumers in accordance with the law;

§ (f) provide commercial registration and business licensing services, and control the use of business license for unauthorized purposes;

§ (h) establish the legal metrological system of the country, regulate its enforcement and coordinate the concerned bodies;

§ (j) control the compliance of goods and services with the requirements of mandatory Ethiopian standards, and take measure against those found to be below the standards set for them;

§ (k) cause the coordinated enforcement of standards applied by other enforcement bodies and direct implementation review conferences;

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Mandates Analysis

The Ministry of Industry (Article 20) § 1/(a) promote the expansion of industry and investment; § (b) create conducive conditions for the acceleration of industrial development; § (c) provide support to industries considered to be of strategic importance; § (d) create enabling environment for domestic and foreign investment

The Ministry of Transport (Article 23)

§ 1/(b) ensure that the provision of transport are integrated and are in line with the country’s development strategies;

§ (c) ensure the establishment and implementation of regulators frameworks to guarantee the provision of reliable and safe transport system

The Ministry of Urban Development, Housing and Construction (Article 25)

§ 1/ (c) provide capacity building support to urban centers for improving their service delivery; and where necessary, organize training and research centers in the field of urban development;

§ (i) without prejudice to the powers given by law to other organs, set and follow up the compliance of standards for construction works;

§ (l) register and issue certificates of professional competence to engineers and architects, determine the grades of contractors and consultants, and issue certificates of competence to those operating in more than one regional states;

§ (m) undertake research for improving the types and qualities of local construction materials;

The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy (Article 26)

§ 1/(a) promote the development of water resources and energy; § (e) cause the carrying out of study, design and construction works to promote

expansion of medium and large irrigation dams; § (g) in cooperation with the appropriate organs, prescribe quality standards for

waters to be used for various purposes; § (i) undertake studies concerning the development and utilization of energy; and

promote the growth and expansion of the country’s supply of electric energy; § (j) promote the development of alternative energy sources and technologies; § (k) set standards for petroleum storage and distribution facilities, and follow up the

enforcement of same; § (l) issue permits and regulate the construction and operation of water works relating

to water bodies referred to in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this sub-‐article; § (n) ensure the proper execution of functions relating to meteorological services.

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Mandates Analysis

The Ministry of Agriculture (Article 19) § 1/(b) establish a system to ensure that any agricultural product supplied to the market

maintains its quality standard; and follow up the implementation of the same; § (e) formulate and facilitate the implementation of a strategy for natural resources

protection and development through sustainable agriculture development; § (h) establish and direct training centers that contribute to the enhancement of

agricultural development and the improvement of rural technologies; § (K) monitor events affecting agricultural production ad set up an early warning system; § (l) establish a system whereby stakeholders of agriculture research coordinate their

activities and work in collaboration; § (n) follow up and provide support in the establishment of a system involving rural land

administration and use, and organize a national database; § (o) ensure the proper execution of functions relating to agricultural research,

conservation of biodiversity and the administration of agricultural investment land entrusted to the federal government on the basis of powers of delegation obtained from regional states.

The Ministry of Mines (Article 27)

§ 1/(f) issue license to private investors engaged in exploration and mining operations, and ensure that they conduct mining operations and meet financial obligations in accordance with their concession agreements.

Note: There are no explicit provisions for environmental protection, safety and addressing climate change for the Ministry of Mines. This could be viewed as environmental policy gap. The Ministry of Health (Article 29)

§ 6/ take preventive measures in the events of emergency situations that threaten public health, and coordinate measures to be taken by other bodies;

§ 10/ collaborate with the appropriate bodies in providing quality and relevant health professionals' trainings within the country;

§ 13/ ensue the proper execution of food, medicine and health care regulatory functions.

Note: There are no explicit provisions for addressing climate change and impacts on health for the Ministry of Health. This could be viewed as policy gaps within the domain of public health/environmental health policy.

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Mandates Analysis

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (Article 18) § 1/initiate policies that ensure sustainable and equitable development as well as macro-‐

economic development as well as macro-‐economic stability in the country; in cooperation with the concerned organs, manage the economy by monitoring the implementation of such policy and submit reports on the performance of the economy;

§ 2/establish a system for the preparation and implementation of national development plan, and in cooperation with the concerned organs prepare the country’s economic and social development plan and follow-‐up the implementation of such policy and submit reports on the performance of the economy;

§ 3/establish system for the preparation and implementation of development projects; conduct pre-‐implementation evaluation of project proposals submitted for financing;

§ 4/follow up and evaluate the performance of general, sector-‐ and multi-‐sector development plans; prepare a national report on the implementation of development plans which will include the performance of regional states plans;

§ 9/mobilize, negotiate and sign foreign development and loans, and follow up the implementation of same;

§ 10/manage and coordinate the bilateral economic cooperation as well as the relationship with international and regional organizations set-‐up to create economic cooperation; follow-‐up the impact of he same on the performance of the country’s economy;

§ 12/formulate population policy of the country; upon approval, follow up, coordinate and supervise its implementation;

§ 13/ensure the proper execution of functions relating to mapping and statistics Mandates of NQI Institutions—

Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA) Established by the Council of Ministers Regulation No. 193/2010, the Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA) is placed under the authority of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The Agency’s main objective is to develop the Ethiopian national standards and system for ensuring that goods and services in the country are compliant with required standards. And in relation to standards development, ESA has duties and powers to also recognize any standard published by a national, regional, international or any other standardization body as “Ethiopian Standard (ES)”. For its services, the Agency could also charge fees. The National Standardization Council (NSC), established alongside ESA, provides approval of national quality and standardization strategies proposed by the agency. Approval of mandatory standard mark and products requiring mandatory compliance are among the important functions of the Council. Together with national Technical Committees (TCs), standards development now follows an internationally recognized system thereby meeting one important requirement for global trade.

18


Mandates Analysis

Ethiopian National Accreditation Office (ENAO) Established by the Council of Ministers Regulation No. 195/2010, the Ethiopian National Accreditation Office (ENAO) is placed under the Ministry of Science and Technology. Headed by a Director General, the main task of the ENAO is to boost acceptance of Ethiopian products and services in both domestic and international markets through a conformity accreditation system that is compatible with international requirements and practices. The Council of Accreditation has also been established to provide legal framework support to ENAO who is also mandated to approve accreditation and recognition of conformity assessment bodies (CABs) as well the establishment of technical committees for accreditation. The ENAO has the authority to provide national accreditation to all local conformity assessment or certification bodies in Ethiopia, as well as to provide recognition of foreign conformity assessment bodies that wish to operate in the country. The ENAO is now on process for achieving international membership to the highest international accreditation bodies (i.e., IAF, ILAC), which in effect will provide its goal status to become one internationally recognized accreditation body for Ethiopia. This status will then provide international acceptance and recognition of conformity or certification bodies accredited by ENAO, but currently this is not yet the case. For its services, ENAO can charge fees. Ethiopian Conformity Assessment Enterprise (ECAE) Established by the Council of Ministers Regulation No. 196/2010, the Ethiopian Conformity Assessment Enterprise is a public enterprise placed under the supervising authority of the Ministry of Science and Technology. As public enterprise, ECAE’s business operations are governed by Public Enterprises Proclamation 25/1992. ECAE is established for three main capacities: (1) Certification of products, systems, and services in accordance to national and international standards and legal requirements; (2) Provision of inspection services; and (3) Provision of testing laboratory services. As one certification body, the ECAE provides certification of conformity to production enterprises or service providers through an internationally recognized system for accredited certification. With regard to products, the ECAE plays a major role in assessment and ensuring that products intended for export and those imported into the country are meeting international and national standards and legal requirements. For its services, ECAE can charge fees. PCP/Personnel Certification Programme: QMS (ISO 9001), EMS (ISO 14001) PCP is one service area of ECAE. The scopes are currently limited two ISO standards: Quality Management Systems (ISO 19001), and the Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001). However because of current lack of certified personnel for environment, ECAE is partnering with Quality Austria for the PCP. ECAE is among the target direct beneficiaries of IESCA’s capacity building training programme. Ethiopian National Metrology Institute (ENMI) Established by the Council of Ministers Regulation No. 194/2010, the Ethiopian National Metrology Institute (ENMI) has legal accountability to the Ministry of Science and Technology. As an institute, the ENMI is mandated to develop and maintain the national metrology system that is compatible with international systems on the science of measurements. It also builds national capacities for maintenance of scientific instruments and provides training and maintenance services. It also has role to verify competence of workshops providing service for maintenance of scientific instruments. Budget allocation by the government provides major financial resource of the institute. For its services, NMIE can also charge fees.

19


Mandates Analysis

20

STAKEHOLDERS’ SYNERGY MAPPING Complementarities between the IESCA programme mandates and the mandates of NQI institutions toward a common goal to boost national economic growth through standards conformity systems and quality assurance are shown in the following matrix, referred in this report as Stakeholders’ Synergy Mapping: !

!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!*ACES=!Accredited!Certification!of!Environmental!Services!Training !!O!=!Objective!of!ENAO,!ENMI!________________________________________________________!

!

IESCA!

Programmes!

Relevant!Objectives!&!Mandates!of!NQI!Institutions!

ECAE! ENAO! ESA! ENMI!

1! 2! 3! O! O! 1! 3! 7! 2! 7! 8! 9! 10! 14! O! O! O! 2! 4! 5! 8! 9! 10! 11! 12!

Capacity!Building!&!ACES*!Training!Programme! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!!!!!EMS!+!EA! X! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! X! X! X! ! X! ! ! ! ! ! X! ! ! X!

!!!!!!!Environment!Impact!Assessment!(EIA)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! X! X! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! ! ! X!

!!!!!!!GHG!MRV!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! X! X! X! X! X! ! X! X! ! ! X! ! ! X!

!!!!!!!Environmental!M&E! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! X! X! X! ! ! X! ! ! ! X! ! ! X!

!!!!!!!Personnel!Certification!Programme!(PCP)! X! ! ! X! X! X! X! ! ! ! X! X! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Verification!and!Certification! X! ! ! X! X! X! X! ! ! ! X! X! X! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X!

Expertise!Support/Technical!Assistance!(TA)/Advisory! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! X! X! X! ! ! ! X! X! X! ! X! ! ! X!

Research! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! X! X! X! ! ! X! ! X! ! !

Knowledge!Management/Data!Base!System! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! !

Environment[CRGE!Awareness!and!Education!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! X! X! ! X! X! X! ! ! X! ! ! X! ! X! ! ! X!

Selected objectives and mandates of NQI Institutions MEF derived from Council of Ministers Regulations Article 5, Regulation No.196/2010— Purpose of ECAE The purposes for which the ECAE is established are, by organizing robust certification, inspection and testing laboratory services, to: 1/provide certificate of conformity to production enterprises or service providers by assessing the conformity of their production processes or service provisions to the relevant national or international standards and legal requirements; 2/provide certificate of conformity with respect to the country’s export products by assessing their conformity to the relevant Ethiopian standards, international standards or the standards of other countries; 3/provide certificate of conformity with respect to imported products by assessing their conformity to the relevant national or international’ standards and legal requirements; 4/participate in inter-‐laboratory comparisons and proficiency test scheme between various regional and international testing laboratory institutions with a view to proving the proficiency of its testing laboratory services; Article 5, Regulation No. 195/2010— Objectives of ENAO 1/contribute its part for the acceptance and appreciation of Ethiopian products and services in domestic and international market by developing appropriate infrastructure of national accreditation system compatible with international requirements; 2/establish and implement a system that enables to develop conformity assessment and management system consultancy services compatible with international practices.


Mandates Analysis 21

Article 6, Regulation No.195/2010— Powers and Duties of ENAO 1/provide accreditation service to conformity assessment bodies based on national and international requirements; 3/ provide recognition service to foreign conformity assessment bodies that wish to operate in the country; 7/ work in cooperation with relevant stakeholders to ensure the existence of an integrated support for strengthening the national quality infrastructure;

Article 6, Regulation No. 193/2010— Powers and Duties of ESA 2/ Develop, through stakeholders involvement, approve and publicize Ethiopian standards; 7/develop and implement awareness creation strategies for consumers on quality and standards; 8/enable domestic industries to benefit from technology transfers through providing technical support, training, and consultancy services for developing their own company standards; 9/build the capability of companies through technical support, training and consultancy services for developing their own company standards; 10/promote the use of technologies, in the industries, which help to reduce pollution, wastage during production process; 14/work in cooperation with the relevant stakeholders to ensure the existence of an integrated support for strengthening the national quality infrastructure;

Article 5, Regulation No. 194/2010—Objectives of ENMI 1/ deve!op national metro!ogy system compatible with international metrology system and ensure techno!ogy transfer in the sector; 2/ establish and implement a system that enable to compare Ethiopian national measurement etalons and certified reference materials with international etalons and to maintain and disseminate them; 3/ support education and research activities in the field of metrology; 4/ build national capabilities for maintenance of scientiflc instruments and provide maintenance servlces ; 5/ provide technical, training, consultancy and information services on scientific equipment with a view to supporting users to carry out their duties effectively.

Article 6, Regulation No. 194/2010— Powers and Duties of ENMI The lnstitute shall have the powers and duties to: 2/determine, and maintain national measurement etalons; 4/ support industries in establishing their own calibration laboratories through providing theoretical and practical training and consultancy on metrology; 5/ based on other countries best practices, provide support in building the capacities of universities and research institutions in cùrriculum designing and implementation process and conducting research in the field of metrology; 8/ participate in the calibration result inter-‐comparison program with other national, regional and international metrology institute that is intended to ensure the reliability of calibration services; 9/ work in cooperation with the relevant stakeholders to ensure the existence of an integrated support for strengthening the national quality infrastructure; 10/ conduct research in the field of metrology in collaboration with universities and research institutions and disseminate the results thereof to industries; 11/ establish a documentation and information center for the provision of metrology related information; 12/ provide the necessary technical and professional support so as to make the legal metrology activities effective.


Mandates Analysis

Mandates of the envisaged IESCA

Through SCIP Fund, the IESCA Project (a component project of ESACCAP) hosted by the Addis Ababa University’s Climate Science Centre is underway since September 2013. The project is designed to establish an accredited institute for environmental services certification and support national accreditation system. The immediate objective of which is to build the capacity of environment professionals in Ethiopia toward a high quality delivery of environmental management services, particularly the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental Audit, Green Policy, Environmental MRV monitoring, reporting, and evaluation systems in the sectors of energy and water, mining, agriculture/soil and livestock, forestry, industry, transport, and construction.

Vision

The Institute of Environmental Services Certification and Accreditation (IESCA) will be an internationally accepted benchmark for professionals and institutes managing and providing environmental services. It will certify personnel/organizations within the pillar sectors of the Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) framework of the Government of Ethiopia to ensure adherence to environmental management systems, standards and protocols. The Institute will publish curricula and training manuals, develop procedures and guidelines on environmental management systems, conformity, monitoring and reporting pertinent to environmental protection, conservation, and climate change Green House Gas (GHG) reduction goals that are consistent with the CRGE strategy. In doing so, it will directly build the capacity of CRGE line ministries as well as establish institutional links and synergy amongst various stakeholders from the academia, environmental services institutes, the private sector, and civil society -‐-‐-‐ regional and community based organizations.

The Project

The IESCA Project is designed to support the CRGE agenda of the Government of Ethiopia by bolstering the institutional capacity of relevant government institutions and agencies to address the gap in environmental services within the sphere of climate science, environmental protection, and adherence to national and ISO environmental management systems standards. The proposed institute will, therefore, advocate for conformity to environmental standards and protocols through the institutionalization of environmental services certification and accreditation procedures under the guidance of ISO accrediting bodies, as well as fostering partnerships with international governing bodies for climate change mitigation and adaptation, in particular the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

22


Mandates Analysis

SEVEN (7) TASKS OF THE PROPOSED IESCA

1-‐ Capacity Building for the environment and CRGE—

The task is to support institutional and human resource capacity of environment and climate change professionals in the country through competency-‐based training on environmental management systems, auditing, environment impact assessment, and GHG MRV systems. The goal is to compose a pool of national experts for the environment and climate change issues.

Ethiopian professionals in the environment sector will be derived from the academia, Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MEF), Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST), Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA), Ethiopian Conformity Assessment Enterprise (ECAE), Ethiopian National Metrology Institute (ENMI), Ethiopian National Accreditation Office (ENAO), and other pertinent experts in the domains of environment, safety and climate change.

2-‐Provide TA/expertise to the respective government bodies in developing/updating policy framework and guidelines on the application of environmental management systems and services in line with the CRGE, NQI, and Environmental Policy of Ethiopia;

3-‐Support technical mobilization for the establishment of a national GHG MRV system and provision of sector-‐specific services requisite to the CRGE strategy and the National Environmental Policy—

The Institute would support sector-‐specific implementation of CRGE by leveraging its 4 pillar services— (1) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA); (2) Environmental Audit; (3) GHG report verification; and (4) Environmental M&E – in eight key sectors: energy and water, agriculture and soil, livestock, forestry, industry, mining, transport, and construction.

4-‐Achieve status as an accredited institute, to begin with ISO Environment Management Systems, and therefore able to provide accredited certification of professionals and institutions within the domain of environmental management systems in line with all environmental policies and regulations in the country—

The Institute seeks to collaborate with mandated NQI institutions (i.e. ENAO, ECAE) in the country to achieve status as accredited “third-‐party” certification body for environmental professionals.

5-‐Participate in the national verification/certification process through the provision of professional services for technical assessment and validation of environmental reports, such as the National Communication Report to UNFCCC, EIA reports, and other reports in line with the mandates of MEF;

6-‐ Establish a central data base system and knowledge management unit for climate change, GHG MRV system, and environmental services to cater to a growing need for accurate climate information in Ethiopia, with prospects of providing service to other countries primarily in the continent of Africa;

7-‐ Multi-‐media publication of information materials to increase environment and climate change awareness.

23


Mandates Analysis

Findings:

In view of the above listed mandates of MEF and the four institutions of the NQI, the complementary role of the envisaged IESCA are to be considered beneficial for enhancing the overall implementation of macro policies as well as specific regulations for environmental protection and safety and climate change in the country—

(1) Duty of MEF and all line ministries to develop and build capacity of the organization and its personnel, as well as to provide advisory and technical support to sector-‐specific and regional environmental units in the country—

1.1 On Capacity Building through accredited certification training programme on environmental services Environmental Management Systems and Environmental Audit

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

GHG MRV System

Environmental M & E

1.2 On Knowledge Generation and Management (Research)

1.3 On Review, Verification and Certification of Environmental Reports

EIA

GHG Inventory Report

National GHG Communication Report to UNFCCC

1.4 On Environmental M&E and Data Base System

(2) Duty of MEF to coordinate national response for environmental protection and safety, including reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

(3) Duty of the MEF to ensure compliance to environment and GHG standards

(4) Duty of MEF to provide environment reports, such as State of the Environment Report, National Communication Report (GHG emissions) to UNFCCC/Compliance Committee

(5) Legal powers of MEF to enter into contracts, as well as to designate some of duties and responsibilities—

24


Legal institutional mechanisms

Ethiopia has a federal system of governance. The Ethiopian Constitution outlines the division of roles and responsibilities between federal and regional entities. With respect to planning, the federal government is responsible for formulating and implementing national policies, plans and strategies concerning the overall economic and social development. Legislative and executive bodies drive planning at this level.

The House of Peoples’ Representatives constitutes the legislative wing. Ministries, agencies and commissions make up the executive wing of the government. The executive wing drafts policies and proclamations, and presents and defends these at the House of Peoples’ Representatives.

At federal level the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) used to be responsible for establishing systems for the preparation and implementation of the national development plan, including the economic and social development plan, in coordination with the concerned organizations and regions. In 2013 the GoE established the National Planning Commission. The Commission will take over the national development planning from 2015 onwards.

The regional administrative structure comprises of regions, zones, woredas (districts) and kebeles (wards/ neighbourhood associations). There are around 650 woredas composed of a number of kebeles, which are the smallest unit of local government. The administrative divisions enable woredas to take a leading role in the implementation of regional plans because they are the administrative body closest to the community. The legislative body at the regional level is the woreda council made up of individuals elected from woredas. The executive body comprises of regional bureaus and regional administrators. A regional council comprising of representatives from woredas and zones often provides technical guidance to legislative and executive bodies.

Institutional arrangements for coordinating and implementing public policy responses for CRGE are outlined in the National Environmental Policy (NEP) and CRGE Vision document. The statutory mandate to coordinate CRGE planning lies with the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF). In addition, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) is responsible for financial aspects of the CRGE process. The CRGE Inter-‐Ministerial Steering Committee, under the Council of Ministers, provides oversight of the CRGE process. In line with these arrangements, MEF has coordinated the CRGE initiative and has been responsible for presenting progress reports and further action plans on CRGE to the House of Peoples’ Representatives on several occasions.

Source: IIED, 2014

25


Harmonization of policy goals and mechanisms for implementation

National Environmental Policy (NEP)

In Ethiopia, proclamations, passed by the House of Representatives, are the main form of legislation. In addition, the executive branch (Council of Ministers of the Federal Government and federal ministries) may issue decrees, regulations and directives in support of policy implementation. Additionally, according to the constitution, international agreements ratified by the parliament are integral parts of the laws of the land (FDRE 1994).

As a Party to the UNFCCC, Ethiopia is obliged by several articles of the convention to address climate change through the preparation of a national adaptation document and the integration of climate change into its sector development policies and plans. Pursuant to this, the country prepared its National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) Report in 2007. The NAPA represented the first step in coordinating adaptation activities across government sectors, but was not intended to be a long-‐term strategy in itself. (Epsilon, 2011) Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are voluntary emission reduction measures undertaken by developing country parties and reported to the UNFCCC. In accordance with the requirements of the Copenhagen Accord, Ethiopia prepared and submitted its NAMA in January 2010. The Ethiopian NAMA is comprised of various sectors and concrete projects (in the energy, transport, forestry, agriculture and urban waste management sectors) and has been registered by the Secretariat of the UNFCCC in line with the Copenhagen Accord. There are two important concerns. First, the limited experience in the country so far in the production of biofuels show that there is real danger of energy crops displacing food crops and forest resources. If care is not taken, land use change from forests and woodlands to energy crops will rather lead to more carbon emissions than sequestration. Second, as compared to NAMAs prepared by other countries, the Ethiopian NAMA has failed to include important mitigation actions in land use planning, energy efficiency, fiscal incentives and traffic management regulatory policy measures (Epsilon, 2011).

Institutional mechanisms

The Overall Policy Goal— is to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and to promote sustainable social and economic development through the sound management and use of natural, human-‐made and cultural resources and the environment as a whole so as to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (NEP 1997).

26



Ethiopian Programme of Adaptation to Climate Change (EPACC) 2011

EPACC aims to build a climate resilient economy through adaptation initiatives implemented at sector-‐specific, regional and local community levels. The EPACC re-‐ placed the NAPA in 2011 and takes a more programmatic approach to adaptation planning. It outlines 29 components that include objectives around mainstreaming climate change within government policies and plans. In response, the country has prepared Sector-‐specific and Regional Programmes of Adaptation to Climate Change. The first phase of EPACC implementation (2011-‐14) has been budgeted at US$10 million. (IIED, 2014)

CRGE Facility

The country is now at the verge of preparing for the next 5-‐year GTP (2015-‐2020) and is the opportune time to evaluate the impacts on environment and quality of life. Meanwhile the GoE is preparing financial arrangements that will mobilize, manage and disburse financial resources in support of the country’s CRGE objectives and goals.

A transition to climate resilient green economy is estimated to cost in excess of USD150 billion over the next 20 years (FDRE/MOFED 2011). The CRGE facility has been established under the coordination of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED), with technical steering support from the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MEF). The facility has been designed to stimulate participation from a range of sources from public, private and carbon finance.

The Department for International Development (DFID) signed an agreement in December 2013 with MoFED to a funding commitment of £15 million (US$25.02 million) to the CRGE Facility. The government of Austria complemented with an additional US$1 million (MEF 2014). There are ongoing efforts to get accreditation for the CRGE Facility by the Adaptation Fund mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol. Successful accreditation will enable the CRGE Facility to directly access international funding mechanisms like the Green Climate Fund and the Adaptation Fund. (MEF 2014)

In response to the specific needs of CRGE investments, the facility will disburse resources via a range of intermediaries, like the Development Bank of Ethiopia, and financial instruments, like grants and results based payments. Federal entities (line ministries) also known as ‘implementing entities’ have direct access to the CRGE Facility. Regional entities, private sector and civil society organizations can access resources from the facility in collaboration with the implementing entities. (IIED 2014)

Institutional mechanisms

27



National Quality Infrastructure

“National Quality Infrastructure” means the totality of the institutional framework, whether public or private, the output of which includes metrology, standards, inspection, testing, certification and accreditation. (FDRE Draft Proclamation to Fundamentals of Technical Regulation, 2009)

“National Standard” means a standard published by the Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia; “Ethiopian National Standard”, means a standard issued by the Ethiopian Agency of Standards and Conformity Assessment in terms of Article 20 of the Ethiopian Standards and Conformity Assessment Agency Proclamation No. (DRAFT / 2009), including standards that have been published by the Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia under the Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia Establishment Proclamation No. 102/1998 and includes amendments to any such standards;

Technical Regulatory Framework

“Technical regulations shall only be developed and implemented where necessary for the protection of human health or safety, animal or plant life or health, prevention of deceptive practices or protection of the environment.” (FDRE Draft Proclamation to Fundamentals of Technical Regulation, 2009)

“In implementing technical regulations, full use shall be made of the national quality infrastructure services, and suppliers should be able to choose their conformity assessment service providers, provided that these are technically competent and so designated by the authorities”; (FDRE Draft Proclamation to Fundamentals of Technical Regulation, 2009)

“As far as is practicable and consistent with international practices, regulatory authorities should not be involved in providing conformity assessment services for the products, processes or services they are mandated to control”; (FDRE Draft Proclamation to Fundamentals of Technical Regulation, 2009)

“If an international agreement, to which the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is a signatory and which has been ratified in accordance with established procedures, establishes rules for technical regulation other than those contained in the present proclamation, then those rules of the international agreement shall be applicable.” (FDRE Draft Proclamation to Fundamentals of Technical Regulation, 2009)

“As far as is practicable and consistent with international practices, regulatory authorities should not be involved in providing conformity assessment services for the products, processes or services they are mandated to control”; (FDRE Draft Proclamation to Fundamentals of Technical Regulation, 2009)

National Quality Infrastructure (NQI)

28


KEY TERMINOLOGIES FOR CONFORMITY ASSESSEMENT BODIES/CERTIFICATION BODIES:

“Technical Regulation” means a document which lays down product characteristics or their related processes and production methods, including administrative provisions, with which compliance is mandatory. It may also cover terminology, symbols, and packaging, marking or labeling requirements as they apply to a product or process.

“Standard” means a document approved by a recognized body that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for products and their related processes or production methods, with which compliance is not mandatory. It may also cover terminology, symbols, and packaging, marking or labeling requirements as they apply to a product or process;

“Compulsory Standard” is a standard or a provision of a standard declared compulsory in terms of article 3(1), compliance with which is mandatory;

“Regulatory Authority” means any ministry, department or agency at federal, regional or local government level that has been given the formal authority and powers to develop or oversee the implementation of a technical regulation;

“Designated Service Provider” means a laboratory, inspection body or certification body independent from the supplier that has been appropriately accredited, that has fulfilled all the relevant legal requirements, and has been designated by the regulatory authorities to provide conformity assessment services for a specific technical regulation;

“Conformity Assessment” means the demonstration that specific requirements relating to a product, process, system, person or body are fulfilled, with the subject field of conformity assessment including activities such as testing, inspection and certification, as well as accreditation of conformity assessment bodies;

“Certification” means the issue of a formal/written statement by a third-‐party, based on a decision following review, that products, processes, systems or persons have fulfilled specified requirements;

“Accreditation” means third-‐party attestation related to a conformity assessment body conveying formal demonstration of its competence to carry out specific conformity assessment tasks.

Legal metrology

The integrity of measurements used as a basis for trade, law enforcement and environmental control is fundamental to ensure an equitable situation regarding suppliers as well as consumers and the authorities;

“Calibration” means the set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a material measure or a reference material and the corresponding values realised by measurement standards;

“Measurement Standard” means a material measure, measuring instrument, reference material or measuring system intended to define, realise, conserve or reproduce a metrological unit or one or more values of a quantity to serve as a reference.

“Primary Measurement Standard” means a measurement standard that is designated or widely acknowledged as having the highest metrological qualities and whose value is accepted without reference to other standards of the same quantity;

“Verification” means the procedure, other than type approval, which includes the examination, marking and issuing of a verification certificate as relevant, that ascertains and confirms that the measuring instrument complies with the statutory requirements;

“Traceability” means the property of a result of a measurement or the value of a measurement standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international measurement standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertainties;

“Inspection” means the examination of a product design, product, process or installation, and determination of their conformity with specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgement, with general requirements;


29



NQI Institutions

Ministry of Trade& Industry

Regulation Enforcement

Authority/Agency

Private Sector

NationalQualityForum

__ Not yet existed__ Reorganized and move out from QSAE__ existing ones

Ministry of Science & Technology

Prime Minister

NQI technical Committee

Other Ministries/

agencies with NQI &Regulatory functions

ST&I Council

Private Conformity Assessment Bodies

QSAEStandards§Development & publication§Member of ISO & IECConformity assessment

§Testing§Certification

National Metrology Institute

Metrology§Measurement standards§Member of BIPMCalibration service

Accreditation Body

§Liaison with foreign bodies§Training of auditor pool§Member of IAF/ILAC


30

The implementation of the National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) Strategy has become the basis for policy reform toward the establishment of four institutions: ESA, ENAO, ECAE, NMIE, all operating as independent yet inter-‐linked units under the supervising authority of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The Prime Minister is the final authority presiding over the NQI system. The QSAE in the above diagram was further separated into the ESA and ECAE in order to strengthen check-‐and-‐balance in standards development and conformity assessment. To this day, the system is gaining momentum in meeting industry demands for conformity assessment services. Products are being tested in ECAE laboratories. As more products, services and systems require assessment for compliance as a result of strong technical regulatory or mandatory standards implementation in the country, demand for conformity assessment demands is expected to increase in the years to come. However, competency to deliver services for environmental conformity standards remains a major challenge, particularly for ECAE. A high staff turnover is a major problem often resulting to inability of the enterprise to meet institutional requirement in order to apply for accreditation of its Personnel Certification Programme (PCP). The IESCA Project and ECAE are currently exploring partnership for the environmental audit training (ISO 14001), with the objective of strengthening ECAE’s competencies through training of environmental staff members.


Ap

plicab

le to

all prod

ucts and

processes

NQI National

Value Chain

System Certification: ISO 9000, ISO 14000, HACCP, etc

Product Certification: CE, GS, etc

National Standards

International Standards

Testing, Analysis

Investigation Certificate

Legal Metrology

Reference Materials Calibration of Equipment

Testing Laboratories

Standards

Traceability

Accreditation IAF, ILAC

ISO, CODEX, IEC

Intercomparisons Proficiency tests

BIPM

RMOs

ISO17021 Guide 65 etc

National Metrology Labs

− Calibration Labs − Chemical Ref.

Metrology

− Products − Processes

Certification

Customer Authorities Purchaser

Products with attested Compliance

International Quality System

Global NQI Systems

NQI

31

Ethiopia’s NQI system is compatible with global practice, as shown by the above diagram.


6-‐There is a need for an independent environmental conformity assessment or verification to strengthen environmental policy implementation and systems in Ethiopia.

Conclusions and Way Forward ,,

2-‐ IESCA contributes to meeting a compelling need for building capacity and capability at all levels (national, sub-‐national/regional, industry, policy and decision makers, communities, civil society, media) toward environmental protection and control of GHG emissions goals and targets.

3-‐ There is a need to enhance the role of verification, certification and accreditation processes and procedures to increase conformity to environmental protection policies and protocols, adherence to international and national standards, and application of effective and efficient quality and environment management systems toward quality assurance for systems, products, services, and reports.

5-‐ A need for a strong national and sub-‐national environmental and climate change measurement, monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems in Ethiopia in view of the CRGE strategy and national communication reporting requirements for UNFCCC and IPCC.

1-‐ The country needs a more robust and coordinated and cohesive implementation of environmental policies, effective and efficient systems of

environmental impact measurements, monitoring, reporting and verification toward achieving environmental protection policy goals and objectives and ensuring compliance and conformity to international protocols and standards, including greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and climate change frameworks.

4-‐Environment sustainability and effectiveness of policies and institutional systems in Ethiopia require for continuously building capacity and capability for environmental protection and control of GHG emissions at all levels in the country: national, sub-‐national/regional, communities, industry level, policy and decision makers, civil society and media

32

Report for Ministry of Environment and Forest

Climate Science Centre (CSC) College of Natural Sciences Addis Ababa University Arat Kilo Campus, Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Annexes

33

Annex 1: National Environmental and Climate Policies in Ethiopia Annex 2: Environmental Proclamations and Regulations in Ethiopia Annex 3: List of International Multilateral Agreements and Protocols for Environmental Protection and Climate Change Ratified by the Government of Ethiopia



34

Table&1:&National&Environmental&and&Climate&Change&Policies&in&Ethiopia&&

Environmental,Policies,, Lead,Agency,1997 National Environment Policy of Ethiopia,

The$NEP$outlines$policy$objectives$that$pertain$to$climate$change,$including$a$focus$on$climate$monitoring;$control$of$greenhouse$gases;$and$use$of$renewable$energy.$The$Environmental$Protection$Organs$Establishment$Proclamation$of$2002$(no$295/2002)$provides$the$statutory$mandate$to$coordinate$the$national$response$to$climate$change.$Proclamation$803/2013$passes$this$mandate$on$to$the$Ministry$of$Environment$and$Forest.$(IIED,$2014)$

MEF$

Climate,Change,Policies,2007&National&Adaptation&Programme&of&Action&(NAPA)&

The$main$objective$of$the$NAPA$was$to$build$a$climate$resilient$green$economy$through$support$for$adaptation$at$the$sectorPspecific,$regional,$and$community$levels.$$It$encompassed$$11$priority$projects$with$a$focus$on$activities$in$agricultural$and$livestock$sectors.$The$activities$focused$on$promoting$drought/crop$insurance$and$early$drought$and$flood$warning$systems,$development$of$smallPscale$irrigation$and$water$harvesting$schemes,$community$based$sustainable$use$of$wetland$and$capacity$building$and$improved$rangeland$resources$management$practice.$Participation$in$NAPA$at$the$village$level$was$encouraged$and$local$communities$were$responsible$for$developing$their$own$work$programmes$and$byPlaws$to$ensure$climate$resilience.$(IIED,$2014)$

MEF$MoA$MoWIE$Regional$Environment$Units$

2010&Nationally&&Appropriate&Mitigation&Actions&(NAMA)&&,

Ethiopia$formally$submitted$its$voluntary$NAMA$to$the$UNFCCC$in$January$2010.$The$NAMAs$contain$aspirational$mitigation$targets$across$seven$sectors$(agriculture,$building,$energy,$forestry,$industry,$waste$and$transport).$The$country$aims$to$draw$down$on$technical$and$financial$support$to$implement$NAMAs.$The$policy$framework$around$NAMAs$is$still$being$developed$but$NAMAs$are$set$to$become$a$building$block$for$a$future$action$related$to$developing$a$green$economy.$(IIED,$2014)$

MoA$MoWIE$MEF$MoUDHC$MoTransport$

2011&Climate&Resilient&Green&Economy&(CRGE)&Vision&&

&

The$CRGE$Vision$outlines$Ethiopia’s$ambition$to$build$a$climate$resilient$green$economy$by$2025.$It$aims$to$support$the$country’s$development$objective$of$achieving$middlePincome$status$by$2025$in$a$carbon$neutral$and$climate$resilient$way$by$transforming$development$planning,$investments$and$outcomes.$The$CRGE$Vision$builds$on$the$policy$objectives$of$the$National$Environmental$Policy,$the$Growth$and$Transformation$Plan,$the$NAPA,$NAMA$and$the$EPACC$(FDRE$2011).$The$CRGE$Vision$is$supported$by$two$national$strategies$–$the$Green$Economy$Strategy$and$the$Climate$Resilient$Strategy.$(IIED,$2014)$

GoE$

2011&Climate&Resilient&Green&Economy&(CRGE)&F&Green&economy&strategy&

,

The$Green$Economy$Strategy$was$launched$with the$CRGE$Vision$in$November$2011.$It$takes$an$economy$wide$approach$to$greenhouse$gas$reduction.$It$is$based$on$four$pillars:$

. Agriculture:$improving$crop$and$livestock$production$practices$for$greater$$food$security$and$better$income$for$farmers$whilst$reducing$emissions$$

. Forest:$protecting$and$rePestablishing$forests$for$their$economic$and$ecological$values,$including$carbon$stocks$$

. Power:$expanding$electricity$generation$from$renewable$sources$of$energy$$for$domestic$and$regional$markets$$

. Transport,$industry$and$buildings:$leapfrogging$to$modern$and$energyPefficient$technologies$in$transport,$industrial$sectors,$and$buildings.

MEF$MoFED$$$MoA$$$MEF$$$MoWIE$$MoTransport$



35

Table&1:&National&Environmental&and&Climate&Change&Policies&in&Ethiopia&&

Climate(Change(Policies((Draft)&Climate&Resilient&Agricultural&Strategy&

The$GoE$is$promoting$a$sector2specific$approach$to$the$preparation$of$climate$resilient$strategies.$The$agriculture$and$water$sector$had$prepared$draft$strategies$at$the$time$of$writing$this$paper.$The$climate$resilient$strategy$for$agriculture$(draft)$aims$to$address$the$impacts$of$current$weather$variability$and$future$climate$change$on$the$agricultural$sector.$The$strategy$outlines$the$challenges$posed$by$climate$change$on$the$agricultural$sector$in$Ethiopia,$which$includes$crops,$livestock$and$forestry.$It$highlights$options$for$building$resilience$to$climate$change,$and$ways$in$which$these$options$will$be$delivered.$It$has$identified$41$options$to$build$climate$resilience$within$the$agricultural$sector.$Of$these$15$have$been$identified$for$early$action.$The$options$aim$to$build$resilience$at$three$scales:$macro$(primarily$to$enhance$GDP),$households$(to$ensure$protection$of$small$scale$farmers)$and$biodiversity$options$(recognizing$linkages$with$the$agricultural$system)$(FDRE,$2013$(draft).$

MoA$

Reducing&Emissions&from&Deforestation&and&Forest&Degradation&(REDD+)&Strategy&

(

REDD+$strategy$aims$to$reduce$emissions$from$deforestation$and$forest$degradation,$and$enhances$the$role$of$conservation$and$sustainable$management$of$forests.$By$creating$financial$value$for$carbon$stocks$it$aims$to$show$the$value$of$forests.$Now$under$the$Ministry$of$Environment$and$Forests,$it$was$one$of$the$early$priorities$in$the$CRGE.$The$World$Bank$funds$the$REDD+.$

MEF$$

(Draft)&Sector&Reduction&Mechanism&(SRM)&&

(

The$SRM$(draft)$is$a$mechanism$for$reducing$vulnerability$to$climate$change$and$emissions$in$Ethiopia.$The$mechanism$will$support$actors$(implementing$and$executing$entities)$in$preparing$and$mainstreaming$plans$that$will$reduce$vulnerability$and$emissions.$SRM$will$also$coordinate$the$implementation$of$these$plans$by$identifying$and$drawing$down$on$financial,$technological$and$technical$investment$(FDRE,$2013$(draft).$$$

Line$Ministries$

2013&Energy&Proclamation&

(

The new energy proclamation, ratified on November 19, 2013, is an example of legislative action aimed at “incentivizing” private sector investment in renewable energy. The proclamation will be complemented by a feed-in tariff bill, which will offer independent power producers an option to sell renewable energy power to the national grid at specified rates. It will also make provision for loans and financial support (New Energy Proclamation (draft), 2013).$

MoWIE$

$



36

Table&2:&Environmental&proclamations&and&regulations&in&Ethiopia!!

Proclamation/Regulation/Directives&&

Enforcement&Authority&

No.!295/2002!*!Proclamation!for!the!

establishment!of!environmental!

protection!organs!(amended)!

Ministry!of!Environment!and!Forest!(with!

accountability!to!the!Prime!Minister)!

Regional!and!Sector*specific!Environmental!

Units!&!Agencies!

No.!299/2002!–!Environmental!Impact!

Assessment!Proclamation!

Ministry!of!Environment!and!Forest!

Regional!Environmental!Units!&!Agencies!

Directive!No.1/2008—!A!DIRECTIVE!

ISSUED!TO!DETERMINE!PROJECTS!

SUBJECT!TO!ENVIRONMENTAL!IMPACT!

ASSESSMENT!

!

“Directive!NO.2/2008—issued!to!

determine!the!Categories!of!projects!

subject!to!Environmental!Impact!

Assessment!Proclamation!299/2002”!

&

Ministry!of!Environment!and!Forest!and!

delegated!line!ministries:!!!

*Ministry!of!Agriculture!

*Ministry!of!Water,!Irrigation!and!Energy!

*Ministry!of!Transportation!

*Ministry!of!Urban!Development,!Housing!and!

Construction!

*Ministry!of!Mines!

*Ministry!of!Industry!

*Ministry!of!Trade!!


No.!300/2002!–!Environmental!Pollution!

Control!Proclamation!



Regulation!No.!159/2008!*!Prevention!of!

Industrial!Pollution!



No.!200/2000!–!Public!Health!

Proclamation!

Ministry!of!Health!!

Public!Advisory!Board!at!the!Federal!and!

Regional!!level!!

Federal!or!Regional!Administration!or!City!

!Administration!!

No.!513/2007!*!Solid!Waste!Management!

Proclamation!



Federal!or!Regional!Administration!or!City!

!Administration!

No.!542/2007!*!Forest!Development,!

Conservation!&!Utilization!Proclamation!



!



37

Table&2:&Environmental&proclamations&and&regulations&in&Ethiopia!!!Proclamation/Regulation/Directives&&

Enforcement&Authority&

No.!674/2010!–!Pesticide!registration!&!control!proclamation!

Ministry!of!Agriculture!!

No.655/2009!C!Proclamation!on!Biosafety! Ministry!of!Environment!and!Forest!Regional!Environmental!Units!&!Agencies!

Ethiopian!Labour!Proclamation!No.!377/2003!

Ministry!of!Labour!and!Social!Affairs!!

No.!192/2000!C!Proclamation!to!ratify!the!Basel!convention!

(Re.!Control!of!transCboundary!movements!of!hazardous!wastes!and!their!disposal)!

Ministry!of!Environment!and!Forest!Regional!Environmental!Units!&!Agencies!Federal!or!Regional!Administration!or!City!!Administration!

No.!279/2002!–!Proclamation!to!ratify!the!Stockholm!convention!

!(Re.!Persistent!Organic!Pollutants!POPs)!

Ministry!of!Environment!and!Forest!Regional!Environmental!Units!&!Agencies!Federal!or!Regional!Administration!or!City!!Administration!

No.!278/2002!–!Proclamation!to!ratify!the!Rotterdam!convention!

(Re.!Prior!Informed!Consent!(PIC)!procedure!for!certain!hazardous!chemicals!and!pesticides!in!international!trade)!

!Ministry!of!Environment!and!Forest!Regional!Environmental!Units!&!Agencies!Federal!or!Regional!Administration!or!City!!Administration!

No.!656/2009!C!Proclamation!to!ratify!the!amendments!made!on!the!Montreal!Protocol!

(Re.!Substances!that!deplete!the!ozone!layer)!

The!National!Meteorological!Agency!

! !



38

Table&3:&List&of&International&Multilateral&Agreements&and&Protocols&for&Environmental&Protection&and&Climate&Change&Ratified&by&the&Government&of&Ethiopia&&!

Multilateral)Environmental)Agreements)to)which)Ethiopia)is)a)party!

Adoption)(Date)of)International)Adoption))!

Entry))(Date)of)Enforcement)in)Ethiopia)!

Government)of)Ethiopia)(Ratification/accession/)))

acceptante)!

1! Convention&on&Biological&Diversity&(CBD)&

1922/!

May!22!

&

1993/!

December!29&Proc.!No.!98/1994!

1994/May!31&

2! Cartagena&Protocol&on&Biosafety&to&the&Convention&on&Biological&Diversity&

2000/!

January!

2003/!

September!

Proc.!No.!362/2003!

Ratified:!2003/Sept!22!

Party!Signing:!2000/May!24!

!

3! Convention&to&Combat&Desertification&

1994! 1996/!

December!26!

Proc.!No.!80/1997!

Ratified:!1997!

!

4! International&Treaty&on&Plant&Genetic&Resources&for&Food&and&Agriculture&

2001/!

November!03!

(UN!FAO)&

2004/!

June!

!

Proc.!No.!330/2003!Ratified!:!2003/April!29!

!

5! Vienna&Convention&for&the&Protection&of&the&Ozone&Layer&

March,!1985!

&! GoE!became!party!in!

1996/January!

!

6! Montreal&Protocol&on&Ozone&Depleting&Substances&&

Sept.!1987!

&1989/!

January!01!

GoE!became!party!in!

1996/January!

7! UN&Framework&Convention&on&Climate&Change&(UNFCCC)&&

1992!(Rio)& 1994/!

March!!

Ratified:!1994/May!31!



39

!

8" Kyoto"Protocol"to"the"UNFCCC"

1997/%December%(Adoption:%1998/March;%%Opened%for%signature)%"

2005/%February%16%

Proc.%No.%439/2005%Ratified:%2005/%Proc.%No.%439/2005%February%21%

9" Stockholm%Convention%on%Persistent%Organic%Substances%

Signature"period:"2001/May"21"until"2002/""May"22)%

2004/"May"17"""

Proc."No."279/2002"Ratified:"2002/July"02"Party"Signing:"2002/17"May""""

10" Rotterdam%Convention%on%the%Prior%Informed%Consent%Procedure%for%Certain%Hazardous%Chemicals%and%Pesticides%in%International%Trade%%

1998/"Sept"10"%

" Proc.!No.!278/2002)!Ratified:!2002/July!02!!"

11" Basel%Convention%on%the%Transboundary%Movement%of%Hazardous%Wastes%and%their%Disposal%%

1989"Adopted"%

1992" Proc.!No.!192/2000!Ratified:!2000/February!!"

12" Basel%Ban%Amendment%

1995/"Sept"22%

" Ratified!on!3!July!2003!(Proclamation!No.!356/!2003)"

13" Protocol%on%Liability%and%Compensation%for%Damages%Resulting%from%Transboundary%Movements%of%Hazardous%Wastes%and%Their%Disposal%%

2000/"Dec"10%

" Proc.!No.!357/!2007!Ratified:!2003/July!03!"



40

Table&3,&continuation&

14# Bamako#Convention# on#the# ban# of# the#Import# into#Africa# and# the#Control# of#Transboundary#Movement# and#Management#of#Hazardous#Wastes# with# in#Africa#Proclamation#

1991/$January$30##

1975/$July$01$

Proc.&No.&355/2003&Ratified:&1989/April&07&$

15# Convention$on$International$Trade$in$Endangered$Species$of$Wild$Fauna$and$Flora$

1973/#March#03#(signed)##$

1975/#July#01#

Ratified:&1989/April&07#

Acknowledgements ,,

On CSC’s behalf the author would like to acknowledge the technical guidance and policy materials shared at many consultation-‐meetings provided by the experts in the field: Dr. Andreas Stamm, GIZ/NQI Programme Dr. Christian Jahn, GIZ Country Office Ethiopia Director Araya Fisseha, ENAO Ato Dereje Agonafir, Ministry of Environment and Forest Director Almaz Kahsay, Ethiopian Standards Agency Ato Legesse, Ethiopian Standards Agency Director Yeshitale Belihu, ECAE Mr. Klaus Ehret, GIZ/NQI Programme Ato Girma Mamo, GIZ/NQI Programme Ms. Belaynish Birru, Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy Ato Tadesse Solomon, DQS-‐UL Ethiopia Ato Alemayehu Gebretedsedik, DQS-‐UL Ethiopia Mr. Stephan Willms, GIZ/Renewable Energy Project Invaluable comments and suggestions of the following faculty members and management team of the AAU Climate Science Centre in finalizing the document: Dean Negussie Retta, AAU College of Natural Sciences Professor Zerihun Woldu Asst. Professor Abiy Zegeye Dr. Zewdu Eshetu Professor Brook Lemma Dr. Tariq Abebe

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