04/11/2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 1

POLIOMYELITIS

AN UPDATE

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

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A tribute to Pioneers who Changed the World from Disability

What is Poliomyelitis•Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young children. The virus is transmitted through contaminated food and water, and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system.

POLIOMYLETIS.• Involves CNS, produces serious Illness.

• Causes Destruction of Motor Neurons in Spinal cord.

• Produces FLACID PARALYSIS.

• India has still has many cases of Poliomyelitis.

Polio An Enterovirus• Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis, is a human enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae.Poliovirus is composed of a RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is about 7500 nucleotides long. The viral particle is about 300 Ångström in diameter with icosahedral symmetry.

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What are Picornavirus

•A very large family of viruses

•One of the Smallest in size

•A single Stranded RNA group

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Entero viruses •The Nomenclature has given Numbers,

•1.Polio virus types 1 to 3.•2.Coxsasackie virus Group A. 1- 24.•3.Coxsasackie virus Group B. 1-6.•4.Echo virus type 1-33.•Entero virus type 68-71.

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Picorna Viruses.•Entero Viruses•Present and Isolated from

Alimentary tract

Throat, Lower Intestine.

•Rhino viruses

•Present and isolated from

Nose, Throat

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Picorna Viruses.

• Entero viruses,• Can produce Severe paralysis, Aseptic meningitis, Myocarditis, Vesicular and

Exanthematous skin lesions.

Most serious is Poliomyelitis.

Rhino virusMainly produces Respiratory illnessConjunctivitis,

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Properties of Picorna Virus.• Smallest in Size,• Icosahedral 28-30 nm in Diameter, Contains 80 subunits.

• Single Stranded RNA virus• Contains 4 major polypeptides.• VP 1, 2, 3. and VP 4.• Produce important Diseases like 1. Poliomyletis,Aspetic meningitis, and Common Cold.

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Rhino Virus and others.•Rhino viruses 100 Antigenic types•Common cold is produced•Others,

Hepatitis A Virus • In Animals.

Foot and Mouth Diseases.

.

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Entero Virus Group.POLIOMYLETIS.

•Involves CNS, produces serious Illness.

•Causes Destruction of Motor Neurons in Spinal cord.

•Produces FLACID PARALYSIS.•India has still has many cases of Poliomyelitis.

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Polio An Enterovirus• Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis, is a human enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae.Poliovirus is composed of a RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is single-stranded positive-sense RNA

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Prehistory of Polio disease

• The effects of polio have been known since prehistory; Egyptian paintings and carvings depict otherwise healthy people with withered limbs, and children walking with canes at a young age.

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Wild Poliovirus 2006

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Properties of Polio virus,

• Size is 27 nm• Contains 4 viral protein VP1 to VP 4

• VP1 Carries the major antigenic site, and combines with type specific neutralizing antibodies

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Properties of Polio virus.• Typical Entero virus.• Inactivated at 550 c in 30 mt.• Chlorine at 0.1 ppm• Ether is not effective.• Animal susceptibility.

Monkey brain

Requires Primate specific membranes.

Contains 3 Antigenic types 1,2,3

Can be differentiated by ELISA and CF methods.

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Structure

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Poliovirus Genome• Single RNA molecule ~7500 nucleotides• 3 sub-regions with 10 protein products• IRES important for virulence

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Serotypes• Specificity to receptor restricts mutation rate; slow genetic

drift• Three serotypes with no cross immunity

• Type 1 polio 90%Weakest, only 1% causes neuroparalysis

• Type 2 polio 9% (Eliminated)• Type 3 polio 1%

Greater temperature stability

• Requires trivalent polio vaccine• Polioviruses can also vary in phenotype of virulence, host

cell lysis, and ability to raise host defense triggers

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Polio Infection.• Incubation 3 – 21 days• On average 14 days• Predisposing factors. Severe muscular acitivity can lead to paralysis, as it increases the blood flow

May produce paralysis in the limb or bulbar region

Injecting vaccines with adjuvant can predispose to paralysis

Patients who underwent tonsillectomy have higher incidence as Ig G secretion is reduced

Rarely oral Polio vaccine produces poliomyelitis.

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What is Poliomyelitis?• polio= gray matter• Myelitis= inflammation of the spinal cord• This disease result in the destruction of motor neurons caused by the poliovirus.

• Polio is causes by a virus that attacks the nerve cells of the brain & spinal cord although not all infections result in sever injuries and paralysis.

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When was it reported?Early cases

• Poliomyelitis was recorded in the late 1700’s with the first epidemic in the late 1800’s.

• The cases that were reported in 1979 where mild and self-limited and do not result in paralysis.

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Documented History of Polio• Poliomyelitis was first recognized as a distinct condition

by Jakob Heine in 1840. Its causative agent, poliovirus, was identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner.[Although major polio epidemics were unknown before the late 19th century, polio was one of the most dreaded childhood diseases of the 20th century. Polio epidemics have crippled thousands of people, mostly young children; the disease has caused paralysis and death for much of human history. Polio had existed for thousands of years quietly as an endemic pathogen until the 1880s, when major epidemics began to occur in Europe; soon after, widespread epidemics appeared in the United States.

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What is Poliomyelitis• Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young children. The virus is transmitted through contaminated food and water, and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system.

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It cause paralysis?• Paralytic disease occurs 0.1% to 1% of those who become infected with the polio virus.

• Paralysis of the respiratory muscles or from cardiac arrest if the neurons in the medulla oblongata are destroyed.

• Patients have some or full recovery from paralysis usually apparent with proximally 6 months

• Physical therapy is recommended for full recovery.

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How is polio transmitted?• Poliovirus is transmitted

through both oral and fecal routes with implantation and replication occurring in either the orapgaryngeal and or in the intestine of mucosa. Polio cases are most infected for 7-10 days before and after clinical symptoms begin.

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Pathogenesis and pathology.• Enter through Mouth,• Multiplies in Oropharynx tonsils and Intestines,

• Excreted in Stool.• Enters the CNS from Blood.• Spread along the Axons of peripheral nerves to CNS.

• Progress along the fibers of the lower motor neurons spinal cord or brain.

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Cell Binding and Entry

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Pathology and Pathogenesis.•Destroy the Anterior horn cells of the Spinal Cord

•Do not Multiply in Muscles only muscles manifest with weakness and flaccid paralysis result is secondary.

•Occasionally produce Myocarditis, Lymphatic hyperplasia.

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Spinal polio• Spinal polio is the most

common form of paralytic poliomyelitis; it results from viral invasion of the motor neurons of the anterior horn cells, or the ventral (front) gray matter section in the spinal column, Virus invasion causes inflammation of the nerve cells, leading to damage or destruction of motor neuron ganglia.

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Bulbar polio

• Making up about 2% of cases of paralytic polio, bulbar polio occurs when poliovirus invades and destroys nerves within the bulbar region of the brain stem. nerves weakens the muscles supplied by the cranial nerves, producing symptoms of encephalitis,

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What are the symptoms?•Many include fever, pharyngitis, headache, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Illness may progress to aseptic meningitis and menigoencephalitis in 1% to 4% of patients. These patients develop a higher fever, myalgia and sever headache with stiffness of the neck and back.

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How Polio presents• Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs. In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent. Polio can only be prevented by immunization.

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0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

Asymptomatic Minor non-CNS illness

Aseptic menigitis Paralytic

Outcomes of Poliovirus Infection

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Paralytic Poliomyelitis.• Manifest as Flaccid Paralysis.( Caused due to damage to Lower Motor Neurons.)

• Partial recovery within 6 months.

• Patient may continue with life time disability

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Paralytic Poliomyelitis.• Can involve Spinal cord, and Bulbo spinal region

• Bulb spinal involvement can paralyze respiratory muscle and lead to Respiratory failure

.

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Clinical Manifestations.• In apparent, Only 1% manifest with clinical features.

• Can lead to permanent paralysis.• Incubation 7-14 days, ( 3-35 )• May be abortive Poliomyelitis,

Only Fever, Malaise, Drowsiness,

Non paralytic Poliomyelitis,

Aseptic Meningitis.

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Cripples a Growing Child

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Clinical presentation of typical Polio

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Aseptic Meningitis

• Present with Non paralytic form with stiffness and pain in the back and neck region

• Lasts for 2 -10 days• Recovery rapid and complete

• On rare occasions advance to paralysis

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Immunity.• Permanent type specific.

• 1 and 2 types have Heterotypic resistance.

• Mother to Off spring immunity lasts for less than 6 months.

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Laboratory Diagnosis.• Viral isolation from Throat swabs, Rectal swabs. Stool specimens,• Transported in frozen containers.• Produce cytopathic effect on Human and Monkey cells

• Produce cytopathic effects.

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Viral Isolation• From feces - present in 80% of cases in 1st week

• In 50 % till 3rd week• In 25 % till several weeks• Collect the fecal sample at the earliest.• Primary monkey kidney is the ideal cell line for isolation of virus

• Viral isolation must be interpreted with caution and clinical presentation

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Laboratory Diagnosis (Serology)

•Estimation of Antibodies Ig M

•A paired sample is essential.

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Treating Polio cases • There is no cure for polio. The focus of modern treatment has been on providing relief of symptoms, speeding recovery and preventing complications. Supportive measures include antibiotics to prevent infections in weakened muscles, analgesics for pain, moderate exercise and a nutritious diet. Treatment of polio often requires long-term rehabilitation, including physical therapy, braces, corrective shoes and, in some cases, orthopedic surgery

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Epidemiology

•Endemic•Epidemic •Hygiene plays in spread of diseases.

•Children < 5 in Developing countries.

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Pioneers who Discovered Vaccine

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Types of Vaccinations in Use• Two types of vaccine are

used throughout the world to combat polio. Both types induce immunity to polio, efficiently blocking person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus, thereby protecting both individual vaccine recipients and the wider community (so-called herd immunity)

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Polio fact – A dime makes the Difference

The “march of dimes” began in 1938 a fund-raising campaign for polio. People were asked to send one dime directly to the White House to help fight the disease. In the first 3 days the White House received 230,000 dimes. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose profile is now on the dimes was himself paralyzed by polio.

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Vaccine• Polio vaccine first appeared to be licensed in the United States in 1955.

• Advantages:• Ease to administration• Good local mucosal immunity• Disadvantage:• Strict cold shipping & storage requirements• Multiple doses required to achieve high humeral conservation rates against all virus types

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Prevention and Control. (Vaccines)• Sabin’s Live attenuated vaccine• Grown in Monkey kidney cells, Human Diploid cells. Preserved at 4 c

• Multiple doses are given • Given as oral Drops• At present only vaccine given in our National Programme of Immunization

• Boosts Immunity with Production Ig G ,Ig M• And also Ig A Participate as participant in Prevention.

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Vaccination Sabin's- Oral Administration

•Sabin’s vaccine is administered orally.

•Contains

Type 1 – 10 lakhs,

Type 2- 2 lakhs

Type 3- 3 Lakhs.

The virus are stable with Mg cl.

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Oral Polio Vaccine• Highly effective in producing immunity to poliovirus

• 50% immune after 1 dose

• >95% immune after 3 doses

• Immunity probably lifelong

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Live Polio vaccines –Protects Society too

•The Live Polio vaccine infects multiples in the Intestines and thus Immunizes the Individual

• Vaccines not only produces IgM and IgG in the blood but also IgA antibodies in the Intestines.

•Which help the gut immunity

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Salk Vaccines• Salk Vaccine - A Killed Vaccine.

• Four Injections are administered in a period of two years,

• Administration of periodic booster recommended.

• Most of the Western Nations do use it.

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Salk Vaccine ( Killed-Inject able)

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Vaccination in Immunodeficient

Only Killed viral vaccines used

in Immunodeficient

persons

( SALK )

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Polio Vaccination of Unvaccinated Adults

• IPV•Use standard IPV schedule if possible (0, 1-2 months, 6-12 months)

•May separate doses by 4 weeks if accelerated schedule needed

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Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Polio

• Increased risk in persons >18 years• Increased risk in persons with immunodeficiency

•No procedure available for identifying persons at risk of paralytic disease

•5-10 cases per year with exclusive use of OPV

•Most cases in healthy children and their household contacts

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Pediarix A new approved Vaccine

• Contains IPV, DTaP, and hepatitis B vaccines

• Minimum age 6 weeks, maximum age 6 years

• Approved by FDA for first 3 doses of the IPV and DTaP series

• Not approved for booster doses

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Present prevalence of Polio attacks

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Global Eradication

•WHO target date - year 2000

•Yet in 2008 we have Polio cases

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The Global Polio Eradication InitiativeLaunch

• In 1988, the forty-first World Health Assembly, consisting then of delegates from 166 Member States, adopted a resolution for the worldwide eradication of polio. It marked the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, spearheaded by the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and UNICEF. This followed the certification of the eradication of smallpox in 1980, progress during the 1980s towards elimination of the poliovirus in the Americas, and Rotary International’s commitment to raise funds to protect all children from the disease.

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Pulse Polio Immunization

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• One of the major steps in achieving the goal for zero Polio children in any state or region is the introduction of Pulse Polio immunization program. This Pulse Polio immunization programme is one of the most sophisticated plans which also got a huge success in our country regarding the targets. These introduced Pulse Polio immunization programme are also proving the best methods to eradicate this disease from its origin too. Moreover according to the scales of years, in 2000 it was measured by the general surveys as the largest effort recorded with these camps and spreading awareness through this Pulse Polio immunization program.

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Global Eradication.•The Indian Programme of PULSE POLIO Immunization is a part of it to eradicate Polio

•Recent resurgence in UP and Bihar is a threat to the desired Goal.

• In spite of best efforts thousands occur globally in Africa and Indian subcontinent.

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Live Vaccine Associated Polio

• On few occasions type 2 and type 3 virus may mutate in the course of multiplication

• May lead to Vaccine associated Polio

• But very negligible

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Role Of Immunoglobulin's in Prevention

• Immunoglobulin's can provide protection for a few weeks against the paralytic polio

• But does not prevent subclinical infection

• Effective if given shortly before infection

• No value once the clinical symptoms develop

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Update on IndiaAugust 2011*

• India has not reported a single case in more than six months. The most recent case had onset of paralysis on 13 January in West Bengal (WPV1).

• SNIDs took place beginning 26 June in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi and parts of West Bengal and other high-risk areas. The next SIAs will be SNIDs using bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) in August.

• India has also gone eight months without detecting any wild poliovirus from environmental sampling. The last positive environmental sample was taken from Mumbai in November, 2010.

• *Global polio eradication Initiative

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Polio eradication helps in Progress of the World

• Once polio is eradicated, the world can celebrate the delivery of a major global public good – something that will equally benefit all people, no matter where they live. Economic modeling has established that significant financial benefits will also accrue from eradication.

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Where is Polio present TODAY

• In 2008, only four countries in the world remain with polio-endemic, down from more than 125 in 1988. The remaining countries are Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan.

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Bivalent Oral Polio• India launched

Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine in January 2010 in place of a monovalent one — which protects against a single strain. A recent scientific analysis of the BOPV found that it induced a significantly higher immune response — 30% more than other trivalent or monovalent vaccines.

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INDIA DECLARES A POLIO FREE NATION

• India, which was declared polio-free in February 2012, is perhaps the best example of how a fully funded program driven by committed leaders and dedicated workers can achieve success. India was long considered the most difficult place to end polio due to its population density, high rates of migration, poor sanitation, high birth rates, and low rates of routine immunization.

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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation SUPPORTS UNIVERSAL ERADICATION OF

POLIO• Polio eradication is a top priority

of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. As a major supporter of the GPEI, we contribute technical and financial resources to our GPEI partners to accelerate efforts to eradicate polio. Many of these strategies are proven, such as targeted vaccination campaigns, community mobilization, and stronger routine immunization efforts

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We have Responsibility to Eradicate Polio

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•The Programme is Dedicated to Medical and Health Care workers

who Dedicated for the Eradication the Poliomyelitis

•Email •doctortvrao@gmail.com