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LOKASI NEUROPATI
Mononeuropathy – one nerve Mononeuritis multiplex Radiculopathy – nerve root Plexopathy – brachial or lumbosacral
plexus Cranial neuropathy – Bell’s Palsy, 3rd nerve
palsy Distal symmetric peripheral neuropathy
(DSPN) Small fiber versus large fiber Sensory only Motor only Sensorimotor
Keluhan Umum
1. Numbness, or a feeling of walking on cotton wool or wearing a thick sock
2. Pains that can be dull, constant and boring in type, or more spontaneous sharp, shooting, or stabbing in nature; a sensation as if walking on pebbles
3. Tingling, pins and needles4. Hot or cold sensations (e.g., “burning feet”;
“like walking on hot sand”5. Allodynia (pain caused by an otherwise non-
painful stimulus, such as light touch or stroking); this can be very troublesome at night when the feet and legs rub against the bedclothes
6. Cramps in the calves and foot muscles.
Keluhan Berdasarkan Sistem Sensory symptoms
Gains and/or Losses Motor symptoms
Gains (cramps) and/or Losses (distal predominant)
Autonomic symptoms Orthostasis Impotence Anhidrosis Vascular instability in feet
Diferensial Diagnosis
Painful feet Arthritis, including gout Morton’s Neuroma Tarsal tunnel syndrome Arterial insufficiency
Tingling in the legs Venous stasis/peripheral edema Restless leg syndrome idiopathic
Numbness/Weakness Radiculopathy CNS dysfunction (i.e. spinal cord pathology or stroke)
Diferensial Diagnosis
Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes Alcohol neuropathy Chemotherapy
Platinum-based Paraproteinemia Vasculitis and Connective Tissue Diseases Heavy metals and other toxins HIV Amyloidosis Porphyria
AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY Closely associated with sensorimotor
neuropathy Signs are common if looked for (40%
subjects have abnormal CVS tests) but symptoms are rare (<1%)
Affects the response to hypos but not awareness
If symptoms: mortality=30-50% over 10 years
DIAGNOSIS
Annual review Enquire annually for:· Painful neuropathy· Loss of sensation· Erectile impotence Note duration of DM, treatment,
complications & weight Ask about other manifestations of
autonomic neuropathy if:· Other complications are present· Anaesthesia is contemplated· Blood glucose control is erratic
PENATALAKSANAAN
Tricyclic antidepressants Anticonvulsants (gabapentin,
lamotrigine) Vitamin E Glutamine Topical treatment
MEDIKASI
Nortriptyline– Modest benefit, small study, lack of effectiveness
Amitriptyline - Failed to improve sensory symptoms, but QOL
improvedGabapentin, duloxetine and pregabalin - Studies failed to demonstrate benefit Lamotrigine
– not effective Glutamine
–Up-regulate nerve growth factor, decrease PN in a few previous trials
Alpha-Lipoic- AcidDiabetic PN, may interfere w/ Bortezomib
NONMEDIKASI
Acupuncture – limited data on PN No data in PN on
Physical activity/exercise TENS (transcutaneous external
nerve stimulation) Meditation/bio-feedback Pulsed infrared light therapy or
anodyne therapy
PENATALAKSANAAN ANS
Postural hypotension Fludrocortisone NSAIDs Compression stockings Elevate the head of the bedBladder Manual SP pressure ISC ? Anticholinesterase Cyclical antibiotics if recurrent infectionsSweating ?clonidineErectile dysfunction
PENATALAKSANAAN ANS
Gastroparesis Improve glycaemic control Prokinetic drugs
Metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride, erythromycin (250 mg tds)
Octreotide? If severeadmit for IV fluids, IV drugs NG tube
IV/jejunal feedingDiarrhoea Codeine/loperamide/diphenoxylate Clonidine or octreotide Treat bacterial overgrowth (oxytet/erythromycin)
if suspected/present